Bicol University
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
A.Y. 2018-2019
Course:
ChE 414 – Chemical Process Industries
Topic:
Hydrogen Gas Production
Group Members:
Jael Bordeos
Marina Loveranes
Jericho Iza Vibar
Subject Professor:
Engr. Michelle Canaria
CONTENTS:
I.
Introduction
II.
History
III.
Industry Description
IV.
Manufacturing Process
V.
Manufacturers
VI.
Environmental Issues
I. INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen (H2) is the most abundant element in universe. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, insoluble
in water, flammable, nonmetallic, and nontoxic gas at atmospheric temperatures and pressures. It is also
highly present on Earth, but as part of compounds such as water and carbon compounds. Hydrogen burns in
air with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. Hydrogen is the lightest of all gases, approximately one-fifteenth
as heavy as air. Hydrogen ignites easily and forms, together with oxygen or air, an explosive gas (oxyhydrogen).
Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century by the reaction of acids on
metals. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance,
and that it produces water when burned. Later, the named was given by Antoine Lavioser. As the years
proceed, hydrogen gas made importance to different chemical and industrial process and still advancing to its
manufacturing and production.
Industrial gases are gaseous materials that are manufactured for use in Industry. The principal gases
provided are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, acetylene, helium and hydrogen; although a huge
variety of gases and mixtures are available in gas cylinders. The industry producing these gases is known as
the industrial gases industry, which is seen as also encompassing the supply of equipment and technology to
produce and use the gases. Their production is a part of the wider chemical Industry (where industrial gases
are often seen as "specialty chemicals").
Focusing on Hydrogen gas, H2 is one of the key starting materials used in the chemical industry. It is
of fundamental use in the manufacture of two of the most important chemical compounds made industrially,
ammonia, used in the production of fertilizers, and methanol used in the manufacture of many polymers.
Large quantity of H2 is also used in petroleum industry, specifically on hydrodealkylation,
hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking. In addition, H2 is used as a hydrogenating agent, particularly in
increasing the level of saturation of unsaturated fats and oils (found in items such as margarine); a source of
hydrogen in the production of hydrochloric acid and as a reducing agent of metallic ores; and can be used as a
hydrogen fuel, used in automobiles, and buses. In physics and engineering, H2 serves as a shielding gas in
welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding and is used the rotor coolant in electrical generators at
power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas.
Today, 65 million tons of hydrogen gas per year are produced, nearly 96% of all hydrogen is derived from
fossil fuels, with natural gas being by far the most frequently used with an estimated 49%, followed by liquid
hydrocarbons at 29%, 18% from coal, and about 4% from electrolysis and other byproduct sources of
hydrogen. Meanwhile, an example the distribution of Hydrogen to other industries are given as follows (from
CerifHy, for Europe, June 22, 2015) : 63% for the chemical industry (84% for ammonia, 12% methanol, 2%
Resin (Polyurethane -MDI and TDI), & 2% Polymers (Nylon)), 30% for refining, 6% metal working & 1%
from the general industry.
There are two forms of hydrogen production: (1) on-purpose hydrogen production using steam
reforming using natural gas. Steam is reacted with methane at high temperature to yield carbon dioxide and
hydrogen gas, the overall reaction is given as
CH4 + H2 O → CO + 3 H2
(2) hydrogen production as a by-product of other chemical processes, such as chlor-alkali industry
producing hydrogen as a by-product of chlorine production. The overall reaction for the electrolysis of brine,
2NaCl + 2H2 O → Cl2 + H2 + 2NaOH
Other methods are the electrolysis of water, metal-acid reactions, thermochemical process, anaerobic
corrosion, geological occurrence: the serpentinization reaction, and formation in transformers.
II. HISTORY
16th Century
1671 Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids,
which results in the production of hydrogen gas.
17th Century
1776 Hydrogen was first identified as a distinct element by British scientist Henry Cavendish
after he evolved hydrogen gas by reacting zinc metal with hydrochloric acid. In a
demonstration to the Royal Society of London, Cavendish applied a spark to hydrogen gas
yielding water. This discovery led to his later finding that water (H2O) is made of hydrogen
and oxygen.
1783 The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles.
1788 Building on the discoveries of Cavendish, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier gave
hydrogen its name when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish’s findings. The word was
derived from the Greek words—“hydro” and “genes,” meaning “water” and “born of.”
18th Century
1800 English scientists William Nicholson and Sir Anthony Carlisle discovered that applying
electric current to water produced hydrogen and oxygen gases. This process was later termed
“electrolysis.”
1838 The fuel cell effect, combining hydrogen and oxygen gases to produce water and an
electric current, was discovered by Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich Schoenbein.
1845 Sir William Grove, an English scientist and judge, demonstrated Schoenbein’s discovery
on a practical scale by creating a “gas battery.” He earned the title “Father of the Fuel Cell” for
his achievement
1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard.
1898 James Dewer was the first to liquefy hydrogen, using regenerative cooling, and his
invention, the vacuum flask. He was able to produce solid hydrogen the next year.
19th Century
1900 Zeppelin Airships made it’s first air flight.
1913 Hydrogen gas is produced by reaction of steam with coke, as part of the production of
ammonia using the Haber Process
1936 Steam reforming was first used to produce hydrogen in Baton Rouge by Standard Oil
1937 After ten successful trans-Atlantic flights from Germany to the United States, the
Hindenburg, a dirigible inflated with hydrogen gas, crashed upon landing in Lakewood, New
Jersey. The mystery of the crash was solved in 1997. A study concluded that the explosion was
not due to the hydrogen gas, but rather to a weather-related static electric discharge which
ignited the airship’s silver-colored, canvas exterior covering which had been treated with the
key ingredients of solid rocket fuel.
1958 The United States formed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
NASA’s space program currently uses the most liquid hydrogen worldwide, primarily for
rocket propulsion and as a fuel for fuel cells.
1960 Start of investigation on Thermal Splitting of Water for the production of hydrogen gas
1970 Electrochemist John O’M. Bockris coined the term “hydrogen economy” during a
discussion at the General Motors (GM) Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. Proponents of a
hydrogen economy advocate hydrogen as a potential fuel for motive power (including cars and
boats) and on-board auxiliary power, stationary power generation (e.g., for the energy needs of
buildings), and as an energy storage medium.
20th Century
Today, the manufacture of hydrogen gas still continues. Studies and researches are advancing
regarding the production of the gas as to make an alternative to steam reforming, like using wind
energy, solar energy or nuclear to produce this gas. Also, more cars and vehicles will be fueled by the
gas in the future, to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
III. INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
Presented below is the general flow process in the production and distribution for hydrogen gas.
First, different sources and main components are placed in the column of Supply, which indicates as
the first step in the manufacture. Then, these components enter specific processes to convert the raw
material to hydrogen gas. After, it is stored either by pressuring the gas to storage tanks or liquidizing
it. The amount of pressure to compress the gas is 250 – 750 bars and liquefaction has to be at -253 °C.
Consequently, it is distributed to different industries (or to fuel stations to the end use of cars), using
pipelines and deliveries of trucks. Sometimes, for industries where in Hydrogen gas are essential, for
example, in the manufacture of ammonia; production of hydrogen gas is already made at their plants.
IV. MANUFACTURING
Common Sources (Feedstocks)
Hydrogen, being an abundant element, can be found in many compounds around us. Thus, we are
offered diverse choices of hydrogen-containing raw materials as resources to be used in the manufacturing
process. These resources include water and biomass, which are renewable resources, and fossil fuels like
natural gas and coal. Renewable energy inputs like those from wind, solar, geothermal, and hydro-electric
power are also widely used in hydrogen production. They generate electricity which can be used in water
electrolysis, or splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen, in turn, can be used as fuel for
vehicles or stored and can also be used in fuel cells to generate electricity later on.
The figure below shows some of the common resources and alternatives used in hydrogen production:
Feedstock
Oil
Hydrogen is produced with steam reforming or
partial oxidation from fossil or renewable oils
Coal
With gasification technology hydrogen may be
produced from coal
Alcohols (e.g. ethanol) and methanol derived They are rich in hydrogen and maybe reformed
from gas/biomass
to hydrogen
Power
Water electrolysis from renewable sources
Wood
Pyrolysis
biomass
Algae
Methods for utilizing the photo-synthesis for
hydrogen production
Gas
Natural or bio-gas are hydrogen sources with
steam reforming or partial oxidation
technology for hydrogen from
Processing / Production
As mentioned, hydrogen is readily present in many natural compounds. Different processes and
technologies have been developed to separate hydrogen from other elements comprising the compound. While
production depends on the sources, there can be more than one method or production process which can be
used for each type of feedstock. The most common resources used in hydrogen production are fossil fuels
(natural gas and coal), water and biomass.
A. Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
The following are chemical processes mainly used to produce hydrogen from natural gas:

Steam reforming (steam methane reforming – SMR)

Partial oxidation (POX)

Autothermal reforming (ATR)
Steam Reforming
Steam reforming, or natural gas reforming, is the cheapest and most common way to produce
hydrogen. It is a process wherein methane and water vapor are converted into hydrogen and carbon monoxide
through an endothermic reaction.
CH4 + H2 O + heat → CO + 3H2
Heat is often supplied from the combustion of some of the methane feed-gas and the process occurs at
about 700 to 850 °C and 3 to 25 bar pressure. The product of the reaction contains approximately 12% CO,
which can then be converted to CO2 and H2 through water-gas reaction:
CO + H2 O → CO2 + H2 + heat
Partial Oxidation
Partial oxidation combustion of methane with oxygen gas yields hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In
this process, heat is produced in an exothermic reaction thus a more compact design can be used since there is
no need for any external heating of the reactor. The CO product can be again converted to CO 2 and H2 via
water gas reaction.
Autothermal Reforming
This process is a combination of steam reforming and partial oxidation. The total reaction is
exothermic (releases heat). The outlet temperature from the reactor ranges from 950 to 1100 °C and the gas
pressure can be as high as 100 bar. Water-gas shift reaction is again used to convert the Co into H2. The need
to purify the output gases adds significantly to the plant costs and reduces the total efficiency.
Technology
Advantages/Benefits
Challenges
SMR
POX or ATR

High efficiency

Smaller size

Emissions

Costs for small units

Costs for large units

Simple system

Complex system

Lower efficiency

Sensitive to natural gas
qualities

H2 purification

Emissions/flaring
Production from Coal
Hydrogen can also be produced from coal through various gasification processes using fixed
bed, fluidized bed or entrained flow gasifiers. High-temperature entrained processes are usually
favored in practice to maximize carbon conversion to gas and avoid significant amounts of char tars
and phenols from forming.
Carbon in coal is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen through the following reaction:
C(s) + H2 O + heat → CO + H2
The reaction is endothermic, thus additional heat is required as with methane reforming and the
CO formed is converted to CO2 and hydrogen through water-gas shift reaction. Although hydrogen
production from coal is commercially developed, it is more complex than production from natural gas.
Therefore, the cost of the hydrogen produced is higher.
Capture and Storage of CO2
Carbon dioxide is a major by-product in hydrogen production from fossil fuels. The amount of CO2
depends on the hydrogen content of the feedstock. To obtain a sustainable production of hydrogen (with zeroemission), CO2 must be captured and stored (de-carbonization). There are three different options in capturing
CO2 during a combustion process:
1. Post-combustion. The CO2 can be removed from the exhaust gas of the combustion process in a
conventional steam turbine or CCGT (combined cycle gas turbine) power plant. Aside from water
vapor, CO2 and CO, the exhaust gas will also contain large amounts of nitrogen and some amounts of
nitrogen oxides.
2. Pre-combustion. CO2 is captured when producing hydrogen through any of the processes discussed
above.
3. Oxyfuel-combustion. Heat is generated when fossil fuels undergo combustion process in a
conventional steam turbine or CCGT power plant where pure oxygen is used as an oxidizer. The flue
gases are mostly CO2 and water vapor and they are easily separated by condensing the water vapor.
Electricity is produced in near-conventional steam and CCGT power plants (used in post-combustion
and oxyfuel-combustion systems) which could then be used for water electrolysis. The CO2 captured can then
be stored in geological formations like oil and gas fields and aquifers but the attainability and proof of
permanent CO2 storage are crucial to the success of de-carbonization. The site chosen for the production plant
and the site chosen for storage will determine the choice of the transportation system for the CO2 (e.g.
pipeline, ship, combined, etc.).
B. Hydrogen from Splitting of Water
Various processes can be used in the production of hydrogen from the splitting of water. Water
electrolysis, high temperature electrolysis, photo-electrolysis, photo-biological production and high
temperature water decomposition are some examples of these processes.
Water Electrolysis
(H2)
Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas
due to an electric current being passed through the water as in,
1
H2 O + electricity → H2 + O2
2
This process is usually carried out in an electrolyser, a device which splits water into hydrogen
and oxygen using electrical energy.
The total energy required for water electrolysis increases slightly with temperature while the
electrical energy requirement decreases. Therefore, a high-temperature electrolysis process might be
preferable when high-temperature waste heat is available from other processes.
High Temperature Electrolysis (Steam Electrolysis)
Water electrolysis at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 °C is called high-temperature
electrolysis. The electrical energy needed to split water at 1000 °C is considerably less than electrolysis
at 100 °C. Thus, a high-temperature electrolyser can operate at significantly higher efficiencies than
regular low-temperature electrolysers.
The most fundamental part of an electrolysis unit is an electrochemical cell, which is filled with
pure water and has two electrodes connected with an external power supply. At the critical voltage,
between both electrodes, the electrodes start to produce hydrogen gas at the negatively biased electrode
and oxygen gas at the positively biased electrode. The amount of gases produced per unit time is
directly related to the current that passes through the electrochemical cell.
One of the most common technologies used in steam electrolysis is the solid oxide electrolyser
cell (SOEC) which is based on the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that normally operates at 700 to 1000
°C. At this temperature range, the electrode reactions are more reversible, and the fuel cell reaction can
easily be reversed to an electrolysis reaction.
Photo-Electrolysis (Photolysis)
Photo-electrolysis is a process where light is used to split water directly into hydrogen and
oxygen. These systems offer great potential for cost reduction of electrolytic hydrogen, compared with
conventional two-step technologies.
Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be coupled to electrolysers and are commercially available. This
kind of set up offers flexibility, as the electricity output can either be from photovoltaic cells or
hydrogen from the electrolyser. Direct photo-electrolysis represents an advanced alternative to a PVelectrolysis system by combining both processes in a single apparatus.
Photo-Biological Production
This process is based on two steps: (1) photosynthesis and (2) hydrogen production catalyzed
by hydrogenases (an enzyme found organisms like green algae and cyanobacteria).
Photosynthesis:
Hydrogen Production:
2H2 O → 4H + + 4𝑒 − + O2
4H + + 4e− → 2H2
High Temperature Water Decomposition
In this process, the splitting of water occurs at about 3000 °C at which 10% of the water is
decomposed and the remaining 90% can be recycled. Other processes for high temperature splitting of
water can be carried out at reduced temperatures, examples are:

Thermo-chemical cycles.

Hybrid systems coupling thermal decomposition and electrolytic decomposition.

Direct catalytic decomposition of water with separation via a ceramic membrane (“thermophysic cycle”).

Plasma-chemical decomposition of water in a double-stage CO2 cycle.
However, these high-temperature processes can encounter technical issues that may call for the
need for development of materials that are corrosion resistant at high temperatures, utilize hightemperature membrane and separation processes, heat exchangers, and heat storage media.
C. Biomass to Hydrogen
In biomass conversion processes, a hydrogen-containing gas is normally produced in a manner similar
to the gasification of coal. Though no commercial plants exist to produce hydrogen from biomass, the
pathways followed at present are steam gasification (direct or indirect), entrained flow gasification, and more
advanced concepts such as gasification in supercritical water, application of thermo-chemical cycles, or the
conversion of intermediates (e.g. ethanol, bio-oil or torrified wood).
Centralized Vs Distributed Hydrogen Production
Centralized Hydrogen Production
Large scale hydrogen production has the potential for relatively low unit costs, although the
hydrogen production cost from natural gas in medium sized plants may be reduced towards the cost of
large-scale production. However, it is a challenge to decarbonize the hydrogen production process
since CO2 capture and storage options are not fully technically and commercially proven. They require
further research and development on absorption or separation processes and process line-up, as well as
acceptance for CO2 storage. Increasing the plant efficiency, reducing capital costs and enhancing
reliability and operating flexibility must also be considered.
To meet the increasing demand for hydrogen, large central hydrogen production facilities (for
example, those producing 750,000 kg/day) that take advantage of economies of scale will be needed in
the long term. Compared with distributed production, centralized production also requires more capital
investment as well as a substantial hydrogen transport and delivery infrastructure.
Distributed Hydrogen Production
Distributed hydrogen production can be based on both water electrolysis and the natural gas
processes. The benefit would be a reduced need for the transportation of hydrogen fuel, and hence less
need for the construction of a new hydrogen infrastructure. Distributed production would also utilize
existing infrastructure, such as natural gas or water and electric power. However, the production costs
are higher for the smaller-capacity production facilities, and the efficiencies of production will
probably be lower than those of centralized plants.
To summarize it further, producing hydrogen centrally in large plants cuts production costs but boosts
distribution costs. On the other hand, producing hydrogen at the point of end-use—at fueling stations, for
example—cuts distribution costs but increases production costs because of the cost to construct on-site
production capabilities.
Storage and Distribution
Hydrogen can be stored in three principal forms: gas, liquid and solid.
a) GASEOUS HYDROGEN
Hydrogen in gaseous form is commonly stored in steel tanks. At high pressure, two promising methods
of storing hydrogen gas can be employed.
1. Composite Tanks
Composite tanks have low weight and are already commercially available. They do not require internal
heat exchange and may be used for cryogas.
2. Glass Microspheres
This can be used to store hydrogen gas onboard a vehicle. Hollow glass spheres are filled with H2 at
high pressure (350-700 bar) and high temperature (ca. 300°C) by permeation in a high-pressure vessel. Then,
the microspheres are cooled down to room temperature and transferred to low pressure tank. Lastly, the
microspheres are heated to ca. 200-300°C for controlled release of H2.
b) LIQUID HYDROGEN
Liquid hydrogen is commonly obtained by cooling it down to cryogenic temperatures (-253°C). Other
options include storing it as a constituent of other liquids (e.g. NaBH4 and NH3) and indirect use of
rechargeable organic liquids.
c) SOLID HYDROGEN
There is great promise in terms of safety and efficiency in storage of hydrogen in solid materials both
for stationary and mobile applications.
Solid
Hydrogen Potential Materials
Storage Options

Activated charcoals

Nanotubes

Graphite nano fibers

MOFs, Zeolites, etc.

Clathrate hydrates

.Alloys and intermetallics

Nanocrystalline

Complex

Encapsulated NaH

LiH and MgH2 slurries

CaH2, LiAlH4, etc
Chemical hydrides

Ammonia borozane
(thermal)

Aluminum hydride
Carbon and other high
surface are materials
Rechargeable hydrides
Chemical
hydrides
(H2O reactive)
Distribution: After storage, the hydrogen produced will then have to reach the consumer end. There are
currently three methods that are employed in the distribution of hydrogen gas. These are:
Pipeline: This is the least-expensive way to deliver large volumes of hydrogen but is also limited—
because, for example, in U.S, there are only about 1,600 miles of U.S. pipelines for hydrogen delivery
available at present. These pipelines are located near large petroleum refineries and chemical plants in
Illinois, California, and the Gulf Coast.
High-Pressure Tube Trailers: For distances of 200 miles or less, compressed hydrogen can be
transported by truck, railcar, ship, or barge in high-pressure tube trailers.
Liquefied Hydrogen Tankers: Hydrogen is first cooled to a temperature where it becomes a liquid;
this is also called cryogenic liquefaction. The process itself is very expensive but it enables hydrogen
to be transported efficiently over long distances (by truck, ship, railcar, etc.). However, if the liquefied
hydrogen is not used at a sufficiently high rate at the point of consumption, it may evaporate from its
containment vessels. Thus, this also requires that the means of hydrogen delivery matches the
consumption rates.
Creating an infrastructure for hydrogen distribution and delivery to thousands of future individual
fueling stations presents many challenges. Hydrogen contains lower energy per unit volume than other fuels,
thus transporting, storing, and delivering it to the point of end-use is more expensive on a per gasoline gallon
equivalent (per-GGE) basis. Constructing a new hydrogen pipeline network involves high initial capital costs,
and hydrogen's properties also bring about new challenges to pipeline materials and compressor design. But
since hydrogen can be produced from various resources, regional (or even local hydrogen) production can
maximize use of local resources and minimize distribution challenges.
V. MANUFACTURERS
Global Market Players of Hydrogen Gas
Nel Hydrogen is a global, dedicated hydrogen company, delivering optimal solutions to
produce, store and distribute hydrogen from renewable energy. This serves industries, energy and gas
companies with leading hydrogen technology. Its proven hydrogen solutions cover the entire value
chain- from hydrogen production to intermediate energy storage and manufacturing of hydrogen
fueling stations, providing Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles with the same fast fueling, and long range as
conventional vehicles today. It has delivered more than 30 fueling stations in 8 countries many which
are used on a daily basis for fueling of Fuel Cell Electric vehicles from the major international car
manufacturers. It builds hydrogen production facilities of all sizes and configurations, the biggest
hydrogen plant to date: 135 MW.
Showa Denko K. K., a leading Japanese chemical engineering firm, manufactures chemical
products and industrial materials which serve a wide array of fields ranging from heavy industry to the
electronic and computer industries. The company is divided in five business sectors: petrochemicals
(olefins, organic chemicals, plastic products), aluminum (aluminum cans, sheets, ingots, foils),
electronics (semiconductors, ceramic materials, hard disks), chemicals (industrial gases, ammonia,
agrochemicals), and inorganic materials (ceramics, graphite electrodes).
Originally focused on
general-purpose industrial gases and chemicals, SDK now provides a variety of products including
high-purity gases and chemicals for the semiconductor industry. As the semiconductor industry shifted
to other Asian locations, SDK established overseas specialty gases production sites in Shanghai and
Singapore.
Air Liquide S.A., a French multinational company which supplies industrial gases and services
to various industries including medical, chemical and electronic manufacturers. There is an emphasis
on research and development (R&D) throughout the Air Liquide company. R&D targets the creation of
not only industrial gases, but also gases that are used in products such as healthcare items, electronic
chips, foods and chemicals. The major R&D groups within Air Liquide focus on analysis, bioresources
(foods and chemicals), combustion, membranes, modeling, and the production of Hydrogen (H2) gas.
The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[4] As of 2009, the company is
ranked 484 in the Fortune Global 500.[5]
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is an American international corporation whose principal
business is selling gases and chemicalsfor industrial uses. This serves customers in technology, energy,
healthcare,
food
and
industrial
markets
worldwide
with atmospheric industrial
gases (mainly oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen and carbon dioxide), process and specialty gases,
performance materials and chemical intermediates.
Air Products produces semiconductor materials, refinery hydrogen, natural gas liquefaction
(LNG) technology and equipment, epoxyadditives, gas cabinets, advanced coatings and adhesives. It is
also noted as addressing the hydrogen fuel cell economy through hydrogen fueling stations as well as
its personal care chemicals business.
Air Products also provided the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen fuel for the Space Shuttle
External Tank. Air Products has had a working relationship with NASA for 50 years and has supplied
the liquid hydrogen used for every Space Shuttle launch and the Mercury and Apollo missions. [4]
Messer group manufacture and supply inert welding gases, special gases, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, gases for medicinal use and a wide variety of gas
mixtures.
Yingde Gases Group Company Ltd., produces, supplies and distributes industrial gas
products that compose of atmospheric gases such as nitrogen, argon and oxygen; process gases
comprising carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen; and other specialty gases.
Air Water Inc., engages in the manufacture and sale of industrial gases and medical
equipment. The industrial gas segment handles the manufacture of industrial gases such as oxygen,
nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, helium and hydrogen. The company also produces air separation
systems, gas equipment and systems, gas processing systems, electronics related equipments, industrial
equipment associated with welding and cutting, as well as offers engineering services for industrial gas
manufacturing systems.
Praxair, Inc. is an American worldwide industrial gases company. It is the largest industrial
gases company in North and South America, and the third-largest worldwide by revenue.
Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation, a Japanese multinational industrial gas manufacturer
incorporated in 1918 as Nippon Sanso Corporation. It provides stable supplies of industrial gases such
as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and argon to awide range of industries including chemical, electronics,
automobile construction, shipbuilding and food industries. This company is Japan’s largest industrial
gas producer and among top five hydrogen gas manufacturer in the whole world. The company
operates in more than 15 countries worldwide via its own name and subsidiaries.
Linde industrial gas, has decades of experience in the field of hydrogen plants and has built
mire than 200 plants for hydrogen manufacture with capacities of from 1,000 to over 100,000 Nm3/h.
Linde AG’s know-how and otions in the area of hydrogen production comprise: the entire process for
the manufacture, recovery, purification, storage, liquefaction of H2, the entire capacity range of largescale technological hydrogen production and entire palette of petrochemical feedstock utilization from
natural gas to heavy oil and all the way to coal for hydrogen production.
Hydrogen market research report provides the newest industry data and industry future trends allowing
to identify the products and end users driving the revenue growth and profitability. The industry report lists the
leading
competitors
worldwide,
market
profiles
of
the
leading
industry
players.
Major Players in Hydrogen Gas market are:

Air Liquide

Air Products

Praxair

Taiyo Nippon Sanso

Airwater Inc.

Messer

Yingde gases

Linde Industrial Gas

Showa Denko K.K.
Major Regions play vital role in Hydrogen Gas market are:

USA

Europe

Japan

China

India

Southeast Asia
VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Being one of the most plentiful element in the universe, hydrogen is now becoming a viable
fuel source in many applications. There is a lot of interest about this being the fuel of the future due to
its efficiency. This gas is used as the fuel supply to the fuel cells due to its high calorific value as well
as chemical makeup and electrical conductivity. In addition to its use, hydrogen filling systems are
used to refuel the tanks that supply hydrogen to the fuel cells used in material handling equipment, as
well as other fuel cell powdered vehicles such as cars and buses. Behind those applications, there are
environmental impacts of producing industrial hydrogen gas. Below this specifies the environmental
impacts of processes in the production of hydrogen gas.
1. Steam-methane reforming using natural gas as feedstock -burning of natural gas contributes to
global warming and the extraction of natural gas could harm sensitive landscapes.
2. In gasification of coal and other hydrocarbons, making hydrogen from heavy oil or coal would
generate large amounts of carbon emissions thus increasing the risk of global warming. Also, mining
of coal can degrade land and water quality.
3. Gasification of biomass- large-scale production of feedstocks, collection and transport of crops and
residues may raise air, land and ecosystems concerns.
4. Electrolysis using conventional grid or renewable power- while the use of renewable power
would result to low gas emissions, using conventional grid power would still generate pollution and
global warming.
References
Bloomberg LP( 24 June, 2018). Company Overview of NEL Hydrogen AS. Retrieved from https://
www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=115832716.
Showa Denko K.K. (13 June, 2018). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showa_Denko.
Air
Liquide
(21
June,
2018).
Retrieved
from
HYPERLINK
"https://en.wikipedia.org/
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