SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN C01 PART 1 By Nanziba Basnin (Adjunct Faculty IIUC, Dept. of CSE) CO1 Understand project management and system development life cycle. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 2 SYSTEM A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 3 COMPONENTS • Physical Parts • Sample Footer Text Engine, wings of an aircraft, wheel of a car 2/7/20XX 4 MANAGERIAL STEPS • Sample Footer Text Planning, organizing, directing and controlling 2/7/20XX 5 IMPLICATION OF SYSTEM CONCEPTS • A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective • Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among components • Organization as a whole have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystem. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM Formal Organisati on position President Vice-President Sales Department Head Assembly Sample Footer Text Workers Vice-President Production Vice-President Accounting Department Head Assembly Workers Lines of Authority 2/7/20XX 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM • Organization • • • Interaction • • • • How system components are connected Central Objective • Sample Footer Text Parts of the organization depending on each other Co-ordinated and linked together in respect to a plan 1 subsystem depends on the input of another subsystem Integration • • Manner in which each components functions with other components Interdependence • • Implies structure and order Arranging components in a way to attain goals Goal of the system must be recognized prior to its development 2/7/20XX 8 EXAMPLE OF INTERDEPENDENCE Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 9 ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM • Sample Footer Text A system has three basic elements input, processing and output. The other elements include control, feedback, boundaries, environment and interfaces. 2/7/20XX 10 TYPES OF SYSTEM • Physical or Abstract Systems • • • Sample Footer Text Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them. Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static. A programmed computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and applications can change according to the user's needs. Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation or model of a real system. 2/7/20XX 11 TYPES OF SYSTEM Open or Closed Systems • An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the outside of the system. For example, an information system which must adapt to the changing environmental conditions. • A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 12 TYPES OF SYSTEM Adaptive and Non-Adaptive System • Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their performance and to survive. For example, human beings, animals. • Non-Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the environment. For example, machines. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 13 TYPES OF SYSTEM Permanent or Temporary System • Permanent System persists for long time. For example, business policies. • Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are demolished. For example, A Data Processing system is set up for a program and it is dissembled after the program. Natural and Manufactured System • Natural systems are created by the nature. For example, solar system, seasonal system. • Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets, dams, trains. Deterministic or Probabilistic System • Deterministic system operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between system components is known with certainty. For example, two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen make water. • Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not known. For example, Weather forecasting, mail delivery. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 14 TYPES OF SYSTEM Social, Human-Machine, Machine System • Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs, societies. • In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to perform a particular task. For example, Computer programming. • Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the tasks are performed by the machine. For example, an autonomous robot. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 15 TYPES OF SYSTEM Man–Made Information Systems • It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for particular organization, under Direct Management Control (DMC). • This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and application for producing information according to the need of an organization. • Man-made information systems are divided into three types − • • • Sample Footer Text Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of information in the form of memos, instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of management. Informal Information System – It is employee-based system which solves the day to day work related problems. Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing business applications. For example, automatic library system, railway reservation system, banking system, etc. 2/7/20XX 16 17 CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION Three categories of information exists. In relation to managerial levels and the decision managers… Strategic Information • This information is required by topmost management for long range planning policies for next few years. For example, trends in revenues, financial investment, and human resources, and population growth. • This type of information is achieved with the aid of Decision Support System (DSS). Managerial Information • This type of Information is required by middle management for short and intermediate range planning which is in terms of months. For example, sales analysis, cash flow projection, and annual financial statements. • It is achieved with the aid of Management Information Systems (MIS). Operational information • This type of information is required by low management for daily and short term planning to enforce day-to-day operational activities. For example, keeping employee attendance records, overdue purchase orders, and current stocks available. • It is achieved with the aid of Data Processing Systems (DPS). Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 18 Management Level Upper Strategic Planning Information Middle Lower Sample Footer Text Management Control Information Operational Information 2/7/20XX 19 SYSTEMS FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Sales and Marketing These systems are responsible for selling the organization product/service • Strategic Level • • • • Management Level • • • • Support Market Research Advertising and promotional campaigns Pricing decision Operational Level • • • • Sample Footer Text Monitoring the trend to understand the effect on the sales of new product Support planning for a new product and service Monitor performance of competitors Assist in locating and contacting prospective customers Tracking Sales Processing Orders Providing customer service 2/7/20XX 20 SYSTEMS FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Assignment • Manufacturing and production system • Finance and accounting system • Human Resource System Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 21 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN • System analysis and design is a whole process of analyzing a given system, defining problems, defining the system specification, providing best feasible solution to a given problem and maintenance of the proposed system with day-to-day future developments. • SAD lends structure to the analysis and design of information systems. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 22 SYSTEM ANALYSIS • System analysis is a process • • • Collecting & interpreting facts Identifying problems Use the information to recommend improvements in the system This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weakness of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 23 SYSTEM DESIGN • What is Design? Process of translating between system specification (of what system must do) into a specification of how it will accomplish it. The system design involves:• Defining precisely the required system output • Determining the data requirement for producing the output • Determining the medium and format of files and databases • Devising processing methods and use of software to produce output • Determine the methods of data capture data input • Designing input forms • Designing codification scheme • Detailed manual procedures 2/7/20XX 24 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN • SAD, as performed by the system analysts • SA systematically assesses how business function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intend to improve organizational processes. Sample Footer Text 2/7/20XX 25
