Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
Student’s name:
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Class:
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Date of test:
Test code: 01
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Score in
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the definition of phonetics? (1pt)
2. Give an example for strong form and weak form of English words?(2pts)
Key 01.
1. What is the definition of phonetics?
Phonetics is the linguistic science that studies speech sounds: the way in
which they are produced, the way in which they’re perceived, their physical
characteristics.
( P3, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. Give an example for strong form and weak form of English
words?
There are certain well-known English words that can be pronounced in two
different ways which are called strong form and weak form.
1
Eg: I like that /aɪ laɪk ðæt/ ( strong form)
aɪ hoʊp ðət ju ɑr faɪn ( weak form)
The word “ that” can be pronounced in 2 different ways as the examples
above. The first one is strong form, and the second one is weak form.
(p102, English Phonetics & phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
village
sit
happy
send
pretty
/’vilidʒ/
/sit/
/’hæpi/
/send/
/’priti/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
lead
many
meet
head
saw
/li:d/
/’meni/
/mi:t/
/hed/
/sɔ:/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
competition- advice
certainly- customer
branch- stomach
generous- guess
thriller- otherwise
/k/- /s/
/s/- /k/
/tʃ/ - /k/
/dʒ/- /g/
/ θ/- /ð/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
WORDS
have
had
behave
2
tablet
1
2
3
4
5
explored
named
separated
party
lovely
suggestion
organization
communication
bound
cough
figure
magazine
travelled
sky
application
ground
geography
empty
round
grammar
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
confide
aware
research
postpone
machine lesson
village
enter
consider volunteer entertain
comprehend
effective relative
creative
deposit
substantial technological
exponential
infiltration
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
2
/ɪts gʊd bʌt ɪksˈpɛnsɪv/
/ðə praɪs ɪz ðə θɪŋ ðæt əˈnɔɪz miː/
3
4
5
/wɪʧ dɪd iː ʧuːz?/
/hiː wəz leɪt, wɒznt iː?/
/haʊ kæn wiː gɛt ðeə/
3
It's good but expensive
The price is the thing
that annoys me
Which did he choose?
He was late, wasn't he?
How can we get there?
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
Student’s name:
Student’s code:
Class:
Room:
Date of test:
Test code: 02
Examiner 1:
Signature:
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Signature:
Examiner’s code:
Test code: 02
Examiner’s code:
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Score in
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the definition of Phonology? (1pt)
2. In term of tone, indicate the difference between English and
Vietnamese language? (2pt)
Key 02.
1. What is the definition of Phonology?
Phonology is the study of the distinctive sound units (phoneme) of a
language and their relationship to one another.
( P3, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. In term of tone, indicate the difference between English and
Vietnamese language?
Tone is the overall behavior of pitch in a syllable
The difference between English and Vietnamese language is that English is
4
not a tone language because it does not use tone to determine the meanings
of words, on the other hand, the change of tone in a particular word in
Vietnamese gives another distinctive meaning.
Eg: “yes” in English : yes’ – yes, - yes : it does not change the meaning of
word “ yes”
“ba” in Vietnamese
“ba” = three
“bà”= grandmother
“bá”= uncle
“bả”= bait
“ bã” ( mía)= cane trash
( P136, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
land
pot
talk
wash
broad
/lænd/
/pɔt /
/tɔ:k/
/wɔʃ /
/brɔ:d/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
door
fought
fork
tough
card
/dɔ:(r)/
/fɔ:t/
/fɔ:k/
/tʌf/
/ka:d/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
century- comfortable
centimeter- secretary
opposite- surprise
always- august
sugar- sweet
/s/-/k/
/s/-/k/
/z/- /s/
/z/- /s/
/ʃ/- /s/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
5
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
tablet
employment
secondary
eliminate
women
current
upgrade
consumption
sustainable
pens
markers
books
rulers
another
health
mathematics
theatre
great
repeat
east
cheat
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
begin
biscuit
result
finish
adult
movie
again
pretty
mentally
domestic
terrify
effective
optimistic
eradicate
connect
lyrical
prepare
interest
edition
accompany
request
deposit
minority
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
TRANSCIPTION
Exampl
e
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
1
2
3
4
5
/ðeɪ ɪnˈvaɪtɪd ɔːl ɒv ʌs/
/aɪl siː juː ət lʌnʧ/
/wɒts iː ˈʃuːtɪŋ æt?/
/ðə wɜːd iː sɛd wɒz raɪt/
/ðeɪ dɪdnt sjuːt hɪm/
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
They invited all of us
I’ll see you at lunch
What’s he shooting at?
The word he said was right
They didn’t suit him
6
7
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
Student’s name:
Student’s code:
Class:
Room:
Date of test:
Test code: 03
Examiner 1:
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Part I THEORY
1. What is articulatory phonetics?(1pt)
2. In English, how many phonemes are there? How many
consonants and how many vowels are there? Write them
down(2pt)
Key
1. What is articulatory phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced
using the articulators.
( P8. English Phonetics &Phonology_ Peter Roach, 2nd edition)
2. In English, how many phonemes are there? How many
consonants and how many vowels are there? Write them down
In English, there are 44 phonemes, including 24 consonants sounds and 20
vowels.
8
24 consonants : /b/,/p/,/v/,/f/,/k/,/g/,/n/,/m/,/t/,/d/,/l/,/r/,/w/,/s/,/z/, /ʤ/, /ʧ/
/ʃ/ , /θ /ŋ/, /ð/
20 vowels : ʌ/, /ɑ:/, /æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɜ:/, /ɪ/, /i:/, /ɒ/, /ɔ:/, /ʊ/, /u:/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/,
/eɪ/, /oʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ʊə/
(p40,41, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
task
some
blood
shut
heart
/ta:sk/
/sʌm/
/blʌd/
/ʃʌt/
/ha:t/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
could
await
frugal
hurt
heard
/kʊld/
/ә’weit/
/’fru:gәl/
/hз:t/
/hз:d/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
station- factory
vacation- beautiful
health- another
headache- teach
castle- cycling
/ʃ/- /t/
/ʃ/- /t/
/ θ/- /ð/
/k/- /tʃ/
/k/- /ʃ/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
WORDS
have
enroll
bathing
had
behave
suppose
method
9
tablet
provide
only
bathroom
width
3
4
5
good
foot
brush
rush
sesame
catastrophe
look
push
ridicule
food
crush
hyperbole
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
travel
machine
bottom
carry
angry
complete
polite
apply
Pyramid
Egyptian
accurate
century
construction
suggestion
accurate
determined
information
television
understand
economic
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time
come
1
2
/aɪ juːzd təː hæv ə pɛt/
/ɑ wəd laɪk səm fɪʃ ən tʃɪps/
3
/ðeərə ˈθɜːti ˈpiːpl ɪn ˈaʊə klɑːs/
4
5
/aɪm ˈæbsəluːtli ˈsɜːtn/
/məʊst əd gɒn həʊm/
10
has
I used to have a pet
I would like some fish
and chips
There’re 30 people in
our class
I’m absolutely certain
Most had gone home
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
Student’s name:
Student’s code:
Class:
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Date of test:
Test code: 04
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Part I THEORY
1. Base on the place of articulation, complete the table with the
fricative sounds in English.(1pt)
Labliodental Aental
Alveolar PalatoGlottal
alveolar
Fortis
Lenis
2. What are common rules of stress placement within verbs which
are 3-syllable words?(2pt)
Key 04.
1. Base on the place of articulation, complete the table with the fricative sounds
in English.
Labliodental Dental
Alveolar
11
Palato-
Glottal
Fortis
Lenis
/f/
/v/
/θ/
/ð/
alveolar
/ʃ/
/ʒ/
/s/
/z/
/h/
2. What are common rules of stress placement within verbs which are 3-syllable
words?
There are 2 common rules of stress placement in 3-syllable verbs.
Rule 1: if the last syllable contains 1 short vowel and ends with a consonant, the second
part is stressed.
Eg: remember /rɪˈmɛmbə/
Abandon/ rɪˈmɛmbə/
Rule 2: if the last syllable contains either a long vowel, or a diphthong and ends more
than a consonant, the last is stressed.
Eg: entertain/ ˌɛntəˈteɪn/
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
word
shoe
fruit
moon
packag
e
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
/wз:d/
/ʃu: /
/fru:t/
/mu:n/
ORDE
R
WORD
6
represen
t
little
easy
seaside
/reprɪ'zent/
/’litl/
/’i:zi/
/’si:said/
any
/’eni/
7
8
9
10
/’pækidʒ/
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
eat-head
/i:/
12
/e/
e
1
2
3
4
5
paradigm- filter
quip- quite
silent- political
aisle- sail
brother- birthday
/ai/- /i/
/i/- /ai/
/ai/- /i/
/ai/- /ei/
/ð/ - / θ/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
talked
had
behave
tablet
naked
liked
asked
modal
model
modern
heat
mean
engineer greeting
station
cartoon
modest
weave
teeth
factory
break
street
after
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
august
toilet
equal
respect
generous
suspicious
sympathy
acquaintance
unselfish
humorous
understanding
animation
biology
result
adult
something
suggest
behave
realize
constancy
attraction
Indiana
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
13
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
/ðə ʃʊd biː ə ruːl/
/ðæts wɒt ɪt wɒz səʊld æz/
/ðə kɒts tu ː smɔːl/
/hɪəz weər ɪt keɪm frɒm/
/wɪʧ əz biːn bɛst?/
There should be a rule
That’s what it was sold as
The cot’s too small
Here’s where it come from
Which has been best?
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
Student’s name:
Student’s code:
Class:
Room:
Date of test:
Test code: 05
Examiner 1:
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Examiner 2:
Signature:
Examiner’s code:
Test code: 05
Examiner’s code:
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Score in
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Part I THEORY
1. Can “accent” resemble “dialect” ? Why or why not?(1pt)
2. Why is Vietnamese language a tone language?(2pt)
14
Key
1. Can “accent” be resembled “dialect” ? why or why not?
Accent can’t be resembled dialect. Because differences of accent are
pronunciation differences only. Dialect, on the other hand, refers to a
variety of a language which is different from others not just in
pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary, grammar, and wordorder.
(p4, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. Why is Vietnamese language a tone language?
Because Vietnamese is one of the languages in which the tone can
determine the meaning of a word, and a change from one tone to another
can complete change the meaning of a word.
Eg: ba = three
bà= grandmother
bá= uncle
bả= bait
bã ( mía)= cane trash
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDE
R
Examp
le
1
2
WORD
month
sheep
meaningf
ul
TRANSCRIPTI
ON
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTI
ON
/ʃi:p/
6
7
shirt
recomme
nd
assemblag
e
simple
/ʃз:t/
/ә’semblidʒ/
/’simpl/
usually
/’ju:ʊli/
/’mi:niŋfʊl/
3
8
manifold
steel
comprehe
nd
4
5
/’menifәʊld/
/sti:l/
/kәmpri’hend/
9
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
dear- pear
/ ɪə/- /eə/
15
/e/
/rikɔ’mend/
2
3
4
5
slave- slap
liberation- photography
counterfeit- courtesy
feminine- valentine
/ei/- /æ/
/ei/- /ə/
/au/- /ɜː/
/i/- /ai/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
tablet
preserve
detect
electronic
remedy
cuisine
diversity
disease
preserve
white
whole
which
why
considerate
candidate
associate
adequate
barn
harm
charm
fat
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
person
river
peaceful
southern
expression
loyalty
sincere
fashionable
elevator
begin
result
begin
technique
easily
success
adult
message
colour
national
incapable
superhero
factory
available
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
16
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
/wɒts ðæt fɔː?/
/sʌmwʌn aɪv hɜːd ɒv/
/aɪ lɜːnt ˈdraɪvɪŋ lɑːst jɪə/
/wəz jɔː ˈgɜːlˌfrɛnd ˈæŋgri?/
/dɪd jʊ hɪə ðət nɔɪz?/
What’s that for?
Someone I’ve heard of
I learnt driving last year
Was your girlfriend angry?
Did you hear that noise?
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
Student’s name:
Student’s code:
Class:
Room:
Date of test:
Test code: 06
Examiner 1:
Signature:
Examiner 2:
Signature:
Examiner’s code:
Test code: 06
Examiner’s code:
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Score in
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Score in words
Part I THEORY
01. What are long vowels in English, give an example for each one?
02 . What are the common rules of stress placement of compound
words?
17
Key 06.
01. What are long vowels in English, give an example for each one?
There are five long vowels in English, including:
/i:/ : sheep, tea, bee
/a:/ card, half, pass
/u:/ food, soon, loose
/ɔː/ board, torn, horse
/ɝː/ bird, purse, fur
(p18,19, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach
02 . What are the common rules of stress placement of compound words?
Rule 1: if the first part functions as Adjective, the second part is stressed
Eg: loudspea’ker ˌ/laʊdˈspiːkə/,
Full moon /ˌfʊl ˈmuːn/
Rule 2 : if the first part function as Noun, the first part is stressed
Eg: tea-cup
/ ‘tiːkʌp/
Sunrise /‘ sʌnraɪz/
(p90, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
3
month
4
5
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/’ju:ʊli/
/di’livә(r)/
6
7
8
shoebill
writer
/’ʃu:bil/
/’raitәr/
potato
doctor
merchan
t
/pә’teitәu/
/’dɔktәr/
usually
deliver
conclud
e
cruise
/kɔn’klu:d/
/kru:s/
spoon
/spu:n/
9
10
18
/’mз:tʃәnt/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
poultry- mould
knowledge- shower
power- arrow
mould- around
cough- round
/au/- /əu/
/ɔː/- /au/
/au/- /əu/
/əu/- /au/
/ɒ/- /au/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
study
experience
heal
warranty
wander
sanctuary
redundant
had
behave
bury
dedicated
tear (n)
wasabi
tablet
cut
enthusiast
fear
wallop
manky
young
result
ear
sanguine
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
invite
also
summer
weather
compete
decrease
figure
require
difficult
relevant
volunteer
interesting
confidence
supportive
solution
obedient
photography
stationery
excellently
19
secretary
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
1
2
/ðə fuːd hɪə s ˈvɛri ˈteɪsti/
/dʊ jʊ faɪnd ðə ʤɒb ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ/
3
4
5
/wɒt ɪgˈzæktli dʊ jʊ miːn?/
/ðər ˈɪznt ˈɛni, ɪz ðeə/
/jʊ məst traɪ ˈhɑːdə/
The food here’s very tasty
Do you find the job
interesting?
What exactly do you mean?
There isn’t any, is there
You must try harder
Hanoi University of Business and
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Part I THEORY
20
Score in words
1. What are affricates?
2. In what cases, the strong form is used?
Key 07.
1. What are affricates?
Affricates are sounds which begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
Eg: /tʃ/ , /dʒ/
( P47, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. In what cases, the strong form is used?
There are certain contexts in which only strong form is acceptable and
others where the weak form pronunciation is the normal.
- When the word occurs at the end of the sentence.
Eg: what are you looking at?
wɒt ɑː juː ˈlʊkɪŋ æt
- When a weak form is being contrasted with another words.
Eg: The letter is from him, not to him.
ðə ˈlɛtər ɪz frɒm hɪm, nɒt tuː hɪm
- When a weak form word is given stress for the purpose of emphasis
Eg: I have to go
aɪ hæv tuː gəʊ
- When a weak form word is being “ cited” or “ quoted”
Eg: You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns
(P103, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
WOR
D
month
earth
skirt
work
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
/з:θ/
/skз:t/
/wз:k/
ORDE
R
WORD
6
shoemake
r
recruit
tomorrow
7
8
21
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/’ʃu:meikәr/
/ri’kru:t/
/tә’mɔrәʊ/
4
5
further
smooth
/’ʃз: ðә/
/smu:θ/
9
10
machine
cruiser
/mә’ʃi:n/
/’kru:sәr/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
widow- flower
rout- route
south- shoulder
tourist- fountain
dinosaur- signature
/əu/- /au/
/au/- /u:/
/au/- /əu/
/uə/- /au/
/ai/- /i/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
preface
premature
exaggerate
exhale
apparatus
feet
download
had
behave
tablet
predatory
prejudice
exhort
exhilaration
comparable
sheep
growth
parabola
beer
blow
canasta
fee
shadow
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
number
never
people
retire
review
surround
tropical
referee
22
result
adult
receive
grateful
minimize
origin
remember
company
interview
adventurer
kindergarten
community
technical
receptionist
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
1
2
3
4
/waɪ də ðeɪ laɪk ɪt/
/hi wəz hɪər ə ˈmɪnɪt əˈgəʊ/
/waɪ dʊ ɔːl ðə kɑːz stɒp?'/
/ðeɪ wɜːnt əz kəʊld əz wi wɜ/
5
/aɪ ʃəd fəˈgɛt ɪt/
Why do they like it?
He was here a minute ago
Why do all the car stop?
They weren't as cold as we
were
I should forget it
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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23
Score in words
Part I THEORY
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and” and give
examples
2. In term of the direction of change, how can assimilation be
classified?
Key
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and” and give
examples
Strong form: “You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
/juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns/
Weak form: “ come and see”
/kʌm ən siː/
(p104, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. In term of the direction of change, how can assimilation be
classified?
In term of the direction of change, assimilation can be classified:
- Regressive assimilation : Cf=> Ci
Eg: ten men / temmen/
- Progressive assimilation : Ci=>Cf
Eg: get them/ get təm/
( P124, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
month
2
3
4
5
translato
r
merciful
furnish
first
worm
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
/’trænsleitәr/
6
/’mз:sifʊl/
/’ʃз:niʃ/
/fз:st/
/wз:m/
7
8
9
10
24
WOR
D
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
maid
earthen
case
eight
say
/meid/
/’з:θәn/
/keis/
/eit/
/sei/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
sour- pour
capable- angle
vacancy- category
weary- swear
soul- sound
/au/- /əu/
/ei/- /æ/
/ei/- /æ/
/ɪə/- /eə/
/əu/- /au/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
tablet
all
call
want
discrimination
eliminate
primary
employment
mended
faced
objected
waited
accountant
amount
founding
both
bath
brother
tall
country
birthday
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
woman
finish
answer
order
citadel
dynamite
disabled
begin
result
along
question
after
polite
protection
volcano
pesticide
constancy
25
adult
consuming
tuberculosis
inheritance
mathematical
communication
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl
e
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has
come
1
/ðeɪ ɪnˈvaɪtɪd ɔːl ɒv ʌs/
2
/wi dəʊnt sməʊk, bət səm ˈpiːpl duː/
3
/ðə kəʊts ər ɪn ðeə/
4
/aɪ dɪdnt juːz tə laɪk ˈklæsɪk ˈmjuːzɪk/
5
/aɪ səˈʤɛst wi ˈfəʊkəs ɒn ðə ˈprɒdʌkts/
They invited all of
us
We don’t smoke,
but some people
do
The coats are in
here
I didn’t use to like
classic music
I suggest we focus
on the products
Hanoi University of Business and
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26
Score in words
Part I THEORY
1. What is Phonemic transcription?
2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?
Key
1. What is Phonemic transcription?
A phonemic transcription is a transcription in which every speech sound
must be identified as one of the phonemes and written with the appropriate
symbol.
Eg: / stei/, /bet/
( P39, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?
There are certain well-known English words that can be pronounced in two
different ways which are called strong form and weak form.
Eg: I like that /aɪ laɪk ðæt/ ( strong form)
aɪ hoʊp ðət ju ɑr faɪn ( weak form)
The word “ that” can be pronounced in 2 different ways as the examples
above. The first one is strong form, and the second one is weak form.
(p102, English Phonetics & phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
month
/mʌnθ/
kite
soil
sky
employ
/kait/
/sɔil/
/skai/
/im’plɔi/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
27
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
fare
tour
hair
there
/feә(r)/
/tʊә(r)/
/heә(r)/
/ ðeә(r)/
5
here
/hiә(r)/
10
mouse
/maʊs/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
academic- behave
choir- choice
snow- crown
coarsen- road
tomorrow- allow
/ə/- /ei/
/ai/- /ɔi/
/əu/- /au/
/ɔː/- /əu/
/əu/- /au/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
dietitian
star
plus
shown
crown
coach
such
had
behave
distinctive
cater
stuff
flown
tablet
heritage
half
skull
headache
structure
departure
full
grown
teach
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
ready
digest
accident
continue
architect
arithmetic
begin
result
famous
offer
countryside
degree
reduce
Canada
suggestion
assassinate
solution
agriculture
28
adult
picture
provide
position
controvert
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
1
2
/aɪ kɑːnt faɪnd ðə kiː/
/hi miːts ðə ˈwɛbˌsaɪt ˈmænɪʤə/
3
/jʊər ə ˈdɒktə, ɑːnt juː/
4
/aɪd ˈrɑːðər iːt aʊt ðən ət həʊm/
5
/aɪm ˈsɪŋgl ət ðə ˈməʊmənt/
I can’t find the key
He meets the website
manager
You are a doctor, aren’t
you?
I’d rather eat our than at
home
I’m single at the moment
Hanoi University of Business and
Technology
PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
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Score in
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Part I THEORY
29
Score in words
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and”.
2. What is the definition of Rhythm?
Key 10.
1. Indicate the weak form and strong form of “and” .
Strong form: “You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns
Weak form: “ come and see”
kʌm ən siː
(p104, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What is the definition of Rhythm?
Rhythm is the relatively equal beat between stressed syllables. The stressed
syllables will tend to occur at relatively regular intervals whether they are
separated by unstressed syllable or not. The time from each stressed
syllable to the next will tend to be the same, irrespective of the number of
intervening unstressed syllables.
Eg: Walk / down the/ path to the/ end of the canal
(P120, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WOR
D
month
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
now
cold
slow
hear
/naʊ/
/kәʊld/
/slәʊ/
/hiә(r)/
6
7
8
9
10
/peint/
/tʃз:tʃ/
/’ʃʊgәri/
/ 'fju:t∫ә/
sew
/sәʊ/
paint
church
sugary
future
physicia
n
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
30
/fi’zikʃn/
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
/e/
1
2
3
4
5
explain- fair
translation- Canadian
afraid- laird
great- real
landscape- nature
/ei/- /eə/
/ei/- /æ/
/ei/-/eə/
/ei/- /iə/
/æ/- /ei/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
bar
given
had
behave
charter
ridden
tablet
car
back
widen
kitchen
activities
watches
dishes
boxes
century
centimetre
cigarette
because
aunt
auditory
comfortable
automobile
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
adult
building
letter
themselves
accuse
demand
proceed
argue
nobody
designer
relative
strawberry
agency
follower
magazine
challenger
democracy
committee
proficiency
television
31
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
2
/beə wɪð mi ə ˈmɪnɪt/
/aɪd ˈrɪəli əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt jə hɛlp/
3
4
5
/liːv ɪm əˈləʊn/
/dɪd jʊ seɪ " ˈɛvrɪdeɪ"?/
/ɪts ˈhɒtə ðən aɪ ɪksˈpɛkt/
32
Bear with me a minute
I’d really appreciate your
help
Leave him alone
Did you say “everyday”?
It’s hotter than I expected
Hanoi University of Business and
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Score in words
Part I THEORY
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are
there in English?( 1pt)
2. Is the stress pattern always fixed and unchanging in English
words? Why or why not?(2pts)
Key 11
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are
there in English?
According to the manner of articulation, there are 6 plosives in English.
They are /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/,/d/,/g/.
2. Is the stress pattern always fixed and unchanging in English
words? why or why not?
The stress pattern isn’t always fixed and unchanging in English words.
Because stress position may vary for one of two reasons: either as a result
of the stress on the other words occurring next to the word in question, or
33
because not all speakers or RP agree on the placement of stress in some
words.
Eg: bad-‘tempered but a ‘bad-tempered ‘teacher
(p100, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
formal
enough
temple
thunder
kiss
/’fɔ:mәl/
/i’nʌf/
/’tempәl/
/’θʌndә(r)/
/kis/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
concert
cancel
sandy
laughed
century
/kɔn’sз:t/
/’kænsәl/
/’sændi/
/la:ft/
/’sentʃʊri/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
post- prominent
download- shadow
silent- written
sister- island
baby- many
/əu/ - /ɒ/
/au/-/əu/
/ai/- /i/
/i/- /ai/
/ei/- /e/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
funny
had
behave
rubbish
tablet
upper
student
pens
closets
sweets
lamps
34
architecture
chicken
afraid
send
chain
laird
member
channel
nail
sail
November
term
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
really
develop
majority
permission
electric
fantastic
anybody
begin
result
adult
into
conduction
tonight
heavy
partnership
qualified
computer
processing
fascinate
interesting
temperature
government
activity
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
2
/kən jʊ həʊld ɒn ə ˈmɪnɪt/
/ðə fuːd z ˈʧiːpə ðən ət həʊm/
3
4
5
/dʊ jʊ sɛl pɛnz?/
/pəˈhæps ðeɪ kən smɛl drʌg/
/haʊ lɒŋ dɪd jə ˈʤɜːni teɪk?/
35
Can you hold on a minute
The food is cheaper than at
home
Do you sell pens?
Perhaps they can smell drug
How long did your journey
take?
Hanoi University of Business and
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PHONETIC & PHONOLOGY
---------------------HUBT Testing Center
Time allowance:60 minutes
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Score in words
Part I THEORY
1. How can we identify phonemes of a language?(1pt)
2. What are levels of stress?(2pts)
Key 12
1. How can we identify phonemes of a language?(1pt)
We can identify phonemes of a language is to look for minimal pairs
Eg: /pit/- /bit/
2. What are levels of stress?
There are three levels of stress, they are:
- Primary stress(tonic/ nuclear): strongest types of stress, marked by a
small vertical line high up before the syllable it relates to.(‘)
- Secondary stress( non-tonic): weaker, found in four or five syllables
words, it represents with a low mark.(,)
- Unstressed: the absence of any recognizable amount of prominence.
( P87, English Phonetics & Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
36
ORDER WORD
Exampl
e
1
month
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
chaise
sheet
chemist
quite
people
2
3
4
5
ORDE
R
WORD
6
physica
l
family
rough
tittle
sixth
/ʃeiz/
/ʃi:t/
/’kemist/
/kwait/
/’pi:pәl/
7
8
9
10
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/fi’zikәl/
/’fæmili/
/rʌf/
/’taitәl/
/siksθ/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
compulsory-curriculum
middle- mile
fear- pear
grown-crown
founding- country
/ʌ/- /ə/
/i/- /ai/
/iə/- /eə/
/əu/ - /au/
/au/- /ʌ/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
member
remind
father
toll
presidents
spear
had
behave
tablet
become
map
roll
busy
breakfast
decide
bank
doll
handsome
fear
back
hole
sweets
pear
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
WORDS
before
begin
37
result
adult
e
1
2
3
4
5
unless
cancel
attend
modern
subject
between
organise
decorate
promise
refreshment
horrible
intention
education
remembering
semifinal
refuse
middle
divorce
exciting
avocado
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
/ɪts mɔː ˈdeɪnʤrəs ðən aɪ θɔːt/
2
3
4
5
/wəd jʊ laɪk tə gəʊ bæk?/
/raɪt əs ə ˈlɛtə/
/wɛn dəz ɪt əˈraɪv?/
/ʃiːz nɒt əz əʊld əz aɪ æm/
38
It’s more dangerous than I
thought
Would you like to go back?
Write us a letter
When does it arrive?
She’s not as old as I am
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Part I THEORY
1. What is Phonetic transcription?(1pt)
2. Which suffixes carry primary stress themselves? Give some
examples(2pts)
Key 13
1. What is Phonetic transcription?
A phonetic transcription is a transcription which contains a lot of
information about the exact quality of the sound. It shows more phonetic
details such as: Aspiration, length, nasalization by using a wide variety of
symbols.
Eg: [stuei]
( P42, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. Which suffixes carry primary stress themselves? Give some
examples
If the stem consists of more than one syllable, there will be a secondary
39
stress on one of the syllables of the stem. There are the most common
suffixes that carry primary stress on their first syllable.
“ –ain”( for verbs only): entertain, ascertain
“ –ee” : employee, refugee
“ –eer” mountaineer, volunteer
“ –ese” Portuguese, Vietnamese
“ –ette” cigarette
“ –esque” “ –ique”
picturesque, unique
( p96-97, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
month
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
6
2
3
4
5
sample
stopped
/’sæmpәl/
/stɔpt/
cell
champagn
e
English
/sel/
7
8
WORD TRANSCRIPTIO
N
chimne
y
sure
questio
n
/ 'kwestʃn/
comedy
king
/’kʌmedi/
/kiŋ/
/’tʃimni/
/’ʃʊә(r)/
9
/ʃæm’pein/
/’iŋliʃ/
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
adventure- advertise
capacity- message
maximum- stimulate
sodium-solid
damage- prepare
/ə/- /æ/
/ə/- /i/
/ə/- /ju:/
/əu/- /ɒ/
/æ/- /eə/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
40
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
stopped
parked
bit
remind
against
appointment
point
had
behave
tablet
played
packed
sit
twin
mine
get
martial
choir
met
mature
choice
debt
above
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDE
R
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
shower
flower
dinner
return
reply
appear
protect
kindness
whenever
mischievous
hospital
counterpart
measurement
romantic
parallel
technology
photography
entertainment
separate
diversity
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDE
R
TRANSCIPTION
Examp / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
le
ORTHOGRAP
HY
the time
has come
1
/ɪts ðə məʊst ˈbjuːtəfʊl pleɪs/
2
/həv səm mɔː tiː/
3
/ɪt həz kliːn, seɪf striːts/
41
It’s the most
beautiful place.
Have some
more tea
It has clean,
safe streets.
4
/ðə ˈpiːpl ə ˈfrɛndli ənd pəˈlaɪt/
5
/ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən ˈsɪstɪm z ˈtɛrəbl/
The people are
friendly and
polite.
The public
transportation
system is
terrible.
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Part I THEORY
1. What is elision?(1pt)
2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?(2pts)
Key 14
1. What is elision?
Elision is disappearance of sounds in speech. Under certain circumstances,
sounds disappear. A phoneme may be realized as zero or have zero
42
realization or be deleted.
Eg: today[ thdei]
(p127, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What are the common rules of stress placement of derived words
in English?
There are 3 common rules to put stress on derived words in English
Rule 1: the affix receives primary stress
Eg: circle/ ˈsɜːkl /
semi-circle/ˈsɛmi-sɜːkl/
Cigar/ sɪˈgɑː/
cigarette /sɪgəˈrɛt/
Rule 2: the word is stressed as if the affix were not there
Eg comfort/ ˈkʌmfət/
comfortable /ˈkʌmf(ə)təbl/
Refuse /riːˈfjuːz /
refusal /rɪˈfjuːzəl/
Rule 3: the stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but it shifted to a
different syllable
Eg Climate /ˈklaɪmɪt/
climatic/ klaɪˈmætɪk/
(p89, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
month
chemica
l
boy
spume
visit
done
2
3
4
5
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WOR
D
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
them
lived
visit
zebra
germ
/ ðәm/
/livd/
/’vizit/
/’zi:brә/
/dʒз:m/
6
/’kemikәl/
/bɔi/
/spjʊ:m/
/’vizit/
/dʌn/
7
8
9
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
punctual- studious
rubbish- furious
/ʌ/- /ju:/
/ʌ/- /ju:/
43
/e/
3
4
5
bulldog- mutual
communist- minority
landscape- courage
/u/- /ju:/
/i/- /ai/
/æ/- /i/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
great
result
had
behave
real
lunch
tablet
steak
break
subject
student
arrange
arrive
area
event
preserve
nights
days
weekends
arise
effect
effort
years
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
private
suppose
window
whenever
separate
knowledge
marathon
helicopter
beautifully
begin
amount
receive
mischievous
result
adult
result
problem
hospital
only
maximum
athletics
comfortable
mountaineering
44
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPH
Y
Exampl / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
e
the
time
has come
1
/ˈðeərə ə lɒt əv kraɪm/
2
/ɪz ɪt ɪksˈpɛnsɪv tə lɪv ðeə?/
3
/kəd aɪ spiːk tə ðə ˈmænɪʤə?/
4
/aɪ,ɛm əˈfreɪd aɪ həv ə kəmˈpleɪnt/
5
/aɪ ˈɔːdəd ruːm ˈsɜːvɪs ˈəʊvər ən ˈaʊə/
There’re a lot of
crime
Is it expensive to
live there?
Could I speak to
the manager?
I’m afraid I have
a complaint
I ordered room
service over an
hour
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45
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the phenomenon of the word “ here” in the cases below
“here” – “hir” but “ here are” “hir ə “?( 1pt)
2. What is the structure of the tone-unit?( 2pts)
Key 15
1. What is the phenomenon of the word “ here” in the cases
below “here” – “hir” but “ here are” “hir ə “?( 1pt)
It is an example of linking r in English, in which you may find the final
consonant or vowel of previous word links to the initial vowel of the next
word,
( P128-129, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What is the structure of the tone-unit?( 2pts)
The structure of the tone-unit includes:
- The head( H) is all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first
stressed syllable up to but not including the tonic syllable.
- The pre-head( PH) is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a
tone-unit preceding the first stressed syllable.
- The tail( T) is any syllables between the tonic syllable and the end
of the tone-unit.
- Tonic syllable which carries the tone in a tone-unit.
(147,148, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
vision
jam
little
gift
name
/’viʒn/
/dʒæm/
/’litәl/
/gift/
/neim/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
monk
think
rural
sing
when
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
46
/mɔŋk/
/θiŋk/
/’rʊәrәl/
/siŋ/
/wen/
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
compare- prove
push- nurse
burn- dust
particular- darkness
ghost- host
/ə/- /u:/
/u/- /ɜː/
/ɜː/- /ʌ/
/ə/- /a:/
/ɒ/-/əu/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
have
had
1
2
3
4
5
dolls
middle
time
post
appointment
point
childhood
written
cars
behave
tablet
vans
trucks
mile
local
choir
kind
prominent
choice
silent
hotel
write
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
therefore
casual
approve
belief
whether
computer
domestic
September
apartment
wonderful
stability
accelerate
47
result
adult
certain
maintain
hamburger
control
battery
renovation
thunderstorm
eliminate
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has
come
1
/ðər ə naɪs pɑːks ənd griːn ˈspeɪsɪz/
2
/ɪt həz ə gʊd ˈʃɒpɪŋ/
3
/aɪl teɪk ɪt bæk tə ðə ˈkɪʧɪn/
4
/ɪts nɒt ə weɪst əv taɪm/
5
/ə bɑːθ s mɔː rɪˈlæksɪŋ ðən ə ˈʃaʊə/
There’re nice parks
and green spaces
It has a good
shopping
I’ll take it back to
the kitchen
It’s not a waste of
time
A bath is more
relaxing than a
shower
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of rising tone in English? Give an example
(1pt)
2. In term of the way in which phonemes change, how can
assimilation be classified?( 2pts)
Key 16
1. What is the function of rising tone in English? Give an example
(1pt)
The rising tone conveys an impression that something more is to follow or
an invitation to continue.
Eg: “ Excuse me!”
“ Yes?”
( P138, English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. In term of the way in which phonemes change, how can
assimilation be classified?( 2pts)
In term of the way in which phonemes change, we have seen that the main
differences between consonants are of three types:
- Assimilation of place: Cf=> Ci
Eg: that person / ðæp ˈpɜːsn /
This shoe / ðɪʃ ʃuː/
- Assimilation of manner ( a final plosive becomes a fricative or
nasal)
Cf=> Ci
Eg:
that side / ðæs saɪd /
Good night /gʊn naɪt/
- Assimilation of voicing( in a limited way): Cf=> Ci
Eg : Big car / bik ka:/
( p124-125, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
49
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
with
young
van
music
bamboo
/wið /
/jʌŋ/
/væn/
/’mju:sik/
/bæm’bu:/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
visual
usual
jam
gene
lamp
/’vizjʊәl/
/’jʊʒʊәl/
/dʒæz/
/dʒi:n/
/læmp/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
burning- studious
liquid- revival
apply- identity
understand- university
opposite- portable
/ɜː/- /ju:/
/i/- /ai/
/ai/- /i/
/ʌ/- /ju:/
/ɒ/-/ɔː/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
mind
while
total
pole
straight
explain
translation
Canadian
Australian
vacation
beautiful
sister
fortunately
fair
parent
vegetable
tablet
island
most
tail
understand
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
50
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
begin
result
excited
interested
memorable
compete
maintain
museum
opera
memory
attractive
volleyball
experience
certificate
adult
confident
swallow
uniform
install
correctly
interviewer
semester
enthusiasm
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
1
/ɪts mɔː ˈdeɪnʤrəs ðən aɪ θɔːt/
2
3
4
5
/waɪ dʊ ɔːl ðə kɑːz stɒp?'/
/məʊst əd gɒn həʊm/
/ɪts gʊd bʌt ɪksˈpɛnsɪv/
/liːv ɪm əˈləʊn/
It’s more dangerous than I
thought
Why do all the cars stop?
Most had gone home
It’s good but expensive
Leave him alone
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Part I THEORY
1. Why is it important for ESL learners to learn how weak forms
are used?(1pt)
2. Which suffixes do not affect stress placement? Give some
examples(2pts)
Key 17
3. Why is it important for ESL learners to learn how weak forms
are used?
There are two main reasons to learn how weak forms are used:
- Firstly, most native speakers of English find an “ all-strong form”
pronunciation unnatural and foreign-sounding, something that most
learners would wish to avoid.
- Secondly, it is difficult for leaners who are not familiar with the use
of weak form to understand native speakers who use weak forms.
Therefore, learners of the language need to learn about these weak
forms to help them to understand what they hear.
( p102, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
4. Which suffixes do not affect stress placement? Give some
examples
This is the rule for adjectives. There are some common suffixes that don’t
affect stress placement
“ –able”
comfort /ˈkʌmfət /
comfortable /ˈkʌmf(ə)təbl/
“ –age”
anchor / ˈæŋkər/
anchorage /ˈæŋkərɪʤ/
“ –al”
refuse /riːˈfjuːz
refusal /rɪˈfjuːzəl/
“ –en”
wide /waɪd /
widen /ˈwaɪdn/
“ –ful”
wonder /ˈwʌndə/
wonderful /ˈwʌndəfʊl/
“ –ing”
“-ish”
amaze /əˈmeɪz /
devil /ˈdɛvl/
amazing /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/
devilish/ ˈdɛvlɪʃ/
52
(P97, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
month
gain
mamma
l
thank
number
with
2
3
4
5
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
6
furiousl
y
/’fjʊriәsli/
doctor
zip
earned
wine
/’dɔktә(r)/
/zip/
/з:nd/
/wain/
/gein/
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
7
/’mæmәl/
/θæŋk/
/nʌmbә/
/wið /
8
9
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
typical- stylish
twice- routine
species- medical
transfer- career
destiny- delay
/i/ - /ai/
/ai/- /i/
/ʃ/- /k/
/æ/- /ə/
/e/- /i/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
danger
landscape
debate
bowl
snow
crown
coarsen
road
coal
century
customer
secretary
picked
worked
naked
booked
53
tablet
nature
slow
load
alcohol
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
entrance
actor
graphics
increase
decorate
historical
employee
developing
begin
result
arrive
adult
rubber
limit
parcel
arrival
employer
interrupt
deliciously
recover
regularly
politely
ecosystem
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
/dʊ jʊ həv ˈɛni ˈkwɛsʧənz?/
/wɒt taɪp əv θɪŋz dɪd jʊ duː?/
/jʊ niːd ə θɪk kəʊt ɪn ˈwɪntə/
/ðəz ˈnʌθɪŋ tɪl təˈmɒrəʊ/
/aɪ kɑːnt faɪnd ðə kiː/
Do you have any questions?
What type of thing did you do?
You need a thick coat in winter
There’s nothing till tomorrow
I can’t find the key
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Part I THEORY
1. What are fricatives?(1pt)
2. How is a triphthong produced? How many tripthongs are there
in English? Give an example for each one(2pts)
Key 18
1. What are fricatives?(1pt)
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that when they are
produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound.
They are continuant consonants, which means that you can continue
making them without interruption as long as you have enough air in the
lung.
Eg: /ʃ/ , /θ/
( P47, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. How is a triphthong produced? How many tripthongs are there
in English? Give an example for each one(2pts)
A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all
produced rapidly and without interruption.
There are five triphthong in English
/eɪ.ɚ/ player, layer
/aɪ.ɚ/ liar, fire
/ɔɪ.ə/ loyal, royal
/aʊr/ hour, power
/oʊ.ɚ/ lower, shower
( P23, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
55
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WOR
D
month
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
thing
ring
whistle
yearly
/θiŋ/
/riŋ/
/’wisәl/
/’jiәli/
6
7
8
9
10
/bænd/
/әv/
/’viktәri/
/ ðәʊ/
unit
/’ju:nit/
band
of
victory
though
cancelle
d
/’kænsәld/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
subject- student
arise- area
effect- effort
doll- hole
private- attract
/ʌ/- /ju:/
/ə/- /æ/
/i:/- /e/
/ɒ/- /əu/
/ai/- /æ/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
slowly
behave
tomorrow
tablet
allow
below
fame
castle
baby
carrot
many
plane
cycling
company
decided
moved
poultry
bound
ground
carried
sound
56
believed
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
maintain
perform
preserve
century
company
calendar
everybody
begin
result
market
income
social
protect
horrible
holiday
logically
adult
office
adventure
colourful
entertainer
understand
centimetre
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
/wɒt ɪgˈzæktli dʊ jʊ miːn?/
/ðə bɒs wɒnts tə siː juː/
/kəd jʊ gɪv mi ə ˈriːfʌnd?/
/aɪ kɑːnt ˈkɒnsəntreɪt/
/dʊ jʊ wɒnt mi tə ʧɛk?/
What exactly do you mean?
The boss wants to see you
Could you give me a refund?
I can’t concentrate
Do you want me to check?
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Part I THEORY
1. What is Phonetic transcription?(1pt)
2. When pronouncing these words: potato, tomato, today, perhaps,
what does the phenomenon happen?(2pts)
Key 19
1. What is Phonetic transcription?(1pt)
A phonetic transcription is a transcription which contains a lot of
information about the exact quality of the sound. It shows more phonetic
details such as: Aspiration, length, nasalization by using a wide variety of
symbols.
Eg: [stuei]
( P42, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach
2. When pronouncing these words: potato, tomato, today, perhaps,
what does the phenomenon happen?(2pts)
When pronouncing these words: potato, tomato, today, perhaps, a
phenomenon will happen is that loss of weak vowel after p, k, t. It means
that the vowel in the first syllable disappear, the aspiration of the initial
plosive takes up the whole of the middle portion of the syllable.
Potato [ phteitəu ]
Tomato [ thmɑː.təʊ]
Today
[ thdei]
(P127, English phonetics and phonology,, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
58
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
dancer
zealot
/’dænsә(r)/
/’zelәt/
usually
teacher
s
joyful
/’jʊʒʊәli/
6
7
8
age
girl
Monda
y
/eidʒ/
/gз:l/
/’mʌndei/
light
youth
/lait/
/ju:θ/
9
/ti:tʃәz/
/dʒɔifʊl/
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
meter- decide
skull-full
bank- star
open- remind
martial- mature
/i:/- /i/
/ʌ/- /u/
/æ/-/a:/
/ə/- /i/
/a:/- /ə/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
tablet
academic
grade
behave
examination
stadium
accident
finally
animal
knowledge
flower
shower
coward
also
always
august
noodle
cooking
food
toothpaste
ask
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
59
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
advance
fireworks
follow
dedicate
impressive
reminder
descendant
government
technical
parallel
understand
holiday
semester
family
interest
wonderfully
American
supermarket
secondary
offer
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDE
R
TRANSCIPTION
Examp / ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
le
ORTHOGRAP
HY
the time
has come
1
/ɪts nɒt ə weɪst əv taɪm/
2
/ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən ˈsɪstɪm z ˈtɛrəbl/
3
/maɪ kəmˈpjuːtə həz ˈfrəʊzn/
4
/lɛt mi həv ə lɒk/
5
/kəd jʊ həʊld ðə laɪn, pliːz/
60
It’s not a waste
of time
The public
transportation
system is
terrible
My computer
has frozen
Let me have a
look
Could you hold
the line, please!
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Part I THEORY
1. What is a tone language?(1pt)
2. How many diphthongs are there in English? Give some examples
for each one.(2pts)
Key 20
1. What is a tone language?(1pt)
A tone language is one in which the tone can determine the meaning of a
word and a change from one tone to another can completely change the
meaning of a word.
Eg: Vietnamese, Chinese
(136, English phonetics and phonology,2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. How many diphthongs are there in English? Give some examples
61
for each one.(2pts)
There are 8 diphthongs in English. They are :
/aɪ/ style, find, kind
/aʊ/ town, found, loud
/eɪ/ may, stay, play
/oʊ/ go, slow, boat
/ɔɪ/ boy, toy, employ
/eə/ hair, fair, fare
/ɪə/ fear, hear, theatre
/ʊə/ tour, sure, pour
(P20-22, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
month
whisper
universit
y
start
splashy
speak
3
4
5
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WOR
D
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/’wispә/
6
7
school
/skʊl/
small
sphere
sink
noise
/smɔl/
/sfiә/
/siŋk/
/nɔis/
/ju:ni’vз:siti/
/sta:t/
/splæʃi/
/spi:k/
8
9
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
push- crush
cater- departure
ridden- widen
/u/- /ʌ/
/ei/- /a:/
/i/- /ai/
4
5
term- November
remind- debt
/ɜː/- /e/
/i/-/e/
62
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
sugar
plane
behave
tablet
sweet
sport
facial
teenage
laughed
sacrificed
explained
dough
mould
poultry
wild
driven
sorry
planet
kicked
around
alive
sign
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
event
begin
hero
result
adult
mostly
shooting
marry
involve
system
boxing
Vietnamese
lemonade
important
Japanese
seventy
telephone
benefit
engineer
monetary
paralysis
protagonist
analogous
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
/aɪ niːd tə spiːk tə ðə ˈmænɪʤə/
2
/ɪt kiːps ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈfʌni nɔɪz/
63
I need to speak to the
manager
It keeps making a funny
3
/aɪ dəʊnt nəʊ haʊ tə tɜːn ɪt ɒn/
4
/wəd jʊ maɪnd ˈhɛlpɪŋ miː?/
5
/aɪm səʊ pliːzd fə juː/
noise
I don’t know how to turn it
on
Would you mind helping
me?
I’m so pleased for you
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of the level tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. What are diphthongs in English? Give some examples(2pts)
Key 21
1. What is the function of the level tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
The level tone is the tone almost always conveys a feeling of saying
64
something in routine, uninteresting or boring.
Eg: T calls the names of Ss from a register
Ss respond with “ yes”
( 140, English phonetics and phonology,2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What are diphthongs in English? Give some examples(2pts)
A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another, on the whole glide acts
like one of the long simple vowel. In term of length, diphthongs are like
long vowel, the most important thing to remember about all the diphthong
is that the first part is longer and stronger than the second part. As a result,
the second part is shorter and quieter.
Eg: /aɪ/ style, find, kind
/aʊ/ town, found, loud
/eɪ/ may, stay, play
(P20, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
6. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
ceiling
wing
reader
train
pure
/’si:liŋ/
/wiŋ/
/’ri:dә/
/trein/
/pjʊә/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
twice
class
tube
snow
plump
/twais/
/kla:s/
/tjʊb/
/snәʊ/
/plʌmp/
7. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
stomach- church
repeats- trays
destroys- prevents
natural- native
study- bury
/k/- /tʃ/
/s/- /z/
/s/- /z/
/æ/-/ei/
/ʌ/- /e/
65
/e/
8. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
image
course
behave
relative
cinema
tablet
motivate
conversation
computer
success
punish
multiple
flew
few
included wanted
appreciate
supper
crew
wicked
chew
noticed
9. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
10.
before
camel
begin
result
create
adult
defend
permit
series
wildlife
domestic
investment
undergo
confident
influence
remember
nationally
political
cosy
result
substantial
computer
Canadian
unluckily
Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
/aɪ ˈrɪəli niːd tə gɛt səm ˈmʌni/
2
3
4
/ðæts ˈrɪəli əˈnɔɪɪŋ/
/ðæts fænˈtæstɪk njuːz/
/ðæts ə ʃaɪ/
66
I really need to get some
money
That’s really annoying
That’s fantastic news
That’s a shy
5
/aɪv gɒt tuː mʌʧ wɜːk tə duː/
67
I’ve got too much work to
do
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of the falling tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. What is a phoneme? How many phoneme there are in 3 words : “
pen”, “find”, “ hour”?(2pt)
Key 22
1. What is the function of the falling tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
This tone is usually regarded as more or less neutral. It conveys an
impression of “ finality”
Eg: Answer the question with “ yes/no” with falling tone mean that the
question is answered and there’s nothing more.
(P138, English Phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What is a phoneme? How many phoneme there are in 3 words : “
pen”, “find”, “ hour”?(2pt)
A phoneme is the smallest segment of sound which can distinguish two
68
words. Phonemes are abstract units that form the basis for writing down a
language systematically and unambiguously. Each phoneme is meaningless
in isolation, it becomes meaningful only when it is combined with other
phonemes.
Eg: Pen/pen/ 3 phonemes
Find /faɪnd/ 5 phonemes
Hour /aʊr/ 3 phonemes
( P37-38, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
sweet
proud
super
cream
cure
/swi:t/
/praʊd/
/sjʊpә/
/kri:m/
/kjʊә/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
quite
bring
blow
beauty
grow
/kwait/
/briŋ/
/blәʊ/
/’bjʊti/
/grәʊ/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
bush- rush
sought- drought
cured- crashed
prefer- thunder
talks- tells
/u/- /ʌ/
/ɔː/-/au/
/d/- /t/
/ɜː/- /ə/
/s/-/z/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
WORDS
69
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
have
insect
lose
credible
power
slowly
idiom
bridge
manage
had
behave
prejudice
widow
useful
prelude
arrow
determine
engineer
tablet
bulletin
finger
sport
preliminary
refine
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
central
announce
succeed
product
document
beautiful
information
begin
result
hardly
adult
option
total
anxious
fiction
classical
September
television
national
November
dictionary
pagoda
December
watermelon
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
TRANSCIPTION
ORTHOGRAPHY
Exampl
e
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
the time has come
1
2
3
4
5
/ɪt həz ə gʊd ˈʃɒpɪŋ/
/aɪv kræʃ ðə kɑː/
/aɪm səʊ pliːzd fə juː/
/wi ɑːskt ɪf ɪt həd kʌm/
/ðə bʌs wəz leɪt/
It has a good shop, 3dd
I’ve crash the car
I’m so pleased for you
We asked if it had come
The bus was late
70
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Part I THEORY
1. What are front vowels and back vowel? Give some examples(1pt)
2. How can tones be classified?(2pts)
Key 23
1. What are front vowels and back vowel? Give some examples(1pt)
Front vowels and back vowels relate to the change of the shape of tongue in
producing the vowel.
If the front part of the tongue is raised, we have front vowels, for example
/i:/, /æ/.
On the other hand, if the back of the tongue is the highest point, we have
a back vowel, for example: /a: /, /u:/
2. How can tones be classified? (2pts)
There are two types of tones
- Simple tones which are one-syllable words can be said with either a
level tone or a moving tone. In English, level tones are not used
71
frequently, because it does not sound natural. However, moving
tones are more common ( falling tone/ rising tone)
- Complex tones which include
+ the fall-rise tone( the pitch descends and then rises again)
+ the rise-fall ( the pitch follows the opposite movement), it’s less
frequently used.
( 135-137,English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
glass
spoil
spheral
stand
smash
/gla:s/
/spɔil/
/’sfiәrәl/
/stænd/
/smæʃ/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
skill
purely
propose
treat
tubal
/skil/
/’pjʊәli/
/’prɔpәʊs/
/tri:t/
/’tjʊ:bәl/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
gain- gesture
population- question
sweat- meat
pant- want
myth- type
/g/- /dʒ/
/ʃ/- /tʃ/
/e/- /i:/
/æ/-/ɔː/
/i/- /ai/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
WORDS
have
moved
had
behave
checked
72
pushed
tablet
stepped
2
3
4
5
century
camping
creature
hotel
slow
hear
dear
slave
cake
course
volleyball
pear
shape
home
clear
slap
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
exciting
commerce
suitable
romantic
character
material
begin
result
adult
important
reserve
religion
remember
burden
develop
Pyramid
southern
kangaroo
triangular
butterfly
photographic
celebrate
ability
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
2
3
4
/wɪə ˈgɛtɪŋ ˈmærɪd/
/ðə ˈkwɛsʧənz wər ˈiːzi/
/aɪ kɑːnt gɛt tə sliːp/
/wɪl ðeə bi əˈnʌðə treɪn ˈleɪtə/
5
/wi dəʊnt sməʊk, bət səm ˈpiːpl duː/
73
We’re getting married
The questions were easy
I can’t get to sleep
Will there be another
train later
We don’t smoke, but
some people do
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of rise-fall tones in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. In what cases, the strong form is used? (2pts)
Key
1. What is the function of rise-fall tones in English? Give an
example(1pt)
This tone is used to convey rather strong feelings of approval, disapproval
or surprise.
Eg: A: Isn’t the view lovely!
B: ^yes
( P140, English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. In what cases, the strong form is used?(2pts)
There are certain contexts in which only strong form is acceptable and
others where the weak form pronunciation is the normal.
- When the word occurs at the end of the sentence.
74
Eg: what are you looking at?
/wɒt ɑː juː ˈlʊkɪŋ æt/
- When a weak form is being contrasted with another words.
Eg: The letter is from him, not to him.
/ðə ˈlɛtər ɪz frɒm hɪm, nɒt tuː hɪm/
- When a weak form word is given stress for the purpose of emphasis
Eg: I have to go
/ aɪ hæv tuː gəʊ/
- When a weak form word is being “ cited” or “ quoted”
Eg: You shouldn’t put “ and” at the end of the sentence
juː ʃʊdnt pʊt “ ænd” æt ði ɛnd ɒv ðə ˈsɛntəns
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
month
twerp
swim
sneeze
superad
d
apply
5
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WOR
D
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/twз:p/
/swim/
/sni:z/
6
7
8
9
nudism
cry
clean
/’njʊdizm/
/krai/
/kli:ns/
quit
bride
/kwit/
/braid/
/sjʊpәr’æd/
/ә’plai/
10
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
appeared- coughed
thereupon- threesome
chaos- child
wasted- practiced
most- lost
/d/- /t/
/ð/ - / θ/
/k/- /tʃ/
/id/- /t/
/əu/- /ɒ/
75
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
capital
behave
tablet
competition
alcohol
invasion
liberation
exchange
counterfeit
courtesy
armchair
sandwich
silent
twine
swine
advice
photography
drought
chocolate
outer
school
political
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
ocean
begin
submit
result
adult
region
issue
fiction
expert
secure
promise
instance
knowledge
seventeen
anything
apology
quarterfinal
transportation
instance
oblige
cucumber
academic
mountainous
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
/ðə bʌs wəz leɪt/
/kəd jʊ həʊld ðə laɪn, pliːz?/
/wɒts hi laɪk ˈsəʊʃəli?/
76
The bus was late
Could you hold the line, please?
What’s he like socially?
4
5
/hi wəz ə ˈnɔːməl twɛlv-jɪər əʊld/
/jʊər əˈlaʊd tə kʌm/
He was a normal twelve year old
You’re allowed to come
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the function of fall-rise tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
2. How are speech sounds produced? (2 pts)
Key 25
1. What is the function of fall-rise tone in English? Give an
example(1pt)
This tone is usually used to show “ limited agreement” or response with
reservations” .
Eg: A: I’ve heard that it’s a good school
77
B: ,yes
B’s reply would be taken to mean that he would not completely agree with
what A said.
( P138, English Phonetics and Phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. How are speech sounds produced? (2 pts)
When we are making sounds, the air stream from the lungs comes up
through the wind-pipe and goes to the larynx. Then it goes through the
vocal cords into the pharynx and by muscles, the air stream is put up to the
uvular. At that point, it may go in either way:
- It goes into the oral cavity go out the mouth if the soft palate is
raised.
- It may go into the nasal tract go out the nostrils if the soft palate is
lowed.
( P8. English Phonetics &Phonology_ Peter Roach, 2nd edition)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl month
/mʌnθ/
e
1
cute
/kjʊt/
6
dread
/dred /
2
beautify
/’bjʊtifai/
7
speaker
/’spi:kә/
3
blame
/bleim/
8
twicer
/’twaisә/
4
great
/greit/
9
claim
/kleim/
5
glim
/glim/
10
tuber
/’tjʊ:bә/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
drought -fought
occurs- prevents
deal- clean
supported- finished
/au/-/ɔː/
/z/- /s/
/iə/- /i:/
/id/- /t/
b is silent- b is
pronounced
climber- subtle
78
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
had
behave
usually
visitor
museum
hotel
those
head
heat
ahead
white
wet
better
tablet
desert
hospital
seat
behind
rest
home
need
hungry
pretty
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
manage
shortage
target
provide
suspicious
confidence
apartment
effective
grocery
scenery
defensive
championship
convenient
profession
pollution
attitude
disrespectful
independent
physically
understanding
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
2
3
/wɪə səˈpəʊzd tə gəʊ/
/jʊ ʃəd ˈlɪsn tə miː/
/ɪt kiːps ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈfʌni nɔɪz/
4
5
/ðeɪv wʌn ˈsɛprɪtli/
/həv jʊ biːn ðeə?/
79
We’re supposed to go
You should listen to me
It keeps making a funny
noise
They’ve won separately
Have you been there?
80
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Part I THEORY
1. What is the definition of consonants?(1pt)
2 . What is the attitudinal function of intonation?(2pts)
Key 26
1. What is the definition of consonants?(1pt)
In the process of making sounds, if two articulators come together or one
articulator comes toward the another, obstructing the air stream. It makes
the air stream not go out freely. Then we have the consonant sounds.
Eg: /n/, /s/, /θ/
(P10, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What is the attitudinal function of intonation?(2pts)
Intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes as we speak, and
this adds a special kind of meaning to spoken language. This is call
81
attitudinal function of intonation.
Eg: “Thank you”
- Starting high ( )and end low(
) indicates show real gratitude.
- Starting low and end high, casual acknowledge of something not is
very important.
(146, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
1.
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
month
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
scan
/skæn/
6
7
/swɔn/
stay
biospher
e
sneaky
/stei/
swan
superabl
y
/baiә’sfiә/
/’sni:ki/
smell
/smel/
/’sjʊpәreibli/
8
9
10
produce
purify
treatmen
t
/prә’djʊs/
/’pjʊrәfai/
/’tri:tmәnt/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
how- slow
harm- talk
thought- though
call- cell
pleasure- permission
/au/- / əʊ/
/a:/ -/ ɔː/
/ ɔː/- / əʊ/
/k/- /s/
/ ʒ/- / ʃ/
/e/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
WORDS
have
had
behave
82
tablet
e
1
2
3
4
5
discuss
certainly
fate
cape
spine
feminine
amount
astound
champagne chlorine
discount
tape
valentine
mouthful
charisma
customer
bacteria
undermine
shoulder
archive
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
relate
nervous
solution
personal
community
begin
major
cheerful
powerful
interview
energetic
result
adult
forceful
tasty
whenever
collection
enthusiast
focus
regret
unselfish
forester
participate
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has
come
1
/aɪ θɔːt jʊ laɪkt hɪm/
2
/ʃəl wi ˈəʊpən ðə ˈwɪndəʊ?/
3
/aɪ faɪnd əˈstrɑnəmi ˈvɛri ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/
4
/ðə ˈwɛðər wəz ˈvɛri bæd/
5
/aɪv gɒt tuː mʌʧ wɜːk tə duː/
83
I thought you like
him
Shall we open the
window?
I find astronomoy
very interesting
The weather was
very bad
Ai
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Part I THEORY
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are
there in English?(1pt)
2. What are (H), (PH), TS, (T) for in the tone-unit?(2pts)
Key 27
1. According to the manner of articulation, how many plosives are there in
English?
According to the manner of articulation, there are 6 plosives in English. They
are /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/,/d/,/g/.
2. What are (H), (PH), TS, (T) for in the tone-unit?(2pts)
These symbols are used to indicated the components in a tone-unit.
- The head( H) is all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first
stressed syllable up to but not including the tonic syllable.
84
- The pre-head( PH) is composed of all the unstressed syllables in a
tone-unit preceding the first stressed syllable.
- The tail( T) is any syllables between the tonic syllable and the end
of the tone-unit.
- TS- Tonic syllable which carries the tone in a tone-unit
(147,148, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
6. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
month
please
creativ
e
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/pli:s/
6
7
cutely
/’kjʊtli/
glance
beautifu
l
groom
dwelt
/gla:ns/
/kri:’eitiv/
3
8
bridge
quest
bleach
4
5
/bridʒ/
/kwest/
/bli:tʃ/
9
10
/’bjʊtifʊl/
/gru:m/
/dwel/
7. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
pan- woman
labor- captain
most- cost
beard- dear
flame- man
/æ/- / ə/
/ei/- /æ/
/ əʊ/- /ɒ/
/iə/- /eə/
/ei/- /æ/
/e/
8. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
have
1
2
especially
had
behave
license
except
85
tablet
3
4
5
dancer
tooth
paradigm
take
aisle
straight
booth
swine
say
sail
good
filter
brake
afraid
soon
sight
national
9. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
10.
WORDS
before
distant
action
animal
hospital
capital
amazing
inhabitant
ingenious
begin
treatment
aspect
electric
badminton
initiate
result
adult
balance
concern
endless
acquire
different
terrible
engineering
Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPH
Y
the
time
has come
1
2
/ðæts ɪnˈkrɛdəbl/
/wɒt taɪp əv θɪŋz dɪd jʊ duː/
3
/hiːz gɒt tə peɪ ə faɪn/
4
/ðə bɒs wɒnts tə siː juː/
5
/aɪ faɪnd ˈfreɪz(ə)l vɜːbz ˈvɛri ˈdɪfɪkəlt/
86
That’s incredible.
What type of
things did you
do?
He’s got to pay a
fine
The boss wants to
see you
I find phrasal
verbs very
difficult
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Part I THEORY
1. Which words have both a strong form and a weak form?(1pt)
2. What is the accentual function of intonation?(2pts)
Key 28
1. Which words have both a strong form and a weak form?(1pt)
Almost all the words which have both a strong and weak form belong to a
category that may be called functions words, another word is grammatical
words. They are auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions,…
Eg : at - /ət/ weak form
/ æt/ strong form
(p102,103, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. What is the accentual function of intonation?(2pts)
87
Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on syllables that need
to be perceived as stressed, and in particular the placing of tonic stresss on
a particular syllable marks out the word, to which it belongs as the most
important in the tone-unit
Ex : It was very boring ( emphasis)
It was very boring( non-emphasis)
(172, 173, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
11.
Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
WORD
Exampl
e
1
2
3
month
dreadful
flame
dutifull
y
throw
view
4
5
12.
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WOR
D
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/’dredfʊl/
/fleim/
6
7
8
thwart
spread
/ ðwæt/
/spred/
scream
splash
mute
/scri:m/
/splæʃ/
/mjʊt/
/’djʊtifʊli/
/θrәʊ/
/vjʊ/
9
10
Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
tidy- cliff
through- them
country- bought
any- apple
book- blood
/ai/- /i/
/θ/- /ð/
/ʌ/ -/ ɔː/
/e/- /æ/
/ ʊ/- /ʌ/
/e/
13.
Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the
same way as those in other words
ORDER
WORDS
88
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
have
had
great
apple
nurse
aerobics
correct
fuel
behave
tablet
beautiful
gram
opposite
carrot
teacher
hand
surprise
blue
hue
means
want
surname
lemonade
cue
14.
Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress
pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
15.
WORDS
before
begin
result
adult
contain
constant
contract
concern
sculpture
worksheet
comment
hospital
inflation
policy
constantly
develop
commitment
overall
investment
carefully
correctly
seriously
personally
concept
Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time
come
1
2
/hi lʊks ɪn ə bæd muːd/
/aɪ,ɛm əˈfreɪd aɪ həv ə kəmˈpleɪnt/
3
/haʊ kən jʊ wɜrk ɪn ði ˈɔfəs/
4
/aɪm ˈsɪŋgl ət ðə ˈməʊmənt/
89
has
He looks in a bad mood
I’m afraid I have a
complaint
How can you work in
the office?
I’m single at the
moment
5
/aɪd ˈrɑːðər iːt aʊt ðən ət həʊm/
I’d rather eat out than
at home
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Part I THEORY
1. Why isn’t English regarded as a tone language?(1pt)
2. How is a nasal sound produced?( 2pts)
Key 29
1. Why isn’t English regarded as a tone language?(1pt)
Because English is one of the languages that do not use tone to distinguish the
meaning of words, though tones or pitch differences are used for other purposes.
(136, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter Roach)
2. How is a nasal sound produced?( 2pts)
The air stream from the lungs comes up through the wind pipe, and goes to the
larynx. Then it goes through the vocal cords into the pharynx and up to the uvula.
At the uvula, if the soft palate is lowed, the air-stream can get into the nasal tract
90
and get out through the nostrils. The sounds are produced by the way, we call
nasal sounds.
Eg: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
( Fig 1. Articulators,P8, English phonetics and phonology, 2nd edition, Peter
Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WOR
D
month
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
/mʌnθ/
ORDE
R
WORD
TRANSCRIPTIO
N
nude
shrimp
student
/njʊd/
/∫rimp/
/’stjʊdnt/
6
7
8
9
/skweә/
/spjʊ:m/
/θru:/
stream
screen
/stri:m/
/scri:n/
square
spume
through
intervie
w
thwack
10
/’intәvjʊ/
/ ðwæk/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
hour- pour
station- question
sew- few
break- bread
blood- tool
/e/
/au/-/ ɔː/
/ʃ/ - /tʃ/
/ əʊ/- /ju:/
/ei/- /e/
/ʌ/- / uː/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
WORDS
have
had
behave
91
tablet
1
2
3
4
5
noisy
inside
listen
garden
warm
country
flower
penalty
level
nourish
costly
yard
market
shower
house
scenic
epidemic
flourish
courageous
southern
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
before
luggage
argument
certain
equal
government
depression
institute
powerful
reliable
independent
begin
increase
result
adult
benefit
couple
destruction
consumption
responsible
decide
contribute
specific
decisiveness
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time
come
1
2
/ðə ʃʊd biː ə ruːl/
/dʊ jʊ həv ˈɛni ˈkwɛsʧənz?/
3
4
/ðə kɒts tu ː smɔːl/
/lɛts dɪˈskʌs ðɪs təˈmɑˌroʊ/
5
/ɪts sʌʧ ən əˈmeɪzɪŋ koʊˈɪnsɪdəns/
92
has
There should be a rule
Do you have any
questions?
The cot’s too small
Let’s discuss this
tomorrow
It’s such an amazing
coincidence
93
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Score in words
Part I THEORY
1. According to the voicing, what do the term “fortis” and “lenis” mean? Give
some examples for each one. (1pt)
2. How is an oral sound produced?( 2pts)
Key 30
1. According to the voicing, what do the term“ fortis” and “ lenis” mean?
Give some examples for each one.
According to the voicing, “ fortis” means “strong” , refers to voiceless sounds .
For example: /p/,/f/,/t/
“lenis” means ‘weak”, refers to voiced sounds/. For example : /b/, /v/, d/.
2. How is an oral sound produced?( 2pts)
The air stream from the lungs comes up through the wind pipe, and goes to the
larynx. Then it goes through the vocal cords into the pharynx and up to the uvula.
At the uvula, if the soft palate is raised, blocking off the nasal tract. The air-stream
can only go into the oral tract and go out of the mouth. And the sounds formed by
the way are called oral sounds.
Eg: /g/, /s/,/w/
94
( Fig. 1 The articulators, P8, English phonetics & phonology, 2nd edition, Peter
Roach)
Part II: PRACTICE
1. Transcribe the following words by using their symbols of sound
ORDER WORD TRANSCRIPTION
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
month
/mʌnθ/
shriek
mutual
nudist
splat
sprawl
/∫ri:k/
/’mjʊtʊәl/
/’njʊdist/
/splæt/
/sprɔ:l/
ORDE
R
6
7
8
9
10
WORD TRANSCRIPTION
scree
strawy
squarer
scuba
spue
/scri: /
/’strɔ:i/
/’skweәrә/
/’skjʊbә/
/spjʊ:/
2. Identify the underlined sounds of these pairs of words
ORDER
WORD
SOUND
Exampl
e
eat-head
/i:/
1
2
3
4
5
classify - photography
idiom- idea
hoped - waited
blood- food
though- thank
/e/
/ai/- /ɪ/
/ɪ/- /ai/
/t/- / ɪd/
/ʌ/- / uː/
/ð/ - /θ/
3. Underline the word of which the parts in bold type is not pronounced in the same
way as those in other words
ORDER
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
WORDS
have
horrible
here
cruise
tail
Britain
hate
had
behave
hour
house
build
fail
bruise
explain
made
cake
95
tablet
fruit
sad
stove
moment
sometimes
close
4. Underline the word in each group which does not have the same stress pattern
ORDER
WORDS
Exampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
before
donate
begin
impair
result
adult
mental
support
campaign
hearing
slogan
talent
article
maximum
recycle
generous
detective
discover
encourage
primary
classically
mechanical
behaviour
millimetre
5. Base on the transcription to write them in normal English orthography
ORDER
Exampl
e
TRANSCIPTION
/ ðə ˈtaɪm ˈhæz ˈkʌm /
ORTHOGRAPHY
the time has come
1
/ðə treɪn wɛnt θruː ðə ˈtʌnl/
2
3
4
5
/ɪts ðə məʊst ˈbjuːtəfʊl pleɪs/
/jʊər ə ˈdɒktə, ɑːnt juː/
/jʊ məst traɪ ˈhɑːdə/
/dɪd jʊ hɪə ðət nɔɪz?/
96
The train went through the
tunnel
It’s the most beautiful place
You’re a doctor, aren’t you?
You must try harder
Did you hear that voice?