 in general birth, weight triples by the end of the first year of life.
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On average most children have doubled their birth length at age 4 years
Usually, the pubertal growth spurt begins earlier in girls. It typically occurs between the
ages of 10 and 14 years for girls and 11 and 16 years for boys
 industry is the developmental task of school-age children. By age 12 years, children
engage in tasks that they can carry through to completion. They learn to compete and
cooperate with others, and they learn rules.
Egocentric ====Inability to put self in another’s place=preoperational
 Object permanence is the realization that items that leave the visual field still exist.
 Preoperational thinking is concrete and tangible. Children in this age group cannot
reason beyond the observable
 During the concrete operations stage of development,(7 and 11 years) increasingly logical
and coherent thought processes occur
Preschoolers(s preconventional level of moral development.).during this stage they are culturally
oriented to labels of good or bad, right or wrong
. Obeying rules of correct behavior===s conventional level of moral development.
 Toddlerhood is a time of imitative behavior
The toddler is engaging in sense-pleasure play
 . Infants engage in skill play
 Dramatic play is the predominant form of play in the preschool period
 In associative play no group goal is present.
 Solitary play describes children playing alone with toys different from those used by
other children in the same area
 Parallel play describes children playing independently but being among other children
 Cooperative play is organized
 Sensorimotor activity is a major component of play at all ages
 Nutrition is the single most important influence on growth.
Erik Erikson viewed development as a series of conflicts affected by social and cultural factors.
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Erikson identifies initiative as a developmental task for the preschool child. Initiating
play activities and asking for play materials or assistance with personal needs
demonstrate developmental appropriateness
Chapter29
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Using a transition object allows the young child an opportunity to evaluate an unfamiliar
person (the nurse).
Young children attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects
School-age children have a heightened concern about body integrity
A nurse should respond positively to requests for information about procedures and
health information
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Adolescents, like all children, need an opportunity to express their feelings
Drawing is one of the most valuable forms of communication
The chief complaint is the specific reason for the childs visit to the clinic, office, or
hospital.
Chapter 31
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Growth is very rapid during the first year of life. The birth weight approximately doubles
by age 5 to 6 months and triples by age 1 year. The anterior fontanel closes at age 12 to
18 months
The bones surrounding the posterior fontanel fuse and close by age 6 to 8 weeks. Ten
weeks or longer is too late.
The immaturity of the digestive tract is evident in the appearance of the stools. Solid
foods are passed incompletely broken down in the feces. An excess quantity of fiber
predisposes the child to large, bulky stools.
Reflexive grasping occurs during the first 2 to 3 months and then gradually becomes
voluntary
By age 7 months, infants can transfer objects from one hand to the other, crossing the
midline. The crude pincer grasp is apparent at about age 9 months. The infant can
scribble spontaneously at age 15 months. At age 12 months, the infant can release cubes
into a cup
Rolling from abdomen to back is developmentally appropriate for a 5-month-old infant.
The ability to roll from back to abdomen usually occurs at 6 months old. Sitting erect
without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. The 10month-old infant can usually move from a prone to a sitting position.
Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months.
At age 4 months, an infant can sit with support. At age 6 months, the infant will maintain
a sitting position if propped. By 10 months, the infant can maneuver from a prone to a
sitting position.
Most infants can pull themselves to a standing position at age 9 months. Any infant who
cannot pull to a standing position by age 11 to 12 months should be referred for further
evaluation for developmental dysplasia of the hip. At 6 months, the infant has just
obtained coordination of arms and legs. By age 8 months, infants can bear full weight on
their legs.
Infants are usually in the secondary circular reaction stage from age 4 months to 8
months. This stage is characterized by a continuation of the primary circular reaction for
the response that results. For example, shaking of a rattle is performed to hear the noise
of the rattle, not just for shaking. The use of reflexes is primarily during the first month of
life. The primary circular reaction stage marks the replacement of reflexes with voluntary
acts. The infant is in this stage from age 1 month to 4 months. The fourth sensorimotor
stage is coordination of secondary schemata. This is a transitional stage in which
increasing motor skills enable greater exploration of the environment.
Between ages 6 and 8 months, fear of strangers and stranger anxiety become prominent
and are related to the infants ability to discriminate between familiar and nonfamiliar
people. At age 2 months, the infant is just beginning to respond differentially to the
mother
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