Name : Mahasri Sobahiya
Class : 4B/PBI
Nim
: 183221062
1. Draw tree diagrams to illustrate the structure of the following words, assigning
appropriate word class labels(N, A or V) to the roots and to the nodes in the trees, and
identifying heads:
Greediness
cabin crew
Deconsecration
cabin crew training
Incorruptibility
cabin crew safety training
Enthronement
cabin crew safety training manual
Re-uncover
airlinecabin crew safety training manual
Redecompartmentalisation (an example from Exercise 8 in Chapter 5)
2. Compare the structure of unhappiness and unhappiest. Does either of them show a
mismatch between meaning and structure?
3. Discuss the grammatical structure of the following and whether each one is a phrase or a
compound word:
Income tax rate
High tax rate
Value added tax
Goods and services tax
Answers
1. A. greediness
N
A
N
Greed
I
ness
The suffix –y (or –i-) is the head of greedy and –ness is the head of greediness.
B. Deconsecration
N
V
V
De
consecrat
ion
Root: consecrate
Prefix: de
Suffix: ion
Head: ion is the head of deconsecration
C. Incorruptibility
N
A
A
V
Root: corrupt
Prefix: in
Suffix-1: ibil
Suffix-2: ity
In
corrupt
ibil
ity
head
: prefix [ in-] is the head of incorrupt
suffix[- ible-/ibil] is the head of incorruptibility
D. Enthronment
N
V
N
En
Root: throne
thron
ment
head: prefix en- is the head of enthrone ment
Prefix: en
Suffix: ment
E. re-uncover
V
V
V
Re
un
Root: cover
Prefix-1: re
Prefix-2: un
Head : prefix un- is the head of re-uncover
F. Redecompartmentalisation
cover
N
V
V
V
A
N
Re
de compartment al
is (a)tion
Root: compartment
Prefix: re, de
Suffix: al, is, (a)tion
Head: prefix re- and de- are the head of Redecompartmentalisation
G. Cabin crew
N
N
N
Cabin

crew
In the sentence the main stress is on ” cabin”
H. Cabin crew training
N
N
N
N
N
Cabin crew training

In the sentence the main stress is on ” cabin”
I. Cabin crew safety training
N
N
N
Cabin

N
N
crew
N
safety
N
training
In the sentence the main stress is on ” cabin”
J. cabin crew safety training manual
N
N
N
N
N
cabin

N
N
N
crew safety training
In the sentence the main stress is on ” cabin”
K. Air line cabin crew safety training manual
N
manual
N
N
N
N
N
N
air
N
N
N
line
N
cabin crew
N
N
safety training
N
manual
the main stress in this compound should be on safety– which seems correct
2. there is a mismatch between the structure and meaning of the words unhappiness and
unhappiest. Unhappiness is straightforward
N
A
A
Un
happi
ness
This analysis is supported by the general behavior of this affix. As we have seen, there is an
un-prefix attached to adjectives to make adjectives with negative meanings (not hurt,
incorrect, etc.). And there is suffix -ness attached to nouns and forming nouns (happiness,
kindness). This gives us the analysis described above. there is a way to combine the indirect
prefix with the use of adjectives, so that other possible structures will logically function.
Unhappiest:
A
A
A
Un
happi
est
the structure and meaning of the words in this unhappiest are not quite right. because the
prefix un- cannot always be combined with all the words in a particular context. as in the
word "unhappiest or unhappier". suffix -est or -er is used to give more meaning to adjectives.
does not get attached to bases that are more than two syllables long. This permits happy as a
base, but not unhappy.
3. value, added, goods, and services are phrases however the stress on the first component
suggest that these are compounds of the kind of lexicalized phrases. the meaning and
stress pattern of íncome tax rate suggest that it is a compound noun containing another
compound noun: [[income tax] rate]. We need to know, the meaning and stress pattern of
high táx rate suggest that it is a phrase consisting of an adjective followed by a compound
noun: [high [tax rate]]. Invalue ádded tax, goods and sérvices tax are two technical terms
used in different countries for the same kind of tax , the immediate components seem
clearly to be value added ,goods and services, and tax. We can see:
 income tax rate
[income = N]
[tax
= N]
[rate
= V]
Compound word
 high tax rate
[high
= A]
[tax
= N]
[rate
= V]
Phrase word
 value added tax
[value = N]
[added = N]
[tax
= N]
[value added tax= NP]
 goods and services tax
Phrase word
[goods = N]
[and
= conj]
[services= N]
[tax
Phrase word
= N]
[goods and services tax = NP]