T&HRD, Centre For Excellence
In search of knowledge…. Volume-IV (Issue – II)
प्रस्तावना
मानव संसाधन ववकास का प्रमुख दृविकोण व्यापक भागीदारी में वनवित िैं । जीवन की गुणवत्ता के लाभ ववकास
द्वारा वनर्ममत िोते िैं। सतत ववकास द्वारा सृवजत क्षमताएं उपलब्ध कराए गए ववकल्पों को ववस्तृत करती िैं।
इसमें संगठन एवं व्यवि दोनों को लाभ प्राप्त िोता ि।। ऐवतिावसक तौर पर, एचआरडी में मानव संसाधन
ववकवसत करने का उल्लेख ककया ि।, वजससे आर्मिक उत्पादकता बढाने में लाभ प्राप्त िो सके । िालााँकक, वततमान
पररप्रेक्ष्य में पररभाषाएाँ और चचातए,ाँ ववशेष रूप से, एचआरडी के मानवीय पिलुओं पर अवधक कें कित िो गई ि।।
इन समग्र पिलुओं पर एनएचपीसी एचआरडी, उत्कृ ष्टता का के ्‍ि वनरं तर प्रयत्नशील ि। और संगठन की
वततमान के साि साि भावी अपेक्षाओं को भी ध्यान में रखते ए ए वववभ्‍न ववषयों पर प्रवशक्षण कायत्रमम
वडजाइन ककए जा रिे ि।। पूवत में आयोवजत प्रवशक्षण कायत्रममों के सृजनात्मक लाभ अब कार्ममकों की लेखनी में
स्पष्ट तौर पर पररलवक्षत िो रिे ि।। अर्मजत ्ान एवं इससे प्रभाववत सृजनात्मकता व्यापक रूप से संगठन के
समस्त कार्ममक तक ब़ी ी िी आसानी से ‘अवभ्ना’ पविका के माध्यम से पए ंचाने में िमें सललता वमल रिी ि।।
म। ‘अवभ्ना’ पविका के इस अंक की सललता को संगठन की सामूविक सललता मानते ए ए प्रत्ये क कार्ममक को
बधाई देता हं।
शुभकामनाओं सवित,
(अववनाश कु मार)
कायतपालक वनदेशक (एचआरडी)
संपादकीय
मानव संसाधन ववकास ववभाग का यि प्रयास ि। कक अनुभवज्‍य अनुसंधान वववधयों का उपयोग करके उच्च
गुणवत्ता वाले व।चाररक कायत प्रकावशत ककया जाए । नई स।द्ांवतक अंतदृवत ि, नए व।चाररक मॉडल, सावित्य की
मित्वपूणत पिलुओं और वसद्ांत वनमातण के वलए बए -प्रवतमान दृविकोण प्रदान करके एचआरडी को अवधक
प्रभावी बनाने के वलए ‘अवभ्ना’ पविका का यि अंक प्रवतबद् ि।।
अपने उद्योग-अग्रणी अंतदृवत ि के साि, एचआरडी द्वारा व।विक ्ान, संसाधन और भरोसेमंद सूचना स्रोतों को
बढावा देने एवं इसे व्यापक स्तर पर प्रोत्सावित करने के उदेशे‍य से िमारे कार्ममकों द्वारा पविका के इस अंक में
प्रस्तुत लेख/आलेख/रचनाएं अत्यंत िी ्ानवद्तक एवं उपयोगी संकलन ि।।
इस पविका में, व्यापक उदेशे‍य के वलए आप सभी योगदानकतात के प्रयास के प्रवत कृ त्ता प्रकट करती हं। मुझे
आशा ि। कक संगठन के िमारे सभी इससे लाभाव्‍वत िोगें । भववष्य में भी आप सभी के सुझाव एवं आपके
योगदान की अपेक्षा करती हं।
ध्‍यवाद
(अंजु बाला)
वररष्ठ प्रबंधक (मानव संसाधन)
INDEX
Sl
Article
Author (Ms./Smt./Sh.)
No
1
Rooftop Solar photovoltaic plant at Sewa-II Power C.Vinod
Station
2
Brahmeshwar Kumar
Why do we need to restore ecosystem?
3
Basic Principle of Concluded Contract: Insights into Meenakshi Mittal
Hon’ble Supreme Court’s ruling in M/s. Padia Timber
Company (P) Ltd. v. The Board of Trustees of
Vishakhapatnam Port Trust.
4
Hydropower for Sustainable Development in India
5
कोरोना से ल़ी ाई एवं टीकाकरण
A.Venkata Ramana
Reddy
कृ ष्ण मुरारी वमश्रा
6
सुख क्षणभंगुर, तो आनंद सनातन
पूवात म।नी
7
ि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन
शेख सकलउल अिमद
8
स्वस्ि रिने के सरल उपाय
डॉ .देवे्‍ि वतवारी
LITERARY CONTRIBUTORS
Rooftop Solar photovoltaic plant at Sewa-II Power Station
C.Vinod
The world is increasingly shifting towards renewable energy since last couple of decades. Of all the renewable
energy alternatives, solar power is arguably the fastest growing source of renewable energy globally. India has set a
target of installing 175 GW of renewable power by 2022 including 100 GW of solar power. NHPC has also forayed
into the field of solar energy in a big way and has ambitious plans for harnessing solar power in the coming years that
includes rooftop, ground mounted and floating Solar Photovoltaic systems.
As a part of its thrust on solar power, NHPC had awarded EPC contract along with five years O&M to M/s Sharika
Enterprises Limited in 2020 for installation of 85 kWp Rooftop Solar Plant at Sewa-II besides 500 kWp ground
mounted solar plants at Dulhasti and 50 kWp at Uri Power Station. At Sewa-II Power Station, the author was the
Engineer-in-charge for the installation work of the 85 kWp rooftop Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) plant which was
commissioned in March’21.
SPV array on Admin building
The SPV plant at Sewa-II comprises of 270 solar modules installed on the terrace of various buildings of Sewa-II
office premises including admin building and field hostels. A solar PV module is a single photovoltaic solar
panel made up of 72 solar cells connected in series. Each module is rated for 330 Wp. Solar modules are connected
in series to form a string. Strings of solar modules are connected in parallel to form a solar array.
In Sewa-II SPV system, sixteen modules are
connected in series to from a string. Four strings
are connected in parallel to form an array. The DC
output of array is fed to a string inverter which
converts approx. 600 V DC input to 3-phase 415 V,
50 Hz AC output.
Inverter
The basic scheme of SPV plant is shown below
The power generated by the SPV plant caters to the electrical load of office complex and field hostels. Shortfall in
power requirement, if any, is drawn from the grid. On the other hand, if excess power i.e more than that required is
generated by the SPV plant, it gets fed to the grid.
Power generated by the solar modules depends on the intensity of solar radiation and temperature. Therefore, on a
sunny day, power output is generally less in the morning but increases over the day reaching its peak at around 1-2
PM and further reduces towards evening.
The main components of an SPV plant are the energy conversion elements namely the Solar modules and inverter.
Solar module
The solar module is Polycrystalline type in which several
fragments of silicon are melted together to form solar cell
wafers. The characteristics of solar module are as under:







Voltage output of each cell ~ 0.65 V
Module Open circuit Voltage Voc = 46.3 V
Optimum Operating voltage = 36.77 V
Optimum operating current= 8.98 A
Power output of one module at STC (Pmax) = 330 Wp
Module efficiency = 16.98%
Operating Temperature = -40OC to 85 OC
The efficiency of the solar module decreases with the rise in
ambient temperature.
As SPV system is connected to the local grid, grid-tied string inverter is used which uses local grid voltage as a
reference voltage. Thus, the inverter gives output power only when its output voltage synchronizes with the local grid
voltage i.e matches with voltage magnitude, phase angle and frequency. The inverter will NOT generate power
during grid power failure because of the anti-islanding feature of the inverter.
Inverters have inbuilt MPPT (Maximum
Power point tracking) feature to generate
optimal power from the solar modules.
Inverters also have inbuilt facility to protect
against reverse polarity, earth faults,
insulation faults etc. As Inverters have the
protection class of IP 65, they are placed
on the roof itself near/under the SPV
panels to minimize losses.
AC Distribution board (left) and 50 kW inverter (right)
Besides the solar modules and inverters, the SPV system also includes accessories such as module mounting
structure, AC distribution boards, AC and DC cables, lightning arresters, earthing electrodes, radiation sensor, data
logger etc.
Module Mounting Structure (MMS):
Structure made of Hot-Dip Galvanized Mild
steel has been used for mounting & fixing
of solar modules. Stainless steel nut-bolts
of grade SS-304 has been used to fasten
the modules to the MMS. Roof clearance
of 400 mm from lower end of the solar
panel has been provided.
Proper civil foundation for fixing the MMS is very important to secure the SPV plant against strong winds and other
damages. First, 2” holes were drilled on the roof terrace and base plate of each leg of MMS was anchored to the roof
floor using 3” anchor fastener along with water-proofing chemical (like Dr Fixit). Then a plinth measuring 300 mm X
300 mm X 300 mm made of PCC (M-20 Grade) was formed around each leg.
Cabling
MC4 connector
The solar modules are interconnected using MC4
connectors. For DC cabling from solar array to inverter,
single core 4mm2 copper cables have been used. For
AC cabling from inverter to AC Distribution board and
further to the building main supply panel, 4 core X 10
mm2 LT cable has been used.
Plant Monitoring and Data Acquisition system
Plant monitoring is very important for maintaining and optimising plant performance as well as to detect faults or
abnormal conditions. The basic components of plant monitoring and data acquisition of SPV plant are elaborated
below.
Pyranometer
RMS Module
A Pyranometer or solar cell based irradiation sensor is
provided to measure the solar radiation falling on the solar
array. The sensor’s transducer converts incident radiation to
corresponding output voltage (0-5 V) and sends it to the
remote monitoring system (RMS) module which calculates
and displays solar irradiance.
The remote monitoring system (RMS) collects data from
solar inverters, radiation sensors, temperature probes,
energy meters etc which is then sent to a cloud-based
monitoring system and its companion apps via GPRS. This
information can be accessed in several ways, including
through mobile apps and paired smart devices besides LAN
cable for monitoring in a local PC.
Inverter
Various electrical parameters such as DC/AC current and
voltage, Power output, Power factor, frequency etc can be
fetched to compatible device via RS485. This data is also
sent to RMS via LAN cable and can be monitored, analysed
or downloaded remotely. Inverters have inbuilt logging
system to store historical data also.
An app called “Logics Power” has been provided by the vendor which provides all important information about the
SPV plant such as daily generation, cumulative generation, carbon emission reduction etc as shown below.
Performance evaluation parameters of Solar PV plant
1. Performance ratio (PR) : This is the ratio of plant output versus installed plant capacity with respect to the
radiance measured.
PR = Actual Plant output (kW) X 1000 (W/m2)
Installed plant capacity (kW) Measured radiation intensity (W/m2 )
PR of the plant should be atleast 75% at the time of commissioning acceptance.
2. Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) = Annual Plant output (in kWh)
Rated plant capacity (in kWp) X 8760*
*Total no: of Hrs in a year
Minimum annual CUF shall be 15%.
3. Performance Warranty
Each solar PV module used in SPV plant is warranted for their peak output watt capacity which shall not be less than
90% at the end of 10th year and 80% at the end of 25th year from the commissioning of the plant.
4. Penalty for Lower Performance
If in any year of the term of contract agreement of O&M period, the energy generation is found to be less than the
value committed by the contractor, a penalty for shortfall of energy generation shall be imposed to the contractor as
per the following formula:
Penalty for Yearly shortfall in = Yearly shortfall in generation (kWh) X Average cost of
generation (kWh)
electricity from the grid per kWh
Minimum annual plant output should be 1,11,960 kWh. However, suppose only 1,00,000 units is generated in that
year. That means there is a shortfall of 11,960 units. Assuming, energy rate of electricity from state discom to be Rs
4.50 per unit, penalty of Rs 4.50 X 11,960 units = Rs 53,820 shall get imposed on the contractor
Operation & Maintenance
Solar PV plant requires little maintenance as there are no moving components unlike conventional power generating
plants. The maintenance mainly involves regular cleaning of solar panels with clean water and/or mild washing
detergent to remove dust, dirt, bird droppings etc. Cleaning is to be done only in early morning or late evening when
there is negligible solar radiation.
Routine maintenance includes Visual Checking for Module Breakage/Damage, if any, periodic checking of Inverters,
input and output voltage, AC/DC Joints and MC-4 Connectors for loose connections etc.
The SPV plant at Sewa-II is working well and giving satisfactory performance. Subsequent to its installation, there
has been substantial savings in the energy expenses of the power station.
Why do we need to restore ecosystem?
Brahmeshwar Kumar
1.0 Introduction
The United Nations General Assembly has declared the years 2021 through 2030 the UN Decade on
Ecosystem Restoration. Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations together with the support of partners, it is
designed to prevent, halt, and reverse the loss and degradation of ecosystems worldwide. It aims at
reviving hundreds of millions of hectares, covering terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystems. A global call
to action, the UN Decade draws together political support, scientific research, and financial muscle to
massively scale up restoration. This year’s observance of World Environment Day was also on the theme
of ‘ecosystem restoration’ and focus on resetting our relation with nature. In this backdrop, this paper
explains concisely the nuances of Ecosystem Restoration.
2.0 What is ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals and other organisms as well
as weather and landscape work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living
parts, as well as abiotic factors or nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals and other
organisms. Abiotic factors include rocks, temperature and humidity. Every factor in an ecosystem
depends on every other factor, either directly or indirectly. For instance, a change in the temperature of
an ecosystem will often affect what plants will grow there. Animals that depend on plants
for food and shelter will have to adapt to the changes, move to another ecosystem, or perish.
3.0 Threats to ecosystems
As human populations have grown, people have overtaken many ecosystems. Humans impact the
physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation.
Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality and undrinkable water.
Many of the world's ecosystems have undergone significant degradation with negative impacts on
biological diversity and peoples' livelihoods. Most biologists agree that we are in the midst of a massive
extinction event, a time when a great number of species are lost over a short geological time scale.
Concerns for the massive current loss of species range from the aesthetic and moral to the practical,
including biological resources and ecosystem services.
4.0 What is Ecosystem Restoration?
Ecosystem Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded,
damaged or destroyed. It is an intentional activity that initiates an ecological pathway through time
towards a reference ecosystem. A reference ecosystem is an actual ecosystem or its conceptual model
that is used in setting goals and planning a restoration project and later in its evaluation. In its simplest
form the reference ecosystem is an actual site, its written or oral description, or both.
5.0 Importance of Ecosystem Restoration
Ecosystem services are processes provided by nature that support human life. These services include the
water catchment and filtration, moderation of floods, pollination and renewal of soil fertility. Ecosystem
processes have until recently been largely overlooked and not valued as part of the economy until they
cease to function. When economic value is assigned to these services, it is often startlingly high. For
example, insect pollinators are essential commercially for the production of many important fruits,
including almonds, melons, blueberries, and apples.
Currently, large chunk of the world’s population suffer from the continued degradation of ecosystems,
for example by losing access to fertile soil or safe drinking water. Ecosystem restoration has the
potential to reverse forest degradation and desertification, slow biodiversity loss, improve air quality,
enhance water supply, food security and urban environments and thereby improve human livelihoods
and health.
Reviving natural carbon sinks such as forests and peatlands can help close the climate
emissions gap. Replanting with native tree species can also help buffer some of the
expected devastating effects of a warming planet, such as increased risk of forest fires,
which our country is currently witnessing in Uttarakhand. Ecosystem can be recovered
from destruction through restoration.
6.0 How can we restore ecosystem?
Ecological restoration is a well-established practice in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem
management. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Commission on Ecosystem
Management emphasizes fourteen principles of good ecological restoration practice based on
experience gained over several decades. Principles of good ecological restoration practice include:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
Incorporating biological and environmental spatial variation into the design.
Allowing for linkages within the larger landscape.
Emphasizing process repair over structural replacement.
Allowing sufficient time for self-generating processes to resume.
Treating the causes rather than the symptoms of degradation.
Include monitoring protocols to allow for adaptive management.
Ensuring all stakeholders are fully aware of the full range of possible alternatives,
opportunities, costs and benefits offered by restoration.
Empowering all stakeholders, especially marginalized resource users.
Engaging all relevant sectors of society and disciplines, including the displaced and
powerless, in planning, implementation and monitoring.
Involving relevant stakeholders in the definition of boundaries for restoration.
Considering all forms of historical and current information including scientific and
indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices.
Providing short-term benefits leading to the acceptance of long term objectives.
Providing for the accrual of ecosystem goods and services.
Striving towards economic viability.
In this regard, apart from the
Government, NGOs, CSOs and individuals
ought to contribute for ecosystem
restoration. The educational institutions
may
take
up
the
ecosystem
restoration projects that may include but
not limited to the followings:
i.
Repairing and replanting
wetlands,
creek
beds,
forestland,
and
other
habitats.
ii.
Eradicating invasive species.
iii.
Replacing turf grass with
native species.
iv.
Planting rain gardens to
absorb rainwater running
off roofs or asphalt.
Western Ghats forest cover improved after active
ecological restoration
7.0 Way Forward
The UNEP acknowledges the urgency of preventing, halting and reversing the degradation of ecosystems
worldwide. The UN Decade is intended to massively scale up the restoration of degraded and destroyed
ecosystems to fight the climate crisis, prevent the loss of a million species and enhance food security
water supply and livelihoods. The UN Decade runs from 2021 through 2030, which is also the deadline
for the Sustainable Development Goals and the timeline scientists have identified for avoiding the worst
impacts of climate change. To achieve restoration at the required scale, incentives and financial
investments must be made in changing the way lands and oceans are exploited, in research and
education, and in inspiring a movement of people, businesses and governments through celebrating
success stories. 2020 was a year of reckoning, facing multiple crises, including a global pandemic and the
continued crises of climate, nature and pollution. In 2021, we must take deliberate steps to move from
crisis to healing and in so doing, we must recognize that the restoration of nature is imperative to the
survival of our planet and the human race.
References
https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release
https://www.iucn.org/commissions/commission-ecosystem-management
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/conservation-and-restoration
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ecosystem
https://theprint.in/science/western-ghats-forest-cover-improved-active-ecological-restoration
Basic Principle of Concluded Contract: Insights into Hon’ble Supreme
Court’s ruling in M/s. Padia Timber Company (P) Ltd. v. The Board of
Trustees of Vishakhapatnam Port Trust.
(Judgment dated January 5, 2021 passed in Civil Appeal No. 7469 of 2008)
Meenakshi Mittal
The issue involved in this case is that whether the acceptance of a conditional offer with a
further condition results in a concluded contract, irrespective of whether the offerer accepts
the further condition proposed by the acceptor.
Facts of the Case are discussed below:
A tender for supply of wooden sleepers was floated by Vishakhapatnam Port Trust
(Respondent) in July 1990. Clauses 15 and 16 of the Tender provided that(i) The purchaser of the wooden sleepers i.e., Respondent would not pay separately for transit
insurance and the supplier would be responsible till the entire stores contracted for arrive in
good condition at destination ;
(ii) In the event of the supplies being found defective, the Respondent would have the right to
reject the same and recover the freight.
Pursuant to the said tender, the Appellant (M/s. Padia Timber Company(P) Ltd.) submitted its
offer but did not accept Clauses 15 and 16 of the Tender. Appellant made a specific condition in
its offer that inspection of the sleepers as per the requirement of the Respondent would have
to be conducted only at the depot of the Appellant. In accordance with the terms and
conditions of the tender, Appellant deposited Rs 75,000/- towards earnest deposit, along with
its quotation. As the opening of the Tender was postponed, Appellant submitted its revised
quotation and/or offer reiterating that inspection as per the requirement of the RespondentPort Trust would have to be conducted only at the depot of the Appellant. After the tenders
were opened, certain discussions took place between the Appellant and the Respondent.
Subsequently, through a letter, Appellant made it clear to the Respondent that while it was not
in favour of the inspection of the wooden sleepers being conducted at the general stores of the
Respondent, in the event the same was done, the Appellant would charge 25% above the rate
quoted by the appellant which was later revised to 24% through another subsequent letter. By
a letter dated October 29, 1990, the Respondent accepted the offer of the Appellant for supply
of wooden sleepers at the rate quoted by the Appellant. However, it imposed a further
condition on the Appellant as regards the transport and inspection of the wooden sleepers.
Respondent also requested the Appellant to extend the delivery period of the same.
Consequently, vide its letter dated October 30, 1990, the Appellant rejected the proposal of the
Respondent, declined to extend the validity of its offer, since prices had gone up and requested
that the earnest money deposited by the Appellant be returned to the Appellant.
Pertinently, on the same day, without accepting the offer made by the Appellant, the
Respondent issued a purchase order dated October 29, 1990 for supply of wooden sleepers, on
the terms and conditions specified in the Purchase Order. The Respondent warned the
Appellant that if the supply of the wooden sleepers were not made as per the Purchase Order,
risk purchase would be made at the cost of the Appellant and the earnest deposit of Rs
75,000/- would be forfeited.
Thereafter, the Respondent further requested the Appellant to commence the supply of the
wooden sleepers. In response thereto, the Appellant contended that that there was no
concluded contract between the parties. Therefore, once again the Appellant requested for a
refund of the earnest deposit.
In the light of the above, the Respondent filed a suit for damages for breach of contract against
the Appellant (“First Suit”) before the Additional Subordinate Judge, Vishakhapatnam (“Trial
Court”). The Appellant also filed a suit for recovery of the earnest deposit along with interest,
cost, and other consequential reliefs (“Second Suit”) before the Subordinate Judge of the Trial
Court. Both the suits were clubbed together before the Trial Court and disposed of by a
common order dated March 31, 2000 (“Trial Court’s Order”).The First Suit was decreed in
favour of the Respondent-Port Trust and the Second Suit filed by the Appellant was dismissed.
The Trial Court inter alia held that
(i) As the Respondent had accepted the offer of the Appellant and issued a Purchase Order in
relation to the same, the contract was concluded between the parties; and
(ii) As the Appellant had not supplied the wooden sleepers as per the concluded contract, the
Respondent was entitled to the damages for breach of obligations by the Appellant.
Aggrieved by the decision of the Trial Court, the Appellant filed two appeals before the High
Court at Hyderabad (“High Court”) against the Trial Court’s Order. The High Court vide its
judgment dated October 10, 2006 (“Impugned Judgment”) passed in both the appeals, upheld
and confirmed the Trial Court’s Order. Being aggrieved, the Appellant filed an appeal before the
Supreme Court against the Impugned Judgment.
The Respondent inter alia contended that since the Appellant refused to discharge its
obligation to supply the sleepers in terms of the contract, read with the revised Purchase Order,
the Respondent was constrained to invoke the risk purchase clause (under the special
conditions of purchase appended to the Purchase Order). The Respondent further submitted
that it purchased the wooden sleepers at a higher rate from a third party, incurring losses, for
which the Respondent was entitled to claim damages from the Appellant. It was the case of the
Respondent that the conditions stipulated in the Purchase Order, including the special
conditions of purchase constitute the terms of a binding contract.
The Appellant inter alia contended that (i) Negotiations between the Appellant and Respondent did not fructify into a concluded
contract, since the Respondent did not accept the conditions of the offer of the Appellant fully;
and
(ii) Appellant did not agree to the terms and conditions on which the Respondent insisted,
particularly the condition of final inspection of the sleepers at the General Stores.
Highlighting the importance of Section 7 of the Contract Act (that requires an acceptance of an
offer to be absolute and unqualified to be converted into a promise), Supreme Court held that
both the Trial Court as well as the High Court had erred in overlooking the said provision whilst
arriving at their decision. The Court reiterated that it is a cardinal principle of the law of
contract that the offer and acceptance of an offer must be absolute and it can give no room for
doubt.
Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the offer and acceptance must be based or founded on three
components, that is, certainty, commitment, and communication. However, when the
acceptor puts in a new condition while accepting the contract already signed by the proposer,
the contract is not complete until the proposer accepts that condition. It held that an
acceptance with a variation is no acceptance. It is, in effect and substance, simply a counter
proposal which must be accepted fully by the original proposer before a contract is made.
Whilst emphasizing on the principle of ‘absolute and unconditional acceptance,’ Supreme
Court relied on and took note of some of its earlier decisions passed in this regard, namely:
(i) In Union of India v. Bhim Sen Walaiti Ram (1969) 3 SCC 146, a three-Judge bench of the
Supreme Court had held that acceptance of an offer may be either absolute or conditional. If
the acceptance is conditional, offer can be withdrawn at any moment until absolute acceptance
has taken place.
(ii) In Jawahar Lal Burman v. Union of India AIR 1962 SC 378, Supreme Court held that under
Section 7 of the Contract Act acceptance of the offer must be absolute and unqualified and it
cannot be conditional.
(iii) Similarly, a division bench in Haridwar Singh v. Bagun Sumbrui and Ors AIR 1972 SC 1242
had observed that when the acceptor puts in a new condition while accepting the contract
already signed by the proposer, the contract is not complete until the proposer accepts that
condition.
In the light of the above analysis and aforesaid cases, the Supreme Court observed that in
response to the tender floated by the Respondent- Port Trust, the Appellant had submitted its
offer conditionally subject to inspection of the sleepers being held at the depot of the
Appellant. This condition of the Appellant was not accepted by the Respondent unconditionally.
However, the Respondent agreed to inspection at the depot of the Appellant, but imposed a
further condition that the sleepers would be finally inspected at the Respondent’s showroom.
This condition of the Respondent was not accepted by the Appellant and it could not, therefore,
be said that there was a concluded contract. There being no concluded contract, there could be
no question of any breach on the part of the Appellant or of damages or any risk purchase at
the cost of the Appellant. Setting aside the Trial Court’s Order and the Impugned Judgment of
the High Court, Supreme Court directed the Respondent to refund the earnest money
deposited by the Appellant along with interest.
Through this case, Hon’ble Supreme Court highlighted the importance of certainty,
commitment, and communication in the formation of a concluded contract. Contracting
Parties concurring on the same thing in same manner is the sin-qua-non for formation of a valid
contract. Without consensus ad-idem no valid contract can be formed. Recourse should be
taken to the principles of ‘offer', ‘acceptance' and ‘revocation of acceptance' as mentioned in
Chapter 1 of the Contract Act for examining formation of contract.
In the opinion of the author, to avoid legal complicacies at later stage, it is preferable that,
tender conditions are uniformly applicable to all eligible bidders for level playing field and once
the tender is opened, the terms and conditions of the tender should not be altered in prejudice
to the other bidders otherwise the objective of the tender process will be vitiated.
Hydropower for Sustainable Development in India
A.Venkata Ramana Reddy
Introduction: Lack of access to reliable electricity, severe power shortage is one of the greatest
obstacles to India’s development. Over 40 percent of the country’s people - most living in the rural areas
– encounter continuous disruptions of power supply. This prevent farmers from improving their
agricultural incomes, deprive livelihood facilities of poor and many small scale Indian businesses cite
expensive and unreliable power as one of their main business constraints. About 60 p.c. of the total
electricity generation of the country come from the thermal power plants which are operated on fossil
fuels and natural gas resulting in Climate Change and the depleting natural resources. The Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) acknowledge this with the inclusion of the 7th SDG is to “ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. India committed to an ambitious
transformational target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy installations by 2022. As part of the
Paris Climate agreement in 2015, India pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35%
by 2030 from 2005 levels, to achieve 40% of its cumulative electric power of around 350 GW installed
capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources, mainly renewable power. At this junction,
hydropower can play important role in the post-2015 development agenda.
International Hydropower Association (IHA) estimates that about (79%) of the total
hydropower potential in India is still undeveloped. India’s energy portfolio today depends
heavily on coal-based thermal energy, with hydropower accounting for only 14 percent of total
power generation. India is endowed with extraordinary conditions for hydropower exploitation.
Its relief, with high slopes and valleys, lends itself to the construction of complex storage
schemes spanning several valleys. Its hydrology, with abundant precipitation and retention
through glaciers and lakes, provides a valuable input. Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
estimated there are 96 GW of PHS capacity at 63 sites across India. The estimated potential for
small hydropower generation in India is about 20 GW.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States
in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now
and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an
urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They
recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies
that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while
tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests. The United Nations
(UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are expected not only to breathe new life into the
international development agenda, but also to address aspects of development that were
unfortunately overlooked or side-lined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Furthermore, the SDGs share responsibility more equitably between developing and developed
countries, involving the entire global community.
Hydropower has an important role to play in achieving this goal (SDG 7). There is broad
consensus that, when properly planned and implemented, hydropower is an affordable,
reliable, sustainable and modern technology. It can help communities, nations and regions to
acquire a reliable supply of electricity, supporting economic and social development throughout
the world.
Importance of Hydro Power in Sustainable Development:
Hydropower plants have the advantage of producing power that is both renewable and clean,
as they emit less greenhouse gases than traditional fossil fuel plants and do not emit polluting
suspended particulate matter (from the high ash-content of indigenous coal). It helps in
meeting the peak power demand in the country, enhancing power system stability.
Hydropower plants can also start up and shut down quickly and economically, giving the
network operator the vital flexibility to respond to wide fluctuations in demand across seasons
and at different times of the day. This flexibility is particularly important in a highly-populated
country like India where household electricity demand is a significant portion of total demand
and this peak demand in concentrated in a short period of time (usually in the evening). Hydro
Power played very crucial role in load balancing on 5th April responding to Prime Minister’s 9
minutes light off call in solidarity to Covid-19. The generation from hydro power plants toed
the dip and surge pattern of lighting loads. The demand went down from 1,17,300 MW at 20:49
hrs to 85300 MW till 21:09 hrs; that is a reduction of 32,000 MWs. Hydro generation was
maximised by 8:45 p.m. to 25,559 MW. From then it was reduced to 8,016 MW at 9:10 p.m.
This hydro generation was again ramped up from 8016 MW to 19012 MW from 21:10 hrs to
21:27 hrs to meet the increase in demand after the event. Reduction of total 10950 MW
generations was achieved through thermal (6992 MW), gas (1951 MW) and wind generation
(2007 MW) during 20:45 hrs to 21:10 hrs. This meant the 75% reduction in hydro generation
achieved in 25 minutes took on the bulk of demand variations. In this total exercise, Frequency
was maintained within a band of 49.7 to 50. 26 Hz. Hydro and gas-powered plants can support
fast changes in load. Gas turbines can ramp up or ramp down rather quickly and, world over,
they are often used to support the grid supplied with fluctuating wind power. Similarly, water
can be stored in dams and reservoirs and can be released in a planned manner to achieve a
sharp increase or decrease in hydro power. Coal plants have a more limited ability to handle
sharp load variations. Nuclear plants even lesser. While hydropower plants have large up-front
capital costs, they also have long and productive lives, which significantly help reduce costs
over time. For example, Salal Power Station, Jammu and Kashmir cost of generation works out
to 67 paisa per kwh. Generation cost is not only inflation free but it also reduces with time. It
helps in providing inexpensive power, especially once the project achieves financial breakeven/
depreciates its assets as operations &maintenance costs are much lower & consistent
(independent of cost escalations in fuel) as compared to thermal power plants. Hydropower
plants are thus generally cheaper in the long run than thermal & natural gas-based plants,
which are constantly at risk from fuel price increases in the global market.
While India plans to develop mainly run-of-the-river projects, multipurpose hydropower plants
with water storage facilities can help manage critical water resources in an integrated manner
by serving as flood controllers as well as sources of irrigation and much-needed drinking water.
The Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand caters 300 Cusecs (162 million gallons per day) of drinking water
for Delhi which will meet the requirements of about 40 lac people.
Other than providing electricity, Hydropower’s ability to provide multiple services –including
freshwater management, climate mitigation, climate adaptation services, flood management,
energy storage and other ancillary services – hydropower can contribute to other SDGs as well,
including those for water i.e. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water for all
(SDG 6), resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and forest
innovation (SDG 9), and combat climate change and its impacts (SDG 13), End Poverty (SDG 1),
End hunger, achieved food security and improved nutrition (SDG 2), affordable and clean
energy (Goal no 7), which is closely linked to decent work and economic growth (Goal no 8) and
climate action, via the reduction of carbon emissions (Goal no 13) etc. The UN’s 17 SDGs are
interconnected so achieving all of them by 2030 may be too challenging, but depending on
Hydropower will its part in achieving the SDGs.
Fast depletion of the known reserve of fossil fuels and natural gas on one hand and the need
for reduction of carbon emission to combat climate change on the other, need of hour is
development of Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies for generation of electricity at a large
scale. However, the solar energy potential is relatively less due to clouds and length of the day
especially in areas like NE Region. Wind Energy is also not a suitable to locations as both the
speed and density of wind are not adequate & dependable enough for large scale generation.
The other RE sources namely Biomass, Biogas, Bio fuel and Geothermal may not produce
considerable quantum of power at affordable cost. Tidal power is developed at the coastal
areas only. At this situation, hydropower is the only natural resource can be harnessed at
environmentally & techno-economically feasible locations for large scale generation of clean
electrical energy under a long term plan. This kind of development is need of moment. In
addition, small hydropower continues to play an important role in rural electrification. As a
large proportion of these schemes are located in remote rural settings where the national grid
does not spread, most of these will remain suited to supplying power to rural areas. Adding to
this, in the recently proposed amendments to the electricity act, Indian government also took
slew of measures including the much-awaited renewable energy status for all hydroelectric
projects (HEPs), the introduction of a hydro purchase obligation (HPO) as part of non-solar
Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), tariff rationalisation and increased budgetary support.
The measures are indeed a step in the right direction and are expected to revive investor
interest in the sector. The countries like Norway and Uruguay, where almost 100 per cent of
electricity is generated from hydropower. Tanzania planning to achieve rural electrification
through small hydro schemes on lakes such as Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria. Rural
electrification increases economic opportunities, number of working men/women,
significant new income generation in rural areas and thereby substantially increased household
living standards.
Teesta-V Power Station: Best Eco-friendly Hydro Electric Power Station
In contrast to opinion that Hydro projects causes damage to Environment, even Hydro Projects
are Eco-Friendly. Results of Post Construction Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study in
Teesta-V Power Station, Sikkim is proving the fact. It was found that the habitat of mammals,
avifauna and butterflies are either undisturbed or has been restored by implementation of
Management Plan for conservation of wildlife habitat in the project area.
Dam of Teesta-V Power Station, Sikkim
Most of the faunal species reported during EIA study and have been observed during Post-EIA
study as well except Common Otter (Lutra lutra). Due to Green Belt Development Extensive
Plan, no adverse impacts on biodiversity of the area due to selection of species as most of the
species are fruit trees, while the other trees are native of the area. Area under Dense Forest &
Area under scrubs/ Grass lands found increased. Even Water Quality Index (WQI) of Teesta
River at present is in ‘Good’. Due to diurnal abstraction of water for power generation from the
reservoir, no thermal Stratification with no or less than 2° temperature variation has been
observed in the reservoir. It can be seen that there is low GHG emission from reservoir due to
significant diurnal variation in water levels and annual flushing, which hardly leaves any time for
GHG to accumulate in the reservoir and to diffuse into the atmosphere. Various biological and
engineering works for soil conservation and plantation proposed in Catchment Area Treatment
(CAT) plan in micro-watersheds served the purpose of CAT plan. Reports concluded that there
has been decrease in the severity of soil erosion in the free draining catchment area. Power
Station became best example in treatment of solid waste, sewage and Medical waste etc.
Affected families are mostly satisfied with the R & R Package, compensation provided and CSR
& SD programs. They were paid and jobs offered, allotted plots and got constructed the houses
in addition to basic amenities like medical facilities, school and market facilities. In 2019,
Teesta-V hydropower station has been rated as an example of International good practice in
Hydropower Sustainability by International Hydropower Association (IHA). Power Station met
or exceeded international good practice across all 20 performance criteria. It met proven best
practice on its management of asset reliability and efficiency, financial viability, project
benefits, cultural heritage, public health, and erosion and sedimentation etc.
As Eddie Rich, CEO, International Hydropower Association has rightly pointed out that “we are
using up the world's resources and they are contributing enormously to man-made climate
change. We have to do something to move beyond this reliance on fossil fuels to renewable
energies. There are opportunities around the world for growth in hydropower ... [we must]
draw on the lessons of the past, in terms of environmental, social and climate impact, to make
sure that the impacts can be very positive”.
Disclaimer: The views & opinion expressed in this article are personal.
Bibliography:
https://www.hydropower.org/
https://powermin.nic.in/
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/
http://www.nhpcindia.com/
कोरोना से लड़ाई एवं टीकाकरण
कृ ष्ण मुरारी वमश्रा
भारत में िी, फ़। ल गई ,
कोरोना की मिामारी भाई ।
आकर इस दुि वायरस ने,
कलर सबकी नींद उडाई ।
क। से वनपटा जाए,इस दुख आलत से,
जो दुवनया में कोरोना के नाम से आई। क। से इस
संकट से ,
जाये वनजात पाई।
सभी वनयमों को अपना कर,
दो गज़ दुरी बनाके , रखना खुब क़ी ाई ।
मास्क पिनकर, िाि धोकर ,
रखना खुब सलाई ।
सभी वचककत्सक व।्ावनक जन ने,
अपनी जााँच चलाई।
वायरस से बचने के वलए,
तब जाये व।कसीन बनाई।
कोवववसल्ड और कोव।कसीन बनाने मे,
भारत ने जी जान लगाई।
ब।वससन बनाने में तब,
सललता ि। पाई।
मा्‍यवरो ने इस टीके की,
कलर ट्रायल करवाई ।
बए त खुशी की बात ए ई,
ये टीका ि।,कोरोना की सिी दवाई।
सब लोगों को ब।वससन लगवाने मे,
ि। सबकी भलाई ।
तभी तो जीत पायेगें िम कोरोना से,
बचने की ये मुव‍कल ल़ी ाई ।
सुख क्षणभंगुर,तो आनंद सनातन
पूवात म।नी
आन्‍द की प्रावि आकदकाल से मानव का लक्ष्य रिा ि।। परमेिर की अ्‍तःकरण में अनुभूवत वजन अनेकानेक रूपों में िो
सकती ि। आन्‍द उनमें सवोपरर ि।।
िंसना-मुस्कु राना एक ऐसा वरदान ि।, जो वततमान में संतोष और भववष्य की शुभ-संभावनाओं की कल्पना को ज्‍म देकर
मनुष्य का जीना साितक बनाता ि।। सुख भौवतक ि। तो आनंद आध्यावत्मक। वव्ान िमें भौवतक सुख देता ि। अध्यात्म से
मानवसक सुख प्राि िोता ि।।
भौवतक उपादानों का ्ानेव्‍ियों के माध्यम से अनुभव प्राय: सभी को एक-सा िी िोता ि।। लू ल की गंध, वस्तुओं का सौंदयत,
ललों के स्वाद से जो अनुभूवत िमें िोती ि।, लगभग स्वस्ि इव्‍ियों वाले सभी व्यवियों को एक समान िी िोती ि।, लेककन
आनंद इससे वनतांत वभन्न ि।। इसका रसास्वादन िर व्यवि को अलग-अलग रूपों में िोता ि।। आनंद िर साधक की साधना
की चरम उपलवब्ध ि।, चािे उसकी अनुभूवत के रूप वभन्न-वभन्न िों।
इसीवलए आचायों ने किा ि। - 'आध्यावत्मकता का िी दूसरा नाम प्रसन्नता ि।’। जो प्रलु ल्लता से वजतना दूर ि।, वि ईिर से
भी उतना िी दूर ि।। वि न आत्मा को जानता ि।, न परमात्मा की सत्ता को। सद।व झल्लाने, खीजने, आवेशग्रस्त िोने वालों
को मनीवषयों ने नावस्तक बताया ि।।
मीरा के वलए ‘वमलन’ में आन्‍द ि। तो कबीर के वलए ‘ववरि’ में। कबीर इसी ववरि सुख की अवभव्यवि करते ए ए किते िैं।
वस्तुतः यि आन्‍द अध्यात्म की दृवि में पूणतता का पयातय ि।, वजसकी प्रावि िेतु ऋवष मनीवषयों ने गिन म्‍िन एवं योग से
उपलवब्ध घोवषत ककया ि।।
आनंद की खोज में व्याकु ल और उसकी उपलवब्ध के वलए आतुर मनुष्य बए त कु छ करने पर भी उसे प्राि न कर सके तो उसे
ववडंबना िी किा जाएगा। आनंद की तलाश करने वालों को संतोष के अवतररि और ककसी वस्तु या पररवस्िवत में िो िी
निीं सकती। आनंद को देख न पाना, मनुष्य की अपनी सौ्‍दयत दृवि न िोने से िी उस आनंद से वंवचत रिना प़ी ता ि।, जो
अपने इदत-वगदत िी वायुमंडल की तरि सवति वघरा प़ी ा ि।। आनंद भीतर से उमंगता ि।। वि भाव-संवेदना और शालीनता
की पररणवत ि।। बािर की वस्तुओं में उसे खोजने की अपेक्षा अपनी दशतन-दृवि का पररमाजतन िोना चाविए।
ककसी ने किा िा - 'संतोष ईिर-प्रदत्त संपदा ि। और तृष्णा अ्ान के द्वारा िोपी गई वनधतनता'। आनंद के वलए कक्‍िीं
वस्तुओं या पररवस्िवतयों को प्राि करना आव‍यक निीं और न उसके वलए कक्‍िीं व्यवियों के अनुमवत की आव‍यकता ि।।
वि आंतररक गुण ि।। आनंद की उपलवब्ध के वल एक िी स्िान से िोती ि।, वि ि।- आत्म-भाव। पररणाम में संतोष करके उसे
कभी भी और किीं भी पाया जा सकता ि।।
जब आपकी आत्म-चेतना अपनेपन की वस्िवत प।दा करे गी तो िर जगि सुंदरता वबखरी ए ई प्रवतबबवबत िोगी। ज।से िी िम
अपना दृविकोण पररवार व शरीर से िटाकर प्रकृ वत की और बदलेंग,े तो सब कु छ आनंद से भरा ए आ प्रतीत िोगा।
दूसरों को स्वयं के अनुकूल बनाना करठन ि।, पर्‍तु स्वयं को ऐसा बना सकते िैं कक ववनम्रता देकर अपने हृदय को संतोष
और आनंद से भर दें।
ब़ी ी से ब़ी ी भौवतक सुख क्षवणक सयों िोती ि।?
सयोंकक संसार में कु छ भी स्िायी (परमानेंट) निीं ि।।
सया भौवतक चीजों से खुश िोना सिी निीं ि।?
भौवतक चीजों से खुश रिना चाविए लेककन उतना िी वजतना जरूरी िो। अवधक चीजें व्यवि को बचता देती िैं।
इससे शारीररक, सामावजक और मानवसक तनाव िोता ि। जो बदले में कई परे शावनयां देता ि।।
खुशी का सार सया ि।?
यि समझने के वलए पिले यि वनधातररत िो जाए कक खुशी किीं से आती ि। या आपके भीतर रिती ि।। अलगअलग लोग परस्पर ववरोधी चीजों में खुशी ढू ंढते िैं। अगर कोई बिसक प्रवृवत्त का व्यवि ि। तो ककसी की ित्या
करके खुश िो जाता ि।। ईष्यातलु व्यवि से दूसरे का सुख निीं देखा जाता। बए त से लोग दूसरों के दुभातग्य को
देखकर खुश िो जाते िैं। कु छ लोगों को दूसरों का अपमान करने में ख़ुशी वमलती ि।।
तो इसे ऐसे समझें कक 'जब भी ककसी व्यवि की आंतररक भावना संति
ु िोती ि।, तभी वि खुश िोता ि।'। ‘खुशी’
का कोई सावतजवनक या सावतभौवमक बािरी कारण निीं ि।।
लोगों को सया खुशी देता ि।?
सुख दो तरि का िोता ि।। एक क्षणभंगरु ि।, दूसरा शाित। भौवतक सुख क्षणभंगुर ि।। उदािरण के वलए, मान लें
कक आपको एक नया मोबाइल फ़ोन पसंद आया। आपको इसे खरीदने का बए त शौक ि।। वजस क्षण आप इसे
खरीद लेंग,े आपकी लालसा पूरी िो जाएगी, आपकी खुशी किीं गायब िो जाएगी।
दूसरी ओर, आध्यावत्मक सुख शाित ि।। दूसरों की आाँखों में स्वयं के वलए सम्मान देखना, ककसी बच्चे की वशक्षा
का भार विन करना, किीं प्रािवमक उपचार की व्यवस्िा करने का प्रयास करना या अपने लंबे समय से चले आ
रिे ककसी व्यविगत लक्ष्य को प्राि करना। इन सभी कायों से जो खुशी वमलती ि। उसका कोई मूल्य निीं ि।। ऐसी
खुशी आपके आंतररक स्व को संतुि करती ि।।
वास्तव में आनंद सया ि।?
वास्तववक आनंद वि सुख ि। जो सदा रिता ि।। िम सांसाररक सुख के पीछे दौ़ी ते िैं, जो क्षवणक िोता ि। लेककन
आ्‍तररक सुख कभी समाि निीं िोता। शास्त्रों का अध्ययन करने से ये सरल उपाय ्ात िोता ि। कक भगवन का
सवति और प्रवतक्षण स्मरण करने से व िर कायों को उनसे जो़ी कर करने से कदव्य आन्‍द की अनुभूवत िोती ि।।
जो व्यवि अपने अंदर के सत वचत आनंद स्वरूप आत्मा को जान लेता ि।, वि बािरी सुख से आकर्मषत निीं िोता।
एक बार वो आनंद प्राि िोने पर वनरं तर बढती िी रिती।
स्िायी खुशी सयों नायाब ि।?
शास्त्रों में वर्मणत परमात्मा के स्वरूप को सत वचत आनंद यानी सवच्चदानंद किा गया ि।। वनरं तर संतुवि के आधार
पर प्राि की गई खुशी िी जीवन का लक्ष्य ि।। खुश रिना िी जीवात्माओं का वास्तववक स्वरूप ि।। खुश रिने के
वलए ककसी व्यवि, वस्तु, मािौल इत्याकद पर वनभतरता कदावप निीं िोनी चाविए। ऐसे समझें की खुश रिना
िमारी प्रोपटी, गुण या अवधकार ि।। मनुष्य मूल को भूले ब।ठा ि।, प्रयत्न िी निीं करता वास्तववकता समझने /
पिचानने की, तभी नायाब सा लगता ि।।
कलर मनुष्य आनंकदत सयों निीं रि पाते?
जीव में सत तिा वचत्त प्रकट ि।, परं तु आनंद अप्रकट रिता ि।। व।से आनंद अंदर िी ि।, लेककन कलर भी आनंद को
मनुष्य बािर खोजता ि।। मनुष्य नारी, देि, धन संपदा व व।भव आकद भोग वस्तुओं में आनंद खोजता ि।। मनुष्य
यि निीं जानता कक वजसे वि खोज रिा ि।, वि तो उसका अपना स्वरूप ि।, जो आनंद िी ि।। इस आनंद को ककस
प्रकार प्रकट करें भागवत शास्त्र यिी वसखाता ि।।
उदािरण से समझे: दूध में मसखन रिता ि।, लेककन कदखाई निीं देता। परं तु दूध से दिी बना कर दिी मंिन करने
पर कदख जाता ि।। ठीक इसी प्रकार से मानव को मनोमंिन करके आनंद को प्रकट करना ि।। दूध में ज।से मसखन
का अनुभव निीं िोता व।से िी ईिर सवति ि।, का अनुभव निीं िोता।
आत्मा के आनंद स्वरूप से िी व्यवि िर क्षण स्वयं से प्रेम करता ि।। जब व्यवि बूढा िो जाता ि।, बीमार रिता ि।,
इव्‍ियां भी साि छो़ी देती ि।, मृत्यु दरवाजा खटखटा रिी िोती ि। तब भी मनुष्य खुद से प्रेम करना निीं छो़ी ता
ि।। सोचो, यकद दुःख, आत्मा का स्वरूप िोता तो सया मनुष्य स्वयं से इतना प्रेम कर पाता भला? निीं करता।
मनुष्य बािरी संसार की तरल सयों भागता ि।?
सयोंकक वि स्वयं से प्रेम करता ि।। मनुष्य वजसकी भी अवभलाषा करता ि। चािे वि धन िो, व।भव िो, संतान िो,
पत्नी िो। वे सब सुख के उपकरण ि। वजनकी अवभलाषा मनुष्य स्वयं के सुख के वलए करता ि।। लेककन मनुष्य स्वयं
के संबंधी और रर‍तेदार तक भी छो़ी देता ि।, अगर वि दुख का कारण बन जाते िैं सयोंकक वि उन सब में सबसे
अवधक स्वयं से प्रेम करता ि।। यिां तक कक मनुष्य स्वयं से इतना प्रेम करता ि। कक अपने सुख के वलए ककसी को
भी छो़ी सकता ि।। अिातत एक तरल स्वयं का सुख िोता ि। तो दूसरी तरल पूरा संसार।
स्वयं के वलए इतना प्रेम िी आत्मा के सुख स्वरूप का प्रमाण ि।। यकद ऐसा निीं िोता तो मनुष्य दुखों से प्रेम
करता सयोंकक िम अ्ानता में अपने आनंद स्वरूप को निीं जानते। इसवलए संसार के छोटे-मोटे सुखों को प्राि
करने के वलए बजदगी भर भागते रिते िैं। यिी ि। अ्ान की शवि।
इसवलए संबंधों का सुख और वस्तुओं का सुख स्िाई निीं िोता परं तु आत्मा का आनंद असीम िोता ि। यि अनंत
ि। जो कभी खत्म निीं िोता।
आत्मा का आनंद क। से स्िाई ि।?
समझे, जब भी िम ककसी वप्रय व्यवि या वप्रय वस्तु को देखते ि। तो उससे आनंद िोता ि।। जब िम उस व्यवि या
वस्तु को पा लेते िैं तो विां आनंद कई गुना बढ जाता ि। तो उसे ‘मोद’ किते िैं। जब िम वि वस्तु या व्यवि का
उपभोग करते िैं तो उससे प्राि आनंद को ‘प्रमोद’ किते िैं।
परं तु ज।से िी िम उस व्यवि का या उस वस्तु से अलग िो जाते िैं तो वि आनंद भी समाि िो जाता ि।। इसवलए
व्यवियों का आनंद या वस्तुओं का आनंद स्िाई निीं िोता परं तु आत्मा का आनंद स्िाई और अनंत िोता ि।।
यकद आत्मा िी आनंद ि। और आत्मा का आनंद स्िान, समय, जन, शरीर, मन, बुवद् और बािर ककसी भी वस्तु से सवति
स्वतंि िोता ि। तो वि अनंत असीवमत और पूणत आनंद का अनुभव िम सिज सयों निीं कर सकते?
जब तक िम अपनी आंखें बंद करके रखेंगे तो अंधरे ा िी कदखाई देगा ना। जब तक िम शरीर, मन, बुवद्, रस,
भाव, ववचारों की तरल िी देखग
ें े तब तक उस अनंत सुख को अनुभव निीं कर सकें गे। सुख और दुख दोनों एक िी
वसक्के के दो पिलू िैं। ज।से कदन-रात व।से सुख-दुख। दुख के वलए मन में जगि बनाओ। उसे स्वीकार करो, दुख को
स्वीकार करने से वि सुख में बदल जाता ि।।
इस संसार में सबसे ब़ी ा आकषतण ‘आनंद’ ि।। वजसमें आनंद प्रतीत िोता ि। व्यवि उसी ओर दौ़ी ता ि।। व्यवभचाररयों को
वे‍यालयों में िी स्वगत सुख का आनंद वमलता ि।। शराबी अपनी िी दुवनया में मस्त रिते िैं। गरीब रूखे सूखे भोजन में िी
षट-रस का आनंद लेते िैं। मजदूरों के तो सया किने - कदनभर की क़ी ी मेिनत के बाद जब चारपाई पर प़ी ते िैं तो सुख
की नींद में ऐसे खो जाते िैं, मानो उससे बढकर कदावचत िी कोई दूसरा सुख िो। इसी प्रकार व।्ावनक, कलाकार, कृ षक,
संगीतकार, सभी को अपने-अपने क्षेिों में अद्भुत रस वमलता ि।।
यि आनंद का मूल स्रोत का एक अंश माि ि।। इसे अक्षय निीं किा जा सकता। पानी के बुलबुले की तरि इस का सृजन
और ववसजतन िोता रिता ि।। देखा गया ि। कक वजस क्षेि में सुख की अनुभूवत िोती ि। तो कु छ काल के पश्चात वि उसे
नीरस और नीरानंद प्रतीत िोने लगता ि।। और वि दूसरे रस की खोज में अ्‍यि भटकता ि।। मूल (शाित) आनंद की
प्रकृ वत ऐसा निीं ि।। उसमें नीरसता निीं ि।, उसमें एकरसता ज।सी वशकायत भी निीं ि।। उस परमानंद में मन नशे में डू बा
रिता ि।। उससे वि बािर आना निीं चािता। आत्मा का सिज रूप ‘आनंदमय’ ि।।
वस्तुतः आनंद 'प्रेम' का दूसरा नाम ि।। वजसकी वस्तु, व्यवि एवं प्रवृवत्त से प्रेम िो जाता ि।, विी वप्रय लगने लगता ि।। प्रेम
घटते िी उपेक्षा िोती ि। और द्वेष उभरने लगता ि।। तो कलर वस्तु या व्यवि के रूपवान गुणवान िोने पर भी वि बुरे लगने
लगते िैं। उनसे दूर िट जाने या िटा देने की इच्छा िोती ि।। व।से इस संसार में कोई भी प्राणी अपने मूल रूप में वप्रय या
अवप्रय ि। िी निीं। व्यवि का मूल्यांकन एवं रुझान िी आनंददायक अिवा अवप्रय ज।सी पररवस्िवतयां बनाते रिते िैं।
इसमें आत्मा की गलती निीं ि। बवल्क िमारे दृविकोण की ि।। इसवलए अगर सुख चािते िो तो आत्मा के अंदर झांको।
आत्मा िी सच्चा सुख ि।। लेककन िम पूरा जीवन बािर सुख की तलाश में लगे रिते िैं। जबकक िम खुद िी आनंद ि।, यि भूल
जाते िैं। इसका सबसे ब़ी ा कारण िम सत को निीं जानते तो िमारा वचत्त बािरी सुख ढू ंढने में लगा रिता ि। और िम सच्चे
‘आनंद’ से अनवभ् रिते िैं। जो व्यवि सत्य या इस आत्मा के आनंद के सत्य से पररवचत िोता ि। उसका वचत्त भी शांत िो
जाता ि। और अनंत आनंद को प्राि करता ि।।
आनंद ईिर की अवभव्यवि ि।। प्रेम को परमेिर किा गया ि।। वप्रय िी सुखद ि। अिातत ईिर िी आनंद ि।, वजसे सवच्चदानंद
किते िैं। सवच्चदानंद का अित ि। शाित, रटकाऊ, न बदलने वाला न समाि िोने वाला। सृवि का मूल विी ि।।
कमत में प्रवृत्त िोने के दो िी उदेशे‍य िोते िैं - सुख पाना और दुःख से छू टना।
पूणत पुरुषोत्तम भगवान श्री कृ ष्ण भगवद् गीता में खुद किते िैं, "ये तुम्िारा दुख ि।।" सया? ज्‍म-मृत्यु-जरा-व्यावध (भ.गी.
13.9)| "ज्‍म और मृत्यु का पुनरावततन - यि तुम्िारे जीवन का असली दुख ि।।" वे सभी अस्िायी िैं और वे सभी भौवतक
प्रकृ वत के वनयमों के तित िैं। तुम इससे बािर वनकल निीं सकते िो।
मनुष्य इस लोक में सकाम कमों के द्वारा वजस शरीर के वलये भोग प्राि करना चािता ि।, वि शरीर िी नाशवान् ि।। जब
शरीर की िी यि दशा ि। तब इससे अलग रिने वाले पुि, स्त्री, मिल, धन, सम्पवत्त, राज्य, खजाने, िािी-घो़ी े, मंिी, नौकरचाकर आकद तुच्छ ववषय शरीर के साि िी नि िो जाते िैं। इस प्रकार कमत से शरीर और शरीर से कमत की परम्परा चल
प़ी ती ि।। और ऐसा िोता ि। अवववेक के कारण।
आत्मा स्वयं िी अन्‍त आन्‍द का मिान् समुि ि।। इसवलये वनष्कामभाव से वनवष््रमय आत्मस्वरूप भगवान् श्रीिरर का
भजन करना चाविये। अित, धमत और काम-सब उ्‍िीं के आवश्रत िैं, वबना उनकी इच्छा के निीं वमल सकते। भगवान् श्रीिरर
समस्त प्रावणयों के ईिर, आत्मा और परम वप्रयतम िैं।
(आनंद को लेकर अलग-अलग प्रावणयों में अलग-अलग आनंद की अनुभूवत के बारे में वेदांत में आनंद-मीमांसा में वज्रम िैं।)
है ववश्वास होंगे कामयाब एकवदन
शेख सकलउल अिमद
शायद धरती िक गई ि। जराकर कदया ि। शायद िमने इसे बीमार।
डरें गे निीं िम बुझे चािे िर दीप,
देखी ि। िमने पिले भी अंधकार।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदन ि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
शायद अंधेरा छाई ि। घनघोर,
शायद ख्वाबों ने भी खो कदए ि। रं गिर ग्रिण के बाद कलर भी वनकलता ि। सूयत,
एक दूसरे के सिारे िम जीतेंगे यि जंग।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदनि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
कई अपनों के टूट गई जीवनडोर;
कोई खोया काम, तो किीं भूखा-उदास मुख।
सुधार लेंगे की ि। जो गलवतयााँ,
गम का बादल चीरकर वनकलेगा सुख।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदन ि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
आज घरों में बंद ि। िम जरूर,
वमल निीं पा रिे िैं वमिों से कलर भी िम गाएंगे ववजय के गीत,
जु़ी े रिेंगे यूं िी एक दूसरे के कदलों से।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदन ि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
वनश्चय वनराशाओं ने घेरा ए आ ि। संसार,
मशालों की लौ को पर बुझाने ना दो।
सवेरा बस अगले िी पल ि। प्रयासों में िो़ी ा ऊजात और भर दो।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदनि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
धररिी आज मांगे देख-भाल िमारी,
ममताभरी स्पशत चािे िमारा।
उम्मीदों को अपने िोने ना देना कमजोरसूरज की पिली िी ककरण से िारे गा अंधेरा।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदनि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
नस नस में बि रिी ि। सािस,
रग रग में दौर रिा ि। ल़ी ने की इच्छा।
बागों में कलर लौट आएगी बिार ववध्वंस के बाद िी जागती िैं बवस्तयां।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदन ि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
आओ, एक स्वर में बोले िमिारें गे निीं शिु िो चािे ककतनी भी परा्रममी।
सुरवक्षत ि। यि धरा िमारे िािों में,
‘वराि’ भी िम िैं और ‘नूि’ भी िम िी।
अवभलाषा ि। लौट आए वो कदन ि। वविास िोंगे कामयाब एककदन!
स्वस्थ रहने के सरल उपाय
डॉ .देव्‍े ि वतवारी
1.
सुबि जल्दी उठो और 3-4 मील (5-6) ककलोमीटर रोज प।दल चलो अिवा टिलो । संभव िो तो शाम को भी
िो़ी ा टिलो ।
2.
टिलते समय नाक से लंबी-लंबी गिरी सांसें लो तिा यि भावना करो कक टिलने से आप अपने स्वास््य को
संवार रिे िैं ।
3.
टिलने के अलावा, दौ़ी ना, साइककल चलाना, घु़ी सवारी करना, त।रना या कोई भी खेलकू द, व्यायाम के अच्छे
उपाय िैं । वस्त्रयां चक्की पीसना, वबलौना वबलोना, रस्सी कू दना, पानी भरना,झा़ी ू-पोछा लगाना आकद घर के
कामों में भी अच्छा व्यायाम कर सकती िैं । रोज िो़ी े समय बच्चों के साि खेलना,10-15 वमनट खुलकर िंसना
या िास्यासन करना भी अच्छे व्यायाम के अंग िैं ।
4.
प्रात: टिलने के बाद भूख अच्छी लगती ि। । इस समय पौविक पदािों का सेवन करें । अंकुररत अन्न, भीगी
मूगलली, आंवला या इससे बना कोई पदाित, संतरा या मौसमी का रस अच्छे ना‍ता का अंग िोते िैं ।
5.
भोजन िमेशा सादा करो एवं उसे प्रसाद रूप में ग्रिण करो । भोजन को शांत, प्रसन्न और वनबश्चतता पूवकत
करो और अच्छी तरि चबाचबा कर खाओ । खाते समय न बात करो और न िंसो । एकाग्र वचत्त िोकर भोजन
करना चाविए ।
6.
भूख से कम खाओ अिवा आधा पेट खाओ, चौिाई पानी के वलए एवं चौिाई पेट िवा के वलए खाली छो़ी ो ।
7.
भोजन में रोज अंकुररत अन्न अव‍य शावमल करो। अंकुररत अन्न में पौविकता एवं खवनज लवण गुणात्मक
मािा में बढ जाते िैं । इनमें मूंग सवोत्तम ि। । चना, अंकुररत या भीगी मूंगलली इसमें िेडी म।िी दाना एवं
चुटकी भर अजवायन वमला लें तो यि कई रोगों का प्रवतरोणक एवं प्रभावी ईलाज ि। ।
8.
मौसम की ताजा िरी शब्जी और ताजे लल खूब खाओ । वजतना िो सके कच्चे खाओ अ्‍यिा आधी उबली
/उबली तिा कम वमचत-मसाले, खटाई की सवब्जयां खाओ । एक ग्रास रोटी के साि चार ग्रास शब्जी के
अनुपात में प्रयास रखो ।
9.
आटा चोकर सवित खाओ, संभव िो तो िाि का वपसा ए आ खाओ । जौ, गेह,ं चना, बाजारा, सोयाबीन का
वमस्सी रोटी का आटा सुपाच्य एवं पौविक िोता ि। । पौविकता की दृवि से रोटी में िरी शब्जी, पालक, मेिी,
बिुआ आकद पत्तीदार एवं िरी शवब्जयां वमलाकर पौविकता बढाई जा सकती ि। । सवब्जयों के सूप का वनत्य
सेवन पौविक एवं िलके भोजन का अच्छा अंग िो सकता ि। ।
10. भोजन के साि पानी कम से कम पीओ । दोपिर के भोजन के एक घंटे भर बाद पानी पीयें । भोजन यकद क़ी ा
या रूखा िो तो 2-4 घूंट पानी अव‍य पीयें ।
11. प्रात: उठते िी खूब पानी पीओ । दोपिर भोजन के िो़ी ी देर बाद छाछ पीना और रात को सोने से पिले गमत
दूध पीना अमृत के समान ि। ।
12. कदन में कम से कम दो लीटर पानी अव‍य पीओ ।
13. धूम्रपान,मादक पेय पदाित (जरदा,गुटखा,तंबाखू, सॉलट बिंक ज।से कोल्डबिंक इत्याकद एवं शराब आकद ) का
सेवन न करो ।
14. चाय-कॉली आकद के स्िान पर सादा ठं डा या गुनगुना पानी, नींबू पानी, छाछ, गाजर, पालक, चुकुंदर, लौकी,
टमाटर इत्याकद शवब्जयों का एवं मौसम्मी या संतरा, पपीता आकद ललों के रस का उपयोग लाभकारी िोता ि।
।
15. डाइबीटीज(मधूमेय) के रोगी को शक्कर या उससे बने पदािेाेां से पूणत परिेज करना चाविए । ललों में अवधक
मीठे लल् का सेवन कम करें । लल के रस के बजाए लल खाएं ।
16. दानाम।िी और करे ला डाइबीटीज की रामबाण दवा िैं । इनका रोज उपयोग करें । दानाम।िी रोज 18/24 घंटे
पानी में, जिां तक संभव िो सके वमट्टी के बततन में वभगोएं । दूसरे कदन सुबि ना‍ते के पिले या बाद में
दानाम।िी का पानी पी लें । दानाम।िी अंकुररत कर सलाद में या नमक, नींबू तगाकर भी खा सकते िैं । सूखी
दानाम।िी या इसका चूणत लेने पर गमी कर सकती ि। ।
17. भोजन में स्वाद बढान वाली चीजें ज।से वमचत , प्याज, लिसुन, खटाई इत्याकद का प्रयोग कम से कम करें , िो
सके तो छो़ी दें ।
18. रोज शाम वनवृत िो जाने के बाद , कदनभर में अपने पुरूषाित से ककए काम-काजों की सललता अिवा
असललता प्रभु को समर्मपत कर, वनबश्चत िोकर, जल्दी सोंये ताकक सुबि भोर में उड सकें ।
इस प्रकार उपर कदए गए स्वस्ि रिने के सरल उपायों को िम अपने जीवन में अपनाते िैं तो िम
वनरोगी रि सकते िैं तिा अपना व अपने पररवार का अच्छी तरि से देखभाल कर सकते िैं ।
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