Practical
Research 2
KEVIN ROD M. ROMIAS
Objectives
 Define What is Research.
 Differentiate a research from other form s of reports.
 Enumerate and give essential features or parts of a research.
Scientific Research is
composed of two words,
“re”and ‘search”
What is a research
Research
– “re” is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again and
search is a verb meaning to examine closely and
carefully, to test and try, or to probe or to study
thoroughly. Together they form a noun describing a
careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in
some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish fats or
principles.
RESEARCH
– In research
there are 5
Chapters
– 23 components
Think & share
–Which skills do you
consider yourself to be
best at?
For each skills, give yourself a grade
on a scale of 1(low) to 10(high)
– READING
- WRITING
– OBSERVING
- PRESENTING/COMMUNICATING
– LISTENING
– WATCHING
– CHOOSING
– QUESTIONING
– SUMMARIZING
– ORGANIZING
QUESTION
– WHY HAVE I DECIDED TO DO SOME
RESEARCH?
– HOW CAN I REMAIN INTERESTED IN MY
RESEARCH?
– WHAT SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE DO I HAVE
WHICH MIGHT HELP IN MY RESEARCH?
–Create 3 Practical Question you
encounter in your daily lives and
connect it to your strand
THEFIVE‘WS’
– When you start to think about your research project, a useful way of
remembering the important questions to ask is to think of the five ‘Ws’:
– X What?
– X Why?
– X Who?
– X Where?
– X When?
What?
– What is your research? This
question needs to be answered as
specifically as possible
Why?
– Why do you want to do the
research? What is its purpose?
Who?
– Who will be your participants? (In this
book, people who take part in research
will be called participants or
respondents, rather than ‘subjects’,
which is a term that I have never liked.)
Where?
– Where are you going to conduct
your research?
When?
– When are you going to do your
research?
EXERCISE 1
– Have a look at the three projects below and
see if you can spot any potential problems.
What questions would you ask to make the
researchers focus in on their proposed
project? Do you have any suggestions for the
improvement of these statements?
Statement 1:
– This research aims to find out what
people think about television.
Statement 2:
– My project is to do some research into
Alzheimer’s disease, to find out what people
do when their relatives have it and what
support they can get and how nurses deal
with it
Statement 3
– We want to find out how many of the
local residents are interested in a play
scheme for children during the summer
holiday.
The major sources of knowledge according to
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh
– Experience
– Authority
– Deductive reasoning
– Inductive reasoning
– Scientific approach
EXPERIENCE
– EXPERIENCE IS A FAMILIAR AND WELL-USED
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE, THE MOST FREE,
BY PERSONAL EXPERIENCE. YOU CAN FIND
THE ANSWER TO MANY OF THE QUESTIONS
YOU FACE.
AUTHORITY
– FOR THINGS DIFFICULT OR POSSIBLE TO KNOW BY
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE, PEOPLE FREQUENCY TURN TO
AUTHORITYTHAT IS, THEY SEEK KNOWLEDGE FROM
SOMEONE WHO HAS HAD AN EXPERIENCE WITH THE
PROBLEM OR HAS SOME OTHER SOURCE OF EXPERTISE.
PEOPLE ACCEPT THE WORLD OF RECOGNIZED
AUTHORIZED AUTHORITIES.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
– A THINKING PROCESS IN WHICH YOU
PROCEES FROM GERERAL TO SPECIFIC
STATEMENT USING PRESCRIBED RULES
OF LOGIC
INDUCTIVE REASONING
– APPROACHED TO KNOWING.
KNOWLEDGEMENT REQUIRED THAT THE
THINKER OBSERVE NATURE ITSELF, GATHER
PARTICULAR FACTS AND FORMULATE
GENERALIZATRIONS FROM THESE FINDINGS
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
– THE USED OF BOTH DEDUCTIVE AND
INDUCTIVE REASONING IS
CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
RESEARCH CAN BE CLASSIFIED TO
DIFFERENT CATEGORIES. THEY MAY
BE GROUPED ACCORDING TO;
– IMPORTANCE
– METHOD
– PROCESS
– PURPOSE
– LOCALE
ACCORDING TO METHOD
– Qualitative research- Explores attitudes, behavior and
experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groups
– Quantitative research - Generates statistics through the
use of large-scale survey research, using methods such as
questionnaires or structured interviews
ACCORDING TO IMPORTANCE,
RESEARCH IS A BASIC OR APPLIED
– BASIC RESEARCH IS DESIGNED TO ADVANCE KNOWLEDGEMENT
WITH NO APPLICATION TO EXISTING PROBLEMS IN VIEW.(
LEARNING MORE ABOUT A PHENOMENA)
– APPLIED RESEARCH SURVEY RESEARCH OR MARKETING
RESEARCH, THIS IS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SYSTEMATICALLY
ASKINFG QUESTIONS AND OBSERVING BEHAVIOR TO OBTAIN
INFORMATION FROM A POPULATON OF INTEREST.
ACCORDING TO PROCESS
– PURE RESEARCH
– APPLIED RESEARCH
– ACTION RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
ANALYTICAL – A RESEARCH THAT USES EVIDENCE TO
ANALYZE THE DIFFERENT FACETS OR SIDES OF AN
ISSUE
ARGUMENTATIVE – ONE THAT USES EVIDENCE TO
ATTEMPT TO CONVINCE THE READER OF A PARTICULAR
STANCE OR VIEW
EXPLORATORY – HARDLY ANYTHING KNOWN IS ABOUT
THE MATTER AT THE OURSET OF THE PROJECT.
ACCORDING TO LOCALE
– LIBRARY RESEARCH – WHERE ANSWER TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS
OR PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY ARE AVAILABLE.
– FIELD RESEARCH – CONDUCTED IN A NATURAL WAY SETTING. NO
CHANGES ARE MADE IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
– LABORATORY RESEARCH – CONDUCTED IN ARTFICIALOR
CONTROLLED CONDITIONSBY ISOLATING THE STUDY
INRIGOROUSLYSPECIFIEDAND OPERATIONALIZED AREA
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Practical Research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
– Qualitative research is concerned with developing
explanations of social phenomena. That is to say, it aims
to help us to understand the social world in which we
live and why things are the way they are. It is concerned
with the social aspects of our world and seeks to answer
questions
There are many different types
of qualitative research
– Ethnography
– Case study
– Document or content Analysis
– Naturalistic Observations
– Focused Interviews
– Phenomenological studies
– Grounded Theory
– Historical Research
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
– EMPIRICAL- is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
– LOGICAL- is based on valid procedure and principles
– CYCLICAL- it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
– ANALYTICAL – research utilized proven analytical procedures in gathering the
data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental or case study
– REPLICABILITY – design and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher
to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
– CRITICAL – research exhibits careful and precise judgement
GOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCHERS
– 1. INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY
– 2. PRUDENCE
– 3. HEALTHY CRITICISM
– 4. INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
RESEARCH VS. COMMON SENSE
– The difference is that an observation made
by the researcher should be systematic,
arguable and challengeable.
CODE OF ETHICS
– Once you have been open and honest about what you
are doing and people have agreed to take part in the
research, it is useful to provide them with a Code of
Ethics. The best time to do this is just before they take
part in a focus group or interview, or just before they fill
in your questionnaire.
SUMMARY
– Our research would not be possible without the help and cooperation of other people. If we expect people to continue helping
us, we should treat them with honesty and respect.
– Disruption to a participant’s life should be kept to a minimum.
– False hopes or expectations should not be raised.
– Confidential or anonymous data does not enjoy legal privilege.
Chapter 2.
The Research
Problem
TOPIC
OBJECTIVES;
After studying this lesson, you are expected to:
– Demonstrate your skills in identifying, selecting or formulating a problem
– Distinguish the different types of hypothesis and determine how these are
formulated.
– Enumerate the criteria in choosing a topic, and
– Present a good title for a research topic
SOME GUIDELINES ARE SUGGESTED IN THE
FORMULATION OF THE TITLES OF YOUR
RESEARCH.
The title must contain the following elements:
– The subject matter or research problem
– The setting or locale of the study.
– The respondents or participants involved in the study
– The time or period when the study was conducted
– The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of the study but should be
brief and concise as possible.
– The use of terms such as “Analysis of” “ A Study of “ An Investigation of’ and the
like should be avoided. All these are understood to have been done in a
research.
– If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in on inverted
pyramid.
– When typed or encoded in the title page all words in the title should be in
capital letters.
– If possible the title should not be longer than 15 words
– Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much information.
– To shorten your title, you may delete the terms” assessments’ or “evaluation” if
these are already emphasized in the text.
Characteristics of Good Titles
– A title should give readers information about the contents of the paper and is
preferable to one that is vague or general
– Choose a title that is a phrase rather than a complete sentence.
– (Books and Article titles are not complete sentences)
– Choose a straightforward title over others kinds.
– Use no punctuation at the end of a time.
– Do not underline the title of a research or enclose it in quotation marks
WORKSHOPS 1.1
Write your proposed title, follow the
instructions and observe the
guidelines.
Do you need an outline?
– Preparing your outline is the next step after the identification of the problem.
Every researcher prepares an outline in order to have a general plan or
framework for the research project. It is the most practical method of
organizing the project.it enables the researcher to estimate more accurately the
time, the effort, and the material needed for the project. It helps in ensuring
unity and organization of the whole project. It is a concise plan consisting of the
main topics and subtopics which are arranged in an orderly fashion.
WHICH OUTLINE FORMAT
WOULD YOU LIKE TO USE?
The mentioned outlines may use any of two types
of format
– The number-letter sequences and
– The decimal pattern
– The number-letter sequence looks like this:
– A.a.
II. A.B.a (a)C
– 1.1;1.1.1;
1.1.1.1;
1.2;
1.1.2;
1.1.3;
WORKSHOP 1.2
– Prepared an outline of your project by following
the discussed guidelines in lesson. Choose any of
the formats in outlining. Submit the prepared
outline for your evaluation.( IN A SHORT BOND
PAPER)
SUMMARY
You must take time to think about your research as this will save you problems later.
When you’re thinking about your research, ask yourself the five ‘Ws’:
– What is my research?
– Why do I want to do the research?
– Who are my research participants?
– Where am I going to do the research?
– When am I going to do the research?
– Sum up your research project in one sentence.
Chapter 3 Preparing the
Research Proposal
OBJECTIVES;
– After studying this lesson, you are expected to:
– Have prepared already your research project
– Be able to explain the objectives of your research
proposal, and
– Be able to submit a well-constructed research proposal
The Research Proposal
The proposal follows as the plan in the construction of a
great building in making the plan. The writer is careful to
include in the proposal the more important aspects and
phases of the work he /she has in the mind and to include
also all the elements he wants to incorporate in each major
phase of the work.`
HOW TO PREPARE THE
PROPOSAL
A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical
problem in a particular way.
You have to be guided by a checklist for a proposal
prepared for you. From the checklist you can easily
expand the proposal into full-blown research.
Components of Chapter 1
Some authors suggest that CHAPTER 1:
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
should consist of the following parts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Hypotheses
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
Significance of the study
Scope and limitations
Definitions of terms






Introduction( or Background)
Theoretical framework
Conceptual framework
Statement of the problem
Hypothesis
Scope and delimitation of the
study
 Significance of the study
 Definition of terms
IDENTIFYING YOUR AREA
OF INTEREST
The most important ingredient in a
successful research project is the passion
of the researcher: what is it that makes
YOU want to learn more?
WORKSHOPS 1.3
Write your proposed title, connected
with your proposal research. Follow the
instructions and observe the guidelines.
Lesson 1: INTRODUCTION
This part of your research includes a background information which
would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem,
should be able to present the scenario of the study from a macroperspective. The mood of the Introduction should encourage the
readers to continuously read further “inner” details of the study
starting with Chapter 1. Further, this part should be able to briefly
present the study in 1 and 2 pages by making the readers informed
or aware about the study.
Exercise 1.4
Select one (1) topic to develop the statement of
Introduction.
– Expanded program on Immunization
– Unemployed
– Special education
Lesson2: THE THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
A theory is an integrated set of propositions that serves as
an explanation for a class of phenomena. This could be a
single theory or a multi-theory based on the study
variables and research design. Each discipline ( i.e.,
education, nursing, business administration and
psychology) has a particular set of theories that may be
used to prove its usability in the study
In presenting the theory in the study, the
following should be included;
– Name of the theory
– History( if applicable) and year the theory was
recognized created, or established
– Theorist
– Theory statement