COLLEGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
ASSESSMENT ON CHALLENGES OF CONDOMINIUM
DEVELOPMENT HOUSING PROJECTS: THE CASE OF
ADDIS ABABA CITY, ETHIOPIA
Kindu Fente
Id: Ecsu180/2009
Advisor: Utant Debebe
Civil Service University
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
August, 2021
Declarations
I Kindu Registration Number/I.D. Number 180/2009, do hereby declare that this
Thesis is my original work and that it has not been submitted partially; or in full, by
any other person for an award of a degree in any other university/institution.
Name of Participant………………Signature……………………Date…………….
This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as College
supervisor.
Name of Advisor……………………Signature………………… Date……………
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APPROVAL
The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend to the Ethiopian Civil
Service College to accept the Thesis submitted by ……………………………………, and
entitled “ ………………………………………………………………………………” ,in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Master’s Degree in Urban
Management.
Name of Supervisor ……………….…………………Signature………………….
Date………………………
Name of Internal Examiner ……………………… Signature…………. ……..
Date……………………...
Name of External Examiner …………………………Signature…………. ……..
Date……………………....
Name of head of Department………………………. Signature………………….
Date……………. ………..
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ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to assess the challenges of condominium development
housing projects in bole sub city Arabsa site, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia .Because of the
increasing high population, the lack of accessibility and availability of enough
condominium housing to the demand in the city This study assessed problems that are
critical challenges for the development of condominiums at Arabsa site in Bole subcity. Likert scale measure has been used to analyze the existing situation. In this study,
purposive sampling method has been used to determine the sample size of the
population and the method is descriptive. The final result indicates that there’s a lack
of an appropriate plan, clear implementation strategy, easy controlling and
evaluation strategy, available resources accessibility, clear ruling or permitting, and
accessible infrastructure. Thus then, in regard to policy implication, interventions and
palliatives should be planned.
Key Words: challenges of condominium development housing projects, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
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Acknowledgment
First, I would like to express my endless love and say glory to the almighty God for
providing me the opportunity and strength to pursue my graduate study on urban
development and engineering Ethiopia Civil Service University.
Second, I owe my deepest gratitude and respect for my advisor Mr. Utant Debebe for
his invaluable guidance, suggestion and constructive comments without which this
thesis would have not been in this form. I would also like to express my gratitude to
Dr. Daniel for his advice and constructive suggestions, which helped me immensely in
shaping this thesis.
My special thanks also go to my wife Engineer Elsabet Geremew for her advices and
support in the whole process of my graduate study and for her valuable time.
Indeed, I am grateful for my families, friends and classmates for their unreserved
support and encouragement throughout the whole study.
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ACRONYMS
AAHDA -Addis Ababa Housing Development Agency
AAUPI- Addis Ababa Urban Planning Institute
AHURI- Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute
AMCHUD- Africa Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development
AU -Africa Union
CAAILIC- City of Addis Ababa Integrated Land and Information Center
CBE -Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
AABFED -Addis Ababa Bureau of Finance and Economy Development
CSA- Central Statistics Agency
FDG -Focus Group Discussion
GAAIHDP- Grand Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Development Program
GTZ -German Technical Cooperation
HCE- Household Consumption Expenditure
IDA -International Development Association
IHDP -Integrated Housing Development Program
MDG- Millennium Development Goal
MoFED -Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
MWUD- Ministry of Works and
Urban Development
ORAAMP -Office for the Revision of Addis Ababa Master Plan
PASDEP -Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty
ULI- Urban Land Institute UN United Nations
UNECA- United Nations Economic Commissions for Africa
UNDP- United Nations Development Program
UNHCHR- United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declarations .................................................................................................................... I
APPROVAL .................................................................................................................. II
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... III
Acknowledgment .........................................................................................................IV
ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................ V
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................VI
List of Tables ................................................................................................................IX
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... X
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 1
1.3. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................... 2
1.4. Objective of the Study ......................................................................................... 4
1.4.1. General objective .......................................................................................... 4
1.4.2. Specific objective of the study ...................................................................... 4
1.5. Research Question ............................................................................................... 4
1.6. Hypothesis of the Study........................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
1.7 Significance of the Study...................................................................................... 4
1.8 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 4
1.9 Conceptual Definition ....................................................................................... 5
1.10. Description of the Study Area ........................................................................... 6
Bole Arabsa Condominium housing Location ........................................................... 8
1.11. Limitation of the study perjuries ....................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................... 11
LITRATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 11
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2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 11
2.2. Theoretical Literature Review ........................................................................... 11
2.2.1 The role of government and private sector in providing housing ................ 12
2.2.2 Critical factors/Basic elements/ affecting the performance of construction of
housing. ................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.3 Urbanization and Housing in Ethiopia ......................................................... 13
2.3 Empirical Literature Review .............................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Condominium Practice in Ethiopia ................................................................. 14
2.3.2 The current government Policy and legal frameworks related to housing ...... 15
2.3.3 Population and Housing condition in Addis Ababa ..................................... 16
2.4. ............................................................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................... 19
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 19
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 19
3.2 Research Approach ............................................................................................. 19
3.3 Research Method ................................................................................................ 20
3.4 Sampling Design ................................................................................................ 20
3.5 Population and Sample Size ............................................................................... 20
3.5.1 Target population of the study ..................................................................... 20
3.5.2 Sampling technique ...................................................................................... 20
3.5.3 Sample size .................................................................................................. 21
3.6. Source of Data ................................................................................................... 21
3.7. Data Analysis and Presentation ......................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 22
RESULT AND DISCUSION ....................................................................................... 22
4. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 22
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4.1 Response Rate of Respondents ........................................................................... 22
4.2 Demographic Information .................................................................................. 23
4.3. Development Challenges of Condominium Housing ........................................ 25
4.3.1. Project planning .......................................................................................... 25
4.3.2. Implementation Performance ...................................................................... 27
4.3.3....................................................................................................................... 28
4.3.4 Resources allocation .................................................................................... 30
4.3.5 Permitting challenges ................................................................................... 31
4.3.6 Lack of infrastructure ................................................................................... 32
4.3.7 Summery statistical analysis of the explanatory variables .......................... 33
4.4.1 Omitted variables test analysis..................................................................... 34
4.4.2 Testing for homoskedasticity ....................................................................... 35
4.4.3
Multicollinearity test .............................................................................. 35
4.4.4 Regression Analysis of Variables ................................................................ 36
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................... 38
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATION .......................................................... 38
5.1. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 38
5.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 39
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 40
APPENDEX ................................................................................................................. 42
I.
Questionnaire ..................................................................................................... 42
II. Calculated Survey Data ..................................................................................... 46
III.
Correlation Ship of Variables ........................................................................ 47
IV.
Regression Analysis Result ........................................................................... 47
V. Collected Data Survey ....................................................................................... 48
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LIST OF TABLES
Table4. 1 Respondent’s response rate .......................................................................... 22
Table4. 2. Demographic information .......................................................................... 23
Table4. 3 preparation of project plan ............................................................................ 25
Table4. 4 Implementation Performance ...................................................................... 27
Table4. 5 controlling system ........................................................................................ 28
Table4. 6 Lack of resources .......................................................................................... 30
Table4. 7 Permitting challenges of the contractors ...................................................... 31
Table4. 8 Lack of infrastructure ................................................................................... 32
Table 4. 9 summery of statistical result of independent variables ................................ 33
Table 4. 10 multicollinearity variable tests .................................................................. 35
Table 4. 11 Linear regression ....................................................................................... 36
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Addis Ababa map ............................................................................................. 6
Figure 2 Bole Arabsa , Lemi kora sub city ..................................................................... 8
Figure 3 Partial scene of Lideta condominium site ...................................................... 15
Figure 4 Conceptual frame wok ................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 1Omitted variable
test…………………………………………………………….
34
Figure 4. 2 Test for heteroskedasticity ......................................................................... 35
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Introduction
This chapter was concerned with the background of the study, statement of the problem,
objective of the study general objective and specific objective, scope of the study, organization
of the paper, significant and the limitation of the study.
1.2 Background of the Study
Housing is one of the three most essential human needs. According to the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 25 (1): “Everyone has the right to a
standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including
food, clothing, housing, and medical care” Mekonen (2008), This implies that everyone has a
right to live in a house that fulfills the minimum standards i.e., the house should be accessible;
there should be access to safe drinking water, electricity, and etc. to address these countries
designed different housing policies and strategies.
The best housing policies cannot work if they are not designed in a holistic way. Housing
policies interact and rely on a wide array of other public policy interventions. For example, every
household needs to have access to the water and sanitation system as well as electricity. The new
dwellings need to be connected to the road network and, if possible, to the public transportation
network. Furthermore, new neighborhoods should provide access to fundamental needs such as
health care and education.
However, developing countries like Ethiopia have lack accessibility to infrastructures in
developing integrated housing programs in urban cities like Addis Ababa.
Addis Ababa is home to 25% of the urban population of Ethiopia and is one of the fastestgrowing cities in Africa. It is the growth engine for Ethiopia and a major pillar in the country’s
vision to become a middle-income, carbon-neutral, and resilient economy by 2025(GPSURR,
2015). Its economy is growing annually by 14%. Approximately, the city Alone currently
contributes 50% towards the national GDP, highlighting its Strategic role within the overall
economic development of the country (UN-Habitat 2012).
According to Mekonen (2008), even in the capital city Addis Ababa, where 80% of the total
housing stock is found, most of the housing units are old, dilapidated, and substandard,
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overcrowded, and have no kitchen, toilet, and bathing facilities. Hence, they are not fit for a
healthy life. The government of Ethiopia initiated the Integrated Housing Development Program
in 2005 and 2013 in order to reduce this shortage of housing and provide a house that meets the
minimum standards (kitchen, toilet, and bath facilities) to low and middle-income people and
achieves its target in reducing poverty. To this end, the construction of condominium houses is
underway (Ministry of Urban Development, 2014).
The word "condominium" comes from two Latin words meaning common ownership or control.
It describes a legal form of ownership and not a type of building or residence Hawaii Real Estate
Commission. (2009). As defined in the Encyclopedia Britannica “condominium is a multipleunit dwelling in which there is separate and distinct ownership of individual units and joint
ownership of common areas. “The main role player who is involved during the construction
phase are AAHDPO, contractors SMEs and consultant contractors are the general who are
responsible for major construction activities and SMEs are manufacturing and provide
prefabricated building components, install electrical and sanitary works and manufactures metal
window and door frames. The study will focus on the challenges of the condominium
development housing project in Addis Ababa.
1.3. Statement of the Problem
The construction industry in developing countries faces challenges of different kinds. Most of
them are characterized by time delay, cost overrun, and poor-quality construction mainly
because of the poor performance of the contractor. To tackle the problems and to improve their
performance developmental activities such as capacity building schemes have been taking place.
Likewise, in Ethiopia, poor construction performance is evident in the construction of
condominium houses. Major and minor construction defects are observed in completed housing
units and households are subject to unexpected maintenance costs (Bahru, 2012).
The construction of condominium houses in Addis Ababa started in 2004 through Addis Ababa
Integrated Housing Development Project (AAIHDP). The program has an integrated approach to
solve the housing shortage through mass construction of low-cost houses and to reduce the
unemployment rate through engaging a large workforce in the construction process.
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Although shelter is a basic human need, it is also more than that: “housing is about everything
other than houses. It is about the availability of land, about access to credit, about affordability,
about economic growth, about social development and about the environment” (Khan, 2003). In
addition to these, it also implies gaining access to services and infrastructure, as well as creating
feelings of security and pride in living in a home.
According to the government of Ethiopia is designed a policy and strategy to solve the residence
problem of housing in the city from 2004 in different development programs. However, the
housing program is not completed and delivered based on the set policy, programs, plan, and to
satisfy the requested housing demand to the residences because of different internal and external
challenges.
According to the federal government sustainable integrate development programs urban
condominium housing program was one of the development programs that was launched in 2004
the first phase projects to complete the projects within 7 (seven) years to the demanders. The
second phase housing program was launched in 2005 to be complete and delivered to the
community with 5 years of lives of the projects to all the requestors. However, the projects were
not completed and running based on their project timeline and answered the demand because of
so many challenges.
These challenges have primarily emerged from the lack of an appropriate plan, lack of
implementation and enforcement of planning, lack of resources and capacity to implement
housing programs, overly restrictive standards, approval uncertainty, lengthy processing, and
high fees, community resistance, availability of financing and poor reform and land use policy is
among the visible problem of condominium housing in Addis Ababa.
The ongoing housing project has been continued within different parts of the city. However, the
condominium project is going on under different obstacles, implementation problems,
misunderstanding from different sectors of the citizen. Based on the above fact this study
attempted to assess the major challenges that are affecting the housing deliveries and the
condition of condominium housing projects.
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1.4. Objective of the Study
1.4.1. General objective
The general objective of this study is to assess the challenges in condominium development
housing projects in the case of Arabsa site bole sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
1.4.2. Specific objective of the study
The specific objectives of the study are:
1.
To identify the challenges of condominium development housing projects
2.
To assess the critical determinants of condominium housing projects in the city
3.
To examine the extent of challenges on determine the development of the housing
projects
4.
Suggest alternative solutions to the challenges and promote the successful
achievement of the condominium development project.
1.5. Research Question
The study attempts to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the existing situation of condominium housing project in the study area?
2. What are the critical challenges of condominium development housing projects?
3. To what extent the challenges determine the development of the housing projects?
4. What are the alternative solutions for the identified challenges of development
condominium projects?
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is basically concerned with the challenges of the integrated condominium housing
development program in Addis Ababa. Therefore, the study is useful in providing relevant
information for policymakers and practitioners related to housing development projects. In
addition to that, it could be helpful as an input for those who may be interested in undertaking
further studies and researches on the issue.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study assessed the challenges for the construction of condominium development housing
projects in bole sub-city Arabsa site, Addis Ababa. This research is mainly focused on
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challenges related to the development of condominium housing projects. The research study was
limited from the year 2013 to the year 2021.
1.8 Conceptual Definition
Condominium: it is a Single, individually owned housing unit in a multi-unit building. The
condominium owner holds sole title to the unit, but owns land and common property (elevators,
halls, roof, stairs, etc.) jointly with other unit owners, and shares the upkeep expenses on the
common property with them. Unit owner pays property taxes only on his or her unit, and may
mortgage, rent, or sell it just like any other personal property. And also, the word condominium
divides in to the prefix “con” means sharing and “dominium” which means, owner ship. It is
simply means sharing with others. A condominium is not particular kind of building rather; it is a
legal arrangement.
Condominium housing: is a name given to the form of housing tenure where each resident
household owns their individual unit, but equally shares ownership and responsibility for the
communal areas and facilities of the building, such as hallways, heating systems, and elevators.
There is no individual ownership over plots of land. All of the land on a condominium site is
owned by all homeowners (2011).
Project: it is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. The
temporary nature of projects indicates that a project has a definite beginning and end. The end is
reached when the project’s objectives have been achieved or when the project is terminated
because its objectives will not or cannot be met, or when the need for the project no longer
exists. A project may also be terminated if the client (customer, sponsor or champion) wishes to
terminate the project ( (Harold and Kerzner, 2004)).
Household: a group of persons who often live in the same housing unit or in connected Premises
and have a common arrangement for cooking and eating food. A household consists of a
husband, his wife, their children, relatives and some other persons residing together in the
household ( (MoFED, 2008)).
Housing unit: is a separate and independent place of abode, either intended for habitation or not
but occupied as a living quarter by a household at a time of census (CSA 2. , 2010).
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Housing affordability: is the willingness and ability of households to pay to consume Housing
services, which depends on the housing price, household income, and the terms and availability
of mortgage finance (AHURI, 2006)).
Housing supply: is the flow of houses into the market either that offered for sale or rent at any
one time with changing prices. It is mainly depending on the number of new housing units
constructed by the concerned bodies (Ibid).
Time: It is the length of time that extends the project duration ( (Atkinson, 1999)).
Cost escalation: changes in the cost or price of specific goods or services in a given economy
over a period.
1.10. Description of the Study Area
Figure 1 Addis Ababa map
As indicated in the above figure Addis Ababa is the largest capital city of Ethiopia that has 10
sub cities and 116 woreda administrations. It is located on a well-watered plateau surrounded by
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hills and mountains, in the geographic center of the country.it also the educational and
administrative center of Ethiopia. It is the foundation of African union and the united nation
economic commission for Africa. It has 10 sub cities and 116 woreda administrations like Lemi
kora Sub city, Addis Ketema, Arda, Lideta sub city and other 7 sub cities. According the world
statistical data population stat.com website report, has around 4.8 million habitants.
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Bole Arabsa Condominium housing Location
BOLE
ARBS
A
Figure 2 Bole Arabsa , Lemi kora sub city
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Figure: 2 Bole Arabsa condominium site
Source: Geeskafrika.com condominium winners in Addis Ababa
The bole Arabsa condominium site is located in the Lemi kora sub city, Addis Ababa which is
located in the North east of the city. The study area has included completed and ongoing 20/80
and 40/60 Integrated Housing projects.
1.11. Limitation of the study perjuries
This study has limited on small number of sample size, because the condominium development
office has no organized data of the contractors and consultants.
1.10. Organization of the Paper
The thesis comprises five chapters. In Chapter One, the background information on the
Assessment on challenges of development condominium housing projects in Ethiopia Addis
Ababa in particular and in other countries in general is discussed. The statement of the problem,
the objectives of the study and the significance of the study are outlined. Chapter Two is devoted
to the presentation and discussion of relevant literature. Literature concerning on challenges of
delivering on schedule condominium housing projects at national and international level is
discussed. Chapter Three discusses the research methodology, design and instrumentation used
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in the study. In addition, the population of the study and the sampling procedures are described.
The data collected were presented, discussed and analyzed in Chapter Four. The discussion in
the section was carried out bearing in mind research questions as well as cross reference with
information from literature review chapter. Finally, chapter five presented conclusions, summary
of the research findings, contribution made by the investigation, recommendations and areas for
further study.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Housing is one of the basic necessities for human beings. However, there are very complex
linkages between adequate housing supply and affordability practices. Throughout the less
developed countries cities, uncontrolled rapid population growth from high rate of natural
increase and rapid rural to urban migration together with low level of their income has resulted
in high demand of urban housing which resulting in critical problem of housing supply and
affordability. Like most urban centers of developing countries, Ethiopia’s urban centers are
characterized by poorly developed economic base. Most cities and towns in Ethiopia face a
plethora of problems, including an acute and ever worsening housing shortage. But; housing
problems may not be the same in each city because of variations in physical conditions,
economic development and cultural preferences of the given society (UN-Habitat, 2016).
Therefore, the function of housing is the most important economic resource to Addis Ababa
residents than any other urban cities of our country. Now, this chapter presents the review of
related literature which is relevant to the study. The core point is to investigate the government
policy in providing adequate and affordable housing in line with the low- and middle-income
people of Addis Ababa which is promised in its objective at the Integrated Housing
Development Program (IHDP), actually before five years ago (2010) the IHDP said that the
city’s current housing project has a goal of constructing 400,000 condominium units between
2010 and 2015. However, the program has not met its original targets it has built 171,000
housing units to date. Now, the question is why the projects of condominium housing failed by
more than 50 percent.
2.2. Theoretical Literature Review
Today, the prevailing wisdom emphasizes that condominiums are more valuable than
cooperatives and any other privately or real estate housing supply means in many ways. As
stated Lasner ‘s work by Umberger, (2012) home clubs (original owners-occupied building)
morphed into cooperatives, in which the building is legally structured as a corporation, with the
residents owning shares based on the size of their apartments.
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2.2.1 The role of government and private sector in providing housing
Serious challenges remain to fund projects to improve housing. In a fiscally tight environment,
social investments have not typically been prioritized at the local or national government levels.
Furthermore, in an era of decentralization, municipal or sub national government agencies often
face new responsibilities without sufficient capital transfers or statutory rights to mobilize local
revenues. For example, there is often an absence of functioning municipal taxation systems and
effective financial tools which capture land-value increases that could raise municipal revenue
and lead to increased funding for housing. Community-based finance options are also weak and
disconnected from main stream financial institutions, despite the critical role they play for poor
urban dwellers to engage in savings and loans. Evidence suggests that the provision of urban
services significantly raises land values and, under certain conditions, can promote private
investment in housing (UN-Habitat, 2015).
2.2.2 Critical factors/Basic elements/ affecting the performance of construction of housing.
There are many factors that contribute to causes of delays in construction projects. Delays occur
in every construction project and the magnitude of these delays varies considerably from project
to project. It is essential to define the actual causes of delay in order to minimize and avoid delay
in any construction project. A number of studies have been carried out worldwide to determine
the causes of delay in construction projects. Sambasivan and Soon, (2007), have identified the 10
most important causes of delay in Malaysia through a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire
survey was carried out with clients, consultants and contractors. About 150 respondents
participated in the survey. Based on their survey results, the most important delay factors were:
contractor’s improper planning, contractor’s poor site management, inadequate contractor
experience, inadequate client’s finance and payments for completed work, problems with
subcontractors, material shortage, labor 25 supply, equipment availability and failure, lack of
communication between parties, and mistakes during the construction stage. A similar study in
Malaysia was carried out by Alaghbari et al., (2007) with a list of 31 delay factors. The major
delay factors from their survey results were: financial difficulties and economic problems,
contractor financial problems, late supervision and slowness in making decisions, material
shortages, poor site management, construction mistakes and defective work, delay in delivery of
materials to site and lack of consultant’s experience.
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2.2.3 Urbanization and Housing in Ethiopia
Having a history of 3000 years, Ethiopia is one of the ancient Sub Saharan African countries
located strategically in the horn of Africa at crossroads between Africa, the Middle East and
Asia. It covers an area of 115 per sq. km (298 peoples per mi sq.). It has a population of
estimated around 118 ml with an annual population growth rate of 2.57% and population
density of 87 people per Km2 and 21.3% of the population is living in urban (UN, 2021).
Urbanization is one of the important occurrences of human life. It is easier to bring about
human development, rising incomes, better services and living standards in an urban setting.
This does not mean that urbanization brings success by itself. It requires well-devised policies
that can steer demographic growth, turn urban accumulation of activities and resources into
healthy economies, and ensure equitable distribution of wealth among others (UN-Habitat,
2011)
At the year of 2005, the economy of Ethiopia is dominantly agrarian contributing only 47.9% to
the national economy whereas the urban population who is engaged on industrial and service
sectors contributes 13.1% and 38.9% respectively (Ethiopia, 2011)). Ethiopia is one of the least
urbanized countries even by the standards of Africa, with only 17% of its people living in urban
areas. There are 926 urban areas in the country. Addis Ababa is the primate city with the total
population of around 3 million (Teshome, 2012).
The rate of urbanization considered one of the indicators of a country‘s economic
development. It is directly related to the demand for houses. It is expected that the country
more urbanized, more houses needed to accommodate the increase population in urban
centers. The practice however, does not support this in that the acceleration in urbanization
does not accompany by the provision of adequate housing. This is one of the reasons for the
growth of informal settlements, which provide housing to most low-income group ( (UNHabitat, 2002)).
According to the 2007 Population and Housing Census by CSA, in Ethiopia there are
15,103,134 housing units most of which, 12,206,116 units, are found in the rural areas and the
2,897,018 units are found in the towns of the country. Most of the housing units found in the
towns, 836,074 units, are in the Oromia region. Out of the housing units found in the country,
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about 81.5 percent are owner occupied and around 9 percent of the units are rented from private
households. In the urban areas, the owner occupied housing units account for about 39 percent
and about 40 percent of the urban housing units are rented from private households. In Ethiopia,
the average number of households per a housing unit is 1.044 and the average number of rooms
per a housing unit is 1.8 (CSA, 2008).
2.3 Empirical Literature Review
2.3.1 Condominium Practice in Ethiopia
In the first half of the twentieth century land and housing in Ethiopia were possessed by a few
individuals and groups who owned and controlled land and housing development. Housing
supply was led by the land-owning elite with less than one per cent of the population owning
more than 70 per cent of the arable land, on which 80 per cent of the peasants were tenants. Lowincome households had little option but to rent housing and this was done outside of any formal
control or planning system. In 1962, for example, 58 per cent of the land in Addis Ababa was
owned by only 1,768 individuals, equating to ownership of over 10,000m2 each, and leading to
55 per cent of housing units being rental housing. While government urban housing and land
strategies were debated and documented at length, they did not materialize into built projects to
Address the severe housing demand. The government exhibited little national commitment to
land and housing development for the low-income sector and there was no coherent approach or
action toward land and housing provision. Therefore, ad-hoc policies and approaches prevailed
and informal, unauthorized housing proliferated
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Figure 3 Partial scene of Lideta condominium site
Lideta condominium site is the first inner-city relocation project in Addis Ababa. It is the first of
the five occupied sites to be re-developed by the IHDP program. It is, therefore, a pilot project
for inner city redevelopment based on the resettlement of a significant proportion of the
population. On such a central site as Lideta it was deemed important to maximize the value of
the land and therefore condominium blocks had to be at least seven floors high (UN -Habitat,
2011). Government owned rental units, administered by the Agency for the Administration of
Rental Houses, and Kebele Housing managed by Kebele Administration units, the smallest
government administration unit, operating at the neighborhood level. During this time
approximately 60 per cent of housing in Addis Ababa was rental accommodation and Kebeles
accounted for 93% of this rental accommodation. A consequence of the nationalization was a
significant reduction in the rental price for low cost rental housing of between 15 and 50 per cent
for occupants paying below ETB 300 (USD 23). In Addis Ababa, the rent of 80 per cent of the
city’s population was reduced by30 per cent. Housing supply was controlled by the centralized
government yet it was drastically insufficient to meet the large demand. For instance, in Addis
Ababa between 1975 and 1995, only one tenth of the projected dwellings were built because of
very low effective demand, rock bottom national housing investment rates, and from regulatory
constraints in the supply of land, credit, and building materials (UN-Habitat, 2011c).
The Derg government was controlled ownership of urban lands, and rental dwellings or extra
houses (a person is not allowed to have more than one house). Consequently, ownership of all
urban land and extra houses were transferred to the government in an effort to enforce a faire
distribution of wealth across the country. During the Derig regime, housing supply was
controlled by the central government and urban residents were allowed to keep one residential
house and another business house, if necessary. Housing supply was insufficient to meet the
large demand and all cities in Ethiopia experienced acute housing shortages and ever
deteriorating housing conditions (Teshome, 2008).
2.3.2 The current government Policy and legal frameworks related to housing
Since 1991 Ethiopia has had a decentralized regulatory structure with considerable autonomy
devolved to regional states regarding the management of their internal affairs. The country is
divided into nine states and two autonomous administrative areas, the cities of Addis Ababa and
15 | P a g e
Dire Dawa. The states are, in theory, financially independent from the national government.
Each state comprises zones, districts (Woreda), cities, and neighborhood administrations
(Kebeles). In each region the districts are the basic planning unit and have jurisdiction over the
kebeles. The capital city of Addis Ababa has ten sub-city administrations containing 11elected
executives and 128 councilors at city level. There are 99 Kebeles within the capital and 300
councilors between them to represent 30,000 people. All land is property of the national
government and is leased, not sold, for development (UN-habitat, 2011)
2.3.3 Population and Housing condition in Addis Ababa
According to Wondosen (2013) Addis Ababa had been expanding both in population and
physical areas since its origin. In addition to its natural increases, Addis Ababa has primate
city character with in migration from all regions that added up its population growth.
Administrative reclassification of rural areas in the periphery to urban settlement extended
settlement adding to its physical growth. The combined effects of these factors have brought a
significant effect on urbanization and expansion of Addis Ababa (Bekure, 1999).
According to CSA Urban Employment Unemployment survey study of 2012 cited in
(AABFED, 2013), there were a total of 3,061,404 populations in Addis Ababa. And there had
been 783,439 households in the city of which 455,253 were male headed and the rest 328,186
(41.9%) were female headed. According to Mebrate, (2008), the percentage of population with
access to suitable sanitation, which stands at 12%, is significantly lower than the 53% average
for the sub-Saharan Africa (UNDP, 2003). In Addis Ababa, 29.2% of the city residents have
no sanitation facilities. The major sources of solid waste identified by the city government are
households, commercial institutions, industries, hotels and hospitals, of which households take
the lions share. Most of the population of Addis Ababa lives in badly constructed and
substandard housing units. Most of the substandard houses were rapidly built mainly during
the post-Italian occupation period to meet shelter need (Ashenafi, 2006).
Addis Ababa, which constitutes 16% of the country’s urban population, the city is
experiencing an acute shortage of residential housing (UN-Habitat, 2011).Beside this in terms
of quality, most of the houses constructed are substandard class that is mainly built using
conventional wood and mud materials. The housing sector of the city is highly characterized
16 | P a g e
by poor quality due to old age, massive shortages, congested, unsecured accompanied by
unplanned settlement (Abera, 2002).
According to the 2000 welfare Monitoring Survey of CSA, the available stock of houses of
Addis Ababa can only sufficiently accommodate about 73% of the households and the
remaining 27% are homeless people. Therefore, housing is one of the critical problems of the
city. Most houses of the city are old, unplanned and inconvenient for living. Similar study
had under taken by Addis Ababa Housing Project Office (AABFED, 2013).
According to UN-Habitat (2007) in 1994 the housing shortage of Addis Ababa was worse than
it had been 10 years earlier. This is reflected that, the ratio of housing units to households,
which dropped from 0.97 to 0.93 over that decade. During the same period, the occupancy rate
increased from 5.3 to 5.5 individuals per housing unit. Solomon and McLeod (2004) cited in
Ashenafi, (2006), the squatter settlements of the city have a far adequate access to basic urban
services, including access of road and utilities. The worsening housing conditions of the city
together with the emergency of squatter settlements have undoubtedly led to rapid increase in
the proportion of the population of Addis Ababa that lives in such settlements.
The main reason for the housing problem is that there is a huge gap between the housing
demand and the housing supply in the city. As the housing supply remains at low growth rate,
housing demand in Addis Ababa has been increasing due to high population growth,
migration to the city from all over the country and the deterioration of the existing housing
stock subsequent to poor maintenance (Meheret, 1999).
Thus then, every day, as people migrate to cities and new households are created, the demand for housing
grows. The urban population has increased more than five-fold since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion
in 2014. This growth has greatly elevated the demand for adequate, safe, and accessible housing. In
addition to the existing 980 million urban households in 2010, 600 million more are estimated to require
housing in cities between 2010 and 2030. Responding to the existing housing deficit, while planning for
anticipated future housing needs especially in areas experiencing high urban growth forms the crux of the
housing policy challenge. Effective response to this challenge will yield benefits beyond the housing
sector itself, as housing not only drives urban development, urban form and density, but is also a key
sector for generating employment and economic growth (UN-Habitat, 2015c).
17 | P a g e
Research gap
Other researchers in this area indicates that mostly they assess and focused on the condominium
accessibility, quality and affordability to the beneficiaries. However, this study focused on the
challenges of condominium development housing project particularly on the project owners and
contractors.
Limited Researchers conducting their study on the condominium housing projects focused on
mainly on the resource allocation. Bute this study mainly on the basic project knowledge areas.
Because every project to be successful based on the settled objectives must be supported by the
project knowledge areas and concepts.
2.4. Conceptual Frame Work of the Study
Appropriate planning
Better Implementation
Projects success
Better Permitting
Infrastructure accessibility
Resource accessibility
3. 1 Conceptual frame wok
Figure 4 Conceptual frame wok
Source: own development, 2021
18 | P a g e
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Different Scholars of various disciplines define research methodology, for example, Kitchin and
Tate , 2000, as the coherent set of rules and procedures which can be used to investigate a
phenomena or situation. For Mikkelsen (2005), a research methodology includes the tools and
techniques of data gathering and analysis. Research methodology is a way to systematically
solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of conducting research is a
scientific way. A researcher may choose qualitative, quantitative or a combination of the two
methods depending on the type of environment and the type of questions attempted to be
answered (Bryman, 2004)
Based on the nature, objectives and available resources, mixed research method
(triangulation) is used for this research. According to Denzin (1978), triangulation is the
combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon.
3.2 Research Approach
The study is a product of the pragmatist paradigm that combines qualitative and quantitative
methods with multiple techniques for data collection, which is strongly, inspired by literature on
integrated housing development program. The rationale for selecting both quantitative and
qualitative research methods was based on the need to provide a more vital analysis. Relevant
quantitative and qualitative data were collected using the various methods and instruments
described above in order to get a complete picture of the situation under study. Data analysis and
presentation were carried out to address the research questions created in connection challenges
of condominium housing. Therefore, in this research concurrent mixed method procedures are
used, in which the researcher combines quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide a
comprehensive analysis of the research problem. In this design, the investigator collected both
forms of data concurrently during the fieldwork and then integrated the information in the
interpretation of the overall results. By and large, in this thesis, quantitative and qualitative
findings are inter-linked during the analysis. Qualitative findings are used to give meaning to the
19 | P a g e
quantitative findings, to explain the gaps, and to draw conclusions and formulate policy options.
Qualitative findings area unit want to provide desiring to the quantitative findings.
3.3 Research Method
This study was employed explanatory research approach method to examine the dependent and
independent variables.
3.4 Sampling Design
The study is draw on descriptive (ex-post-facto) type of research design is considered by the
researcher for the study. This approach is chosen by the study owing to the fact that the purpose
of the study is merely to describe the state of nature as it currently exists; i.e. To report what
has happened or what is happening; with no control over the variables involved. Both
qualitative and quantitative approaches will be considered using an interview, questioner and
secondary data (C.R.Kothari, 1990).
3.5 Population and Sample Size
3.5.1 Target population of the study
The total populations of this research study were senior chief staff members of the housing
development office and 1st grade contractors building on the selected projects Bole sub city
Arabsa sit Addis Ababa. In this context, there is around 20 number of 1st stage contractors, 20
staff members of the project office. The total target population is 40 respondents.
3.5.2 Sampling technique
Purposive sampling is a form of non-probability sampling in which decisions concerning the
individuals to be included in the sample are taken by the researcher, based upon a variety of
criteria which may include specialist knowledge of the research issue, or capacity and
willingness to participate in the research (Paul, 2006).
Based on this, the Bole sub-city Araba site is purposely chosen, among the 10 sub cities of
Addis Ababa, as a study area for this research proposal. This is because of it has the completed
and ongoing projects.
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3.5.3 Sample size
In order to represent challenges of development condominium housing projects the researcher
employed purposive sampling techniques. The final sample size of respondent’s Bole sub city
Arabsa site, in Addis Ababa city, administration for the survey are N1 = 20 and N2 = 20
N1 = Number of chief staff members
N2 = Number of contractors
Total respondents = 40
3.6. Source of Data
The information was obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary data directly
collects from the respondents and the secondary data were collected from statistical reports and
journals. The methods that were used to acquire data for the research were through a structured
questionnaire self-administered to sampled respondents, Observation, Key informants Interview
and Secondary Information.
3.7. Data Analysis and Presentation
Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive method was
employed to explain the situation of demographic characteristics and inferential statistics
measure the changes in socio economic and demographic variables can be properly analyzed in
challenges of delivery condominium housing projects. The Stata 14.2 version software tool will
used for data analysis and the analytical result will be present in mean, standard deviation,
percentage and frequency in tables, graphs and charts.
21 | P a g e
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSION
4. Introduction
In this part, the data gathered from primary and secondary sources were presented and major
findings are identified. Moreover, interpretations and recommendations have been made based
on the findings. Primarily, the data was collected from the contractors and condominium housing
development office staff members through questionnaire.
Results that were obtained from the respondents through questioners are organized and
presented in tabular forms.
Therefore, analyses have been made by triangulating data from of the various types of
respondents. Hence, the results and findings are believed to be valued.
4.1 Response Rate of Respondents
Table4. 1 Respondent’s response rate
Type
of Sample
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
Percentage
organization
size
distributed
Returned
contractors
20
20
20
100
CDHO staff
20
20
20
100
Source: Own survey, 2021
As shown in table 4.1 above, about response rate, among the 40-number sample size of the
study, 40 questionnaires were distributed to respondents and 40 were appropriately filled and
returned with the rate of 100 percent. Based on the sample size (100%) the next analysis was
carried out.
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4.2 Demographic Information
Table4. 2. Demographic information
No
Factors (Variables)
Categories/Characteristics Frequency
1
Sex
Male
25
62.50
Female
15
37.50
<30
8
20.00
31-40
19
47.50
>40
13
32.50
project manager
10
25.00
site engineer
9
22.50
office engineer
5
12.50
staff
16
40.00
36
90.00
36
4
10.00
4
1-5 years
5
12.50
5-10 years
25
62.50
above 10 years
10
25.00
Contractor
20
50.00
Staff
20
50.00
2
3
4
5
6
Age
Position
Educational level
Work experience
Type of organization
Source: own field survey, 2021
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%
As shown in table 4.2 above, concerning gender distribution of respondents, 25(63%) were
males whereas 15(37%) females. This shows that males’ dominance was involved in the
contraction sectors.
According to the age of respondents, as shown in the table 4.2 above, 8(20%) were in age group
of less than 30, 19(47.5%) were in age group of 31-40 and 13(32.5%) were in age group of
greater than 40 years. This indicates that majority (67%) age of the respondents were active
productive age.
As indicated in the table 4.2 above, 10(25%) were project managers, 9(22.5%) were site
engineers, 5(12.5%) were office engineers and 16(40%) of the respondents were staff workers of
the housing development office. This shows us the human resources administration was more
office work focused than field work monitoring and evaluation of the project’s performances in
daily basis.
As we can see in the table 4.2 above, educational level of respondents, 36(90%) have degree and
4(10%) of the respondents have master’s degree. This indicates that almost all of the respondents
have minimum degree but they have lack of experience.
As shown in table 4.2 above, concerning work experience of respondents, 5(12.5%) have 1-5
years of experience, 25(62.5%) have 5 to 10 years and 10(25%) have above 10 years of working
experience. This shows that 75% of the respondents have less than 10 years of experience in the
contraction sectors.
As indicated in the table 4.2 above, the respondents type of working categories, 20(50%) were
contractors and 20(50%) were employees of the integrated development housing program. This
shows that, half of the respondents were 1st Grade contractors working in the Arabsa
condominium housing projects and half of the respondents were site engineers and different staff
members that have information over all the performance of the housing projects.
24 | P a g e
4.3. Development Challenges of Condominium Housing
4.3.1. Project planning
Table4. 3 preparation of project plan
Rating scales
Challenges
"5"
Lack of
implementation and
enforcement planning
laws
frequency
percent
frequency
Poor feasibility study
percent
frequency
Poor scope definition
percent
frequency
Delay in site handover percent
frequency
Suspension of work
percent
frequency
Infective scheduling
percent
frequency
Un appropriate design percent
Preparing
incomplete/undetailed frequency
business plan
percent
22
55
3
8
5
13
4
10
7
18
11
28
9
23
3
8
"4"
"3"
8
20
21
53
21
53
16
40
7
18
11
28
20
50
17
43
"2"
7
17
11
28
2
5
14
35
10
25
13
33
5
13
12
30
"1"
1
3
1
3
5
13
6
15
10
25
2
5
0
5
13
Total
respon
dents
(N)
40
2
5
4 40
10
7 40
18
0 40
6 40
15
3 40
8
6 40
15
40
3
8 40
Weigh
ted
total
mean
167
0.835
138
0.69
132
0.66
119
0.595
145
0.725
146
0.73
132
0.66
126
0.63
117
0.585
Key: 5 = very high; 4 = high; 3 = Medium; 2 = Low and 1 = very low
Source: Survey result (2021)
As shown in table 4.3 above, concerning lack of appropriate plan of the development housing
were 22(55%) and 8(20%) of the respondents were responding very high and high. This indicates
that lack of enforcement planning laws is a series challenge on the development of integrated
housing projects.
As indicated in the table 4.3 above, the poor feasibility study of the project on the project
performance, 21(53%) highly and 11(28%) of the respondents were moderately contests the
housing construction projects. this suggests that, if there is a poor feasibility study the projects
25 | P a g e
have a series challenges to complete the projects on the specified period and budget and the
project it might be delayed and cost overrun.
As we can see in the table 4.3 above, concerned with poor scope definition were, 3(8%) very
high challenges, 21(53%) high challenges, 2(5%) medium challenges, 5(13%) low challenges,
and 7(18%) very low challenges. this suggests that 61% of the respondent’s lack of scope
definition is a series challenge on the condominium development housing projects. If there is no
clear scope it’s difficult to measure deliverables.
In the table 4.3 above, shows that delay site handover were respondents, 4(10%) very high,
16(40%) high, 14(35%) medium, 6(15%) low challenges on the condominium housing program.
This suggested that if the project site is not clear and ready for construction it creates delay on
the performance of the projects to the contractor and the project owners. Thus then 59.5% of
condominium projects were challenged on delay in site handover.
As we can see in the table 4.3 above, describe that 7(18%) of respondents very high, 7918%)
high, 10(25%) medium, 6(15%) of the respondents describes suspension of work were low
influence on the projects. This shows that the suspension of work was happened because of the
series planning and assigning resource problems and hindering the condominium development
housing program.
As indicated in the table 4.3 above, concerned ineffective scheduling challenge were, 11(28%)
very high, 11(28%) high, 11(33%) medium and 5(13%) low and very low. This suggests that,
61% of the projects have highly ineffective scheduling problem. Because of skill gab, clear welldefined planning, feasibility study and scope defined. In addition to this the improper projects
design and unarticulated planning 73% of the projects challenged this problem.
Thus then, enforcement planning laws 84%, feasibility study 69%, scope definition 66%, site
handover, 60%, scheduling 72% and appropriate design 66% of the projects determined the
condominium housing development programs.
26 | P a g e
4.3.2. Implementation Performance
Table4. 4 Implementation Performance
Rating Scale
Challenges
Poor site management
rework
Inadequate contractors
experience
Inappropriate construction
method
Delay in site mobilization
Late delivery of material
Obsolete technology
Supplying of material
Overly restrictive development
standards
Delay in approving the major
change
Frequency
percent
"5"
3
8
"4"
17
43
"3"
9
23
"2"
5
13
"1"
6
15
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
2
5
9
23
8
20
4
10
11
28
12
30
11
28
16
40
13
33
15
38
13
33
11
28
10
25
4
10
5
13
9
23
4
10
0
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
4
10
8
20
3
8
0
15
38
18
45
16
40
11
28
13
33
16
40
3
8
10
25
16
40
3
8
2
5
10
25
8
2
5
13
13
33
3
8
1
3
3
8
8
20
8
20
3
8
3
8
0
Total
resp
onde
nts
(N)
Weig
hted
total
RII
40
126
0.63
40
117
0.58
5
40
146
0.73
40
136
0.68
38
125
0.66
40
135
0.67
5
40
142
0.71
40
128
0.64
40
110
0.55
40
110
0.55
Key: 5 = very high; 4 = high; 3 = Medium; 2 = Low and 1 = very low
Source: Survey result (2021)
As indicated in the table 4.4 above concerned with poor site management the respondents were
replay, 3(8%) very high, 17(43%) high, 9(23%) medium, and 11(28%) low and very low
challenges. This shows that, the condominium construction projects have high poor site
management challenge in their implementation performances.
As shown in the table 4.4 above, inadequate contractors experience, 9(23%) very high, 12(30%)
high, 15(38%) medium and 4(10%) low factors on the projects. Factors that makes the
contractors rework, 2(5%) very high, 11(28%) high, 13(33%) medium, 10(25%) low challenges
27 | P a g e
Thus then, the poor site management leads to the projects delay their developments and reworks
the projects.
As we can see in the table 4.4 above, the respondents were described the inappropriate
construction method, 8(20%) very high, 11(28%) high, 13(33%) medium, 5(13%) low, and
3(8%) very low challenges. This suggests that inappropriate construction method was a series
challenge on the development of construction condominium housing projects. Additionally,
delay in site mobilization and late delivery of materials were 66% and 68% consecutively
significantly challenges the projects performance. If there is no on time material delivery the
construction projects stope their work activities and the projects leading to cost overrun and
delay to deliver them on their schedule or planed goal.
As indicated in the table 4.4 above, the respondents on absolute technology were described,
8(20%) very high, 18(45%) high, 8(10%) medium, 10(25) low and 1(3%) very low challenges on
the implementation of projects performances. This shows that, technology is highly important in
performance of projects that 71% determined the development objectives of the condominium
housing projects on their specified period.
The table 4.4 above, shortage of supply of materials on the project performance shows, 3(8%)
very high, 16(40%) high and 10(25%) medium challenges on the project’s implementation. This
suggests that shortage of material supply is main challenge on the development condominium
housing projects in Addis Ababa, Arabsa site.
As revealed in the table 4.4 above, the respondents replay on overly restrictive development
standard were, 55% challenged on the implementation projects performance of condominium housing.
And delay in approving the major changes 55% challenges the on performing the projects based on their
strategic plan. This then, inflexible restrictive standards and delay on approval of changes were bottle
necks on implementation of projects.
4.3.3 Controlling system
Table4. 5 controlling system
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Challenges
Poor site supervision
Late in revising and approving
the design, tests
Inadequate experience of the
consultant
Late issue of instruction
Frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
Fre Fre Fre
que que que Freq
ncy ncy ncy uenc
of
of
of
y of
"5" "4" "3" "2"
7
9
11
5
18
23
28
13
Fre
que
ncy
of
"1"
8
20
0
6
15
0
7
18
3
8
11
28
11
28
7
18
6
15
13
33
18
45
17
43
9
23
9
23
3
8
Total
resp
onde
nts
(N)
Weig
hted
total
RII
122
102
0.61
0.51
40
136
0.68
40
118
0.59
40
40
Key: 5 = very high; 4 = high; 3 = Medium; 2 = Low and 1 = very low
Source: own field survey, 2021
As shown in the table 4.5 above, the respondents were replay on the site supervision, 7(18%)
very high, 9(23%) high, 11(28%) medium, 5(13%) low and 8(20%) very low challenges of
controlling system. This indicates that 61% of the projects have site supervision and controlling
problems.
According the table 4.5 above, the respondents in late revising and approving the design tests
replay, 11(28%) high, 6(15%) medium, 17(43%) low and 6(15%) were very low. This suggests
that 51 % challenges on the condominium development projects. In the table 4.5 above,
inadequate experience of the consultants and late issue of instruction rates 68% and 59%
consecutively that affects the performance of the projects.
29 | P a g e
4.3.4 Resources allocation
Table4. 6 Lack of resources
Frequency
percent
Fre Fre Fre
que que que Freq
ncy ncy ncy uenc
of
of
of
y of
"5" "4" "3" "2"
1
11
16
6
3
28
40
15
Fre
que
ncy
of
"1"
6
15
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
2
5
4
10
6
15
6
15
3
8
3
8
Challenges
Availability of financing
Availability of land accessibility
Availability of material
Lack of skill manpower
8
20
16
40
7
18
16
40
10
25
13
33
8
20
7
18
11
28
Total
resp
onde
nts
(N)
Weig
hted
total
RII
40
115
0.575
40
112
0.56
40
131
0.655
40
122
0.61
Key: 5 = very high; 4 = high; 3 = Medium; 2 = Low and 1 = very low
Source: Own field survey, 2021
As shown in the table 4.6 above, 1(3%) very high, 11(28%) high, 16(40%) medium, 6(15%) low
and 6(15%) very low response on the lack of availability of finance on the projects. This
suggests that 58% of the projects have lack of availability of financial challenges.
According to the table 4.6 above, lack of land accessibility was shown the survey, 2(5%) very
high, 8(20%) high, 16(40) mediums, 8920%) low and 6(15%) very low challenges on the
development of housing programs Arabsa site. This indicates that 56% of the projects have a
lack of land accessibility problems. It was mainly challenging to answer the needs of both the
contractors and the owners demand.
As indicated in the table 4.6 above, lack of availability of materials, 4(10%) very high, 16(40%)
high, 10(25%) medium, 7(18%) low and 6(15%) very low and lack of skill manpower rates,
6(6%) very high, 7(18%) high, 13(33) medium, 11(28%) low and 3(8%) very low determined
the condominium projects. This suggests that, lack of available materials and lack of skill
manpower were challenging the development condominium housing projects at of 65% and 61%
rates.
30 | P a g e
4.3.5 Permitting challenges
Table4. 7 Permitting challenges of the contractors
Challenges
Approval uncertainty, lengthy
processing, and high fees
Community resistance
Developer interest
Frequency
percent
Fre Fre Fre
que que que Freq
ncy ncy ncy uenc
of
of
of
y of
"5" "4" "3" "2"
9
15
9
5
23
38
23
13
Fre
que
ncy
of
"1"
2
5
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
4
10
5
12
2
5
0
16
40
12
30
12
30
19
48
6
15
4
10
Total
resp
onde
nts
(N)
Weig
hted
total
RII
40
144
0.72
40
134
0.67
40
138
0.69
Key: 5 = very high; 4 = high; 3 = Medium; 2 = Low and 1 = very low
Source: Own field survey, 2021
According the permitting challenges of table 4.7 above, the contractor’s approval uncertainties,
license and payment lengthy processing on the projects were, 9(23%) very high, 16(40%) high,
12(30%) medium, 6(15%) low, 2(5%) very low challenges. This shows, 72% significantly
affects the development construction housing projects.
As indicated in the table 4.7 above, the community resistance was, 4(10%) very high, 16(405)
high, 12(30%) medium, 6(15%) low, 2(5%) very low rate. This show the community resistance
on the clearing of land is highly challenged the projects whereas, 67% of the project have
community resistance challenges on compensation of land and legal procedures to ready the land
for development purpose based on the schedule.
31 | P a g e
4.3.6 Lack of infrastructure
Table4. 8 Lack of infrastructure
Frequency
percent
Fre Fre Fre
que que que Freq
ncy ncy ncy uenc
of
of
of
y of
"5" "4" "3" "2"
6
23
5
4
13
58
15
10
Fre
que
ncy
of
"1"
2
5
frequency
percent
frequency
percent
10
25
6
15
0
Challenges
Availability of road
Availability of water
Availability of electricity
25
63
20
50
4
10
9
22
1
3
4
10
1
3
Total
resp
onde
nts
(N)
Weig
hted
total
RII
40
147
0.735
40
164
0.82
40
146
0.73
Source: own field survey, 2021
Availability of road: As indicated in the table 4.8 above, the respondents replay on the lack
availability of road for the housing projects development were, 6(13%) very high, 23(58%) high,
5(15%) medium, 4(10%) low, 2(5%) very low challenges. It is important to leads to the
construction site. This suggests that 74% of road accessibility is highly important in construction
housing development projects to reduce additional costs for the owner and contractors.
Availability of water: As we can see in the table 4.8 above, lack of availability of water,
10(25%) very high, 25(63%) high and 4(10%) medium on condominium housing development
Arabsa, projects. This shows, housing construction project 82% of water is important for the site
work of the projects.
Availability of electricity: availability of electricity on the project sites were 6(15%) very high,
20(50%) high, 9(22%) medium, 4(10%) low, 1(3%) very low challenges the development
condominium housing projects implementation. This shows 73% of the project’s success
determined by electricity accessibility.
32 | P a g e
4.3.7 Summery statistical analysis of the explanatory variables
Table 4. 9 summery of statistical result of independent variables
Variable
Observation
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
Appropriate planning
40
3.675
.4743416
3
4
Better implementation
40
3.825
.5943106
3
5
Resource accessibility
40
3.55
.6774765
3
5
Better permitting
40
3.825
.6359931
3
5
Infrastructure accessibility
40
3.75
.6304252
3
5
Source: statistical result, 2021
As the findings in the table 4.9 above, Appropriate planning affects the projects success. This
was confirmed by the mean 3.675 which is a higher value near to 4-a value for high. The
standard deviation 0.474 which is smaller and less than 1 implied that the respondents have no
different idea on the essentiality of appropriate planning on projects success. When the Better
implementation is examined based on specific questions explained above, the mean values 3.825
which are more than 3 and approaches to 4 high and standard deviation which are .59 less than 1.
as seen in the table 4.9. Resource accessibility for projects success was used as the mean value
3.55 indicated that Mean value is closer to the response value 4-high. This agreement is
approved by the standard deviation 0.677 that all respondents have similar idea since it is less
than 1. The mean value of respondents on Better permitting showed that, 3.825 were closer to
response high. This shows that simple and effective permitting system were enhancing the
project’s success. The standard deviation 0.635 too also confirmed the respondents’ idea
similarity.
From the table 4.9 above, indicates that, infrastructure accessibility has mean value 3.75 and
standard deviation which have .63. This shows that, the mean value close to 4- high and the
standard deviation close to one.
From the findings and analysis, it can be inferred that
appropriate planning, better implementation, resource accessibility, better permitting and
33 | P a g e
infrastructure accessibility were highly affecting the project’s success and lack of those
determinant factors were challenged the development of condominium housing construction
projects.
4.4 Statistical Analysis and Summary Statistics
The survey data collected from 40 respondents and the questionnaire have two categories the
first one was continuous variables and the second categories were categorical Likert scale
variables have minimum one and maximum five answers. The study used Linear Regression
reanalysis method and tests the reliability and fitness of the model for the data and correlation
and covariance among variables tested we can see appendix.
4.4.1 Omitted variables test analysis
. ovtest
Ramsey RESET test using powers of the fitted values of projectsuccess
Ho: model has no omitted variables
F(3, 30) =
3.56
Prob > F =
0.0258
Figure 4. 1Omitted variable test
Source: Statistical output, 2021
As shown in the figure 4.8 above, testing for omitted variable bias is important for our model
since then, we tested omitted-variable bias using the ovtest command. There is no omitted
variable. The null hypothesis is that the model does not have omitted-variables bias, the p-value
is 0.02 threshold of 0.05, so we reject the null and conclude that we need more variables.
34 | P a g e
4.4.2 Testing for homoskedasticity
. estat hettest
Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity
Ho: Constant variance
Variables: fitted values of projectsuccess
chi2(1)
=
Prob > chi2 =
59.66
0.0000
Source: statistical result, 2021
Figure 4. 2 Test for heteroskedasticity
This is the Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity. The null hypothesis is that residuals are
homoskedasticity. Here we reject the null and concluded that residuals are heteroskedastic. The
model is fitted with the value. This is the test for heteroskedasticity and the variables were robust
to avoid that residuals are heteroskedastic. The model is fitted with the value.
4.4.3 Multicollinearity test
Table 4. 10 multicollinearity variable tests
Variable
Appropriate planning
Better implementation
Resource accessibility
Better permitting
Infrastructure accessibility
education
experience
Existence age on business contractor
Mean VIF
Source: Statistical output, 2021
VIF
18.03
11.33
8.20
8.06
7.87
1.35
1.18
1.11
7.14
1/VIF
0.055473
0.088283
0.121899
0.124066
0.127073
0.741229
0.844247
0.900977
As indicated in the table 4.10 above, an important assumption for the multiple regression model
is that independent variables are not perfectly multicollinear. This is, one regressor should not be
35 | P a g e
a linear function of another. This study was checked multicollinearity by Vif (variance inflation
factor) the result we be 7.14. So, this shows us the Vif < 10 or a 1/Vif < 0.10. This study has not
observed multicollinearity problems here. All Vif score are under 10.
4.4.4 Regression Analysis of Variables
Table 4. 11 Linear regression
Linear regression
Number of
Observation
=
F (8, 31) =
40
Prob > F =
0.0000
R-squared =
0.9867
Root MSE =
.07232
657.38
Robust
Project success
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
Appropriate planning
.1347442
.0790396
1.70
Better implementation
.1972113
.0689716
Resource accessibility
.3255557
.0633413
Better permitting
.2425939
.0864477
P>t
[95%
Conf.
0.098 -.0264581
Interval]
0.008 .0565428
.3378798
0.000 .1963704
.4547411
0.009 .0662827
.4189051
0.008 .0532238
.3322069
0.530 -.0389764
.0742748
0.744 -.0198014
.0274414
0.135 -.0271257
.0038196
0.191 -1.03312
.2144868
.2959465
2.86
5.14
2.81
Infrastructure accessibility
.1927153
.0683945
2.82
education
.0176492
.0277643
experience
.00382
.0115819
0.64
Existence age on business
contractor
_cons
-.0116531
.0075864
0.33
-1.54
-.4093168
.305859
-1.34
Source: Statistical output, 2021
As the table 4.11 above, indicated that each item has positive significant relationship within the
regression analysis R2-square shows, 98 % of require that the explanatory variable determines
the dependent variable. The data has a 5 % error and 95% confidential that significantly affects
the output variable. this shows that appropriate planning 13%, Better implementation 19%,
36 | P a g e
Resource accessibility 33%, Better permitting 24% and Infrastructure accessibility at 19% were
significantly challenges the development of condominium housing construction projects. The
dependent variable projects success has positive relationship with the determinant factor
variables. This shows that the projects success was determined by the appropriate planning of the
contractors and the project owners, available resource accessibility by the owners and
contractors, better permitting systems, and better infrastructure accessibility enhance the
development condominium housing projects successfully.
37 | P a g e
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMONDATION
5.1. Conclusion
Up on the analysis the researcher has drawn and clearly stated the following practical
conclusions as follows:
The government led condominium development housing projects were designed and
implemented in 2004 for the purpose of reducing housing problems to the lowest income group
residence of the Addis Ababa city. According to this, the government have tray to deliver the
condominium houses projects to the beneficiaries in different periods.
Even though, the federal government revised a new condominium development housing policy
in 2013. The policy includes 10/90, 20/80 and 40/60 condominium housing to deliver to the
beneficiaries within the five years depending on their saving deposits. According this policy the
Arabsa site development condominium housing project was started under this program.
However, the condominium development housing projects were not running based on the
government planned policy and strategies, because they have a lack of appropriate plan, lack of
clear implementation strategy, lack of controlling system, lack of available resources, poor
permitting process for the contractors and lack of available road, water, electricity challenges.
This shows that the condominium housing project were not developing based on the demands of
the owner/government.
38 | P a g e
5.2 Recommendations
 The government must make feasibility study and detail plan before starting the projects
 The government must prepare a new projects implementation policy, strategy and clear
charters with responsibility on the familiarity of the projects.
 The contractors must employ professional expertise
 The contractors required to implement and deliver the project based on their agreement.
 The contractors must apply to planning and monitoring tools like MS-project 2016
software.
 One of the major reasons for challenges of poor performance of housing projects is lack
of adequate finance to the projects so; the government must provide adequate financial
resources with high responsibility and controlling systems for the projects.
 The government or the responsible authority must provide simple and attempting rulings
for the projects.
 The government must do enough stakeholders analysis and participations from the
identification of the projects to the final completion of the projects.
 The government must award the project to those who have well experienced contractors,
consultants and skilled professional in this field area.
 The government must prepare project risk analysis strategy.
39 | P a g e
REFERENCES
Assessment of Affordability and Living Condition of Condominium Housing in Addis Ababa:
The Case of Lideta Sub city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia by tsion Getachew May, 2016 .
Bahru, H. (2012). Effect of poor project performance on the quality of housing. Institute for
Housing and Urban Development Studies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (IHS).
Central Statistical Agency (2010) The 2007 Population and Housing Census. Addis Ababa:
CSA. (n.d.).
Challenges and Prospects of Communal Service Governance: The transferred Condominium
Houses in Addis Ababa (Yeka sub-city) By tekelehaimanot, Assefu Gebreamlak.
CLUVA (2013) Climate Change and Vulnerability of African Cities. Research Briefs. Seventh
Framework Program Deliverable. CLUVA consortium.
CLUVA (2013) Hazard scenarios for test cities using available data. Research Briefs.
Echnoserve (2011) Measurement and Performance Tracking: Scoping and Survey Results –
Ethiopia.
Elala, D. (2011) Vulnerability assessment of surface water supply systems due to climate change
.
Ethiopian Electric Power and Parsons Brinckerhoff (2015) Addis Ababa Distribution, Master
Plan.
Federal Government of Ethiopia (2001) Ethiopian Water Sector Strategy.
Federal Government of Ethiopia (2010) National Policy and Strategy on Disaster Risk
Management.
Federal Government of Ethiopia (2011) Climate Resilient and Green Economy Strategy.
Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Agriculture (2014) Disaster Risk Management
Strategic Program and Investment Framework.
Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Transport (2011) Transport Policy of Addis Ababa.
40 | P a g e
Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Urban Development and Construction (2010)
Growth and Transformation Plan, 2010 – 2015.
Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Urban Development and Construction (2012)
Addis Ababa City Government: Infrastructure Asset Management Plan.
Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Urban Development and Construction (2013)
Ethiopian Cities Prosperity Initiative: Building Green, Resilient and Well Governed
Cities.
Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Urban Development and Construction (2013)
Growth and Transformation Plan: Ethiopian Resilient & Green Cities Development &
Governance Programs.
Naples: AMRA.other impacts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Academic Thesis. Uppsala: Uppsala
University.
Seventh CLUVA (2013) Recommendations for green infrastructure planning in selected case
study cities.
The Assessment of 20/80 Condominium Housing Projects in Addis Ababa: The case of Bole and
Akaky Kaliti Sub cities by: Guesh Dejen .
The Assessment of 20/80 Condominium Housing Projects in Addis Ababa: The case of Bole and
Akaky Kaliti Sub cities by: Guesh Dejen .
41 | P a g e
APPENDEX
I.
Questionnaire
Part I: Demographic Data Survey (√) in the box below as an appropriate.
Contractor
1. Type of organization: Contractor
2. Gender:
male
MSE
Female
3. Age: less than 30 years
31-40 years
41 – 50 years
greater
than 50 years
4. Educational Background:
Diploma
BSc/BA degree
Masters and Above
5. Job position of respondent
Project manager
site engineer
office engineer
6. Organizational set up 1. Centralized
staff
2. Decentralized
7. Years of experience of respondent in construction projects
Less than 1 year
1-5 years
5-10 years
above 10 years
8. what are the existing problems of your company or organization like shortage of
materials, manpower, rules and regulations etc.… please explain them?
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Do you think that the condominium housing has a policy problem? 1. YES
2.NO
If your answer for question number 8 is yes what kind of problem you observed please
explain it
_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. What are the main challenges of development condominium housing programs by your
own experience and observation?
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
42 | P a g e
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
11. Projects plan vs accomplishment
Number of CM houses planned
Time line year to
%
complete the projects
Completed projects on schedule in %
in year
Number of
Budget
Number of
cond.house
Budget
cond.house
Part II: major challenges of development condominium housing
Numbers of challenges that affecting the development of condominium housing. Thus, then
please tick (√) the appropriate column according to their degree of rank). Rank of your response:
1= Very Low, 2= Low, 3= Medium 4= High, 5= Very High
Category
challenges
Lack of implementation and
enforcement planning laws
Lack of appropriate
planning
Poor feasibility study
Poor scope definition
Delay in site handover
Suspension of work
Infective scheduling
Un appropriate design
Preparing
43 | P a g e
1
2
3
4
5
incomplete/undetailed
business plan
Implementation
challenges
Poor site management
rework
Inadequate contractors
experience
Inappropriate construction
method
Frequent change of
contractors
Delay in site mobilization
Late delivery of material
Obsolete technology
Supplying of material
Overly restrictive
development standards
Delay in approving the
major change
Poor controlling
Poor site supervision
Late in revising and
approving the design, tests
Inadequate experience of the
consultant
Late issue of instruction
44 | P a g e
Lack of resource
Availability of financing
Availability of land
accessibility
Availability of material
Lack of skill manpower
Permitting challenge
Approval uncertainty, lengthy
processing, and high fees
Community resistance
Developer interest
Lack of
Availability of road
infrastructure
Availability of water
Availability of electricity
Thank you for your cooperation and patience
45 | P a g e
II.
Calculated Survey Data
Item
3.10.
46 | P a g e
Frequenc Frequenc Frequenc Frequenc Frequenc
y of "5" y of "4" y of "3" y of "2" y of "1" Total
response response response response response responde Weighte Item
s
s
s
s
s
nts (N)
d total
Mean
RII
1
22
8
7
1
2
40
167
4.175
0.835
2
3
21
11
1
4
40
138
3.45
0.69
3
5
21
2
5
7
40
132
3.3
0.66
4
4
16
14
6
0
40
138
3.45
0.69
5
7
7
10
10
6
40
119
2.975
0.595
6
11
11
13
2
3
40
145
3.625
0.725
7
9
20
5
0
6
40
146
3.65
0.73
8
3
17
12
5
3
40
132
3.3
0.66
3.1
3
17
9
5
6
40
126
3.15
0.63
3.2
2
11
13
10
4
40
117
2.925
0.585
3.3
9
12
15
4
0
40
146
3.65
0.73
3.4
8
11
13
5
3
40
136
3.4
0.68
3.5
2
16
11
9
0
38
125 3.289474 0.657895
3.6
4
15
16
2
3
40
135
3.375
0.675
3.7
8
18
3
10
1
40
142
3.55
0.71
3.8
3
16
10
8
3
40
128
3.2
0.64
3.9
0
11
16
5
8
40
110
2.75
0.55
3
13
3
13
8
40
110
2.75
0.55
4.1
7
9
11
5
8
40
122
3.05
0.61
4.2
0
11
6
17
6
40
102
2.55
0.51
4.3
7
11
13
9
0
40
136
3.4
0.68
4.4
3
7
18
9
3
40
118
2.95
0.59
5.1
1
11
16
6
6
40
115
2.875
0.575
5.2
2
8
16
8
6
40
112
2.8
0.56
5.3
4
16
10
7
3
40
131
3.275
0.655
5.4
6
7
13
11
3
40
122
3.05
0.61
6.1
9
15
9
5
2
40
144
3.6
0.72
6.2
4
16
12
6
2
40
134
3.35
0.67
6.3
5
12
19
4
0
40
138
3.45
0.69
7.1
6
23
5
4
2
40
147
3.675
0.735
7.2
10
25
4
1
0
40
164
4.1
0.82
7.3
6
20
9
4
1
40
146
3.65
0.73
III.
Correlation Ship of Variables
lackof~g
perm
imp
poor resour lackinf
lackofappr~g 1.0000
perm -0.5705 1.0000
imp 0.0250 0.7547 1.0000
poor 0.1934 0.5862 0.7988 1.0000
resour 0.1929 0.5703 0.8383 0.9113 1.0000
lackinf -0.5411 0.7895 0.5949 0.3866 0.3701 1.0000
IV.
Regression Analysis Result
Linear regression
Number of obs
F(6, 33)
Prob > F
R-squared
Root MSE
projectsuccess
Coef.
lackofappropriateplanning
implementationchallenges
poorcontrolling
lackofresource
permittingchallenge
lackofinfrastructure
_cons
.1490752
.2041127
.1948406
.3271862
.2586251
-.0299638
-.4350434
47 | P a g e
Robust
Std. Err.
.0817436
.0692067
.0751985
.0665172
.08096
.0223529
.3167227
t
1.82
2.95
2.59
4.92
3.19
-1.34
-1.37
=
=
=
=
=
P>|t|
0.077
0.006
0.014
0.000
0.003
0.189
0.179
40
1486.59
0.0000
0.9864
.07096
[95% Conf. Interval]
-.0172334
.0633106
.0418482
.191856
.0939108
-.0754412
-1.079421
.3153837
.3449148
.347833
.4625164
.4233394
.0155136
.2093338
V.
Collected Data Survey
Q5.4 lack
of skil
manpow
Id Q1.1.Type Q1.of Or2.gGenderQ1.3.Age Q1.4.EducQ1.5.Job TiQ1.tle 6.Exp Q2.1 L,implQ2.&in2f.opoorr Q2.feasi3.bp,ilsitcopeyQ2.4def.delnayQ2.site5h.. suspensi
ov Q2.6o.in w.effeQ2.ctiv7e.uschn apprQ2.o8pr.inacompl
te desiQ3.e1gtPoor
nb.plasQ3.nitemgt2 reworQk3.3.inadequat
Q3.4.eincon.apprQ3.eoxppr5.idaelteacons.
yQ3.site6mmobl
LattheddeliQ3.zativ7oey.onbslmatoQ3.terit8ae.lchnoack ofQ3.suppl9.overy.mlyQ3.atrer1st0.ridelctivaeydev.apprsotavindng change
4.1 poor site superQ4.visi2olnate revisingQ4.the3desiinadequat
gn Q4.e exp4.laconsul
te isQ5.suet1ofavaiinlstaQ5.birulcti2tyiavaioofn flianQ5.biancee
li3tyavailandlaerbiaccessi
lity matbileitryial
2 3 1 2 2 4 4 5 1 1 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
4
4
4
5 4 5 4 5 4
3 3 2 1 2 2 3 5 4 4 2 4 4 3 3 4 1 4 4 3 4 1 5 4
3
3
3
2 3 3 3 4 5
4 3 1 2 3 1 4 5 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 2
2
2
2
4 4 4 2 2 4
7 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 1
4
5
4
4 4 3 3 2 3
10 1 2 1 2 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 5 2 2 3 2 3 1
2
4
4
5 3 3 3 5 3
12 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 3
4
4
3
4 3 4 4 4 2
13 3 1 2 2 4 3 5 5 1 4 5 5 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 3 5 3 4
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 3
15 3 1 2 2 4 3 5 4 4 4 1 1 4 3 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 1 1 1 3 2
16 3 2 3 2 4 3 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3
1
1
2
3 2 2 2 4 3
18 3 2 1 2 2 3 5 4 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 4
3
3
3
2 3 3 3 4 5
19 3 1 2 3 1 4 5 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 2
2
2
2
4 4 4 2 2 4
22 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 1
4
5
4
4 4 3 3 2 3
25 1 2 1 2 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 5 2 2 3 2 3 1
2
4
4
5 3 3 3 5 3
27 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 3
4
4
3
4 3 4 4 4 2
28 3 1 2 2 4 3 5 5 1 4 5 5 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 3 5 3 4
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 3
30 3 1 2 2 4 3 5 4 4 4 1 1 4 3 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 1 1 1 3 2
32 1 2 1 2 1 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 5 2 2 3 2 3 1
2
4
4
5 3 3 3 5 3
34 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 3
4
4
3
4 3 4 4 4 2
35 3 1 2 2 4 3 5 5 1 4 5 5 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 3 5 3 4
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 3
37 3 1 2 2 4 3 5 4 4 4 1 1 4 3 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 1 1 1 3 2
38 3 2 3 2 4 3 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 3
1
1
2
3 2 2 2 4 3
40 3 2 1 2 2 3 5 4 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 4
3
3
3
2 3 3 3 4 5
11 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 3
5
5
1
5 5 1 1 1 1
14 1 1 3 2 1 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 3
4
3
4
3 3 4 3 4 5
17 3 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 3
1
1
2
4 3 3 3 4 3
26 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 3
5
5
1
5 5 1 1 1 1
29 1 1 3 2 1 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 3
4
3
4
3 3 4 3 4 5
33 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 3
5
5
1
5 5 1 1 1 1
36 1 1 3 2 1 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 3
4
3
4
3 3 4 3 4 5
39 3 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 3
1
1
2
4 3 3 3 4 3
5 1 1 1 2 4 2 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4
4
5
2
3 3 3 4 3 2
8 1 1 3 2 1 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 3
2
3
2
3 3 3 5 4 4
9 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 4 3 1 3 4 1 2 5 3 1 1
2
3
2
3 2 4 3 3 2
20 1 1 1 2 4 2 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4
4
5
2
3 3 3 4 3 2
23 1 1 3 2 1 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 3
2
3
2
3 3 3 5 4 4
24 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 4 3 1 3 4 11 2 5 3 1 1
2
3
2
3 2 4 3 3 2
31 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 4 3 1 3 4 1 2 5 3 1 1
2
3
2
3 2 4 3 3 2
1 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 2 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 4 3
1
1
2
3 2 2 2 4 3
6 3 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 3 4
4
4
4
4 4 3 4 3 4
21 3 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 3 4
4
4
4
4 4 3 4 3 4
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