Index Absolutive see Participles conjunctive Adi Granth 17, 18, 80 Adjectives – adjectival postpositions 248 – agreement of 431 – attributive – infinitive clauses as 497 – Persian 135 – stative perfective participle as 287 – comparative 142 – relative clause of comparison 474 – demonstrative see Demonstrative adjectives – derivation of 80 – gender of 136 – indefinite 156 – interrogative 149, 463 – as pronouns 211 – in four-term set 151 – reduplication of 465, 581 – marked 135, 136 – imperfective participle 285 – in genitives 190, 196 – infinitives as 496 – Layer II postpositions as 248 – perfective participle 286 – possessive 137 – table of inflections 140 – order of 425 – reduplication of 580 – color terms 592 – reflexive 160 – reduplication of 580 – relative 148, 217 – in four-term set 151 – relative clauses 472 – stem vowel alternation in 139 – unmarked 135, 138 – “black” see Adjectives marked – “red” see Adjectives unmarked – “unfast” 135, 139 Adverbs 178 – as postpositional elements 256 – conjunctive participial clauses as 500 – in complex postpositions 258, 266 – in four-term set 183, 187 – indefinite 180, 183, 187 – interrogative 180, 183 – reduplication of 583 – oblique noun phrases as 180 – reduplication of 582 – relative – relative clauses 475 Affixes – adjective-forming 129, 131 – as grammatical postposition 249 – with infinitives 496 – approximating 176 – assigning feminine gender 81 – causative – double 284 – first 284 – diminutive 86 – infinitival 83, 285 – izāfat 89 – locative 104 – negative 133, 134, 225 – noun-forming 81–89 – abstract 82–86 – agentive 81–82, 87 – locational 87–88 – ordinal 174 – Persian 86–88 – Perso-Arabic 85–86, 88–89, 91, 131, 134 – plural 91 – pronominal suffixes see Pronouns – totalizing 176 – vocative 98–101 Agency – and deontic modality 545 – derivation of agent nouns 81–82 – in prospective expressions 554 Akbar the Great 15 Animacy – and definiteness 564 – and gender assignment 93, 94 – and pronominal suffixes 219 – and vocative 97 – determining postposition in goal constructions 262 Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM 606 | Index – in compound subjects 436, 438 – in direct objects 451 Arabic 79, 80 – broken plurals 92 – definite article 80 – dual 92 Aspect 279 Auxiliaries – copula – in affirmational and existential sentences 427 – in negative sentences 427, 428, 453 – in stative constructions 448 – with compound subjects 437 – in inchoative constructions 448 – order of 423 – with pronominal suffixes 236 – ‘to become’ 293 – ‘to be’ 279, 287 – in sense ‘to become’ 290 – negation of 288 – past tense forms 290, 328 – present tense forms 287, 328 – simple perfect tense forms 290 – subjunctive forms 292 – subjunctive mood forms 329 – see also Auxiliaries; copula Balochi 12, 79 Brahmi 18 Case 96–128 – ablative 103, 259, 263 – adverbial use 180 – of comparison 143 – of infinitives 495 – of personal pronouns 193 – of postpositions 258, 263, 267 – accusative 97, 244–246, 259, 434, 450 – dative 219, 259, 450 – dative subjects 230, 232, 239, 243, 245, 430, 446, 549, 559, 568 – marked by postposition 198, 244–246 – marking experiencers 557 – direct 97 – direct objects in 451, 452 – indicated by pronominal suffixes 219 – of first- and second-person pronouns 196 – of gerundives 553 – of infinitives 491, 553 – ergative 196 – and person of subject 442 – ergative subjects 229 – marked by postposition 196, 244 – of interrogatives 209 – genitive – assigned by postposition 248 – of pronouns 190, 196 – with reflexive pronouns 201 – in relative clauses 472 – locative 104–105 – adverbial use 122, 180, 181 – as instrumental 108 – locative forms as postpositions 257 – oblique 97, 442, 443 – adverbial use 180 – marking experiencers 557 – of agents in perfective tenses 432 – of infinitives 490 – role of postpositions in 243 – vocative 97 Conjunctions – coordinating 466 – correlative 479 – subordinating 468 – expressing causation 571 – introducing purpose clauses 576 Converb see Participles conjunctive Deference 189 Demonstrative – adjectives 147 – in four-term set 151 – pronouns – as third-person pronouns 189 – distal 195, 279 – proximal 195 Dialects – Abbottabad 1, 44, 47, 48, 53, 56 – Awankari 60 – big city 10, 16 – dialectal variation – in Hindko 12 – in Panjabi 14, 16, 226 – Gujrat 226 – Hazara 9, 10, 13, 26, 33, 39, 49, 76 – Lahore 1, 9, 16, 24, 46, 59, 195, 196, 219, 226 – Majhi 9, 16, 226 Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM Index | – Multan 1, 9, 10, 16, 60 – Peshawar 9, 10, 26 – vs languages 9 Diphthongs see Phonology diphthongs Distance 151, 189, 195 Dogri 15 English 12, 17, 79, 443 Evidentiality 566 Gender 92–96 – affixes assigning 81 – agreement in compounds 436 – of addressee 516 Gerundives 562 – as distanced imperative 563 – expressing modality 545 – presumption 558 – prospective meanings 552, 556 – see also Verbs; infinitive Glossing 4–7 Gujarati 12 Hindi 12, 16 Hindko – name 10, 12 – promotion of 14 – speakers 14 – where spoken 12, 13 Hindko-Panjabi-Saraiki language area 12, 16 Infinitive see Verbs infinitive Kinship terms see Nouns Class VI Lahnda 10, 16, 33 Loanwords 79 – Arabic 53, 60, 66, 75, 79, 80, 92 – English 79, 81, 92, 104 – gender of 93 – in conjunct verb constructions 507 – orthography see Orthography of loanwords – Persian 53, 60, 69, 70, 74, 79, 80, 92 – semantic reduplication with 591 – sounds unique to 21 – Urdu 57, 79 Marathi 12 607 Modality 545 – ability 545 – deontic 545 – desirability 549 – expressed with subjunctive 295 – epistemic 545, 558 – prospective 289, 552 Modals see Auxiliaries Mutual intelligibility 16 Negation – copula deletion with 453 – emphatic 459 – negative particles 453 – as question tag 461 – of imperatives – distanced (softened) 562, 563 – of indefinite pronouns 214 – of pronominal suffixes 225, 233 – of reduplicated elements 582 – of statements of ability 545 – of statements of desirability 549 – of ‘to be’ 288 – sentential 453 – taking place of copula in present tense 427 – with affixes see Affixes; negative Nouns 79–128 – abstract 82–86 – animacy see Animacy – broken plurals 92 – case see Case – Class I 108, 113, 115, 124 – endings as adjectival inflections 136 – Class II 109, 114, 116, 119, 124 – Class III 111, 115, 117, 125, 126 – endings as adjectival inflections 136 – Class IV 108, 110, 115, 117, 126 – Class V 108, 111 – Class VI 108, 112 – Class VII 108, 127 – endings as adjectival inflections 139 – Class VIII 123, 125, 128 – compound 86, 435 – declension classes 106–108, 113, 121 – derivation of 80–89 – diminutive 86 – feminine 110, 120, 126 – semantic classes of 94 – gender assignment in see Gender Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM 608 | Index – masculine 108, 123 – semantic classes of 94 – see also Nouns Class II – see also Nouns Class I – noun phrases 425 – infinitive clauses as 499 – possessive 90 – postpositions derived from 254, 257 – proper 68, 80, 89 – reduplication of 577 Number – broken plurals 92 – dual 92 – in adjectives 136 – in nouns 90–92 – ablative 103 – locative 105 – oblique 97 – in pronouns 189 Numbers 162 – cardinal 166 – fractional 164 – greater than one thousand 163 – indefinite 176 – one (as specific indefinite) 426, 565 – ordinal 172 – orthography 163 – reduplication of 580 – vigesimal 164 Orthography 19, 60–77 – baṛı̄ he 66, 73 – baṛı̄ ye 70 – choṭī he 66, 69, 73, 75, 76 – choṭı̄ ye 70, 75 – do cašmī he 66, 72, 76 – Gurmukhi 18, 61 – hamza 70, 75 – Hindko 18, 48, 76, 281 – izāfat 69, 74 – names and forms of letters 62, 67 – Naskh 61, 67, 75 – Nastaʿlīq 18, 61 – negative particle 76 – of aspirates 66, 72, 77 – of consonants 64–67 – of geminates 71 – of implosives 77 – of loanwords 66, 68–70, 74 – of nasalization 71, 76, 197, 281 – of numerals 163 – of postpositions 246 – of pronominal suffixes 227 – of retroflexes 28, 66, 76, 77 – of third-person pronouns 76 – of tone 66, 72–73 – of vowels 67–70 – of ‘to be’ 290 – representations of /h/ 73 – Saraiki 18, 28, 29, 77 – Shahmukhi 18 – standardization 18, 69, 76, 77 – tashdı̄d 71 – transcription vs transliteration 19, 20 Panjabi – literature 16, 17 – name 10 – speakers 1, 14 – status of 17 – where spoken 12, 14 Participles – catenative 501, 522, 523, 525 – conjunctive 285, 501 – clauses 500 – expressing causation 572 – reduplication of 585 – connective 501, 523, 535 – imperfective 285, 324 – clauses 504 – expressing desirability 549 – in complex durative contructions 529 – in irrealis conditionals 484 – reduplication of 585 – perfective 286 – agreement of 533 – as simple perfect 290 – clauses 505 – in complex durative constructions 532 – in irrealis conditionals 484 – in passive periphrastic 539, 540 – irregular 286 – reduplication of 586 – regular vs irregular forms 532 – Persian 135 – reduplication of 585 – stative perfective 286 Particles – emphatic 535, 595 – in contracted pronominal forms 596 Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM Index | 609 – hortative 294, 487, 527 – inclusive 596 – topic marker 597 Partition of India 16 Pashto 12, 61, 79 Persian 12, 17, 79, 80, 86–88, 135, 200 Phonology 19–60 – allophones 24, 35 – assimilations 24 – consonants 21–33 – aspirated 28, 47, 48 – geminate 50, 52–56, 71 – implosive 28, 60 – retroflex 24, 26, 28, 57 – diphthongs 38–43 – epenthesis 58–60 – Hindko 21–27, 33–34, 39, 44–45, 47–49, 53, 56 – nasalization 44, 121, 137, 197, 217 – of loanwords 21, 56, 58–60 – Panjabi 21–24, 35–36, 39–40, 45, 48–59 – phonotactics 55–60 – Saraiki 28–33, 36–38, 41–43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 59–60 – segment inventory of Hindko 26, 33–35, 44 – segment inventory of Panjabi 35, 45 – segment inventory of Saraiki 30, 37, 46 – sound correspondences 26, 27, 47, 57 – stem vowel alternation – as reduplicative process 588 – stress 46, 49–53, 55, 58 – syllables 50, 52, 56–57, 59 – tone 46–49, 72 – transcription 19, 20, 25, 36 – vowels 33–43 – centralized 33, 35, 36, 39, 42–44, 46, 55, 57, 58 – elision of 34, 37, 58 – harmony 502 – length 35, 36, 50 – nasalized 33, 43–46, 57, 71 – peripheral 33, 35, 36, 39–41, 43–46, 57, 58 – stem vowel alternation 120, 123, 128, 137, 139, 538 Plurals see Number Possession – of abstract entities 568 – possessive adjectives 137 – possessive pronouns 190 – types of 568 – with genitive postpositional phrase 90 – see also Nouns; possessive Postpositions 243–277 – ablative 103, 143, 193, 258, 263, 495 – expressing casuation 571 – agentive see Postpositions ergative – and animacy of goal 262 – assigning oblique case 97 – comparative 144, 146, 147 – dative-accusative 198, 244–246, 259, 539–541 – in purpose clauses 573 – marking definiteness 564 – marking direct and indirect objects 450 – obviates verbal agreement 434 – with animate referents 451 – with dative subjects 445 – derived from nouns 254, 257 – derived from verbs 254 – ergative 196, 244–246, 442, 443 – intransitive verbs taking 444, 452 – marking agentivity 554 – genitive 89, 90, 248 – expressing inalienable possession 568 – in infinitive clauses 488, 494 – in purpose clauses 575 – instrumental 271 – Layer I 243 – Layer II 243–253 – Layer III 253, 266, 267, 273 – Layer IV 258, 267, 273 – locative 254 – adverbs as 256 – of accompaniment 269 – of purpose 273 – of similarity 275 – reduplication of 582 – temporal 258 – with infinitive complements 493 Pothwari 15 Prefixes see Affixes Pronouns – demonstrative see Demonstrative pronouns – emphatic 596 – indefinite 212 – adjectival use of 214 Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM 610 | Index – compound forms of 216 – specific vs non-specific 426, 452 – with inclusive meaning 214 – with partitive meaning 214 – interrogative 207, 211, 463 – case marking with 207, 209, 212 – pronominal suffixes as 234 – reduplication of 465 – omission of (pro-drop) 428, 430 – personal 55, 191, 198 – as direct objects 453 – genitive 190, 193, 196, 568 – with negative particle 288 – pronominal suffixes 218–240 – and transitivity 221 – and word order 434 – as imperatives 233 – as interrogatives 234 – enabling pro-drop 429 – in negative sentences 233 – summary of functions 240 – with auxiliaries 236 – reciprocal 203 – reflexive 199 – as emphatic 200, 201 – spelling of 76 – with dative subjects 445 – relative 217 – relative clauses 471 Quantifiers 155 – order of 426 Reduplication 577 – -o- reiteration 584 – echo formations 587 – in indefinite and relative adverbials 183 – intransitive-causative doublets 593 – of adjectives 580 – of adverbs 183, 582 – of interrogatives 465 – of nouns 577 – of oblique imperfective participle 505 – of participles 573, 585 – of postpositions 582 – of verb forms in complex iterative constructions 535 – semantic 591 Referentiality 564 Sandhi see Phonology vowels elision of Sanskrit 16 Saraiki – literature 16, 17 – name 10 – promotion of 14 – speakers 14 – where spoken 12, 14 Sindhi 12, 16, 61, 79, 221 Split ergativity see Case ergative, 431, 441 Suffixes see Affixes Syntax – complex durative constructions 529 – conditional clauses 479 – irrealis 482 – realis 479 – conjunctive participal clauses 500 – coordination 466 – direct objects 450 – in direct case 451 – infinitives as 489 – marked by postposition 450 – indirect objects 450 – in ergative case 229 – marked by postposition 450 – preferential marking of 452 – infinitive clauses 488 – pro-drop 428 – questions – rhetorical 462 – with interrogative words 463 – yes-no 460 – relative clauses 471 – infinitival clauses as 497 – of comparison 474 – omission of correlative in 477 – subjects – agreement of 441 – dative 549 – see also Case dative dative subjects – ergative 229 – experiencer 446 – impersonal 540 – stative vs inchoative 448 – types of 445 – subordination 468 – non-finite clauses 488 – word order 421, 434 – cleft constructions 425 – in noun phrases 425 Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM Index | – in realis conditionals 481 – in relative clauses 473, 476 – indicating definiteness 564 – of discourse particles 426 – of negatives 456 – of non-finite subordinate clauses 488 – scrambling 424 – with compound subjects 436 – with pronominal suffixes 434 Tense 279 – continuous 279 – continuous future 397 – continuous II forms 298 – continuous irrealis 342 – continuous past 309, 338, 396 – continuous present 308, 337, 395 – habitual continuous past 339 – indicating definiteness 565 – past continuous II forms 298 – present continuous II 298 – subjunctive 340, 398 – future 280, 296, 297, 335, 379 – hypothetical, with infinitive 562 – of ‘to be’ 289 – pro-drop in 428 – pronominal suffixes in 226 – habitual 280 – indicating indefiniteness 565 – imperfect – agreement in 431 – future imperfect 307, 349, 391 – future imperfect passive 384 – imperfective participle 285 – past imperfect 304, 346, 389 – past imperfect passive 384 – past imperfect-habitual 305, 347, 390 – present imperfect 301, 302, 344, 387 – present imperfect passive 383 – present imperfect-habitual 303, 345, 388 – subjunctive imperfect 306, 348, 392 – imperfective – imperfective participial clauses 504 – in complex durative constructions 529 – in irrealis conditionals 483 – irrealis – imperfect irrealis 350, 393 – in conditional clauses 482 – in prospective expressions 558 611 – irrealis I 381 – passive 385 – simple irrealis 343 – past – negation in 428 – of ‘to be’ 290, 328 – perfect – agreement in 432 – future perfect 317, 357, 411, 412 – future perfect-stative 413 – irrealis perfect 315, 316, 358, 418, 419 – irrealis perfect-stative 420 – of ‘to be’ 290 – past perfect 314, 315, 354, 407 – past perfect-stative 355, 408, 409 – past stative habitual perfect 410 – perfective participle 286 – present perfect 311, 352, 400–402 – present perfect-stative 313, 353, 403, 404 – present stative habitual perfect 405, 406 – pro-drop in 429 – simple perfect 219, 351 – stative perfective participle 286 – subjunctive perfect 356, 414, 415 – subjunctive perfect-stative 416, 417 – perfect-stative 280 – perfective – expressive mirativity 567 – in complex durative constructions 532 – in irrealis conditionals 483 – perfective participial clauses 505 – present – negation in 427 – of /hoṇā/ 328 – of ‘to be’ 287 – present perfect 312 – realis – in conditional clauses 479 Transitivity 382 – and pro-drop 429 – and volition 537 – and word order 421 – derived intransitives 538 – in conjunctive participial clauses 500 – in light verb constructions 507 – intransitive-causative doublets 593 – of vector verbs 509 – split ergativity 431, 441 Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM 612 | Index – verbs of body functions (unergative verbs) 444 Urdu 12, 79 – influence of 12, 16, 58, 73, 79, 80, 88, 90, 196, 244, 487, 513, 544 – orthography 18, 19, 61, 71, 76, 77 – phonology 21, 26, 51, 53 – sound correspondences 47, 57, 58 – status of 17 Verbs 280 – agreement of 435 – split ergativity 431 – with addressee 516 – with dative subjects 446 – with direct objects 434 – causative 284, 382 – intransitive-causative doublets 593 – transitivity sets 536 – compound 509 – expressive mirativity 567 – on passive stems 543 – passive stems in 521 – conjunct 507 – derivation of – intransitive 538 – finite 281 – imperative 280, 294 – distanced (softened) 294, 562, 563 – pronominal suffix reanalyzed as 233 – with conjunctive participles 501 – infinitive 285 – ablative 103, 495 – as distanced imperative 562 – as marked adjective 496 – direct 491 – expressing ability 546 – expressing presumption 558 – expressing prospective meanings 552, 554 – in inceptive constructions 493 – in nominalized phrases 499 – in purpose clauses 573 – infinitive clauses 488 – inflection of 97 – oblique 490, 492 – verbal noun 83 – with adjectival inflection (agreeing infinitive) 491 – with gerundival function 285 – light verb – ‘beat/kill’ 519 – light verbs – in compound verb constructions 509 – in conjunct verb constructions 507 – in experiencer constructions 448 – order of 424 – vector verbs 509 – ‘come’ 515, 521, 545, 549 – ‘fall, lie’ 307, 369, 396, 510, 517, 521 – ‘give’ 517, 523 – ‘go’ 284, 509, 514, 520 – ‘leave, let go’ 511, 519, 524 – ‘lift, raise’ (invariant) 525 – ‘put/keep’ 513, 519, 523 – ‘sit’ 516, 522 – ‘take’ 512, 518, 522 – ‘throw, cast’ 524 – ‘throw’ 513, 518, 524 – ‘to be able’ 545 – ‘to be wanted’ 550 – passive 539, 541 – in compound verbs 521 – morphological 381, 541, 543, 544, 549 – periphrastic 284, 286, 475, 539–542, 544, 546 – with infinitive + ‘to be’ 541 – postpositions derived from 254 – principal parts 281 – roots see Verbs stems – stems 284, 321 – passive 521, 543 – subjunctive 280, 295, 380 – of ‘to be’ 292 – passive 385 – table of forms 319, 361, 371 – Hindko 282 – this grammar’s naming conventions for 280 – transitivity – derived with causative affixes 284 – see also Participles – see also Tense – ‘to be’ see Auxiliaries; ‘to be’ – future tense forms 289 Vowels see Phonology vowels Writing systems see Orthography Brought to you by | Göteborg University - University of Gothenburg Authenticated Download Date | 1/26/20 10:18 AM
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