3/4/2019
Terms/People/Places
Chapter 7B
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Patrician
Cuirass
Arch
Aqueduct
Linear Perspective
Atmospheric Perspective
Still Life
Forum
Basilica
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Apse
Coffers
Decursio
Apotheosis
Equestrian
Damnatio Memoriae
Mosaic
Tetrarch
POMPEII AND THE CITIES
OF VESUVIUS
79 CE – eruption of Mount Vesuvius
1
3/4/2019
In 79 C.E. Mount
Vesuvius erupted and
buried the affluent
Roman cities of
Pompeii and
Herculaneum under
approximately 60 feet
of volcanic ash within
hours. This act
preserved the items in
these cities until they
were discovered in the
17th century.
Computer-generated
imagery of the eruption
of Vesuvius in
BBC/Discovery Channel's
co-production Pompeii.
2
3/4/2019
Ash cloud of Mt. Vesuvius, Bay of Naples, Italy.
Herculaneum and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The
black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast
lines are shown.
"Garden of the Fugitives". Plaster casts
of victims still in situ; many casts are in
the Archaeological Museum of Naples.
An estimated 16,000 people
died from the eruption.
3
3/4/2019
Domus: a single-family house (Stately
home)
Villa: country retreat
Restored view and plan of a typical Roman house of
the Late Republic and Early Empire (John Burge). (1)
fauces, (2) atrium, (3) impluvium, (4) cubiculum, (5)
ala, (6) tablinum, (7) triclinium, (8) peristyle.
4
3/4/2019
Atrium of the House of the
Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, second
century BCE, rebuilt 62–79 CE
Impluvium collected
rainwater for domestic use.
Peristyle of the House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE,
rebuilt ca. 62–79 CE
5
3/4/2019


At the end of the 19th century, August Mau, a
German art historian, studied and classified
Roman styles of painting at Pompeii.
These styles, known simply as Pompeian First,
Second, Third, and Fourth Style, demonstrate
period fashions of interior decoration
preferences and changes in taste and style from
the Republic through the early Empire.
6
3/4/2019
The First Style:
•
•
•
•
Most commonly used from
200 - 80 BCE
This sometimes is referred to
as the “masonry style.”
Used geometrical patterns,
especially blockwork.
Walls are often painted to
imitate marble.
First Style wall painting in the fauces
(entrance hall) of the Samnite House,
Herculaneum, Italy, late second century
BCE.
First Style wall painting in the fauces (entrance hall) of the
Samnite House, Herculaneum, Italy, late second century
BCE.
7
3/4/2019
Pompeian first style wall painting from the Samnite House. Fresco. 2nd
century BCE. Herculaneum, Italy.
Two types with “illusionism” as a key component
Interconnected scenes that tell a story
1)
Architectural Style; landscape scenes
2)
8
3/4/2019
The Second Style – first type (80 to 20 BCE):
Two types with “illusionism” as a key component
1) Interconnected scenes that tell a story
•
.
Dionysiac mystery frieze, Second Style wall paintings in Room 5 of the Villa of the
Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60–50 BCE. Fresco, frieze 5’ 4” high.
Dionysiac mystery frieze, Second Style wall paintings in Room 5 of the Villa of
the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60–50 BCE. Fresco, frieze 5’ 4” high.
9
3/4/2019
Dionysiac mystery frieze, Fresco depicting the reading of the rituals of the bridal
mysteries
Dionysiac mystery frieze,
Fresco depicting a Bacchian
Rite
10
3/4/2019
The Second Style – second type
Two types with “illusionism” as a key component
Type 2) Architectural Style; landscape scenes
Villa Landscape from Pompeii
Linear Perspective: based
on the observation that
parallel lines appear to
converge as they recede
from the viewer, finally
meeting at a vanishing
point on the horizon.
Linear Perspective relies on
a fixed perspective.
Street in Pompeii, 2003
11
3/4/2019
Second Style wall paintings from cubiculum M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor,
Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50–40 BCE. Fresco, 8’ 9” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York.
Second Style wall paintings
(general view left, and detail of
tholos right) from cubiculum M of
the Villa of Publius Fannius
Synistor, Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50–
40 BCE. Fresco, 8’ 9” high.
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York.
12
3/4/2019
Atmospheric perspective: Increasingly blurred or blue appearance
of objects in the distance
Gardenscape from the Villa of Livia, Primaporta, Italy, ca. 30-20 BCE, Fresco,
6’ 7” high , Museo Nazionle Romano—Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.
Ernst Haas, Monument Valley, Utah, 1969
13
3/4/2019
Gardenscape from the
Villa of Livia,
Primaporta, Italy, ca. 3020 BCE, Fresco, 6’ 7”
high , Museo Nazionle
Romano—Palazzo
Massimo alle Terme,
Rome.
Landscape with swallows (Spring Fresco),
from Room Delta 2, Akrotiri, Thera
(Cyclades), Greece, ca. 1650 BCE. Fresco, 7’ 6”
high. National Archaeological Museum,
Athens
14
3/4/2019
The Third Style
•
20 to 50 CE
•
Also called Ornate
Style
•
Large planes of
color
•
Tiny floating
landscapes
•
No illusion
•
Fantasy or
whimsical
columns
•
Wall painted to
support framed
paintings as in a
gallery
•
Egyptian Motifs
Third Style wall painting, from cubiculum 15 of the Villa of
Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase, Italy, ca. 10 BCE. Fresco,
7’ 8” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Detail of a Third Style wall painting,
Egyptian motifs, from cubiculum 15 of the
Villa of Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase,
Italy, ca. 10 BCE. Fresco
Detail of a Third Style wall painting,
Center Vignette, from cubiculum 15 of
the Villa of Agrippa Postumus,
Boscotrecase, Italy, ca. 10 BCE. Fresco
15
3/4/2019
•
•
•
Also called the Intricate Style included a revival of the
second style (illusion).
Painted narrative scenes
Faux marble panels
FOUTH STYLE–1st century CE:
• Also called the Intricate Style
included a revival of the second
style (illusion).
• Painted narrative scenes.
• Faux marble panels
Fourth Style wall paintings in the
Ixion Room (triclinium P) of the
House of the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy,
ca. 70–79 CE.
16
3/4/2019
Fourth Style wall
paintings in the Ixion
Room
Second Style wall painting (general view) from
cubiculum M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor,
Boscoreale, Italy, ca. 50–40 BCE
17
3/4/2019
Courtyard (triclinium) of the House of Neptune and Amphitrite, wall mosaic,
Herculaneum, Italy, ca. 62–79 CE.
MOSAICS: images created through the use of small stones or tiles
18
3/4/2019
WALL
MOSAICS
Neptune and Amphitrite, wall mosaic in the summer triclinium of the
House of Neptune and Amphitrite, Herculaneum, Italy, ca. 62–79 CE.
PRIVATE
PORTRAITS
Portrait of a husband and
wife, wall painting from
House VII,2,6, Pompeii,
Italy, ca. 70–79 CE. Fresco,
1’ 11” X 1’ 8 1/2”. Museo
Archeologico Nazionale,
Naples.
19
3/4/2019
STILL LIFE:
A work of art
depicting mostly
inanimate,
common subject
matter.
Still life with
peaches, detail of a
Fourth Style wall
painting, from
Herculaneum,
Italy, ca. 62–79 CE.
Fresco, 1’ 2” x 1’ 1
1/2”. Museo
Archeologico
Nazionale, Naples
Modeling:
In two-dimensional works (painting, drawing, and
printmaking) the effects of light and shadow to
portray optically convincing masses.
20
3/4/2019
Still life with peaches, detail of a Fourth
Style wall painting, from Herculaneum,
Italy, ca. 62–79 CE. Fresco
Still Life, Dutch
ca. 1700
21