INDUCTIVE CODING OF TEXT FIGURE 1 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 4 INDUCTIVE CODING OF TEXT FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 Overcrowded classroom Extremely overcrowded. Insufficient chairs and desks (difficult to write on the floor) Some learners are sited directly next to the bin. Teacher to learner ratio imbalanced (difficult to control T&L) No desks inside the classroom. Teacher has limited space for movement. Teacher to learner ratio imbalanced (difficult to control T&L) Learners are sharing books Group or class discussions very difficult. Little racial diversity No racial diversity. Some learners do not have school shoes Very few posters on the walls. All learners are in uniform All learners in uniform. The classroom has learning posters around Some learners have their backs against the board. There are some art projects on display Classroom neatly organized. Group or class discussions very difficult. FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 Teacher to learner ratio very good Collaborative learning by learners without the teacher. Sufficient space for teacher to move around No racial diversity. Enough desks and chairs Posters visible Leaners all in full uniform Uniform does not seem mandatory No racial diversity Extremely few learners in the classroom (based on my experience led More modern boards. Learners might have their own learning material in front of them. All learners have their own learning material. Learner writing on the board (peer learning). Teacher to learner ratio very good Good sitting arrangement assumption). INDUCTIVE CODING OF TEXT SPECIFICS → GENERAL THEORIES Overcrowded classroom There is so much difference between the 4 South African Schools, in figure 1 and 2 learners are overcrowded in the classroom. There is no space for the teacher to move around, in figure 1 there are learners who are sitting on the floor because there are insufficient chairs, and limited classrooms. The poor learners are the ones who are suffering from congested classrooms and that has a negative impact on teaching and learning. It is impossible for the teacher to deliver the content in a classroom that is too congested, Unlike in figure 3 and 4 where there are very few learners in class, teaching and learning is possible because there is so much space and learners can concentrate during teaching and learning. Classroom arrangement In poor schools the classrooms are not arranged properly, there is literally no structure for sitting. In figure 2 the class has no desks for learners to sit, learners are forced to use bin to seat. The teachers in figure 2 and 4 are delivering the same curriculum, however it is impossible for the results to be the same. Due to financial inequalities that are displayed vividly in these figures. The learners from schools that are dominated by black people are more likely to fail because of this classroom set up. The class set up in figure 3 and 4 shows that there is inequality between societies, because in other schools, learners are seated in small groups where they can work productively. Resources Teaching resources play a huge role in developing learners, in figure 1 there are posts that are displayed on the wall however the textbooks are not enough for all learners. In the early stages of learning that is where a teacher must lay a good foundation for the learners for example when you teach about colors leaners need to see the color you are teaching about. In Figure 2 there is no furniture at all, learners are standing in class which makes it impossible for teaching and learning to take place. In figure 3 and 4 teaching and learning is possible because there are enough resources. When learners have their own INDUCTIVE CODING OF TEXT learning materials teaching and learning is very productive, in figure 2 and 4 learners have their own textbooks. Race The schools that are displayed in these figures shows that in South Africa we still have racial discrimination and institutional racism. If we look at figure 1 and 2 the schools that are struggling, that are congested, that have lots of challenges are the ones that are dominated by black people. In figure 3, the school is not crowded, and the school has resources, however it could be that it is a former model c school, hence the race that dominating is black people. This issues has been going and going and because the center is not holding in our education system we still going to have issues where black dominated schools are poor and those that dominated by a white minority will have enough resources. School Uniform There has been a debate about school uniform over the past years, School uniform is economically driven, and parents from poor families tend to take their learners to schools where they wear uniform because it will save them lot of money that they will have to spend on clothes. In figure 4 learners are wearing their desired clothes and learners are not entitled to wear matching outfit to be able to learn Teaching strategy Teaching strategies is one of the main methods that plays a huge role in teaching and learning. For example, in figure 1 and 2 group learning is impossible, and in most cases the teacher is the main source of information and the learners are empty vessels that must be filled by the teacher. Figure 3 the learners are more involved in a lesson because they can go on the board and engage on the discussion. In figure 4 it’s a learner centered lesson where learners are leading and the teacher is there to guide them, so they are free to make mistakes and be corrected up until they solve the problem on their own. INDUCTIVE CODING OF TEXT SPECIFICS → GENERAL THEORIES INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION UNIFORM The images are a great representation of the lack of transformation in the South African system. According to Motala (2017), racial transformation is paramount to establishing equality that has since been eluding the government. Uniform is another form of institutionalizing the RACE learners. CLASSROOM SETUP TEACHER TO LEARNER RATIO According to the Government Notice on the 6th June 2011, the proposed Learner-Educator ratio was approximately 1:30. In the images, the ratios on figures 1 and 2 is well over 1:50, and that is what affects the sitting arrangement. According to Anderson (2007) as cited by Nicola 2010, SITTING the classroom setup should be conducive to allow for effective teaching and learning. This also ARRANGMENT speaks to the lack of transformation in the post-apartheid South African school system. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODOLOGY TEACHING STRATEGIES Education should be “learner-centred”, meaning that the pedagogic practices should involve the learner as part of creating the knowledge and being part of the problem solving in the classroom (Cox, Moate, 2015). In figures 1 and 2, there is an evident lack of resources and TEACHING AND space which essentially affects how the teacher structures her lesson. With more than 50 LEARNING learners per teacher and lack of resources, involving the learners in creating the knowledge RESOURCES becomes difficult. Pedagogies are contextual, meaning that they too need there to be transformation in the education system for them to be advanced and smooth transitioning.