lOMoARcPSD|16195991
Ethics - Lecture notes 1
Ethics (Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the
Philippines)
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lOMoARcPSD|16195991
ETHI
CSa
ndPHI
L
OSOPHY
ETHI
CSREVOL
VESAROUNDHUMANLI
FE
Hu
ma
nl
i
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o
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mma
sa
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e
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t
i
o
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f
v
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u
e
s
 Sh
o
u
l
do
n
eb
eh
o
n
e
s
t
a
l
l
t
h
et
i
me
?
 Sh
o
u
l
dh
o
mo
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e
x
u
a
l
sb
ea
l
l
o
we
dt
oma
r
r
y
?
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o
u
l
dwo
me
nb
ep
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r
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t
t
e
dt
oh
a
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o
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i
o
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I
si
to
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i
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et
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mt
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 Sh
o
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dwek
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?
WHATDOESI
TMEAN:‘
THEACTI
ONI
SGOOD’
?
WHATDOESI
TMEAN:‘
THEACTI
ONI
SWRONG’
?
- Th
o
s
eq
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ti
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t
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–
REASON
Whi
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ta
s
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swh
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g
sf
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me
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s
t
s
?
ETHI
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sc
o
n
c
e
r
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e
dwi
t
hwh
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ti
smo
r
a
l(
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o
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n
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r
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(
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a
d
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n
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r
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a
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f
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t
o
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g
h
t
t
ob
el
i
v
e
d
.
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h
i
c
si
sab
r
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n
c
ho
fp
h
i
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o
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o
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e
dmo
r
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o
p
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y
.
PHI
L
OSOPHY
Epi
s
t
e
mol
ogyd
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a
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swi
t
ht
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e
d
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k
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wt
h
a
t
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k
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w?OrWh
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t
c
a
nI
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o
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my
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h
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d
?
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s
t
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t
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c
sd
e
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swi
t
ha
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ta
n
db
e
a
u
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tk
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g
sd
o
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Di
ffe
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e
ntfie
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l
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h
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Sc
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.
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f
r
e
dNo
r
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hWh
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a
d
- “
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o
p
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st
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e
a
v
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of
r
a
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o
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.
”
Wi
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r
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r
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- “
Th
ea
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mo
fp
h
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p
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b
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r
m.
”
(
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,
Pe
r
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e
p
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dRe
a
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,
1
9
6
3
)
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,
a
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s
.
Downloaded by Emanuel Nayve (emanuel.alim.nayve@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|16195991
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on
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:
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sp
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me
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AL
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r
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l
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THE NATURE OF ETHI
CS & ETHI
CAL
REASONI
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No
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ETHI
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ETHOS,
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NSo
c
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kwo
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NORMATI
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N:
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a
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df
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sc
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a
r
a
c
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r
.
ETHI
CS
-
Th
emo
r
a
l
“
o
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”
o
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r
r
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d
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Downloaded by Emanuel Nayve (emanuel.alim.nayve@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|16195991
-
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me
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mi
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o
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fr
e
l
a
t
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a
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a
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r
s
a
l
l
yr
e
q
u
i
r
e
do
ra
d
h
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r
e
dt
o
.
C.On mor
a
lunc
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r
t
a
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m e
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no
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a
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se
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d
,
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k
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p
t
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c
i
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mi
sma
t
t
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ro
f
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o
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l
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,
s
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et
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d
e
a
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t
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et
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fv
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st
o wh
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o
n
ec
a
na
g
r
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e
.

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ni
fp
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e
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y
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fa
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eu
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we
v
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r
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r
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tr
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sn
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e
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s
y
t
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f
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a
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d
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r
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.
”
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lOMoARcPSD|16195991
Hes
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t
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t
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r
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sf
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e
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o wa
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fi
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et
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eg
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t
hwh
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ps
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o
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dmymo
r
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v
i
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wsc
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c
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d
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:
my
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
,
mys
t
a
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e
,
myf
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mi
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,
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rmy
s
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f
a
n
dmyp
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s
?
An
dh
o
wwo
u
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dwed
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c
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d
e
?
3
. F
o
ri
n
d
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a
lr
e
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a
t
i
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mt
h
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l
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t
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c
c
o
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fo
n
et
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r
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s
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r
di
n
t
oo
n
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l
f
,
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n
efi
n
d
sc
o
n
fl
i
c
t
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n
gf
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
.
On
e
wa
n
t
st
ok
n
o
wn
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th
o
wd
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ef
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th
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tt
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4
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5
. Re
l
a
t
i
v
i
s
mi
ss
o
me
t
i
me
ss
i
mp
l
yak
i
n
do
fi
n
t
e
l
l
e
c
t
u
a
l
l
a
z
i
n
e
s
so
ral
a
c
ko
f
mo
r
a
l
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
.
- T
os
a
y“
wh
a
t
i
sg
o
o
df
o
rs
o
mei
sn
o
t
n
e
c
e
s
s
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r
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l
yg
o
o
d
f
o
ro
t
h
e
r
s
”i
ss
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mp
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yt
oe
x
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s
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s
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ff
r
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mh
a
v
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n
gt
o
t
h
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ka
b
o
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t
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f
myo
wne
t
h
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c
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p
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i
t
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o
n
s
.
o
Jeffrey Almoguerra, a 30-yearold janitor
❖An envelope full of US-dollar-cash was found by a
janitor in the lobby of Ninoy Aquino International
Airport (NAIA) last Tuesday, January 15, 2019.
According to Manila International Airport Authority
(MIAA), Jeffrey Almoguerra, a 30-year-old janitor and
employee of Philcare Manpower Services found the
cash while he was cleaning near the foreign exchange
counter.
The envelope contained a lot of US dollar bills and
Jeffrey rushed to one of the guards and told him about
what he found. The guard went with him to MIAA Lost
and Found Section to turn over the envelope full of cash
Examples
Muelmar and Jeffrey are examples of morally good
persons because of their good character, specifically,
their special qualities, namely, bravery, sacrifice,
courage, honesty, integrity.
These qualities are called VIRTUES.
Virtues are trained behavioral dispositions that result in
habitual acts of moral goodness.
The opposite, vice, is trained behavioral dispositions
that result in habitual acts of moral wrongness.
VIRTUE THEORY (ETHICS)
An ethical system that is based on the notion of virtue
(and its opposite, vice).
Central theme: morality involves producing excellent
persons, who act well out of spontaneous goodness and
serve as examples to inspire others.
Teleologically-oriented
VI
RT
UEETHI
CS
Focuses on the goal of life; living well and achieving
excellence.
Muelmar Magallanes
❖Barangay Bagong Silangan in Quezon City was among
the worst-hit communities in the metropolis when
Ondoy ravaged vast swaths in Luzon on September 26.
Magallanes, said to be a strong swimmer, rescued about
30 people but was unable to save himself. While trying
to save other neighbors, a wall collapsed on him and a
television set fell on his head, killing him instantly.
❖"He gave his life for my baby," said Menchie Penalosa.
"I will never forget his sacrifice.
It claims that it is important not only to do the right
thing but also have the proper dispositions, motivations,
and emotions in being good and doing right.
SOCRATES & PLATO
GREEK ETHICAL THOUGHTS
SOCRATES (470 – 399 B.C.)
Born in Athens in 470 B.C.
A son of a sculptor and a midwife
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lOMoARcPSD|16195991
He became a sculptor himself.
Married Xanthippe
Was critical of the Sophists’ teachings, and questioned
their selfknowledge and self-righteousness.
Was put on trial for atheism and corruption of the youth
Sentenced to death penalty by drinking a hemlock
DEATH OF SOCRATES
WHAT IS THE WAY WE OUGHT TO LIVE?
A very important question that everyone should ponder
upon.
Yet most people never seriously contemplate this
question.
This question requires one to have self-knowledge.
THE UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING.
Knowing ourselves leads to knowledge of how we ought
to live
“once we know ourselves we may learn how to care for
ourselves, but otherwise we never shall.
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