COMMUNICATION
Learning outcomes
At the end of the discussion, students are expected to:
Define communication;
Describe the nature and importance of
communication;
Identify the elements of communication;
Understand the process of communication and
its effect on giving and receiving information;
Learning outcomes
At the end of the discussion, students are expected to:
Understand the functions of verbal and non-verbal
communication in various multi-cultural contexts;
Classify the types and levels of communication;
Identify the different barriers of communication;
Reflect on different methods of communication and
decide when each is most suitable;
Communicate their message in an effective and
engaging way for the recipient.
CONTENTS
01
Introduction
02
Importance
03
Communication Process
04
Elements of Communication
05
Types of Communication
06
07
Levels of Communication
Communication Barriers
Communication in different situations
Communication and new technologies
PART 1
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: RECITATION
• What is
communication?
• Why do we
communicate?
• How do we
communicate?
Photo Credit: https://huddle.eurostarsoftwaretesting.com/lessons-learnt-effective-communication/
The word ‘communication’ is derived from a Latin
word ‘communis’’ which means ‘commonness’ or ‘to
share or to participate’.
A process of transmitting or conveying information to
others.
A process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal
information between two or more people.
A two-way process by which information is exchanged
between or among individuals through a common
system of symbols, signs, and behavior.
A two-way process of reaching mutual understanding,
in which parties involved exchange information,
news, ideas and feelings.
Spoken
Word
Written
Word
Visual
Images
Body
Language
PART 2
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Importance of Effective Communication
According
to
American
Management Association, effective
communication is an essential element
of achievement in every company, leader,
manager, staff, and employee. An
organization whose people communicate
effectively experiences fewer of the
misunderstandings that create friction
between people, waste time, and cause
mistakes.
TWO GOLDEN RULES TO
COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY
• Organize thoughts in mind
before sharing them with others.
• Communication is Collaborative,
not Competitive
Seven C’s of Communication Principle
 Completeness
Clarity
 Conciseness
 Correctness
 Coherence
 Courtesy
 Concreteness
Key Principles of Ethical Communication
 Honesty
 Openness to Other Views
 Commitment
 Consensus Building
PART 3
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Sender
Channel
Feedback
Decoding
Noise
Barrier
Receiver
Encoding
Message
Channel
Communication
Process
Decoding
Message
Encoding
Message
Idea
Communication
Channel
Message
Sender
Feedback
Receiver
TRANSMISSION MODELS
Lasswell’s Communication Model (1948)
Who
Says What
In Which
Channel
To Whom
With what
effect?
COMMUNICATOR
MESSAGE
MEDIUM
RECEIVER
EFFECT
TRANSMISSION MODELS
Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1949)
Photo Credit: http://communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/
RECEPTION MODEL
Osgood- Schramm Model Of Communication (1954)
Photo Credit: http://communicationtheory.org/osgood-schramm-model-of-communication/
TRANSMISSION MODELS
Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication (1957)
• Event or Information
(X1, X2, X3 and X4…Xn)
• Feedback (f)
• Advocate (A)
• Channel (C)
• Audience (B)
Photo Credit: http://communicationtheory.org/westley-and-maclean%E2%80%99s-model-of-communication/
RECEPTION MODEL
Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication (1960)
Photo Credit: http://communicationtheory.org/berlos-smcr-model-of-communication/
PART 4
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Eight elements that constitute the
creation of a message
Messages
are a collection of symbols
that appear purposefully
organized (meaningful) to
those sending or receiving
them.
Eight elements that constitute the
creation of a message
Source – where the message comes from; can be a person or organization
Encoding – the process by which a message is translated so it can be
transmitted and communicated to another party; how you compose your
sentence as you communicate
Transmitting – the actual act of sending the message; either through the
person’s vocal chords and facial muscles complemented with hand gestures
Eight elements that constitute the
creation of a message
Channels – technologies are the lines that enable the act of sending or
transmitting
Decoding – the process by which the receiver translates the source’s thoughts
and ideas so they can have meaning
Receiver – the one who gets the message that was transmitted through the
channels; can be individual or organization
Eight elements that constitute the
creation of a message
Feedback – the response generated by the message that was sent to the
receiver; can either be immediate or delayed
Barriers – the factors that inhibit the clarity and flow of communication; can
be treated both literally and figuratively; literally, a mechanical sound that is
perhaps more resonant than the message drowning it; figuratively, can refer
to the resistance of the intended receiver to the messages being sent to
his/her direction
PICTURE ANALYSIS
Photo Credit: http://www.ovrdrv.com/10-levels-of-intimacy-in-todays-communication/
PART 5
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Types of
Verbal
Oral
Communication
Written
Communication
Nonverbal
Body language, Eye
contact, Facial
expressions, Gesture,
Posture, Tone of Voice
Oral
 In oral communication, spoken words are used.
 It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation,
video, radio, television, voice over internet.
 Communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of
speaking.
 Advantages
It brings quick feedback.
In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial expression and body
language one can guess whether he/she should trust what’s being said or
not.
 Disadvantages
In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to deeply think about what he is
delivering, so this can be counted as a fault.
38
Written
In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate.
In written communication message can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo
etc.
Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in business.
Advantages
Messages can be edited and revised
Written communication provides record and backup.
A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate
feedback.
Disadvantages
Written communication doesn’t bring instant feedback. It takes more time in composing
a written message as compared to word-of-mouth and number of people struggle for
writing ability.
Nonverbal
• Nonverbal communication is the
sending or receiving of wordless
messages. Such as gesture, body
language, posture, tone of
voice or facial expressions, is
called nonverbal communication.
• Nonverbal communication is all
about the body language of
speaker.
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
 Body Language – a kind of non-lexical communication where ideas or messages are
expressed using your body; your posture, gesture, facial expression, body language,
and everything you do are perhaps the most obvious in communicating messages
Gestures – most usually hand or head movements that indicate a particular meaning
Facial Expressions – executed using the facial muscles
Eye contact – looking directly at your audience’s eyes
Body stance – how you sit or stand in front of a person or an audience
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
Proxemics – refers to the use of space to convey an idea or image; the use of
space or proximity is a significant indicator of how close or intimate we feel
toward people. There are four (4) proxemic zones according to Hall (1966):
 The Intimate Zone (0” – 1.5’)
 The Personal Zone (1.5 – 4’)
 The Social Zone (4’ – 12’)
 The Public Zone (12’ – infinity)
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
Paralanguage – refers to the use of volume, tone, pitch, and rate of speaking
 Vocal Characterizers – include vocal aspect of the following actions:
(yawning, whispering, yelling, laughing, smiling, crying, sneezing, sighing)
 Vocal Qualifiers – include tone, tempo, rhythm, pitch, volume, intensity, and
extent
 Vocal Segregates – include sounds like “uh-uh”, “mmm”, “uh” and even silent
pauses
Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
Chronemics – an attitude of time which disclose information
with others about status and relationship
Artifacts – refer to the things a person owns, use, wear, and
even discard convey message about such person; it includes your
preference, taste, resources or lack of it to convey meanings
PART 6
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
• Intrapersonal Communication is communication that occurs in
your own mind. It is the basis of your feelings, biases,
prejudices, and beliefs.
• Examples are when you make any kind of decision – what
to eat or wear. When you think about something – what
you want to do on the weekend or when you think about
another person.
• Interpersonal Communication is the communication between
two people but can involve more in informal conversations.
• Examples are when you are talking to your friends. A
teacher and student discussing an assignment. A patient
and a doctor discussing a treatment. A manager and a
potential employee during an interview.
• Small Group Communication is communication within formal or informal groups or teams. It is group
interaction that results in decision making, problem solving and discussion within an organization.
• Examples would be:
A group planning a surprise birthday party for someone.
A team working together on a project.
• Public communication involves a speaker who seeks to inform, persuade or motivate an audience.
– Examples are a teacher and a class of students. A preacher and a congregation. A speaker and an
assembly of people in the auditorium.
• Mass Communication is the electronic or print
transmission of messages to the general public.
Outlets called mass media include things like
radio, television, film, and printed materials
designed to reach large audiences.
A television commercial
A magazine article
Hearing a song on the radio
Books, Newspapers, Billboards
The key is that you are reaching a large amount
of people without it being face to face.
Feedback is generally delayed with mass
communication.
PICTURE ANALYSIS
Photo Credit:https://www.facebook.com/sarcasmLOL/photos/a.1521463861515726.1073741828.1515871602074952/2049225658739541/?type=3&theater
VIDEO ANALYSIS
PART 7
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
Barriers in
Communication
Barriers
Communication
Barriers
 Barrier
–
Reason behind an un-effective communication
Types of Communication Barrier
o Semantic Barrier
o Physical Barrier
o Emotional Barrier
o Personal Barrier
o Technological Barrier
o Cultural Barrier
Communication Barriers, Cont....
 Semantic / Language Barrier
o
o
o
o
o
Language problems
Poor vocabulary
Poor knowledge of grammar
Poor pronunciation
Poor handwriting
Communication Barriers, Cont....
 Physical Barrier
1.
2.
3.
4.
Noise
Poor Timing
Distance
Inadequate or overload of information
Communication Barriers, Cont....
 Emotional Barrier
o
o
o
o
Selective Perceptions
Poor Listening
Egotism
Emotions
Communication Barriers, Cont....


o
o
o

o
o
Personal Barrier
In Superiors
Lack of Time
Lack of Confidence
Lack of Proper Communication Channel
In Subordinates
Unwillingness to Communicate
Fear from Superior
Communication Barriers, Cont....
 Technological Barrier
o
o
o
o
Use of un-updated technology
Lack of technological knowledge
Technical noise
Barriers at decoding stage
Communication Barriers, Cont....
 Cultural Barrier
o Adopting to the behaviour of a group
o Religious beliefs
o Body language
OVERCOMING BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
How to overcome
Communication Barriers
 Evaluate Feedback
 Improve listening skills
 Improve writing skills
 Clarify ideas before communication
 Put consideration
 Be aware of language, tone, and content
Success for YOU…
…in the new global and diverse workplace requires
excellent communication skills!
Questions