Unit 4- Running Water and Ground Water Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the71percent.org%2Findustrialwaterusage%2F&psig=AOvVaw0t4gOAlFYZdq4smY_E_Aam&ust=1644161658079000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCICadPx6PUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR WATER WITHDRAWAL Municipalities (households, services) 16% Industries 12% Agriculture 72% Source: https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/ Nearly half the global population are already living in potential water scarce areas at least one month per year and this could increase to some 4.8–5.7 billion in 2050. About 73% of the affected people live in Asia (69% by 2050). (Burek et al., 2016) Source: https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/ In the Philippines, around 1 in 10 people still do not have access to improved water sources. Source: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-shortage-in-the-philippines-threatenssustainable-development-and-health The Manila Water Company Inc. and Manila Water Philippine Venture Inc. signed an P8-billion concession agreement with the provincial government to supply the province with potable water. Source: https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2022/01/17/pangasinan-water-supply-sees-boost/ THE WATER CYCLE Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Source: https://gwconsortium.org/public-education/what-is-the-water-cycle/ Running Water • Runoff, gravity-driven flow across Earth’s surface, depends on infiltration capacity of the surface material. Source: https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/54/Geology%203015%20Week%209b.pdf River Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Friverbasin.denr.gov.ph%2Friver%2Fagno&psig=AOvVaw3R2ODMduiufDFH016V n8z&ust=1644169047855000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCPCxkpaN6fUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAs Streams Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/streams/ PROCESSES INVOLVED . • Sheet flow occurs when a more-or-less continuous sheet of shallow water moves over the surface. • Channel flow is confined to long, trough-like depressions ranging in size from tiny rills to huge rivers. Source: https://qsstudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Overland-flow-of-Running-Water.jpg Within a stream channel, three types flow can be observed: Source: https://blog.exair.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ky-spill-way.png EROSION AND TRANSPORT Running water is an agent of erosion • Streams move material in a variety of ways • Bed load • Suspended load • Saltation • Dissolved load DEPOSITION BY RUNNING WATER • Sediment can be transported great distances by rivers, but it is eventually deposited. • Deposition may take place within the channel, on the floodplain, at the mouth of the river where it enters a lake or the sea, or where the river flows from the mountains on to a flat valley floor. GROUNDWATER • Groundwater is water that exists underground in saturated zones beneath the land surface. • Groundwater is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. Water in the ground is stored in the spaces between rock particles Source: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-groundwater Source: https://www.watereducation.org/sites/main/files/imagecache/medium/main-images/USGS-GW.png?1637047272 Source: https://ppdo.pangasinan.gov.ph/provincial-map/ground-water-map/ NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUNDWATER • Natural refilling of deep aquifers is a slow process because groundwater moves slowly through the unsaturated zone and the aquifer (Infiltration) • Aquifers may be artificially recharged in two main ways: *Rapid-infiltration pits: One way is to spread water over the land in pits, furrows, or ditches, or to erect small dams in stream channels to detain and deflect surface runoff, thereby allowing it to infiltrate to the aquifer *Groundwater injection: The other way is to construct recharge wells and inject water directly into an aquifer Source: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/infiltration-and-water-cycle According to the World Health Organization, 1 in 10 people in the Philippines still do not have access to improved water sources, but the government is working to achieve universal coverage for water by 2028. Source: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health Based on an Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, 94 percent of Filipino families have access to improved water sources, and around 77 percent of these families do not implement additional water treatment processes to guarantee the safety of their water sources. Source: https://www.wateroam.com/socialawareness/the-water-crisis-philippines The World Health Organization is working with the Philippines Department of Health and other sector agencies to ensure safe water for all through the development and implementation of water safety planning, strengthening systems and capacity for drinking-water quality surveillance and monitoring, and improvement of water, sanitation, and hygiene in health care facilities. Source: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health THREAT Water Quality • Pollution of groundwater may come from domestic wastewater, agricultural runoffs, and industrial effluents. This occurs when contaminants reach the aquifer or water table in the form of leachate. Source: Philippine Environnent Monitor 2003 http://www.wepadb.net/policies/state/philippines/groundwater.htm#:~:text=Groundwater%20is%20replenished%20or%20recharged,resource%20potential%20of%20the%20Philippines.&text=Groundwater%20is%20used%20for%20drinking,the%20people%20in%20the%20 country. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RUNNING WATER AND GROUND WATER In Terms of: Ground Water Location Beneath the surface of the earth Running Water On the surface of the earth Pollution less prone highly prone Occurrence groundwater table, aquifers, soil pore spaces Uses household needs, agricultural needs, and industrial purposes Rivers, streams/brooks drinking, cleaning, irrigation purposes, agricultural needs, wastewater treatment, livestock, hydropower production, etc.
