Study review questions Semester 2B block Anatomy intro to nervous system innervation Cranial nerves with parasympathetic involvement? Nerves 3, 7, 9, 10; What happens if you damage the Dorsal root ganglia? What happens if you damage the Ventral root? What happens if you damage the Dorsal rami? What happens if you damage the Ventral rami? What happens if you damage the Splanchnic nerves? What happens if you damage the Ventra communicans? What happens if you damage the pre-aortic ganglia? What happens if you damage the Ascending sympathetic fiber? What happens if you damage the spinal nerve? Anatomy Scapular region and anterior/posterior arm Innervation and action of the trapezius? Innervation and action of the Latissimus dorsi? Innervation and action of the Levator scapulae Innervation and action of the Rhomboid major and minor? Innervation and action of the Pectoralis major? Innervation and action of the Pectoralis minor? Innervation and action of the Serratus anterior? Innervation and action of the Deltoid? Innervation and action of the Teres major? Innervation and action of the Supraspinatus? Innervation and action of the Infraspinatus? Innervation and action of the Teres minor? Innervation and action of the Subscapularis? Actions of the shoulder joint? Actions of the elbow joint? Innervation and action of the triceps? Innervation and action of the biceps brachii? Innervation and action of the brachialis? Innervation and action of the coracobrachialis? Order of clavicle fractures from most to least common? Movement of bones and muscles responsible for lateral clavicle fracture? Movement of bones and muscles responsible for medial clavicle fracture? Movement of bones and muscles responsible for middle clavicle fracture? What does the clavicle attach to on the scapula? What nerve is damaged in a shaft fracture of the humerus? What nerve is damaged in a surgical neck fracture of the humerus? What nerve is damaged in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus? What nerve is damaged in a medial epicondyle fracture of the humerus? What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff? What is the cause of a frozen shoulder and the alternate name? What causes and what is a Bankart lesion? What is the hill sach’s fracture and what causes it? What is the most common dislocation of the shoulder? What is student’s elbow and what causes it? Anatomy axilla and brachial plexus What are the branches off of the axillary artery in order? What roots innervate the long thoracic nerve? What roots innervate the dorsal scapular nerve? What roots innervate the subclavian nerve? What roots innervate the suprascapular nerve? What roots innervate the axillary nerve? What roots innervate the radial nerve? What roots innervate the ulnar nerve? What roots innervate the median nerve? What roots innervate the musculocutaneous nerve? What roots innervate the lateral pectoral nerve? What roots innervate the medial pectoral nerve? What can be found in the quadrangular space? What can be found in the upper triangular space? What can be found in the lower triangular interval? What muscles are innervated by the radial nerve? What muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve? What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve? What muscles are innervated by the median nerve? What muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve? What part of the skin is innervated by the radial nerve? What part of the skin is innervated by the ulnar nerve? What part of the skin is innervated by the median nerve? What part of the skin is innervated by the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm? What part of the skin is innervated by the lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm? What part of the skin is innervated by the medial cutaneous nerve? What is erb’s point in the brachial plexus and what is the result of damage to this structure? Anatomy forearm (see brachial plexus for questions on innervation of forearm) What differentiates a subclinical subluxation from a clinical subluxation and a dislocation of the elbow joint? What are the 4 superficial muscle of the anterior forearm? What is the intermediate muscle of the anterior forearm? What are the 3 deep muscles of the anterior forearm? What are the 6 superficial muscles of the posterior forearm? What are the 5 deep muscles of the superficial forearm? What are the exceptions to the median innervation of the anterior forearm? How can you test function of the flexor digitorum profundus? How can you test the function of the flexor digitorum superficialis? What forms the anatomical snuff box? What is the nerve known as the “funny bone”? What artery supplies the deep palmar arch? What artery supplies the superficial palmar arch? What is the structure involved in tennis albow? What is the structure involved in golfer’s elbow? Anatomy wrist and hand Where does the bone displace in colle’s fracture? Where does the bone displace in smith’s fracture? What is dupuytren contracure and what causes it? What muscles of the hand are innervated by ulnar What muscles are responsible for abduction of thumb? What muscles are responsible for adduction of thumb? What muscles are responsible for adduction of the fingers? What muscles are responsible for abduction of the fingers? What muscles perform opposition? What artery supplies the deep palmar arch primarily? What artery supplies the superficial palmar arch primarily? What is carpal tunnel? What nerve is involved? What is guyon’s canal? What nerve is involved? Anatomy Embyrology bones, joints and neurovaculature What forms the epithelium of the skin? What forms the viscerocranium? What forms the cranial vault? What forms the bones of the back? What forms the muscles of the back? What forms the urogenital skin? What forms the limb bones? What forms the limb muscles? What forms the muscles of the limbs? What forms the parietal layers of the pericardium, pleura and peritoneum? What forms the smooth muscles? What forms the cardiac muscles? What forms the vasculature? What forms the ribs? What forms the sternum? What are the names of the 2 parts of the paraxial mesoderm that forms the skeletal muscles of the limbs and the intrinsic back muscles respectively? Anatomy Overview of the lower limb What is the crural region? What is the tarsal region? What is the sural region? What is the gluteal region? What is the calcaneal region? What 8 bones form the pelvic girdle? Hint, they can be thought of as 3 What part of the pelvis do we sit on? Where are the lesser and greater trochanters located respectively? What bones form the knee joint? What is the name for the fascia of the thigh and leg respectively? What compartments are there of the thigh and leg respectively? What is the main artery supplying the lower limb? What is the obturator artery a branch of and what does it supply blood to? What is the deep artery of the thigh, what are its other names and what does it supply blood to? What are the superior and inferior gluteal arteries branches of and what do they supply blood to? What is the path of the femoral artery and what does its name change to at the end of this path? Hint, it passes through 3 structures What are the major arterial pulse points of the lower limb and where can they be found? Where does the small saphenous vein meet the main venous drainage for the lower limb? Where does the great saphenous vein meet the main venous drainage for the lower limb? Where does lymphatic drainage form the anteromedial aspect of the lower limb drain into? Where does lymphatic drainage form the posterolateral aspect of the lower limb drain into? What roots innervate the femoral nerve? L2-L4 What roots innervate the obturator nerve? L2-L4 What roots innervate the superior gluteal nerve? L4-S1 What roots innervate the inferior gluteal nerve? L5-S2 What roots innervate the sciatic nerve? L4-S3 What roots innervate the lumbosacral trunk? L4-L5 What roots innervate the tibial nerve? L4-S3 What roots innervate the common fibular nerve? L4-S2 What innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh? Femoral nerve What innervates the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh? Obturator nerve What innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh? Sciatic nerve What innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg? Tibial nerve What innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg? common fibular nerve What innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? The common fibular nerve What innervates the muscles of the plantar foot? Tibial nerve What innervates the muscles of the dorsal foot? common fibular nerve How are the dermatomes of the foot distributed? they are distributed from L1 in the upper anterior medial thigh to S2 in the posterior medial thigh and leg spiraling down laterally and a round the thigh Anatomy Gluteal region, posterior thigh and hip joint At what age do all hip bones fully fuse? 25 years old What is the name of the place where the 2 pubic bones meet? What are the name of the 2 places where the inguinal ligament attaches? Pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine What is the greater and lesser sciatic notch? What 3 factors allow stability of the hip joint? What 2 structures attach to the posterior sacroiliac ligament? What 2 structures attach to the sacrotuberous ligament? What 2 structures attach to the sacrospinous ligament? What forms the greater sciatic foramen? What forms the lesser sciatic foramen? What forms the femoral triangle? What 3 ligaments form the capsule of the acetabulum? What is the function of the ligament of the head of the femur? What way do the ligaments of the capsule of the wind? -from the femur up and posteriorly What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament? What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament? What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament? What provides the main blood supply to the hip joint? What provides the blood supply to the very tip of the humerus only? What provides the blood supply to the greater trochanter area of the femur? What is the presentation of femoral head fracture and what is the main complication? What is vessel is blocked leading to necrosis of the femoral head? What is hip dysplasia? What type of hip dislocation is most common? What is the presentation of hip dislocation and what is the main complication? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the gluteus maximus? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the gluteus medius? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the tensor fascia latae? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the piriformis? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the superior gemellus? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the obturator internis? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the inferior gamellus? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the quadratus femoris? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the biceps femoris? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the semitendinous? What is the innervation, action, and blood supply of the semimembranous? What roots form the sciatic nerve? What roots form the common fibular nerve? What roots form the tibial nerve? What are the signs of sciatic nerve impingement? Decreased ability to extend at the hip and flex at the knee What are causes of sciatic nerve issues? Sciatica – radiating pain anywhere along the sciatic nerve caused by disc protrusion/herniation, external compression of nerve and or hypertrophy/spasm of piriformis muscle Wound/surgery Trauma to posterior thigh Posterior hip injury What is Trendelenburg sign and what does it indicate? tilting of the hip and it indicates damage to the superior gluteal nerve What is a sign of inferior gluteal nerve damage? weakness of hip/thigh extension and lateral rotation What forms the greater sciatic foramen and what is its function? What forms the lesser sciatic foramen and what is its function? What exits the greater sciatic foramen only? Piriformis muscle. Superior gluteal artery/vein/nerve inferior gluteal artery/vein/nerve nerve to quadratus femoris sciatic nerve posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh What exits the lesser sciatic foramen only? tendon of obturator internis What exits the greater sciatic foramen and enter lesser sciatic foramen? pudental nerve Internal pudental artery and nerve Nerve to obturator internus Where would you inject an intramuscular injection in the gluteal region? superior lateral quadrant of the gluteus medius muscle , to avoid sciatic nerve, gluteal nerves and blood vessels Anatomy anterior thigh, medial & knee joint What bones form the knee joint? What joints form the knee joint? What are the actions of the knee joint? What are the 2 names for the ligament that is to the medial side of the knee joints? MCL or TCL (medial/tibial collateral ligament) What are the 2 names for the ligament that is to the lateral side of the knee joints? LCL or FCL (fibial/lateral collateral ligament) What is the ligement that prevents posterior movement of the tibia? What is the ligament that prevents anterior movement of the tibia? What 2 ligaments of the knee are most commonly damaged? What meniscus is normally most commonly damaged and why? What is the innervation, and action of the sartorius muscle? What is the innervation, and action of the Iliopsoas? What is the innervation, and action of the pectineus? What is the innervation, and action of the rectus femoris? What is the innervation, and action of the vastus medialis? What is the innervation, and action of the vastus lateralis? What is the innervation, and action of the vastus intermedius? What do the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligaments attach to respectively? What is the patellar reflex and is it used to check for? What is the innervation, and action of the abductor longus? What is the innervation, and action of the abductor brevis? What is the innervation, and action of the abductor magnus? What is the innervation, and action of the gracilis? What is the innervation, and action of the obturator externus? What is the nerve and blood supply of the medial thigh compartment? What muscle forms the abductor hiatus? What are the signs of femoral nerve dysfunction? Weakness in flexing thigh and extending knee decreased sensation of anteromedial leg What are the signs of obturator nerve dysfunction? weakness in adducting thigh Diminished sensation of the upper medial thigh What are the main arteries of the lower limb (3 of them)? What are the 3 main veins of the thigh and where do they lead? What forms the femoral triangle and what passes through it? Inguinal ligament(superior), Sartorius(lateral) adductor longus(medial) and iliopsoas/pectineus(floor) contents: femoral nerve/vein/artery, femoral canal and lacunar ligment What are the 3 clinical correlates for the femoral triangle? palpate femoral pulse there neurovascular structures can get damaged femoral hernia is common What 4 structures pass through the adductor canal Nerve to vastus medialis saphenous nerve Femoral artery femoral vein What passes through the adductor hiatus? femoral artery and vein, turning into the popliteal artery and vein How do you test for cruciate ligaments? move posterior of tibia - PCL damage move anterior of tibia – ACL damage What is an “unhappy triad” injury and what causes it? Common injury of MCL, medial meniscus and ACL that occurs on lateral knee rotation What is genu varum and what is genu valgum? Genu varum = bow legged Genu valgum = knockneed Where does the patella usually dislocate to? lateral side, often due to weak vastus medialis relative to vastus lateralis What is compartment syndrome of the thigh and how is it treated? Pressure in fascial compartment that restricts blood flow, require cutting of fascia to release tension if left untreated, necrosis requires amputation
