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Index
Absolutive see Participles conjunctive
Adi Granth 17, 18, 80
Adjectives
– adjectival postpositions 248
– agreement of 431
– attributive
– infinitive clauses as 497
– Persian 135
– stative perfective participle as 287
– comparative 142
– relative clause of comparison 474
– demonstrative see Demonstrative
adjectives
– derivation of 80
– gender of 136
– indefinite 156
– interrogative 149, 463
– as pronouns 211
– in four-term set 151
– reduplication of 465, 581
– marked 135, 136
– imperfective participle 285
– in genitives 190, 196
– infinitives as 496
– Layer II postpositions as 248
– perfective participle 286
– possessive 137
– table of inflections 140
– order of 425
– reduplication of 580
– color terms 592
– reflexive 160
– reduplication of 580
– relative 148, 217
– in four-term set 151
– relative clauses 472
– stem vowel alternation in 139
– unmarked 135, 138
– “black” see Adjectives marked
– “red” see Adjectives unmarked
– “unfast” 135, 139
Adverbs 178
– as postpositional elements 256
– conjunctive participial clauses as 500
– in complex postpositions 258, 266
– in four-term set 183, 187
– indefinite 180, 183, 187
– interrogative 180, 183
– reduplication of 583
– oblique noun phrases as 180
– reduplication of 582
– relative
– relative clauses 475
Affixes
– adjective-forming 129, 131
– as grammatical postposition 249
– with infinitives 496
– approximating 176
– assigning feminine gender 81
– causative
– double 284
– first 284
– diminutive 86
– infinitival 83, 285
– izāfat 89
– locative 104
– negative 133, 134, 225
– noun-forming 81–89
– abstract 82–86
– agentive 81–82, 87
– locational 87–88
– ordinal 174
– Persian 86–88
– Perso-Arabic 85–86, 88–89, 91, 131, 134
– plural 91
– pronominal suffixes see Pronouns
– totalizing 176
– vocative 98–101
Agency
– and deontic modality 545
– derivation of agent nouns 81–82
– in prospective expressions 554
Akbar the Great 15
Animacy
– and definiteness 564
– and gender assignment 93, 94
– and pronominal suffixes 219
– and vocative 97
– determining postposition in goal
constructions 262
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– in compound subjects 436, 438
– in direct objects 451
Arabic 79, 80
– broken plurals 92
– definite article 80
– dual 92
Aspect 279
Auxiliaries
– copula
– in affirmational and existential
sentences 427
– in negative sentences 427, 428, 453
– in stative constructions 448
– with compound subjects 437
– in inchoative constructions 448
– order of 423
– with pronominal suffixes 236
– ‘to become’ 293
– ‘to be’ 279, 287
– in sense ‘to become’ 290
– negation of 288
– past tense forms 290, 328
– present tense forms 287, 328
– simple perfect tense forms 290
– subjunctive forms 292
– subjunctive mood forms 329
– see also Auxiliaries; copula
Balochi 12, 79
Brahmi 18
Case 96–128
– ablative 103, 259, 263
– adverbial use 180
– of comparison 143
– of infinitives 495
– of personal pronouns 193
– of postpositions 258, 263, 267
– accusative 97, 244–246, 259, 434, 450
– dative 219, 259, 450
– dative subjects 230, 232, 239, 243, 245,
430, 446, 549, 559, 568
– marked by postposition 198, 244–246
– marking experiencers 557
– direct 97
– direct objects in 451, 452
– indicated by pronominal suffixes 219
– of first- and second-person pronouns
196
– of gerundives 553
– of infinitives 491, 553
– ergative 196
– and person of subject 442
– ergative subjects 229
– marked by postposition 196, 244
– of interrogatives 209
– genitive
– assigned by postposition 248
– of pronouns 190, 196
– with reflexive pronouns 201
– in relative clauses 472
– locative 104–105
– adverbial use 122, 180, 181
– as instrumental 108
– locative forms as postpositions 257
– oblique 97, 442, 443
– adverbial use 180
– marking experiencers 557
– of agents in perfective tenses 432
– of infinitives 490
– role of postpositions in 243
– vocative 97
Conjunctions
– coordinating 466
– correlative 479
– subordinating 468
– expressing causation 571
– introducing purpose clauses 576
Converb see Participles conjunctive
Deference 189
Demonstrative
– adjectives 147
– in four-term set 151
– pronouns
– as third-person pronouns 189
– distal 195, 279
– proximal 195
Dialects
– Abbottabad 1, 44, 47, 48, 53, 56
– Awankari 60
– big city 10, 16
– dialectal variation
– in Hindko 12
– in Panjabi 14, 16, 226
– Gujrat 226
– Hazara 9, 10, 13, 26, 33, 39, 49, 76
– Lahore 1, 9, 16, 24, 46, 59, 195, 196, 219,
226
– Majhi 9, 16, 226
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– Multan 1, 9, 10, 16, 60
– Peshawar 9, 10, 26
– vs languages 9
Diphthongs see Phonology diphthongs
Distance 151, 189, 195
Dogri 15
English 12, 17, 79, 443
Evidentiality 566
Gender 92–96
– affixes assigning 81
– agreement in compounds 436
– of addressee 516
Gerundives 562
– as distanced imperative 563
– expressing modality 545
– presumption 558
– prospective meanings 552, 556
– see also Verbs; infinitive
Glossing 4–7
Gujarati 12
Hindi 12, 16
Hindko
– name 10, 12
– promotion of 14
– speakers 14
– where spoken 12, 13
Hindko-Panjabi-Saraiki language area 12,
16
Infinitive see Verbs infinitive
Kinship terms see Nouns Class VI
Lahnda 10, 16, 33
Loanwords 79
– Arabic 53, 60, 66, 75, 79, 80, 92
– English 79, 81, 92, 104
– gender of 93
– in conjunct verb constructions 507
– orthography see Orthography of
loanwords
– Persian 53, 60, 69, 70, 74, 79, 80, 92
– semantic reduplication with 591
– sounds unique to 21
– Urdu 57, 79
Marathi 12
607
Modality 545
– ability 545
– deontic 545
– desirability 549
– expressed with subjunctive 295
– epistemic 545, 558
– prospective 289, 552
Modals see Auxiliaries
Mutual intelligibility 16
Negation
– copula deletion with 453
– emphatic 459
– negative particles 453
– as question tag 461
– of imperatives
– distanced (softened) 562, 563
– of indefinite pronouns 214
– of pronominal suffixes 225, 233
– of reduplicated elements 582
– of statements of ability 545
– of statements of desirability 549
– of ‘to be’ 288
– sentential 453
– taking place of copula in present tense
427
– with affixes see Affixes; negative
Nouns 79–128
– abstract 82–86
– animacy see Animacy
– broken plurals 92
– case see Case
– Class I 108, 113, 115, 124
– endings as adjectival inflections 136
– Class II 109, 114, 116, 119, 124
– Class III 111, 115, 117, 125, 126
– endings as adjectival inflections 136
– Class IV 108, 110, 115, 117, 126
– Class V 108, 111
– Class VI 108, 112
– Class VII 108, 127
– endings as adjectival inflections 139
– Class VIII 123, 125, 128
– compound 86, 435
– declension classes 106–108, 113, 121
– derivation of 80–89
– diminutive 86
– feminine 110, 120, 126
– semantic classes of 94
– gender assignment in see Gender
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Index
– masculine 108, 123
– semantic classes of 94
– see also Nouns Class II
– see also Nouns Class I
– noun phrases 425
– infinitive clauses as 499
– possessive 90
– postpositions derived from 254, 257
– proper 68, 80, 89
– reduplication of 577
Number
– broken plurals 92
– dual 92
– in adjectives 136
– in nouns 90–92
– ablative 103
– locative 105
– oblique 97
– in pronouns 189
Numbers 162
– cardinal 166
– fractional 164
– greater than one thousand 163
– indefinite 176
– one (as specific indefinite) 426, 565
– ordinal 172
– orthography 163
– reduplication of 580
– vigesimal 164
Orthography 19, 60–77
– baṛı̄ he 66, 73
– baṛı̄ ye 70
– choṭī he 66, 69, 73, 75, 76
– choṭı̄ ye 70, 75
– do cašmī he 66, 72, 76
– Gurmukhi 18, 61
– hamza 70, 75
– Hindko 18, 48, 76, 281
– izāfat 69, 74
– names and forms of letters 62, 67
– Naskh 61, 67, 75
– Nastaʿlīq 18, 61
– negative particle 76
– of aspirates 66, 72, 77
– of consonants 64–67
– of geminates 71
– of implosives 77
– of loanwords 66, 68–70, 74
– of nasalization 71, 76, 197, 281
– of numerals 163
– of postpositions 246
– of pronominal suffixes 227
– of retroflexes 28, 66, 76, 77
– of third-person pronouns 76
– of tone 66, 72–73
– of vowels 67–70
– of ‘to be’ 290
– representations of /h/ 73
– Saraiki 18, 28, 29, 77
– Shahmukhi 18
– standardization 18, 69, 76, 77
– tashdı̄d 71
– transcription vs transliteration 19, 20
Panjabi
– literature 16, 17
– name 10
– speakers 1, 14
– status of 17
– where spoken 12, 14
Participles
– catenative 501, 522, 523, 525
– conjunctive 285, 501
– clauses 500
– expressing causation 572
– reduplication of 585
– connective 501, 523, 535
– imperfective 285, 324
– clauses 504
– expressing desirability 549
– in complex durative contructions 529
– in irrealis conditionals 484
– reduplication of 585
– perfective 286
– agreement of 533
– as simple perfect 290
– clauses 505
– in complex durative constructions 532
– in irrealis conditionals 484
– in passive periphrastic 539, 540
– irregular 286
– reduplication of 586
– regular vs irregular forms 532
– Persian 135
– reduplication of 585
– stative perfective 286
Particles
– emphatic 535, 595
– in contracted pronominal forms 596
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– hortative 294, 487, 527
– inclusive 596
– topic marker 597
Partition of India 16
Pashto 12, 61, 79
Persian 12, 17, 79, 80, 86–88, 135, 200
Phonology 19–60
– allophones 24, 35
– assimilations 24
– consonants 21–33
– aspirated 28, 47, 48
– geminate 50, 52–56, 71
– implosive 28, 60
– retroflex 24, 26, 28, 57
– diphthongs 38–43
– epenthesis 58–60
– Hindko 21–27, 33–34, 39, 44–45, 47–49,
53, 56
– nasalization 44, 121, 137, 197, 217
– of loanwords 21, 56, 58–60
– Panjabi 21–24, 35–36, 39–40, 45, 48–59
– phonotactics 55–60
– Saraiki 28–33, 36–38, 41–43, 46, 49, 52,
55, 59–60
– segment inventory of Hindko 26, 33–35,
44
– segment inventory of Panjabi 35, 45
– segment inventory of Saraiki 30, 37, 46
– sound correspondences 26, 27, 47, 57
– stem vowel alternation
– as reduplicative process 588
– stress 46, 49–53, 55, 58
– syllables 50, 52, 56–57, 59
– tone 46–49, 72
– transcription 19, 20, 25, 36
– vowels 33–43
– centralized 33, 35, 36, 39, 42–44, 46,
55, 57, 58
– elision of 34, 37, 58
– harmony 502
– length 35, 36, 50
– nasalized 33, 43–46, 57, 71
– peripheral 33, 35, 36, 39–41, 43–46, 57,
58
– stem vowel alternation 120, 123, 128,
137, 139, 538
Plurals see Number
Possession
– of abstract entities 568
– possessive adjectives 137
– possessive pronouns 190
– types of 568
– with genitive postpositional phrase 90
– see also Nouns; possessive
Postpositions 243–277
– ablative 103, 143, 193, 258, 263, 495
– expressing casuation 571
– agentive see Postpositions ergative
– and animacy of goal 262
– assigning oblique case 97
– comparative 144, 146, 147
– dative-accusative 198, 244–246, 259,
539–541
– in purpose clauses 573
– marking definiteness 564
– marking direct and indirect objects 450
– obviates verbal agreement 434
– with animate referents 451
– with dative subjects 445
– derived from nouns 254, 257
– derived from verbs 254
– ergative 196, 244–246, 442, 443
– intransitive verbs taking 444, 452
– marking agentivity 554
– genitive 89, 90, 248
– expressing inalienable possession 568
– in infinitive clauses 488, 494
– in purpose clauses 575
– instrumental 271
– Layer I 243
– Layer II 243–253
– Layer III 253, 266, 267, 273
– Layer IV 258, 267, 273
– locative 254
– adverbs as 256
– of accompaniment 269
– of purpose 273
– of similarity 275
– reduplication of 582
– temporal 258
– with infinitive complements 493
Pothwari 15
Prefixes see Affixes
Pronouns
– demonstrative see Demonstrative
pronouns
– emphatic 596
– indefinite 212
– adjectival use of 214
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– compound forms of 216
– specific vs non-specific 426, 452
– with inclusive meaning 214
– with partitive meaning 214
– interrogative 207, 211, 463
– case marking with 207, 209, 212
– pronominal suffixes as 234
– reduplication of 465
– omission of (pro-drop) 428, 430
– personal 55, 191, 198
– as direct objects 453
– genitive 190, 193, 196, 568
– with negative particle 288
– pronominal suffixes 218–240
– and transitivity 221
– and word order 434
– as imperatives 233
– as interrogatives 234
– enabling pro-drop 429
– in negative sentences 233
– summary of functions 240
– with auxiliaries 236
– reciprocal 203
– reflexive 199
– as emphatic 200, 201
– spelling of 76
– with dative subjects 445
– relative 217
– relative clauses 471
Quantifiers 155
– order of 426
Reduplication 577
– -o- reiteration 584
– echo formations 587
– in indefinite and relative adverbials 183
– intransitive-causative doublets 593
– of adjectives 580
– of adverbs 183, 582
– of interrogatives 465
– of nouns 577
– of oblique imperfective participle 505
– of participles 573, 585
– of postpositions 582
– of verb forms in complex iterative
constructions 535
– semantic 591
Referentiality 564
Sandhi see Phonology vowels elision of
Sanskrit 16
Saraiki
– literature 16, 17
– name 10
– promotion of 14
– speakers 14
– where spoken 12, 14
Sindhi 12, 16, 61, 79, 221
Split ergativity see Case ergative, 431, 441
Suffixes see Affixes
Syntax
– complex durative constructions 529
– conditional clauses 479
– irrealis 482
– realis 479
– conjunctive participal clauses 500
– coordination 466
– direct objects 450
– in direct case 451
– infinitives as 489
– marked by postposition 450
– indirect objects 450
– in ergative case 229
– marked by postposition 450
– preferential marking of 452
– infinitive clauses 488
– pro-drop 428
– questions
– rhetorical 462
– with interrogative words 463
– yes-no 460
– relative clauses 471
– infinitival clauses as 497
– of comparison 474
– omission of correlative in 477
– subjects
– agreement of 441
– dative 549
– see also Case dative dative subjects
– ergative 229
– experiencer 446
– impersonal 540
– stative vs inchoative 448
– types of 445
– subordination 468
– non-finite clauses 488
– word order 421, 434
– cleft constructions 425
– in noun phrases 425
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– in realis conditionals 481
– in relative clauses 473, 476
– indicating definiteness 564
– of discourse particles 426
– of negatives 456
– of non-finite subordinate clauses 488
– scrambling 424
– with compound subjects 436
– with pronominal suffixes 434
Tense 279
– continuous 279
– continuous future 397
– continuous II forms 298
– continuous irrealis 342
– continuous past 309, 338, 396
– continuous present 308, 337, 395
– habitual continuous past 339
– indicating definiteness 565
– past continuous II forms 298
– present continuous II 298
– subjunctive 340, 398
– future 280, 296, 297, 335, 379
– hypothetical, with infinitive 562
– of ‘to be’ 289
– pro-drop in 428
– pronominal suffixes in 226
– habitual 280
– indicating indefiniteness 565
– imperfect
– agreement in 431
– future imperfect 307, 349, 391
– future imperfect passive 384
– imperfective participle 285
– past imperfect 304, 346, 389
– past imperfect passive 384
– past imperfect-habitual 305, 347, 390
– present imperfect 301, 302, 344, 387
– present imperfect passive 383
– present imperfect-habitual 303, 345,
388
– subjunctive imperfect 306, 348, 392
– imperfective
– imperfective participial clauses 504
– in complex durative constructions 529
– in irrealis conditionals 483
– irrealis
– imperfect irrealis 350, 393
– in conditional clauses 482
– in prospective expressions 558
611
– irrealis I 381
– passive 385
– simple irrealis 343
– past
– negation in 428
– of ‘to be’ 290, 328
– perfect
– agreement in 432
– future perfect 317, 357, 411, 412
– future perfect-stative 413
– irrealis perfect 315, 316, 358, 418, 419
– irrealis perfect-stative 420
– of ‘to be’ 290
– past perfect 314, 315, 354, 407
– past perfect-stative 355, 408, 409
– past stative habitual perfect 410
– perfective participle 286
– present perfect 311, 352, 400–402
– present perfect-stative 313, 353, 403,
404
– present stative habitual perfect 405,
406
– pro-drop in 429
– simple perfect 219, 351
– stative perfective participle 286
– subjunctive perfect 356, 414, 415
– subjunctive perfect-stative 416, 417
– perfect-stative 280
– perfective
– expressive mirativity 567
– in complex durative constructions 532
– in irrealis conditionals 483
– perfective participial clauses 505
– present
– negation in 427
– of /hoṇā/ 328
– of ‘to be’ 287
– present perfect 312
– realis
– in conditional clauses 479
Transitivity 382
– and pro-drop 429
– and volition 537
– and word order 421
– derived intransitives 538
– in conjunctive participial clauses 500
– in light verb constructions 507
– intransitive-causative doublets 593
– of vector verbs 509
– split ergativity 431, 441
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– verbs of body functions (unergative
verbs) 444
Urdu 12, 79
– influence of 12, 16, 58, 73, 79, 80, 88, 90,
196, 244, 487, 513, 544
– orthography 18, 19, 61, 71, 76, 77
– phonology 21, 26, 51, 53
– sound correspondences 47, 57, 58
– status of 17
Verbs 280
– agreement of 435
– split ergativity 431
– with addressee 516
– with dative subjects 446
– with direct objects 434
– causative 284, 382
– intransitive-causative doublets 593
– transitivity sets 536
– compound 509
– expressive mirativity 567
– on passive stems 543
– passive stems in 521
– conjunct 507
– derivation of
– intransitive 538
– finite 281
– imperative 280, 294
– distanced (softened) 294, 562, 563
– pronominal suffix reanalyzed as 233
– with conjunctive participles 501
– infinitive 285
– ablative 103, 495
– as distanced imperative 562
– as marked adjective 496
– direct 491
– expressing ability 546
– expressing presumption 558
– expressing prospective meanings 552,
554
– in inceptive constructions 493
– in nominalized phrases 499
– in purpose clauses 573
– infinitive clauses 488
– inflection of 97
– oblique 490, 492
– verbal noun 83
– with adjectival inflection (agreeing
infinitive) 491
– with gerundival function 285
– light verb
– ‘beat/kill’ 519
– light verbs
– in compound verb constructions 509
– in conjunct verb constructions 507
– in experiencer constructions 448
– order of 424
– vector verbs 509
– ‘come’ 515, 521, 545, 549
– ‘fall, lie’ 307, 369, 396, 510, 517, 521
– ‘give’ 517, 523
– ‘go’ 284, 509, 514, 520
– ‘leave, let go’ 511, 519, 524
– ‘lift, raise’ (invariant) 525
– ‘put/keep’ 513, 519, 523
– ‘sit’ 516, 522
– ‘take’ 512, 518, 522
– ‘throw, cast’ 524
– ‘throw’ 513, 518, 524
– ‘to be able’ 545
– ‘to be wanted’ 550
– passive 539, 541
– in compound verbs 521
– morphological 381, 541, 543, 544, 549
– periphrastic 284, 286, 475, 539–542,
544, 546
– with infinitive + ‘to be’ 541
– postpositions derived from 254
– principal parts 281
– roots see Verbs stems
– stems 284, 321
– passive 521, 543
– subjunctive 280, 295, 380
– of ‘to be’ 292
– passive 385
– table of forms 319, 361, 371
– Hindko 282
– this grammar’s naming conventions for
280
– transitivity
– derived with causative affixes 284
– see also Participles
– see also Tense
– ‘to be’ see Auxiliaries; ‘to be’
– future tense forms 289
Vowels see Phonology vowels
Writing systems see Orthography
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