21st Century Literature
from the Philippines
and the World
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
21st Century Works and Authors from
Asia
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the Word
Quarter 4 – Module 1: 21st Century Literary Works and Authors from Asia
First Edition, 2020
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21st Century Literature
from the Philippines
and the World
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
21st Century Works and Authors from
Asia
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
in the module.
For the learner:
As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!
ii
Let Us Learn
This module was designed and written to help provide you with a grounding
in understanding and appreciating the rich and widely diverse cultural and ethnical
heritage found in Asian Literature in the 21st Century.
Learning Competency:
•
Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts,
applying a reading approach, and doing an adaptation of these, require
from the learner the ability to identify: representative texts and authors
from Asia, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Africa (EN12Lit-IIa22)
Specifically, in this module, you will be able to:
o
o
identify representative texts and authors from Asia; and
write a close analysis of a literary work from Asian author.
Let Us Try
Directions: Write True if the given statement is correct. Write False if the given
statement is incorrect. Write your answer on a separate paper.
1. Like the literature of other regions, Asian literature can be classified as lyric,
drama or narrative and it usually reflect predominant culture and
philosophies of a particular epoch.
2. Chinese literature does not include epic poems but rather stresses on
everyday issues of society.
3. Ancient literature in Japan deals primarily with myths and legends.
4. Japanese literature has been influenced heavily by the Indian
literature.
5. Confucius was a Chinese teacher and Philosopher in the fifth century BCE.
6. The literature of Singapore comprises a collection of literary works by
Singaporeans in any of the country's four main languages: English, Chinese,
Malay and Tamil.
7. One of the greatest collections of poetry, the Man'yoshu, is one of the most
celebrated pieces of literature of Japan.
1
8. Japanese literature has been influenced heavily by the Chinese literature from
the ancient period all the way to the Edo period (1603-1868) which
corresponds to the early modern Japanese literature.
9. The Second World War heavily affected Japanese literature but soon, the
distinct Japanese style of writing manages to regain its popularity.
10. Ramayana and Mahabrata are the most important epics of India. Mahabrata
is about the reincarnation of the creator god Vishnu in the person of Rama,
who is the hero of the epic. While Mahabrata deals with the other
reincarnation of Vishnu in the person of Krishma.
11. The literature of India, China, and Japan has been the most popular among
other Asian countries due to its longevity and influence over other countries.
12. The ‘White Tiger’ is the debut novel by Indian author Aravind Adiga. It was
first published in 2008 and won the 40th Man Booker Prize in the same
year.
13. Asian literature represents not only Asian countries’ customs and practices,
but also their philosophy in life, which is intensely and overwhelmingly
contemplative and haunting sweet overall.
14. Masashi Kishimoto, a Japanese manga artist personally supervised the two
canonical anime films, The Last: Naruto the Movie and Boruto: Naruto the
Movie.
15. Asian literature has shaped civilizations, changed political systems and
exposed injustice. It gives a detailed preview of human experiences, allowing
Asian people to connect on basic levels of desire and emotion.
Lesson
1
Genres, Traditions, and Forms of
Asian Literature in the 21st Century
This topic aims to engage students in appreciation and critical study of Asian
literature in the 21st Century.
The rich and widely diverse cultural and ethnic heritages found in countries
such as China, India, Japan, Singapore, and other neighboring countries within Asia
include Asian Literature. It is essentially the products produced throughout history
in continent Asia by its technical term.
Classic Indian literature would reflect their predominant faith: Hinduism.
While modern Indian literature, like the works of Rabindranath Tagore, would focus
more on subject matters that can be related to society and national issues. Chinese
literature, on the contrary, does not include epic poems but rather stresses on
2
everyday issues of society. While contemporary Japanese writing in translation has
fund a wide audience in the West because much new fiction uses American literary
approaches-fast, wild, low-down language, and irreverent attitude toward social
institution-to make works that are still distinctly Japanese.
Asian literature represents not only Asian countries’ customs and practices,
but also their philosophy in life, which is intensely and overwhelmingly contemplative
and haunting sweet overall. Through literature, Asian characters are hoped to have
retained. It also shows their previous cultures and how they adjust to new situations
in the 21st century. In this lesson, the learners are provided with opportunities to
explore various cultures through a wide variety of literary genres that will help them
appreciate more the beauty of Asian Literature.
Let Us Study
Asian literature turned out to be even richer and open to changes in the 21st
century with upcoming writers from various Asian countries.
Discussion 1: Singaporean Literature
A collection of literary works by Singaporeans comprises the literature of
Singapore. It is written mainly in the four official languages of the country: English,
Malay, Mandarin Standard, and Tamil.
The various literatures flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
with the rise of print culture in the British colony, but after independence in 1965,
English became emphasized in both the education system and society at large as
part of the new government’s attempts to modernize the country. Chinese, Malay,
and Tamil were seen as mother tongue languages to provide Singaporeans with
cultural ballast while English was regarded as a language for administration,
business, and scientific and technological development.
Translation plays a key role in bridging the linguistic and literary divides
wrought by the state’s mother tongue policies, with several works by Cultural
Medallion winners in different languages translated into English, which remains at
present the shared language in Singapore. Literary anthologies are also invaluable
forms through which the concepts of a national literature and national identity are
expressed and negotiated. A number of anthologies involving Singaporean authors
and those from other countries also highlight the growing international presence of
and interest in Singaporean literature. Several anthologies also focus on the topic of
urban space, city life, and the rapid transformation of Singapore’s physical
environment. Writings about gender and sexuality have also become more prominent
in single-author collections or edited anthologies, with writers exploring various
inventive and experimental narrative forms. A number of poets and writers are also
established playwrights, and theater has historically been and continues to be an
extremely vital form of creative expression and cultural production. Graphic novels,
crime and noir fiction, and speculative and science fiction publications are also on
the rise, with the awarding of the Singapore Literature Prize to Sonny Liew’s The Art
3
of Charlie Chan Hock Chye signaling that these genres merit serious literary
consideration. A number of literary publications and materials related to
Singaporean literature can be found on the Internet, such as the journal Quarterly
Literary Review Singapore, the website Singapore Poetry, and the database Poetry.sg.
Various nonprofit organizations are also working toward increasing public awareness
about literature through events such as Singapore Poetry Writing Month, the Migrant
Worker Poetry Competition, the Singapore Writers Festival and National Poetry
Festival, and also through projects that exhibit poetry in train stations and on public
thoroughfares.
Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/039050sw
Discussion 2: Japanese Literature
The literature of India, China, and Japan has been the most popular among
other Asian countries due to its longevity and influence over other countries.
Japanese literature has been influenced heavily by the Chinese literature from
the ancient period all the way to the Edo period (1603-1868) which corresponds to
the early modern Japanese literature. Japanese literary works also reveal elements
of Indian and later of Western elements but above all, they reveal a distinct style
which has also greatly influenced both Eastern and Western literatures.
Japanese Literature can be divided into four periods: the ancient, classical,
medieval and modern. Ancient literature in Japan deals primarily with myths and
legends. Tales like the creation of Japan, wherein the islands came from the
gemstones imbued in the swords of gods are very prominent during this period. The
celebrated writers during this period are Ono Yasumaro, Nihon Shoki, and
Man‘yoshu which wrote based on real events in the country.
Modern literature can be further divided into early modern which happened
during the Edo period, and modern, which starts during the Meiji period, when
Japan opened its doors to the West. The early modern gave way to the rise of new
genres like the Japanese drama, kabuki, the poetry form known for its simplicity and
subtlety, haiku, and the yomihon, a type of Japanese book which put little emphasis
on illustration.
The modern period also marked the emergence of new styles of writing.
Japanese writers started to romanticize and tried experimenting with different genres
and subject matters. The Second World War heavily affected Japanese literature but
soon, the distinct Japanese style of writing manages to regain its popularity. Some
of the prominent modern Japanese writers are Yasunari Kawabata, Kobi Abe, Takiji
Kobayashi, and Haruki Murakami to mention a few.
Retrieved from https://goo.gl/hmrYMs on 08.07.17
Discussion 3: Indian Literature
India is a vast land in Southern Asia, extending from Himalayan Mountains
south to the tip of a great peninsula that reaches from out into the Indian Ocean. It
is known as “Land of Prayer. The first characteristic we noticed about Indian
literature is based on piety, a deeply religious spirit. Ramayana and Mahabrata are
the most important epics of India. Mahabrata is about the reincarnation of the
4
creator god Vishnu in the person of Rama, who is the hero of the epic. While
Mahabrata deals with the other reincarnation of Vishnu in the person of Krishma.
The family is also important in Indian literature and drama. Both
the Mahabharata and Ramayana — are family epics, featuring cousins, uncles and
aunts “struggling and killing each other over land and dharma and then mourning
inconsolably." Many American dramas feature tough individuals. When these stories
are adapted to India the individuals are first given a mother, father and ideally a
brother or sister. The Hindi version of Harry Potter sells for $3.60. In Kerala, books
in Malayalam outsell English books 10 to 1.
The earliest Indian literature took the form of the canonical Hindu sacred
writings, known as the Veda, which were written in Sanskrit. To the Veda were added
prose commentaries such as the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. ... From these and
other related languages emerged the modern languages of northern India.
The most famous works in Sanskrit are the Hindu holy texts like the Vedas,
Upanishads, and Manusmriti. Another popular literature, Tamil literature has a
rich literary tradition spanning over 2000 years, and is particularly known for its
poetic nature in the form of epics, and philosophical and secular works.
In the 21st century, the Indian novel has been a vibrant and energetic
expressive space. While the grand postcolonial gestures characteristic of the late20th-century Indian novels have been in evidence in new novels by established
authors such as Vikram Chandra, Amitav Ghosh, and Salman Rushdie, a slate of
new authors has emerged in this period as well, charting a range of new novelistic
modes.
Engagement with globalization has permeated quite broadly into Indian fiction
since the early 1990s, and several of the novels described could very well also be
understood with reference to globalization as well (The White Tiger, for instance, is
deeply interested in the topic). But while the theme is now commonplace, the
conceptual territory entailed is not necessarily so simple. Some writers have opted
to explore the impact of globalization via an aesthetic of acceleration and cultural
simultaneity: everything is changing and all establishments and traditions are being
overturned at the root.
Retrieved from https://goo.gl/Ez57u8 on 08.07.17
The text is sometimes a snapshot of the author's life and times, and is
inseparable from their lives and their experiences. Thus, certain texts are better read
if you know the author's context.
5
Let Us Practice
The literature of India, China, and Japan has been the most popular among other
Asian countries due to its longevity and influence over other countries.
Read the summary of the literary text, The White Tiger, by Aravind Adiga and answer
the activities that follow.
About the Author:
Aravind Adiga (Kannada: ಅರ#ಂದ ಅ&ಗ)
Aravind Adiga is an Indian writer who won the
Man Booker Prize in 2008 for his novel, The White Tiger.
He was born on October 23, 1974 in Madras, India in
1974 and was partly raised in Australia. He was
educated in English literature at Columbia and Oxford
Universities.
Adiga is a former correspondent for TIME Magazine and has contributed
writing to The Financial Times, The Independent, and The Sunday Times. He
published The White Tiger in 2008.
The novel provides a darkly humorous perspective of India’s class struggle
in a globalized world as told through a retrospective narration from Balram Halwai,
a village boy. In detailing Balram’s journey first to Delhi, where he works as a
chauffeur to a rich landlord, and then to Bangalore, the place to which he flees
after killing his master and stealing his money, the novel examines issues of
religion, caste, loyalty, corruption and poverty in India. Ultimately, Balram
transcends his sweet-maker caste and becomes a successful entrepreneur,
establishing his own taxi service. In a nation proudly shedding a history of poverty
and underdevelopment, he represents, as he himself says, “tomorrow”.
The White Tiger (Summary)
The White Tiger is the story of Balram Halwai’s life as a self-declared “selfmade entrepreneur”: a rickshaw driver’s son who skillfully climbs India’s social
ladder to become a chauffer and later a successful businessman. Balram recounts
his life story in a letter to visiting Chinese official Premier Wen Jiabao, with the goal
of educating the premier about entrepreneurship in India.
Balram writes from his luxurious office in the city of Bangalore, but the story
begins in his rural ancestral village of Laxmangahr. Throughout his childhood,
Balram’s destitute family lives at the mercy of four cruel, exploitative landlords,
referred to as “The Animals”: The Raven, The Stork, The Buffalo, and The Wild
6
Boar. Despite the difficult life he is born into, Balram excels in school. His academic
potential and personal integrity distinguish him from his classmates, bringing him
to the attention of a visiting school inspector who nicknames him “the White Tiger,”
after the most rare and intelligent creature in the jungle.
Balram’s parents recognize his potential and want him to complete his
education, but his grandmother Kusum removes him from school early on so that
he can work to support the family. Balram is determined to continue his education
however he can. When he and his brother Kishan begin working in a teashop in
nearby Dhanbad, Balram neglects his duties and spends his days listening to
customers’ conversations. He overhears one customer speaking wistfully about the
high earnings and easy life that India’s private chauffeurs enjoy, and begs his
grandmother to send him to driving school. Kusum agrees, but Balram must
promise to send home his wages once he finds a job.
His training complete, Balram knocks on the doors of Dhanbad’s rich
families, offering his services. By a stroke of luck, he arrives at the mansion of the
Stork (one of Laxmangahr’s animal landlords) one day after the Stork’s son, Mr.
Ashok, returns from America with his wife Pinky Madam . The family hires Balram
to become Ashok’s driver. In reality, Balram is more of a general servant to the
family, while another servant, Ram Persad, has the privilege of driving them.
Balram learns that the Stork’s family fortune comes from illegally selling coal
out of government mines. They bribe ministers to turn a blind eye to their fraudulent
business and allow the family to avoid paying income tax. Unfortunately, the family
recently had a disagreement with the region’s ruling politician, referred to as the
Great Socialist. The family dispatches Ashok and Pinky to Delhi, where Ashok will
distribute more bribes to make amends. When Balram learns that the couple will
need a driver in Delhi, he schemes to have Ram Persad dismissed, and goes in his
place.
Once in Delhi, Balram witnesses Pinky and Ashok’s marriage rapidly fall
apart. Pinky returns to the US and leaves her husband after she kills a young child
in a drunken, hit-and-run accident. In her absence, Ashok goes out to bars and
clubs, hiring a prostitute one night, and reconnecting with a former lover on
another. Observing his master’s gradual corruption and driving him through Dehli’s
seedier districts, Balram becomes disillusioned and resentful. Although Ashok is a
relatively kind master, Balram realizes that whatever generosity Ashok has shown
him is only a fraction of what he can afford. Ashok has no real interest in helping
Balram achieve a better life, or in changing the status quo.
Balram plans to murder Ashok and escape with the bag of the money that he
carries around the city to bribe politicians. In addition to the risk of being caught,
Balram must contend with the logic of “the Rooster Coop”: the system of oppression
in which India’s poor, including Balram himself, are trapped. Balram knows that if
he kills Ashok, Ashok’s family will murder all his own relatives in Laxmangahr in
retaliation. Balram is also held back by the arrival in Delhi of his young
cousin Dharam, who Kusum sends from Dhanbad with the demand that Balram
help raise him.
7
Balram finally resolves to proceed with the murder, using a weapon he has
fashioned out of a broken liquor bottle. One day as he drives Ashok to deliver a
particularly large bribe, Balram pretends that there is a mechanical problem with
the car. He pulls over, convinces Ashok to kneel down and examine the wheel, then
brings the broken bottle down on Ashok’s head. After killing his master, he returns
to Ashok’s apartment, collects Dharam, and escapes with his young cousin to
Bangalore.
Once Balram regains his nerves in Bangalore enough not to fear immediate
capture, he begins wandering the city and listening to conversations in cafes –just
as he did in the teashop in Dhanbad—to plan his next move. He soon learns that
Bangalore’s business world revolves around outsourcing, and that many large
technology companies work on a nocturnal schedule. Balram creates a taxi
company called White Tiger Drivers to bring call center workers home safely at
night, and the venture is an enormous success.
By the time he sits down to tell his story, Balram is a wealthy man who keeps
to himself, still fearful that one day his crime will be discovered. However, he
concludes his letter to Wen Jiabao claiming that even if he is found out, he will
never regret his crime: it was worth committing simply because it enabled him to
experience life as a free man rather than as a servant.
https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-white-tiger/characters/balram-halwai
Activity 1: Fill Me In!
The following are the themes and the sub-themes of the novel “The White Tiger”. Fill
in the chart with the details on how the themes in the novel were reflected.
Themes and sub- Details from the novel
themes
Example:
The Self-Made
- The White Tiger is the story of Balram Halwai’s life as
Man
a self-declared “self-made entrepreneur”: a rickshaw
driver’s son who climbs India’s social ladder to become
a chauffer and later a successful businessman. Balram
recounts his life story in a letter to visiting Chinese
official Premier Jiabao, with the goal of educating the
premier about entrepreneurship in India.
1. Education
2. Social
breakdown,
Interest
and
Corruption
3. Family
8
4. Morality
and Indian
Society
The novel “The White Tiger” has many symbolisms. The concepts presented range
from the major character attributing himself as the white tiger to a lot of other
metaphors that suit the situations that he was in.
Activity 2: Fill Me Out!
Fill out the chart below with the symbols and its meanings that you can find in the
novel.
Symbols
Example:
White Tiger
Meaning
- Balram’s natural intelligence and integrity set him
apart from his peers from an early age. On one
occasion, his academic prowess impresses a
visiting school inspector that the official calls him a
“White Tiger”.
1.
2.
3.
Let us Practice More
Activity: Comparing and Contrasting
Instructions: Give the similarities and differences between Japanese and Indian
literature using the Venn-Diagram below. Write your answers in bullet and short
phrases.
9
Let Us Remember
Ø
Asian literature mirrors not only the customs and traditions of Asian
countries but also their philosophy of life; a reflection of storm and stress
of developing nations seeking a place under the sun which every student
must understand so he may know how this literature affects the history
and culture of a nation.
Ø Classic Indian literature would reflect their predominant faith: Hinduism.
While modern Indian literature, like the works of Rabindranath Tagore,
would focus more on subject matters that can be related to society and
national issues.
Ø The literature of India, China, and Japan has been the most popular
among other Asian countries due to its longevity and influence over other
countries.
Ø A number of anthologies involving Singaporean authors focus on the
topic of urban space, city life, and the rapid transformation of
Singapore’s physical environment.
Ø Writings about gender and sexuality have also become more prominent in
single-author collections or edited anthologies, with writers exploring
various inventive and experimental narrative forms in Singapore.
Let Us Assess
Instructions: Write a three-paragraph close analysis / critical interpretation using
psycho-analytic approach of the novel “The White Tiger” by Aravind Adigan. Make
use of the guide questions below:
Note:
What is Psycho-analytic criticism?
It is a literary criticism influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis
of Sigmund Freud. It made us aware of the impact of early-childhood
experiences, remembered or not, on subsequent development. It is
subjective and beyond the scientific investigation.
Introduction:
1. What is the novel about?
2. Who are the main characters?
3. What is the theme of the novel?
4. What famous quote you can relate with the theme of the novel?
Body:
1. What happened to the main character when he was a child?
2. What is the attitude of his parents towards his schooling?
3. What is his family’s economic status?
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4. How does his background affect his actions when he became an adult?
5. Why did he decide to murder his master?
6. How does he feel after the incident?
Conclusion:
1. Like many men in India, how would you describe the attitude of Belram
from childhood to adulthood?
2. Do you think his lack of education repress his morals and do darkly
motivated actions?
3. If you were Belram, would you do the same?
4. What lesson can you get from the story?
Close Analysis and Literary Interpretations Rubric
Criteria
Intro/
Conclusion
Outstanding
5
o Introduction grabs
attention.
o Conclusion
effectively restates
the argument, but
fresh language and
meaningful insight
leaves reader
wanting more.
Exceeds
expectation
4
o Introduction
sparks
interests.
o Conclusion
restates
arguments, but
uses new
language and
shows
understanding
of the big
picture
Meet
expectations
3
o Introduction
provides context
for the argument
but is
obvious and/or
basic
o Conclusion
restates
arguments,
but recycles
previous
statements
verbatim
Approaching
expectation
2
o Introduction
or
conclusion does
not
flow with the
argument of the
paper
Unacceptable
1
o No
introduction
and/or
conclusion
o Introduction
or
conclusion
contains
blanket or vague
statements.
Thesis
o Argument is
clearly
articulated and
persuasive, contains
an original opinion
o Thesis
presents a
reasonable
opinion,
argument is
clear and
focused
o Thesis is a
plausible
argument;
contains a
legitimate
opinion,
but somewhat
broad and basic
o Thesis
demonstrates
misunderstandi
ng of
the prompt or
text
o Thesis not
evident;
thesis is a fact
or
plot summary;
thesis
not in correct
position
Evidence
o Evidence is highly
persuasive and
effective in
supporting your
argument
o Your evidence
is
believable and
convincing and
supports
your argument
o Evidence is
present, but
superficial
o Evidence
chosen does
not support
thesis/topic
sentences
o Little or no
evidence;
Commentary
O original
ideas and insights;
extensive
commentary,
o Analysis is
believable
and convincing
but
o Analysis
supports your
argument, but
ideas are
o Ideas lack
development;
misunderstandi
ng of
o Analysis not
present
simply plot
summary
11
refreshing; goes
beyond obvious and
basic commentary
Style,
Vocabulary,
Sentence
Structure
o Sophisticated
vocabulary; sentence
variety; quotations
are smoothly
blended.
Mechanics and
Coherence
o Perfect!
(or 1 or 2 minor
errors)
assertions are
still clearly
connected to the
argument
o Still
attempting
advanced
vocabulary
obvious and basic
prompt or text;
illogical
argument;
o Blend quoted
material
smoothly; but
sentence
structure lack
variety- basic and
obvious; attempts
to
incorporate more
advanced
vocabulary
o Problems with
sentence clarity,
redundancy;
some
quotes stand
alone;
some vague
sentences;
little use of class
vocabulary or
sentence
variety
o Serious
problems
with
coherence and
sentence
clarity;
o Effective
punctuation;
close to perfect
o Minor problems
with
coherence,
grammar,
spelling,
punctuation, but
does not
interfere with the
understanding of
paper
o Several
distracting
problems with
spelling,
grammar,
punctuation,
coherence;
citations
incorrect
o Major
spelling,
grammar,
punctuation
errors;
distracts and
interferes with
understanding
of
paper;
Source: http//eudotopia-stw-prep-literaryanalysis-rubric
Let Us Enhance
Character Sketching
The author that you will get to know more from Japan’s famous 21st century
icon is a well decorated person in writing. And having the chance to write a report
about him is a rare opportunity. However, you are fortunate to have been given the
chance to write a character sketch with him as your focus. Read the information
bullets below and start drafting your character sketch. Use the activity sheet for your
character sketch.
Criteria:
Organization
Grammar
Creativity
Total
-10 points
- 10 points
- 5 points
- 25 points
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Masashi Kishimoto (岸本 斉史
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
born Novem ber 8, 1974
a Japanese manga artist
has a twin brother named Seishi Kishimoto
a reader of manga from a young age
was a fan of Weekly Shonen Jump magazine and later
wrote his own shonen manga for this magazine
his inspirations in writing are Akira Toriyama and Katsuhiro Otomo
well known for creating the manga series Naruto which
was in serialization from 1999 to 2014
as of October 2015, Naruto manga has sold over 220
million copies worldwide
personally supervised the two canonical anime films, The Last: Naruto the
Movie and Boruto: Naruto the Movie
has earned an honorable mention in Shueishas’s monthly Hop Step Award
Retrieved from https://goo.gl/hmrYMs on 01.07.21
Character Sketch
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(Title)
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(Writer
Let Us Reflect
As a whole, Asian literature is a compact of ideas wherein culture, belief,
religions, and values collide. This can be reflected from different writers or authors
all over Asia who want to share their views, ideas, and emotions through different
literary pieces. Most importantly, Asian literature teaches us about humanity-to be
sensitive and empathic towards others.
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Enriquez, Delia C. 2003. Philippine Literature: A Regional Approach.
Navotas, M.M. National Bookstore
Manalo, Paolo. , 2003. Jolography. MA Thesis. Quezon City: University of
the Philippines
http//eudotopia-stw-prep-literaryanalysis-rubric
https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-white-tiger/characters/balram-halwai
https://goo.gl/Ez57u8 on 08.07.17
https://goo.gl/hmrYMs on 01.07.21
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