T m;
Y ALE
AB LET
T
0 9 THE
G I LG AME S H
EP
IC
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YAL E O R I E N TAL SE R I E S
R E SE A R C H E S V O LU ME I V 3
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,
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AN O LD BABY LO NIAN VE RS IO N
O F T H E G ILG AMES H EPIC
ON
T H E B A S I S O F R E C E N TLY
D I S C O VE R E D
T EX T S
BY
MO RR I S J A S T R O W J R PH D LL D
P RO F ESSOR O F SEM I T I C LA N G U AG ES UN IV ERS I TY O F PENNSY LVA N IA
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AN D
AL BE R T T O LA Y PH D LL D LI rT D
P RO F ESSOR O F A S SYR I O L O G Y AN D B A BYL ON IA N LI T ER A T URE
Y AL E UN IV ERS I TY
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N EW H A V E N
Y ALE U N I V E RS I T Y PRES S
L ONDON HUMPHREY M ILF O R D O X F ORD UN IV E R S I TY P RESS
M D C C C C XX
”1
6
m
O
G IB
C O PYRI G HT 1 920 B Y
Y ALE UN I VE RS ITY P RE S S
,
,
IN
M E MO RY
OF
W ILLIAM MAX M ULLE R
- 1 91 9
1
6
3
8
(
)
W HOS E LI FE
D E V O T ED TO EG Y PT O L O GI C AL RESEA R C H
W H I C H H E G RE A TL Y ENRI C H ED
B Y MAN Y C O N TRI B U T I O N S
W AS
P R E FAT O R Y N O T E
Introducti o n the C omment ary to the two t able ts and t he
Appe ndix are by P rofe ss o r Jas tro w and fo r th e s e he assu mes the s o l e
re spo n sibilit y The t ex t o f the Y a l e t abl et is by P rofe ss o r C l ay
The tra nslit e r a tion a nd t he transl a ti o n o f the two t a bl e ts r epre s e nt
t he j oint work of t he t wo a uthors
In the translite ra tion o f t he two
t a bl e ts C E K eis e r s S yst em o f Acc e ntu a tion fo r S u mer o-Akk a di an
”
—
signs (Ya le O rient al R e s earch e s VO L I X App e ndix N ew H ave n
1 91 9) has b ee n foll o w e d
The
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I N T R O DU C TI O N
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Gilgame sh E pic is the most n o t abl e lit erary product of B aby
loni a as y et discovere d in the mounds of M e sop o t amia It r ecounts
the expl o its an d a dve nture s of a f a vorit e h ero an d in its fin al form
covers tw e lve t abl et s ea ch t able t consisting of six colu mns ( thre e on
the obv ers e a nd thr e e on t he r e v e rs e ) of about 50 lin e s fo r ea ch colu mn
or a tot al of about 3 600 lin e s O f this t o t a l h o w e ve r b are ly more
th a n one h a lf has be en found amo ng the remains of the grea t colle ction
of c un eiform t abl ets g ath ere d by King Ashurb anap al ( 668 62 6 B C )
1
in his p al a c e a t N in e veh a nd disc o v ere d by L a y a rd in 1 8 54 in the
cours e of his ex c a vations of the mound Kouyunj ik (opp o sit e M osul )
The fr a gme nts of the e pic p a infully gath e re d—c hie fly b y G e o rge
—
m
i
S th from t he circa
t abl ets and bits of t abl e ts bro ught to the
B ritish M us e u m w er e pub lish e d in mo d e l fo rm by P rofe ssor P aul
H aupt ; and th at eidition still remains the primary s ourc e for our
study of the E pic
The
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S ee for
As s yria ,
p
21
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further d e tails
s eq
of
hs
t i
ro
y al lib rary J as tro w
,
iliz a tion
Civ
,
f
o
a nd
B a by lonia
.
Das B a bylo nis che N imrodepos (Leipz ig , 1 88 4
suppleme nte d b y H aup t s article
Die Zwolfte Tafel des B a bylonis chen Nimrodepos in BA I , pp 4 8—
7 9, c o nt ainin g t he f ra g
’
ment s o f t he t we l f t h t ab le t T he f ra gment s o f t he E p ic in Ashurb anap a l s lib rary s o me
’
2
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.
sixt y—repres ent p ortions o f s e vera l c o pies S in liki unnini—perha ps from Ere ch sin ce
t h is n ame a pp ears as t h at o f a f a mily in t ab le t s f ro m Ere c h ( s ee C la y Leg a l Documen ts f om
Erec h I n d e x p 7 3 ) —is n a me d in a lis t of t e xt s ( K 97 1 7—H aup t s e d itio n N o 5 1 lin e 1 8 )
S in c e t he p ub li
as t he e dit o r o f t he E p ic t ho u gh p ro b ab ly he w as no t t he o nly c o mp ile r
c at io n of H aup t s e dition a few f rag ment s w ere a dd e d b y him as an app end ix t o Alf re d
J eremias I duba N imrod (Leipz ig 1 8 91 ) P lat e s I I—
I V a nd t wo mo re a re e mb o die d in
J ens en s t ranslite ra tion o f a ll the fra g me nt s in t he K eilins c hriftlic he B ibliothek VI ; pp 1 1 6
Furt h ermo re a f ra g ment O b t aine d fro m supp le
2 65 wit h ela b o ra t e n o t es pp 4 2 1 —
53 1
mentary ex c a va tio ns a t Ko uyunj ik has b ee n p ublishe d b y L W K in g in his S upplement
to the Cata lo gue of the Cun eiform Ta blets in the Kouyunj ik Colle ction of the B ritis h Cuneiform
Ta blets in the Kouyunj ik C llec tio n of the B ritis h Mus eum N o 56 an d PS BA Vol 3 6 pp 64
68
Re c entl y a f ra g ment o f the 6th t abl et f o m t he ex c a v a tio n s at Ass ur has b een
p ub lish e d b y Ebe ling Keils chrifttexte a us Ass ur Religi s n I nhal ts No 1 1 5 and o ne
may ex p e c t f urt h er p o rt io ns t o t urn up
The d es ign at ion Nimro d E p ic o n t he s upp o s it io n t hat t he hero o f t he B a b y lonian
”
Ep ic is id ent ic a l w it h N imro d t he mig hty h unt e r o f G e n e sis 1 0 has n o w b ee n g en erally
ab an d o ne d in t he a bs en c e o f a ny e v
id en c e t h a t t he B ab ylo nian h e ro b o re a name l ike
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YAL E O RI EN TAL SE RI ES RESEA RCHES I v3
10
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s ak e o f conve ni e nc e we may c all the form o f the E pic
in t he fra gme nts fro m the library o f Ashurb anap al the Assyri an ver
si o n th ough like mo st of the lit e rary productions in t he librar y it
n o t o nly r e v e rts t o a B a byloni a n o rigin al but r epr e s e nts a l a t e cop y
of a much o ld e r o rigin a l The a bse nc e of any re fe renc e to As syr i a
in the fra gments re c o ve re d j ustifi e s us in a ssu ming th a t the Ass yri an
ve rsi o n re c e ive d its pre s ent fo rm in B abyloni a p e rh aps in E re ch ;
th o ugh it is o f c o urse p o ssibl e th a t s o me o f the l a t e feat ure s p art ic u
larly the e la b o r a ti o n o f the te a chin gs of the th e ologi a ns o r scho o lme n
in the e le venth and twe lfth t a bl e ts may h ave b ee n pro duc e d a t leas t
in p art und e r Assyri an influ enc e A d efinite in dic ation th a t the Gil
ga me sh E pic re ve rts t o a p eriod e arli er th a n H ammurabi (o r Ham
mura wi) i e b e y o nd 2000 B C was furnish e d by t he public a ti o n
o f a t ext cl ea rly b e longing to t he fir st B a bylonia n dyn ast y ( of which
H ammurabi was t he sixth memb er) in C T VI 5 ; which t ext Zim
mern re c o gniz e d a s a p art o f t he t al e o f Atra ha sis o ne o f the n ame s
give n t o t he survivo r o f the d e luge re count e d on the el e venth t abl e t
of t he Gilgame sh E pic
This was con firme d by the discovery o f a
Fo r the
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N imro d
d esc rip tio n of N imro d as t he migh ty h unter and t he o cc ur
”
re n c e o f a
h unter in t he B a b y lonian Epic (Ass y rian ve rsion Tab l e t I ) —t h o ugh he is
n o t t he h ero —p o int s t o a c o n f us io n in t he H e b re w f o rm o f t he b o rro w ed t ra dit io n be t w ee n
G ilga mesh and N imro d The lates t French t ransla tio n o f t he Epic is b y D horme Choir
de Textes Religieux As s y o-B a byl niens ( P a ris
pp 1 8 2—
3 2 5 ; t he la tes t G erman
t ra nsl a t io n b y U ng na d G re s ma nn Das G ilg a mes ch Ep os ( G Ot t ing e n
w it h a v a lua ble
a na ly s i
s a nd d isc uss io n
T h e s e t wo t ra ns la t io n s n o w s up e rs e d e J e ns en s t ra nsla t io n in t he
Keilins hriftlie he B ibliothek wh ich h o w e v e r is s t ill v a lua b le b e c a us e o f t he d e t ailed no tes
c onta ining a w ea lt h o f le xic o g a ph ic al ma terial Ung nad a lso g a v e a p a rt ia l t rans latio n
in G ress mann Ra nke Altorien t lische Texte a nd B ild I pp 3 9 6 1
I n En g lish we h a v e
t ran sla tio n s o f s ubs t a nt ia l p o rt io ns b y M uss Arn o lt in H a rpe r s As s yria n a nd B abylon ia n
pp 3 24 3 68 ; b y J as t ro w Relig ion of B a bylo nia a nd As syria
Lit rature ( N ew Y o rk
Ch a p XX I II ; b y C la y in Lig ht o n the Old Tes ta men t f om B abel pp 78
( B o s to n
8 4 ; b y Ro g e rs in Cuneiform P allels to the Old Tes ta men t pp 80 1 03 ; a n d mo s t re cent ly
b y J as t ro w in S a cred B ks a nd Ea ly Literatu e of the Eas t (ed C F H orne New Y o rk
220
Vo l I pp 1 8 7—
S e e Luc ke nbill in J AOS Vo l 3 7 p 4 5 2 s q
P ro f C la y it s ho uld b e a dd ed c lings
t o t he o ld e r rea din g H a mmura b i wh ich is re t a in ed in t his v o lume
2 92
Z A Vo l 1 4 pp 2 77 —
T he s urviv o r o f t he D e lug e is us ua lly d e s igna t e d as U t na p is ht im in t he Ep ic b ut
in o ne p a ss a g e (Ass y ria n v e rs i n T a b le t X I
he is d es ign a t e d as At r bas is t he v ery
w is e o ne S imila rly in a se co nd v e rs i n o f t he D e luge s to y a lso fo und in As hu b anapal s
lib ra ry ( I V R a dd itio ns p 9 line
T he t wo na me s c lea rly p o int t o t w o v ers io ns
w hic h in a cc o rd a nce wit h t he ma nn r o f a nc i nt co mpo s it io ns w e e me rg ed int o o ne S ee
w in Z A Vo l 1 3 pp 2 8 8 —3 01
a n a rt ic le b y J a s t
58
P ublish ed b y S c h il in R u il d T vux e t c V l 2 0 pp 5 5—
Fo r
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a ll
h
t a t , t he
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J a s TRo w-CLAY
~
OLD
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
11
fra gment o f the d eluge st o ry d at e d in the e l e ve nth ye ar of Ammisa
duk a i e c 1 967 B C In this t ext like wis e the n ame o f the d e luge
h ero app ea rs as Atra ha sis ( col VIII
B ut while th e s e two
t abl ets do no t b elong t o the Gilgame sh E pic and mere ly introduc e
an e pisod e which ha s a ls o b ee n incorpor a t e d into t he E pic Dr B runo
M e issn er in 1 902 publish e d a t a bl e t d a ting as the writing a nd t he
int ern a l e vid enc e sh o w e d fro m the H ammurabi p eriod which undoubt
e dly is a portion o f wh a t by w a y o f distinction w e may c a ll a n old
8
B ab y l o ni a n version
It was pick e d up by Dr M eissn er at a d eal e r s
sh o p in B a gd a d and a cquir e d for the B erlin M us eu m The t a ble t
consists O f four colu mns (two o n the obvers e and two o n the re vers e)
an d d e a ls with t he h e ro s w a nd erings in s e a rch o f a cure fro m dis ea s e
with which he ha s b ee n s mitt e n a ft er the d eath o f his co mp anion
The h ero fears th a t the dis ea s e will b e fa t a l and longs to
E nkidu
It corr esponds t o a p ortion Of T abl e t X of the Ass yrian
e sc a p e d e a th
version Unfo rtun a t e ly only t he low er portion o f t he o bvers e and the
upp er of the r e ve rs e h ave b een pre s erve d (5 7 lin e s in all) ; and in
d e fault o f a colophon we do no t know t he nu mera ti o n o f the t abl e t
in this o ld B abyl o ni an e dition Its chi e f va lu e ap art from its fur
nis hin g 8 p LQ Q_fs
M
w w
M
W
li e s (a ) in the writing Gis h inst ea d o f Gish gi (n ) ma sh in the Assyri an
—
—
version for the n ame o f the h er o (b ) in the writing Emki d abbre
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A
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E
ki
E
nki
is
g
od
for
n
d
o
viat ed fro m dug
i
i
(S ) in the Assy
A)
ri a n version and ( c ) in the remark abl e a ddre ss o f the maid e n S abitum
dw e lling at the s ea side to wh o m Gilgame sh co me s in t he c o urs e o f
his wa nd erings Fro m the Assyri an v ersi o n we know th a t the h ero
t ells the ma id en o f his gri e f fo r his l o st comp anio n and of his longing
In the o ld B a byl o ni a n fra gment
t o e sc ap e t he dir e f a t e o f E n kidu
t he a nsw e r o f S ab itum is give n in full and t he s a d n o t e th a t it strik e s
sh o wi n g ho w hop e le ss it is fo r ma n to try to e sc ap e d ea th which is
in store for all mankind is a s r emark abl e a s is the philos o phy o f ea t
”
drink a nd b e merry which S ab itum imp arts The a ddre ss indic a t e s
how early the t en d e ncy a rose t o a tt a ch t o a nci ent t al e s the curr ent
re ligious t ea chings
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d oe s no t f orm p art of the G ilg ame sh Ep ic as t he colo ph o n differin g from
t he o ne a tt a che d t o t he E p ic sh o ws
Ein a ltb bylonis ches Frag men t des G ilga mos epos ( M VAG 1 902 N O
O n t h e s e v arian t f orms o f the t wo n ame s s ee t he disc uss io n b elo w p 24
7
T he t ext
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YAL E ORI EN TAL SER I ES -RESEA RCH ES I v3
12
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Why
0 G ish , doe s tho u run ab o u t ?
The lif e that thou seekes t , th ou wil t
When t he gods c rea te d ma nkind,
“
,
no t
fin d
.
D eath they impo se d o n mankind ;
Life they kept in their power
Thou O G ish fill thy b elly
D ay and nigh t do thou rej oic e
D a ily make a rej o icing !
D ay and nigh t a re newal o f j ollifica t ion !
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,
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Le t t hy clo thes b e clea n,
Wa sh thy head a nd pour
C are
fo r t he li ttle
Le t t he
o ne
wa ter o ver thee !
who ta ke s ho ld o f t hy ha nd !
wife rej o ice in t hy
b oso m !
”
Such t ea c hings remin ding us o f the l eading thought in the
10
B ib lic al B o ok o f E ccl e si a st e s indic at e the didac tic 011
b
i
u
w
i
;
t
f
f
tM
h
w
e
r
m
odifi
d
e
e
g
M M
J
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,
W
M
i
l borat e d und er t he infl u e nc e 0 t e sch o ols which arose in
c o nn e ction with the B a byl o ni a n t empl e s The st o ry its elf b el o ngs
th er e fo r e t o a still e arli er p e riod th a n t he form it r e c eive d in this old
The exist e nc e o f this t end e ncy a t so early a
B abyl o ni an v e rsi o n
d a t e c o me s t o us a s a ge nui ne surpris e an d j ustifi e s t he a ssu mpti o n
th a t t he a tt a ch me nt of a l ess o n t o t he d e luge st o ry in the Ass yria n
ve rsion to
a nd e a
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pply to the twelfth t abl e t
which is almo st e ntirely did a ctic int end e d to illustr a t e t he imp os
a ss e d out
s ib ility of le arning a nything o f t he f a te of th o s e who h a v e
a
m
,
m
with
,
0
g
o nes elf
c o mfort th a t the c are of t he d e a d by ro vidin buri a l an d
Eofferin gs for th em affo rds as t he onl y means 91 2 11 31111n
foo d and
t he
m
,
°
W
,
W
W
M
M
M
.
H owe ver it is of c o urs e p o ssibl e th a t t he twelfth t abl e t w hich impre sse s
o ne as a s uppl eme nt t o t he a dv e ntur e s o f Gilg a me sh e ndin g with his
re turn to U ruk (i e E re ch ) at the cl o s e of the e l e ve nth t abl e t may
,
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,
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represe nt
mm
i
1°
T he
a
ter
nw
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,
,
l bo
e a
e
tenden c
m mm mm m
fl
p assa g e is pa ra ll ele d b y Ec c
e
—
.
9, 7 9
.
S ee
t
conn e ct
us
.
J as tro w
,
A Gen tle
Cynic p
,
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1 72
s eq
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JA S TRO W C LA Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
O LD
II
13
.
We now h ave furth er e vid enc e both
xtreme antiquity of
the lit e r ar y form of t he Gilg ame sh E p ic an d a lso o f t he disposition t o
mak e t he E pic the mediu m of illustrating a sp e cts of life and the
d e stiny o f mankin d The discovery by Dr Arn o Poeb el o f a Sumer ian
form of the t a l e o f the de s
f I
t o t he l o w er w o rld a nd her
rele as e L—
a pp ar e ntly a n a tur e myth t o illustr a t e t he ch a n ge o f s e a son
—
m
mm
t
n
d
a
o wint e r a
fr o su
er
b ck a g ain to spring e n able s us to p a ss
b e yond the Akk adi an ( or S emitic ) form of t al e s curr ent in the Euphra
Furth e rmo r e w e are ind ebt ed
t e s V a ll e y t o t he S u eri an f o rm
t o Dr L angd o n for t he id e ntific a ti o n o f two S u me ri a n fr a gme nts I n
the N ippur C oll e ction which d e a l with t he a dv e nture s o f Gilg ame sh
1
t he oth er in t he coll e cti o n o f t he U niv ersity
o ne in C o nst a ntinopl e
The former o f which o nly 2 5 lin e s are
of P ennsylvani a M us eu m
pre serve d ( 1 9 on the obvers e and 6 o n the reverse ) app ears t o b e a
d escripti o n o f the w e apons o f Gilgame sh with which he a rms hi ms elf
—
for an e ncount er pre su ma bly t he encount er with Humb ab a or
4
The l a tt e r
Huwawa the rule r of the c e d ar fore st in the mount a in
d ea ls with the building op era ti o ns o f Gilgame sh in the city o f E re ch
A t ext in Zimmern s S umerische Kultlieder aus a ltba bylonischer Z eit
N o 1 96 app e a rs lik e wis e to b e a fra gment o f t he
( Leipzig
S u meri an versi o n o f t he Gilg ame sh E pic b earing o n the episod e o f
Gilga e sh s and E n kidu s re l a ti o ns to the g o dd e ss Isht ar cover e d
5
in the sixth and s e ve nth t abl ets Of the Assyri a n ve rsi o n
U ntil how e v er furth e r fr a gme nts sh a ll h a v e turn e d up it w o uld
b e h a z ardous to institut e a c o mp a ris o n b e tw e e n the S u meri an and t he
Akk adi an v e rsi o ns All th a t c an b e s aid for the pre s en t is th a t th ere
is e very rea son to b elie ve in the exist en c e o f a lit erary fo rm of the
E pic in S u meri an which pre su mably ant e d a t e d the Akk adi an re c en
of
.
the
e
.
__
.
‘
m
.
,
.
,
2
,
13
.
,
,
1
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,
.
’
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,
m
,
,
’
’
,
1
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,
,
,
.
.
v ersit y Of P ennsy lv ania
Mus e um The fra gment was p ub lish e d b y D r Po eb el in his H is toric a l a n d Gramm tica l
Texts N O 23
S e e a l s o Po eb el in t he Mus eum J ou na l Vo l I V p 4 7 a nd a n artic le b y
Dr Lan gd o n I n t he s ame J o urn al Vo l VI I pp 1 7 8 1 8 1 t h o ugh La n gd o n f ails t o cre d it
D r Po eb e l w ith t he disc o v ery a n d p ublic ation o f t he imp o rt an t t a b le t
N o 5 5 in La n gd on s H is to ric l a n d Religi us Texts f om the Temple Library of
N ipp u (M un ich
( P h ila d e lph ia 1 91 7 )
N o 5 in his S umeri n Litu gic a l Texts
S ee o n t h is n a me b e lo w p 2 3
S ee f urt h er b e lo w p 3 7 s eq
11
Amo ng t he N ipp ur t ab le t s in t he
co lle ction Of
t he Uni
a
.
.
.
r
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,
.
,
.
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,
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,
.
,
.
.
’
1“
r
r
o
a
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,
‘3
r
a
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.
14
,
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15
,
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,
,
Y AL E O RI EN TAL SER I ES RESE AR CHES I v3
14
-
si o n j ust as w e h a ve a S u me ri a n fo rm of Isht ar s d e sc ent into the
n eth e r w o rld and S u me ri a n ve rsi o ns o f crea ti o n myths as a lso of the
“
It doe s no t foll ow how e ve r th a t the Akka dia n ver
D e luge t al e
si o ns o f t he Gilgame sh E pic are transla tions o f t he S u me ri an any more
th an th a t the Akk adi an crea ti o n myths are transl a tions o f a S u me ri a n
Ind e e d in the c a se of the cre a tion myt hs the striking
o rigin a l
differenc e b e tw ee n the S u me ri a n and Akk a di an vi ews of c rea ti o n 7
points t o the in d ep e nd e nt producti o n of crea ti o n stori es o n t he p a rt
th ough no doubt
o f t he S e mitic s e ttl e rs of t he E uphr a t e s V a ll e y
th e se w ere w o rk e d o ut in p a rt und e r S u meri an lit era ry influ enc e s
The s a me is prob ably tru e o f D e luge t a l e s which would b e giv en a
distinctl y A kk adi a n c o l o ring in b e ing repr o duc e d and st eadily el abo
r a t ed by t he B a byl o ni an litera ti a tt a ch e d to t he t empl e s The p re
su mpti o n is th ere fore in fa vor O f a n ind ep end ent literary origin for
t he S emitic v e rsi o ns o f t he Gilg ame sh E pic though n atur a lly with a
duplic a tion o f the e pisod e s o r a t l e a st o f so me o f th em in the S u meri a n
n a rr ativ e N o r d o e s the exist e nc e o f a S u meri an fo rm o f t he E pic
n e c e ss arily prov e th a t it o rigi nat e d with the S u meri ans in th eir earli e st
h o me b e fo re th e y c ame t o the E uphr at e s V a ll e y Th e y may h ave
B abylo ni a from t he
a dopt e d it a ft e r th e ir c o nqu e st o f s o uth e rn
S emite s who th ere are no w subst anti a l gr o unds for b e li e ving w ere
8
We must distinguish
t he e a rli e r s e ttl e rs in t he E uphr a t e s V a ll e y
th ere fore b e tween t he ea rli e st litera ry form which was undoubt edly
M
S u me ri an M S
M
M
W
’
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
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,
,
1
,
.
,
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,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
1
.
W
,
,
,
,
shown th a t o ne o f the chie f e pisod e s the enc ount e r of t he t wo
h e ro e s with a p o w erful gu a rdi an o r rul er of a c ed a r forest p o ints
to a w e st ern re gion more sp e cific a lly to Amurru a s t he sc en e The
n ame s o f t he two chi e f a ctors more ove r app ear to h a ve b ee n Sum
by a n art ifici al proc ess and if this vi ew turns out to b e
e ria niz e d
be
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
19
‘
,
H is to rica l a nd Gra mma tic a l Texts
299
pp 1 22—1 3 1 a nd 27 4—
1°
S ee Po eb e l,
,
NO 1 ,
.
an d
J as tro w
.
.
.
S ee
‘7
Vo l 36
,
.
c le
a n art i
pp
.
by
J a s t ro w
S umeria n
,
a nd
Akka dia n Vie ws
f
o
.
.
B eginning
s
(J AG S
274
h s p o int Ed uard M e y e r S umerier und S emiten in
iliz a ti n of B
p 1 07 s eq wh o s e vie w is f o llo w e d in Jas t o w Civ
p 1 2 1 S ee a ls o C lay Emp i e of the Amo rites ( Y ale Unive rs it y P re ss
S e e t he disc uss io n b e lo w p 24 se q
S ee
13
.
in J AOS , Vo l 3 6,
on
t i
.
,
r
,
.
r
,
a bylo nia a nd
o
,
‘9
,
.
.
B a bylo nien
p
.
2 3 et
( B e rlin
,
As s yria ,
seq
.
JA S T RO W C LA Y
B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
O LD
-
corre ct we w o uld h a ve a furth er gr o und for assu ming
origin at ed amo n the Akka di an s e ttlers
froQ Lgfi M hQ S umefl ans
,
III
the
15
t al e to h a ve
n ver
.
New
light o n the earli e st B abyl o ni a n versi o n of the E pic as w e ll
a s on t he Assyri a n v e rsion
has b e e n Sh e d by t he r e cov ery of two
subst a nti al fra gme nts o f the form which the E pic had a ssu me d in
The study o f this i mp o rt a nt
B abyl o ni a in t he H ammura bi p eriod
n ew ma t e ri a l a lso e n abl e s us to a dv anc e t he int e rpr e t a tion o f t he
E pic and to p erfe ct t he a n a lysis int o its compon e nt p arts
In the
spring Of 1 91 4 the M us e u m o f the Unive rsity o f Pe n n sylvani a a cquire d
by purch a s e a l arge t abl e t the writing o f which a s w e ll a s t he style
a n d t he ma nn e r o f sp e lling v erb a l f o rms a n d subst a ntive s p o int e d
distinctly to the ti me o f the first B abyl o ni a n dyn a sty The t abl e t
was id e ntifi e d by Dr Arn o Po e b el as p art o f t he Gilg ame sh E pic ;
a nd as t he c o loph o n sh o w e d it f o r me d t he s e c o nd t a bl e t o f t he s e ri e s
He c o pi e d it with a vi e w t o public a ti o n but t he outbrea k o f the war
—
—
which found him in G ermany his n ative country pre ven t e d him
He h o w e ve r utiliz e d s o me of its
fr o m c arryi n g out this int e nti o n
c o nt ents in his discussi o n o f the historic al or s emi hist o ric a l tra diti o ns
a b o ut Gilg ame sh as r e v e a l e d by t he i mport a nt list o f p a rtly mythic a l
an d p artly historic a l d y n a sti e s found a mo ng t he t a bl e ts of t he N ippur
c o ll e cti o n in which Gilg ame sh o ccurs a s a King o f an E re ch dyn a sty
wh o s e fa th er wa s A a pri e st o f Kul ab
The public a ti o n of t he t abl e t wa s th e n und ert a k e n by Dr S t e ph e n
L angdon in monogr aph form und er t he titl e The E pic o f G ilg a
”
In a pr e limin ary a rticl e on the t abl et in the M useum J ourna l
mish
Vo l VIII p a g e s 2 9 3 8 Dr L angdon to o k t he t able t t o b e o f t he l a t e
,
,
.
.
,
,
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,
,
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,
20
.
,
,
-
,
,
21
,
,
22
.
,
.
“
,
23
,
.
-
.
2°
c alle d
,
Dr
.
t he t ab let
2‘
6 in w hich he
p ub lishe d an art icle o n t he t ab le t in OLZ 1 91 4 pp 4 —
t o t he c o rre c t na me fo r t he mo the r o f G ilg ame s h w hich was s e tt le d b y
Po eb e l
a tt e nt io n
’
.
,
as
ma tic al Texts ,
p
.
,
,
N ins un
H is torica l
,
,
.
s
Text N o 2 ,
1 23 ,
.
s eq
C o lumn
2 , 26
S ee t he
.
discuss ion
in
H is torica l
a nd
G
ra
m
.
p 367
a nia M us eum B a bylonia n S ection Vo l X
P ublic tions of the Unive sity of P ennsylv
I t is t o b e re g re t t e d t h at D r Lan gd o n sh o ul d n o t h a v e g iv en
No 3 ( P h ila d elph ia
f ull cre d it t o D r Po eb el for his d isco very o f t he t ab let He merely re fers in an O bscure
foo tnot e t o D r Po eb el s h a vin g ma d e a co p y
22
23
S ee
F o s tat
.
in OLZ, 1 91 5 ,
.
.
r
a
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,
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,
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’
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,
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,
Y A L E O RI EN TA L SE RI ES RESEA RCH ES I v3
16
-
P e rsi an pe ri od (i
.
b etw ee n t he Six th a nd third c e ntury B
but
his a tt ention h aving b ee n c a ll ed to this e rr o r o f so me 1 5 00 years he
corre ct e d it in his introductio nt o his e diti o n o f the t ext th o ugh he
n e gl e ct e d t o ch ange s o me of his not e s in which he still re fers to t he
”
t ext a s l at e
In a d diti o n t o a c o py o f the t ext a ccomp ani ed by
D r L angd o n furnish e d a translit e r a tion and
a good ph o t o gr a ph
tran sla tion with so me n o t e s and a bri e f introduction The t ext is
unfo rtun at ely b adly copi ed b eing full O f errors ; and t he transl ation is
lik e wis e Very d efe ctiv e A c are ful c o ll a tion with t he origin al t abl et
was ma d e with t he a ssist anc e o f D r E dw ard C hi er a and as a con
se qu enc e we are in a positi o n to o ffer to schol a rs a corr e ct t ex t We
be g to a ckn o wl e dge our o blig ations to Dr G o rd o n t he D ir ect o r of
t he M use u m o f t he Univ ersity of P e nnsylva ni a for kindly pl acin g t he
t abl e t at our disp o s al Inst ea d of r epublishing t he t ex t I c o nt ent
my s elf with giving a full list of corr e ctions in t he a pp e ndix to this
volu me which will e n abl e sch o l ars to control our readings and which
will I b e li e ve j ustify t he transl ati o n in t he nu mero us p ass age s in
which it d e i a t e s fro m Dr L angdon s re nd ering While cr edit Should
b e giv e n to Dr L angdon for h aving ma d e this import a nt t able t
a cc e ssibl e t he int e r e sts o f sci enc e d emand th a t a tt e ntion b e c all e d t o
his failur e to gr a sp t he many i mport ant d at a furnish ed by the t able t
which e sc ap e d him b e c ause o f his e rr o n eo us r eadings a nd faulty
transl a tions
The t a bl e t consisting of s ix c o lu mns (three o n t he obve rse a nd
thr ee on t he re verse ) c o mpris ed a ccording to the c o l o phon 24 0 lin e s
and f o r me d t he s e c o nd t a bl e t of t he s e ri e s
O f t he tot a l 204 lin e s
ar e pr e s e rv e d in full or in p art a nd of t he missin g thirty s ix quit e a
nu mb er c an b e r e store d s o th a t we h ave a fairly c o mpl e t e t abl et
The most s e rious br ea k occurs at t he top of the r e v ers e wh e r e a bout
e ight lin e s are missi n g
In cons equ enc e o f this t he c onn e cti o n b e tw ee n
the e nd of t he obv ers e ( wh er e about fiv
e lin e s a re missi n g ) a nd t he
b e ginning o f the r ev ers e is o bscured though not t o t he ext e nt of our
e ntir e ly losing t he thr ea d o f t he n a rr a tiv e
.
e
.
.
,
,
,
“
24
,
.
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,
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,
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,
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,
,
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,
,
v
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’
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,
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,
“5
,
,
,
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,
-
,
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,
,
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,
.
v e y fi rs t no t e o n p a ge 2 1 1 and ag ain in a no t e o n p a ge 2 1 3
gd ne g le c t e d t c o p y t he s igns 4 su si 2 40 w hich a ppea r o n t he edg e Of
He a ls mis und ers t o o d t he w o d § u tu
in t he co lo ph o n whic h he t an s la te d
the ta ble t
The f o rm M tu u is III 1 f ro m
wr it te n t aking t he w o rd f ro m a s te m S td u wr it e
”
e nl a rg ed
to b e in e x c e ss o f
atdru
a nd ind ic a t es p re um b ly t ha t t he t e xt is a c p y
fro m an o ld er o rigina l S t he C mment a ry t o t h c o l p ho n p 8 6
“4
E g , in t he
D r La n o n
.
25
.
r
.
,
-
o
.
’
.
o
r
“
a
,
“
,
,
.
ee
,
o
.
r
-
-a r
r
”
“
-
'
.
,
s
a
e
r
o
,
o
-
,
.
.
,
“
,
YAL E OR I EN TAL SERI ES RESE A RCH ES I v3
18
-
.
two c o lu mns e a ch o n o bve rs e a nd re ve rs e as a ga inst t hree colu mns
We thus h a ve the inte re sting
e a ch in t he c a s e o f o ur t wo t a bl e ts
pro o f th at a s e arly as 2000 B C th e re w ere a lrea dy s e ve ra l editions of
t he E pic
As t o the pro ve nanc e o f o ur t wo t abl e ts th er e are no d e finite
d at a but it is lik ely t h a t th e y w er e fo u n d by na tive s in the mo unds
a t Wa rk a fro m which a bout t he y e a r 1 91 3 ma n y t a bl e ts c ame into
It is likely th a t wh ere t wo t a bl ets of a s e ri es
the h a nds o f d e al e rs
w ere fo u n d o th e rs o f the s eri e s w e re a lso dug up and we may exp ect
to find s o me furth e r p o rti o ns o f this Old B abyl o n ia n v ersi o n t urning
up in t he h ands o f o th e r d ea l ers or in mus eu ms
of
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
IV
.
C o mi n g t o t he
cont ents o f t he t wo t abl e ts the P e nnsylvani a
t a bl e t d ea ls with t he me e ti n g o f the tw o h er o e s Gilgame sh a nd E nkidu
th e ir c o nflict foll o we d by th e ir re concili a tion whil e the Y a l e t abl e t
in c o ntinu a ti o n t a k e s up the pr ep ara tions fo r t he e nc o unt e r o f the t wo
—
h e ro e s with t he gu ardi a n O f t he c e d ar fo re st Humba b a but prob a bly
W
—
pr o n o unc ed Hub a b a
O R a s t he n a me a pp ea rs in t he O l d B a byloni a n
versi o n B uwa w a The t wo t a bl e ts c o rr e sp o nd th e re fo re t o p o rti o ns
of T a bl e ts I to V o f t he Assyri a n v ersion ; but a s will be shown in
d e t ail furth er on the nu mb er o f c omp letely p a rall e l p a ss a ge s is not
l arge a nd the Assyri an versi o n sh o ws an ind ep en d en c e of t he o ld B aby
loni a n versi o n th a t is l arger th a n w e ha d rea son to e xp e ct In ge n e ra l
it may b e s aid th a t the Ass y ri an version is more e l ab o r a t e which p o ints
to its h aving re c e ive d its pre s e nt f orm a t a c o nsid erably l at er p eri o d
th an t he o ld B abyl o ni a n versi o n
O n t he oth er h a nd w e a lr e a dy
find in t he B abyl o nia n v ersi o n the t e nd e ncy t o w ards rep etitio n whic h
is ch ara ct eristic o f B a byl o ni an Assyri a n t a l e s in ge n eral T hrough
t he t wo B abyl o ni a n t abl e ts w e are e n abl e d to fill out c e rt a in d e t a ils
,
,
,
,
,
,
'
,
‘
.
,
,
28
,
,
,
.
,
,
29
,
.
,
-
.
be lo w p 23
I f o llo w t he e nume ra t io n o f t a b le t s co lumns a n d line s in J e ns e n s ed it io n t h o ugh
s o me f a gme nt s a ppea r t o h a ve b ee n p la c e d b y him in a w ro ng p o s it io n
Acc o rd ing t o B e z o ld s in v es t ig a tio n Verbals ufi xformen ls Alt s kri te ien b bylon
is ch-as s y ische
P hilo s His to r K lass e 1 91 0
I n c h iften ( H e id elb e rg Aka d d Wise
Ab h a nd lung ) t he b ulk o f t he t a b le ts in As hurb a na p a l s lib ra ry a re c o p ies o f o igina ls
d a ting f ro m a bo ut 1 500 B C I t d oes no t fo llo w h o we ver t h a t all t he co p ies d a te f ro m
o rigina ls o f t he
B e z o ld rea c hes t he c o nc lus io n o n t he b as is o f v a rio us f o rms
a me p e rio d
fo r v e rb a l s uffi xes t ha t t he f a gme nts f ro m t he As hurb a na p a l Lib ra y a c t ua lly d a t e f o m
t h ree dis t inc t pe rio ds rang in g f ro m b e f o re c 1 4 50 t o c 7 00 B C
27
S ee
,
.
.
’
28
,
,
r
.
’
29
a
,
r
r
s
a
-
r
.
.
.
.
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
r
,
S
r
er
,
.
,
r
r
.
.
.
.
r
JA S TRO W C LA Y O L D B A BY L ON I AN GI L GA MESH EP I C
19
-
pisod e s with which th e y d ea l : ( 1 ) the mee tin g o f G ilg a
me sh and E nkidu and (2 ) the e ncount er with B uw aw a ; w hil e th e ir
gr ea t e st va lu e consists in the light th a t th e y throw o n t he gr a du a l
growth o f the E pic until it r ea ch e d its d efinit e form in the t ext rep re
s ent e d by the fra gme nts in Ashurb anap al s Libra ry Let us n o w t ak e
up the d e t a il e d a n al ysis first of the P ennsylvani a t abl e t and th e n
lThe P e n nsylv a ni a t abl e t b e gi n s with tw o dr e ams
o f t he Y a l e t a bl e t
re count e d by Gilgame sh t o his mo th er which the l a tt er i nt erpre ts
In the o ne s o mething
as pr e s a ging t he c o ming o f E nkidu t o E r e ch
like a h eavy me t e or f a lls fro m h eaven up o n Gilgame sh a nd a l mo st
crush e s him With the h e lp o f t he h er o e s o f E re ch Gilga me sh c arri e s
The burd e n his mo th e r
the h ea vy burd e n t o his mo th e r N in sun
symb o liz e s so me o ne who like Gilgame sh is b o rn in t he
ex pl a ins
mount ains t o wh o m all will p ay h o mage an d o f who m Gilg ame sh will
b e c o me e n a mo ure d with a l o v e a s str o ng a s th a t fo r a w o man In
a s e cond dr e a m Gilg a me sh s e e s so me o n e who is lik e him who br a nd
e
ish e s an ax e and with wh o m he falls in l ov
This p ers ona ge the
moth er e xpl ains is a g ain E nkidu ;
L angdon is of the op ini o n th a t th e s e dr e ams are re count e d t o
E nkidu by a w o ma n with wh o m E nkidu c o h abits fo r S ix d ays and s e ven
nights and who w e a ns E nkidu fro m a ss o cia tion with a ni ma ls This
h o weve r c annot b e corr e ct The sc e n e b etw e e n E nkidu a nd the
woma n must h a ve b ee n re count e d in d e t a il in t he first t abl e t as I n
0
the Assyri a n version wh er ea s h ere in the s e c o nd t a bl e t we h ave the
continu a ti o n o f the t a l e with Gilgame sh re c o unting his dreams dire ctly
The st o ry th e n continu e s with the d e scripti o n of t he
t o his mo th e r
co ming of E nkidu conduct e d by the wo ma n t o the outskirts of E re ch
wh ere food is give n him The main fea tur e o f the incid ent is t he
conversion o f E nkidu to civiliz e d life E nkidu who hith erto had
gon e about n ak e d is cloth e d by the wo man
Inst e a d of suckin g
milk and drinking fro m a trough lik e an animal fo od and str on g drink
n
are pl a c e d b e for e him a nd he is t a ught ho w t o e at and drink in hu ma
”
fashion In hu ma n fa shi o n he als o b e c o me s drunk and his spr ee
”
is n aive ly d e scrib ed : H is h eart b e c ame gla d and his fa c e sh o ne
of
t he two
’
e
,
’
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,
,
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,
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,
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3
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31
.
fore t h ou c o mes t f ro m t he mountain Gilg ame sh in Ere ch will s ee thy dreams
The e xp ressio n thy
a f t er which t he d eams a re re c o unt e d b y t he w o ma n t o Enkidu f
”
dreams me ans h ere drea ms ab out t h ee
( Tabl e t I 5 2 3 24 )
Line s 1 00—
1 01
3° “
Be
,
,
“
r
“
-
.
31
.
,
,
Y AL E OR I EN TAL SE RI ES -RESE A RCH ES Iv3
20
-
Lik e a n ani mal E nkidu s b o dy had hith e rto b ee n covered with hair
which is now sh ave d O fl He is anoint ed with o il and cloth ed lik e
”
E nkidu b e co me s a sh eph erd prot ecting t he fold a gainst
a ma n
wild b e a sts and his expl o it in disp atching lions is bri e fly told At
this p o int—the e nd o f c o lu mn 3 (o n the obve rs e ) i e lin e 1 1 7 and
—
h
4
m
t
e
e
i
1
1
b
ginni
g
of
c
lu
n
on
r
e
v
rs
e
i
l
n
o
e
3
a g ap of
n
e
t he e
(
)
—
lin
s
13
t he t a bl e t is Ob scur e but a pp a re ntly t he s to ry of E nkidu s
e
gr adu al transforma tion fro m s ava gery t o civiliz e d life is continu ed
with stre ss up o n his introducti o n t o d o me stic w a ys with the wife chose n
All this has no
o r d e cr ee d for him a nd with work as p art o f his fa t e
c o nn e cti o n with Gilgame sh and it is e vid e nt th at the t al e of E nkidu
’
,
,
'
“
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
’
,
,
q
.
,
,
c o nn e ct
t o ge th er ; the wo man t a king o n h e rs e lf in a ddition to the rble of
civiliz er th a t of the mediu m through which E nkidu is brought to Gil
game sh The w o ma n l ea ds E nkidu fro m t he outskirts of E rech into
t he cit y its e lf wh e re t he p e opl e on s ee ing him r e mark upon his lik e n ess
to Gilgame sh He is the very count erp art of the l att er though so me
wh a t s ma ll er in st a ture Th e re fo llows the encount e r b etwee n the
two h ero e s in the stree ts of E re ch wh er e th ey enga ge in a fi erc e c o mb a t
Gilgame sh is overc ome by E n kidu and is e nr a ge d a t b eing thr o wn to
The t abl e t clos e s with t he e nd e a vor of E n kidu to p acif y
t he ground
Gil game sh E nkidu d e cl are s th a t the moth er of Gilgame sh has exa lted
her son a bove the ordin a ry mo rt a l and th a t E nlil hims e lf has sin gl ed
him out for roy a l pre r o g ative s
Aft er this we may a ssu me t he two h ero es b ec o me frie nds and
to ge th er proc ee d to c arry out c e rt a in e xploits t he first of which is
This is t he
a n a tt a ck upon t he mighty g u ardi a n of t he c e d ar for e st
ma in epis o d e in t he Y al e t abl e t which th ere fore forms the third t able t
o f t he old B abyloni a n v e rsi o n
In the first colu mn o f t he o bve rs e of t he Ya le t abl e t which is
b adly pre serv e d it wou ld app ear th a t the e lde rs of E re ch ( or pe rh aps
t he p e o pl e ) are e nd ea voring to dissu ad e Gilg ames h fro m ma kin g t he
,
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
,
JA S TRO W C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N G I L G A MESH E P I C
-
21
0
ttempt t o p e n etra t e to the abod e o f B uwaw a If this is corre ct
th en t he close of the first c o lu mn may repres ent a c o nvers a tion b e tween
th ese e ld ers and the w o man who a cco mpa nie s E nkidu
It w o uld
b e t he e ld e rs who are r epre s e nt e d a s r ep o rting t he Sp ee ch t o the
”
woman which is presu mably the d e t ermin ati o n o f Gilgame sh to
fight B uwa w a The e ld e rs app a rently d e sire E nkidu to a cc o mp a ny
Gilgame sh in this p eril o us a dve nture and with this in vi e w app e al
In the s e cond colu mn a ft er an Obscure re fere nc e t o
t o t he w o ma n
—
—
m
f
a
e
h
h
m
oth
e
r
o
Gilg
sh
p
e
rh
a
ps
a
pp
ea
ling
t
o
t
sun
e
t e
g o d we find
Gilgame sh a nd E nkidu a gain fa c e t o fa c e Fr o m t he re ferenc e t o
”
E nkidu s e ye s fille d with t e ars w e may c o nclud e th a t he is mo ve d
to pity at t he thought of wh at will h app en t o Gilga mesh if he insists
up on c arryi n g o ut his purpos e E nkidu a ls o tri e s to dissu ad e Gil
game sh This app ears t o b e the main purp o rt of the di a logu e b e tween
the two which b e gi n s a b o ut t he middl e of t he s e c o nd colu mn and
E nkidu pl ea ds th a t e ve n his
e xt e nds to t he e n d of t he third colu mn
strength is insu ffici e nt
a
.
,
.
“
,
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,
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-
.
’
,
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,
,
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,
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,
My
My
ms
ar
s t ren
a re
la me ,
gth ha s b ec ome we ak
.
(li nes
—
88 8 9)
Gilga me sh a pp ar e ntly a sks for a d e scription of t he t e rribl e t yrant
who thus ar o use s t he fe ar o f E nkidu and in reply E nkidu t e lls him
ho w at o n e ti me wh e n he w a s ro aming a b o ut with t he c a ttl e he
p e n etra t e d into t he f o re st and h eard the ro ar o f Huwaw a which was
like th at o f a d e luge The mo uth o f the tyr ant emitt e d fire and his
breath was d eath It is cl ear as P r o fessor H aupt has sugge st e d
th at E nkidu f urnish e s the d e scripti o n o f a vo lc an o in e ruption with
its mighty r o ar spitting fo rth fire and b elching o ut a su ffoc a ting
smo k e Gilgame sh is h o we ver und aunt e d and urge s E nkidu to a eco m
p any him in t he adventur e
I will g o d o wn t o t he for e st s ays Gilgame sh if the c o nj e ctura l
r e st o r ation o f t he lin e in qu e sti o n (1 1 26) is c o rr e ct E n kidu repli e s
by a gain dra wi n g a lurid pictur e o f wh at will h app en Wh en we go
f
e
t
g
th
r
f
r
st
This
sp
e
ch
o
E nkidu is continu e d
o
h
e
e
o
e
e
t
o
t
(
)
o n the r e v ers e
I n r eply Gilg ame sh e mph a siz e s his r eli a nc e up o n t he
g o od will o f S h ama sh a nd repr o a ch e s E nkidu with c o wa rdic e He
d e cl are s hi ms e lf sup eri o r t o E nkidu s warning and in b o ld t e rms
,
,
,
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,
82
,
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“
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“
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’
,
32
In
a
p aper
re a
d
be
fo re
c an Orient al S o cie t y at N e w H a ve n
t he Ameri
,
Ap ril 4 , 1 91 8
.
YA L E OR I EN TA L SER I ES RESE A RCH ES iv3
22
-
sa ys th a t he pr efers t o p e rish in
ra th er th an ab andon it
t he
a
tt empt to ov erco me B uwa w a
.
“
1‘
Whereve r terro r is to b e f a ced
Thou f orso o th art in fear o f de ath
Thy prowe ss la cks stre ngth
I will g o b efo re thee
Tho ugh t hy mouth Shouts to me : tho u art a fraid to approach
—
I f I fall I will e stablish my name
l
i
n
s
4
e
1
3
1 48 )
(
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
Th ere fo ll o ws an i n t ere sting d e scription of the fo rging of the
w e apons fo r the two h e ro e s in prep a ra ti o n fo r the enc o unt er
T he
e ld e rs of E r e ch wh e n th e y s e e th e s e pr ep a r a ti o n s are strick e n with
fear Th e y l ea rn of Huwawa s t hr e at to annihil at e Gilgames h if he
d ar e s to e nt er t he c e d ar fo re st and o n c e more try to dissu a d e C ilga
me sh from t he und e rt a king
33
.
’
.
,
.
Thou
Th o u
young
a rt
do s t
,
O G ish ,
know
no t
heart carri es thee away
”
th o u p ro p os es t t o do
(li nes
a nd
what
thy
—
,
1 90 1 91 )
.
Th e y try t o fright e n Gilgame sh by re p ea ti n g t he d e scripti on o f
Gilgamesh is still und aunt e d and pra ys t o
the t e rribl e B uw a w a
his p atro n d eity S h ama sh who app ar ently acc o rds him a f av o rabl e
”
“
ora cl e ( tértu) The two h ero e s arm th ems e lve s for t he fray and
the e ld e rs of E re ch now r e concil e d to t he p e ril o us und e rt a king
counse l Gilg ame sh to t ak e provisi o n a long for the und ert aking Th ey
urge Gilg ame sh to a ll o w E nkidu to t a k e t he l ea d for
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
He
is
ac
quainte d with
[ to ] the
c
e n t ra n e
the way , he has t ro dde n t he
o f t he f o re s t
(lin e s 25 2 2 5 3 )
—
ro ad
.
ld ers dis miss Gilgame sh with fe rve nt wish e s th a t En kidu may
”
mit him to t he
tra ck o ut the clos e d p a th for Gilga mesh an d co m
—
c ar e of Lug alb anda h ere p erh aps an e pith e t o f S h a ma sh
Th e y
t o w a sh his fe e t in t he
a dvis e Gilg ame sh to p erfo rm c e rt a in rit e s
stream o f B uw aw a an d to pour out a lib a ti o n of w a t er t o S h ama sh
E nkidu foll o ws in a sp ee ch lik ewise int end e d to e ncoura ge t he h ero ;
and with t he a ctu a l b e ginning o f t he e xp e dition a g a in st Huwa wa t he
t abl e t e nds The encount e r its elf with t he triu mph o f t he two h er oe s
must ha ve b een d e scrib ed in t he f o urth t abl e t
The
e
“
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
3‘
S ee t he
co mme n ta ry t o c
ol
.
4
of
t he
Y a le ta b le t fo r f u
r t he r
d e tails
.
J A S TROW C LA Y
-
O LD
B A BY L ON IA N GI LGA MESH EP I C
V
23
.
N ow
b e fore t a king up the signific anc e of the a dditi o ns to o ur
knowl edge o f the E pic g ain e d through th e s e t wo t a bl e ts it will b e
well to discuss the forms in which the n ame s o f the two h ero e s an d
o f t he rul e r o f t he c e d a r f o r e st o ccur in o ur t a bl e ts
As in the M eissn er fra gme n t t he chi e f h e r o is inv ari ably desig
d
mat e d a s G ish in b o th the P enn sylvan i a and Ya l e t a bl e ts ; a nd we may
th ere fo r e c o n clud e th a t this wa s the c o mmo n fo rm in the H ammurabi
d
p eri o d as a ga inst the writi n g G ish g i(n) ma sh in t he Assyri an
versi o n S imil arly as in t he M e issn er fr a gment the s e c o n d h er o s
n ame is a lwa ys writt en En ki dii (abbr evi a t e d fro m dug ) as a g ai n st
Fi na lly we e nc o unt er in the Y a l e
En ki du in the Assyri a n v e rsi o n
t abl e t for the first ti me the writ ing Eu wa w a as the n a me o f the
gu ardia n o f the c e d ar fo re st as a ga in st Hum b a b a in t he Assyri an
versi on th o ugh in the l a tt er c a s e as we may no w c o nclud e fro m the
3
—
Ya l e t a bl e t t he n ame should r ath er b e rea d Eu b a b a
The v aria
tion in t he writing o f the l a tt e r n a me is int ere sting as poi n ti n g t o the
The n ame
a spir a t e pr o nunci a ti o n o f t he l a bi a l in both inst a nc e s
w o uld thus pre s e nt a co mpl et e p ar a ll e l to the H ebre w name Howa wa
(or Hob ab ) who app ears a s the bro th er in law o f M o s e s in the P d o cu
S inc e t he n ame a lso o ccurs writt en p re
ment N u mb ers 1 0
”
a mo ng t he
Amo ritic n ame s in the
c is ely a s in t he Y a l e t a bl e t
i mp ort ant lists publish e d by Dr C hi era th ere c an b e no doubt th a t
,
.
,
,
34
-
-
_
’
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,
,
-
35
-
-
-
.
,
-
-
-
-
,
,
,
6
-
,
.
.
-
-
,
,
,
“
,
38
.
s
,
d o ub t t he cor e c t rea din g of the t h re e s igns wh ic h us e d t o be read I t u b ar
or G ish du b ar
The fir s t S ig n ha s c o mmo nly t he v a lue G ish t he s e c o n d c an b e re a d G in
S ee Un g na d in Un g n a d
o r G 1 ( Brunn o w N 0 1 1 900) a n d t he t hird M a sh as w e ll a s Ba r
G ess ma nn Das Gilga mes ch E po s p 7 6 an d Po eb e l His toric l a nd G a mma tica l Texts
p 1 23
S o a ls o in S umerian (Zimmern S umeris che Kultlied a us a ltba bylonis c her Z eit N o
Thi is
34
-
no
z-
r
-
,
.
.
.
-
r
,
.
,
r
a
,
,
,
.
.
35
er
,
1 96,
-
re
v 14
.
,
.
an d
c o uld h a v e the v alue bu a s w ell as bum
t o t he na me H o b a b b Re ue l in t h is p a ss a g e
T he
I n J udg e s 4 1 1 t he g lo ss o f t he B e n e Ho b ab
mus t ref er t o Re ue l and no t t o Ho b a b
”
”
a n d (2 )
mus t b e s e p a at e d in t o t wo : ( 1 ) B ene Ho b ab
t he f a t h er in la w o f M o s e s
f ather—
T he la tte r a dditio n e s t s o n an e rro n eo us t a ditio n o r is int en d e d
in la w o f M o s e s
a s a b ie f re min d e r t ha t Ho b a b 8 id e n t ic a l w it h t he s o n o f Re u e l
S e e his Li t o f P s ona l N a m s f om the Temple S ch l of Ni pp u p 12 2 Hu um ba
Pl 3 1 7
Pl
bi tu an d si kin n
u wa w a ls o o cc ur in O me n T e xt s ( C T XX V I I 4 8 9
”
dwa f ( C T XX V II
T he c o nt a s t t o buwa w is tig u
6 3—
4
C T XX V I I I 1 4
S ee J as t ro w Religion B byl niens und
Pl 3
4
1 2 an d
Pl 6
14
”
As s yri ns I I p 91 3 N o t e 7 Huwa wa t he e f o re ha s t he f o rc e Of mo ns t e
T he
3°
g s d LU M
f at h e
a ddit io n
Si n u e
“
37
( Brunn o w N O
in-la w o f M o s e s
.
.
,
r-
’
.
“
’
-
“
-
,
,
,
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,
“
r
”
-
,
r
r
.
,
’
1
r
38
s
-
-
e
er
-
-
.
,
r
oo
r
a
,
,
.
,
.
,
r
a
,
,
.
,
.
“
,
,
,
r
,
,
r
a
r
-
.
,
,
“
e
.
,
,
r
-
.
.
.
o
YAL E OR I EN TAL SER I ES RESE A RCH ES I v3
24
-
m
e
m
a
e
b
is
a
W
e
st
S
itic
n
This
i
m
port
nt
f
ct
b
u
a
a
a
a
H
H
”
c e d a r fore st in which B uw aw a dwe lls
a dds t o t he pr o b ability th a t t he
is non e o th e r th a n t he Le b a n o n district fame d sinc e early antiquity
This expl an a ti o n o f t he n a me B uw aw a dispos e s o f sup
fo r its c e d a rs
p o siti o ns hith erto brought fo rward for an E l amitic o rigin
Gre ss
ma nn still fa vo rs such a n o rigin th o ugh r ea lizing th a t the d escription
In
o f t he c e d ar f o r e st p o ints t o t he Ama nns o r L e b a n o n r a ng e
furth e r confirma ti o n of t he West S e mitic origin of t he n ame we h a ve
in Luci an De Dea S yria 1 9 t he n ame Ko mb ab o s ( the g u ardi a n o f
O f the
S tra t o nika ) which f o r ms a p e rf e ct p a ra lle l to Hu (m) b ab a
i mp o rt ant b ea ri ngs of this w e st ern ch a r act e r o f t he n ame B uwa w a
sugge sting
o n t he int e rpr e t a ti o n a nd origin o f t he Gilg ame sh E pic
he e nc o unt e r b e tw ee n the t a
th at t l1 e
h o es re sts u o n a tra diti o n o f a n exp ed ition a a ins t t he W L or
ve mo re t o s a furth e r
urru l and
The va ri a tion in t he writing of t he n a me E nkidu is lik e w is e
int ere sti ng It is e vid ent th at the form in the o ld B abyloni an ve rsion
with t he Sign da (i e dug ) is t he o rigin al for it furnish e s us with a
”
The writing with dug p ro
suit abl e e ty mo logy E nki is go o d
no unc e d dii a lso sh o ws th a t t he sign dii as t he third e l ement in t he
fo rm which t he n ame has in t he Assyri an v ersi o n is t o b e rea d (1 11
a nd th a t f o rme r r e a di n gs lik e Ea b ani must b e d e finit e ly a b a ndon ed
The f o r m with dii is cl ea rly a p honetic writi n g o f t he S u meri a n n ame
t he Sign dII b e i n g ch o s e n t o indic a t e t he pronuncia tion ( not t he id e o
graph ) o f t he third e l e me nt dug This is c o nfirme d by the writin g
En g i—
du in t he syll a b a ry C T X VIII 30 1 0
The phon e tic wri t ing
is th e re fo r e a w arning a gainst any end e a v o r to rea d the n a me by
This w o uld not of its elf
a n Ak k a di a n tr a nslit e r a ti o n o f the signs
pro ve th at E n kidu is o f S umeri a n origin
w ell b e th a t
11 as p ec t to a
the writi n g Eu ki du is a n e nd e a v o r t o give
n ame t h a t ma y h a ve b e e n fore ign The el
g corre sp o nds
”
go od and Eu ki b e ing o rigin a lly a d e sign a ti o n
t o t he S e mitic tdbu
”
of a d e ity as t he l o rd o f the l an d which would b e t he S u meri a n
uwa wa o r
.
,
.
.
39
,
.
,
40
,
,
,
.
,
,
_
_
.
.
,
,
“
.
,
’
'
,
,
“
-
.
’
,
'
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
-
.
“
-
,
,
“
,
39
Ung nad-G re s s ma nn , Da s G ilga mes ch-Epos p 1 1 1 s eq
U n gn a d, l c p 7 7 , c a lle d a t t e n t io n to t his na me , b ut
.
.
.
failed to d ra w t he co n c lus io n
t ha t Hu ( m) b a b a t h e re fo e b e lo ngs t t he Wes t a nd no t t o t he Eas t
Firs t po in te d o ut b y Ung na d in OLZ 1 91 0 p 3 06 o n t he b as is o f C T X V II I 30 1 0
wh e re Eu gi-dii a ppea rs in t he c lumn f urnishing ph n tic rea din gs
.
.
.
r
o
.
‘1
.
,
-
o
o
,
e
,
.
,
,
YAL E O RI EN TAL SERI ES RESEA RCH ES I v3
26
-
Gish is th ere fo re t he h er o g o d p a r excellenc e ; a nd this shows th a t we
are n o t d e a ling with a g e n uin e prop e r n a me but r a th e r with a desc rip
P rop e r n a me s are no t forme d in this way e ith e r in
t ive a ttribut e
S u meri an o r Akk adi an N o w wh a t re l a ti o n do e s this fo rm Gish b ear to
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
m
e n a e
as t he n a me O f t he h e r o is inva ri a bly writt e n in t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n
d
d
t he fo rm which w as at first r e a d I z tu b ar o r G is h du b ar by sch o l ars
u ntil Pinch e s fo und in a neO B abyl o ni an syll a b ary the e qu a ti o n o f it
wi t h C i il g a me sh ? P inch e s disc o v ery p o int ed c o nclusively to the
p o pul ar pr o nu n ci a ti o n of the h ero’s n a me a s Gilg ame sh ; a nd sinc e
Ae lia n (De na tura Anima lium X II 2 ) me nti o ns a B abyl o ni a n p erso n
a g e G ilg am o s ( th o ugh wh a t he t e lls us o f G ilg a mo s do e s n o t a pp e ar
in our E pic but s ee ms t o a pply t o E t an a a noth er figure of B abyl o ni an
mythology ) th ere s eemed t o b e no furth e r r e a s o n t o qu e stion th a t t he
pro bl em had b ee n s o lv ed B e sid e s in a l a t er Syr i a c list o f B abyl o ni an
kings fo und in the S ch o li a of Th e o d o r b ar Koni t he n a me Due t: with
’ Di
D
D
J
I
n
o ccurs
a v a ri a t
a n d it is e vid e nt th a t we h a v e h e r e a g a in t he
G i il g a me sh discov e r e d by P inch e s
The exist e nc e o f a n o ld B aby
loni an h ero Gilga me sh who was lik e wis e a ki n g is thus e st ablish ed a s
w ell as his id entific a ti o n with
r
,
-
-
-
-
,
45
-
-
-
’
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
46
,
-
-
-
,
.
,
ti
fl
i il l g
It is e vid ent th a t we c a nn o t r ea d this n ame as I z tu b ar or Gish
du b ar but th a t we must r e a d t he first si g n as Gish and the th ird as
M a sh while fo r the s e co n d we must a ssu me a re ading G in o r G i
This w o uld give us Gish g i(n) ma sh which is cl e arly a gain ( like Eu ki
dii) no t a n e tymologic a l writing but a p honetic o ne int e nd e d to conv e y
G i il g a me sh migh t
a n a pp roa ch to t he p o pul a r pr o n u n ci a ti o n
w ell b e mer ely a va ri an t fo r Gish g a me sh or v
ice v
ers a a nd this w o uld
co me clos e to Gish gi mash N o w wh e n w e h ave a n a me t he p ro
nunc ia t io n o f which is n o t d e finit e but a ppr o xi ma t e a nd which is
writt e n in va ri o us w a ys t he pr ob a biliti e s are th a t t he n ame is for eign
A fo reign n ame might n atura lly b e sp elle d in vari o us w ays The
rr
-
-
-
,
.
,
-
-
-
’
,
-
-
-
.
-
-
,
,
-
-
.
,
,
.
,
.
‘5
BOR I V,
Le
p
.
2
.
win
Se e
p
.
2 64
.
Die S c ho lie n des Theodo r ba r K o ni z ur Pa tria rc hen ges c hic hte ( B e rlin ,
G res s ma nn in Ung n ad-G res s ma nn Dos Gilg a mesch-E pos , p 83 , w ho po in ts
,
.
,
s
t ha t t he fir t
e le
me nt
f o rm t ha t we re q ui e
r
,
of
na
DIJDP
J
c o mp are d
me ly G ilg a mo s
,
.
wit
h
t he
se cond
of
DIDJ’ DJ
give s
t he
o ut
e xac t
J A S T R OW C LA Y
O LD
-
B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
27
Assyri a n versi o n cl early d epicts G ish g i(n) mash as a
c o nqu eror o f E re ch who fo rc e s t he p e opl e i nt o subj e cti o n and whos e
aut o cr a tic rul e l ea ds the p e opl e o f E r e ch t o i mpl o r e t he godd e ss Aruru
to crea t e a riva l t o him who may withst an d him In r espons e to this
d
app e a l En kidu is f o r me d o u t of dust by Ar uru a nd e v e ntu a lly brought
7
Gish g i(n) ma sh o r Gilgame sh is th ere f o re in all prob a
t o E r e ch
b ilit y a f o r e ign e r ; an d t he si mpl e st soluti o n sugge st e d by the e xist
e nc e o f t he t w o for ms ( 1 ) Gish in t he o ld B abyloni a n v e rsion a nd
(2 ) Gish g i(n) ma sh in the Assyri an version is t o re g ard t he former
as an a bbr e vi a ti o n which s eeme d a ppr o pri a t e b e c a us e t he short n a me
“
”
c o nvey e d the id ea o f t he h e ro p ar excellen ce If Gish—
g i(n) ma sh
is a f o r eign n ame o ne w o uld think in the fir st inst a nc e o f S u meri an ;
but h ere we e ncount er a difficulty in the circu mst a nc e th a t o utsid e
o f t he E pic this c o nqu e r o r a nd rul e r o f E re ch app ea rs in quit e a
d
d
—
diff erent fo rm n amely a s G ish bil g a me sh with G ish g ibil (or b il )
d
In the remarkabl e
g a me sh a nd G is h bil g e me sh a s v ari a n ts
list of p artly myth o l o gic al a nd p artly historic a l dyn a stie s publish ed
by Po eb el the fifth memb er o f the first dyna sty of E re ch app ears
d
me sh ; and si mil arly in an inscripti o n o f the d ays o f
as
G ish bil g a —
‘
S in g amil G ish—
bil g a me sh is menti o n e d a s the build er o f the w a ll
o f E r e ch
M or eo ver in t he s e vera l fr a gme nts o f the S u meri a n ve rsi o n o f
d
I t is e vid e nt
the E pic w e h a ve invari ably t he f ormG ish bil —
g a me sh
th er e fo r e th a t this is the ge nui ne f o rm o f the na me in S u meri a n and
pre su mably th ere fo re the old e st f o rm B y wa y o f furth er c o nfirma
—
tion we h ave in the syll a b ary ab o ve re ferre d t o C T X V I I I 3 0 6 8
thre e d e sign a tio n s o f o ur h ero viz :
E pic
t he
In
d
-
-
,
,
.
4
-
-
.
-
-
,
,
,
-
.
,
-
’
-
,
,
-
-
-
,
-
48
-
.
,
49
,
-
-
G
-
-
-
,
50
.
,
-
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
-me sh
fl
a
r
G is h—
i
b
i
l
b
o
) g
(
g
d
ta b la ( w a rrior
mulc—
-
a -lik
“
-n a
a
p
All three d e sign a ti o ns are s e t down as
Esigg a i min i e
the s e ve n fold h ero
“
.
‘7
48
T ab le t I ,
S ee
.
co l
e
quival ent of
.
w it h t his e p is o de
G a mma tic l Texts p
2 , is t a ke n up
Poeb e l , His tori a l a nd
c
H is torica l
the
-
,
.
”
.
a
r
,
.
1 23
S ee Poeb e l ,
Texts , N o 2 , c o l 2 , 2 6
5° H l
i p re c ht , Old B a bylonia n I nscrip tio n s I , 1 N o 2 6
49
.
.
.
.
.
.
the
S u meri an
YAL E OR I EN TAL SER I ES RESE A RCH ES
28
Of
b ary
'
s ame gen era l ch ar a ct e r is
the
I V-3
the e qu a tion
in an o th er syl la
“
Es ig g a -t uk
its
a nd
eq
uivale nt
G ish -tuk
the
is
who
o ne
hero
a
.
Furth e rmo re the n ame o ccurs fre qu ently in T empl e docu ments
d
d
—
of t he Ur dyn a sty in t he f o rm G ish bil g a me sh with G ish b il g i(n)
In a list o f d eitie s ( C T XX V 28 K 7 659) we
mesh a s a va rian t
d
lik e wis e e ncount e r G ish gib il ( o r b fl) g a me sh and l astly in a syll ab ary
we h a v e t he e qu a ti o n
,
-
52
-
-
-
53
,
.
-
-
,
-
,
5“
d
G ish g i mas
d
-
-
G is h-b il-fg a-mesh ]
.
v ari ant Gish gibil for Gish b i] may b e dispos e d of readily
in v
ie w o f t he fre qu en t c o nfusi o n o r int e rch ange o f t he two signs
B il ( Brunno w N o 4 566) and Gibil o r Bil ( Brunno w N O 4 64 2 ) which
so th a t we might also rea d
ha s a lso the v alu e G i ( Briinno w
”
”
Gish gi g a mesh B oth signs conve y t he id ea of fire
r e n e w et c ;
b o t h re v ert t o the picture of fl ame s o f fire in t he one c a s e with a
b o wl (o r so me such obj e ct ) ab o v e it in the oth er the fl ame s issuing
5
m
a torch
The mea ning o f t he n ame is not affe ct e d
a pp ar e ntly fro
d
d
wh e th er we r ea d G ish bil g a me sh or G ish gibil (or b il) g a me sh
for the middl e el ement in the l att e r c a s e b e ing id entic a l with t he fire
d
god writt e n Bil g i and to b e pron o unc e d in th e inv ert e d form as
Gibil with ga (o r ge) a s the phon e tic c o mpl eme nt ; it is e quiv al e nt
th e re fo re t o the writing bil g a in the f o rmer c a s e N ow Gish gibil
”
o r Gish b fl conv eys t he id ea o f a bu
fa th er ( Brunno w N O
j ust as Bil (Briinno w N o 4 5 79) ha s this meaning wh il e Pa gibil (g a )
” 5
—
gr andfath er
This meaning ma y b e
o r Pa b il g a is a bu a bi
”
”
isa ta
fire
d erived fro m Gibil as also fr o m Bil
th en essu new ,
”
th e n a bu fa th e r a s the r en ew er o r cre at o r Gish with Bil o r
”
”
Gibil would th er e fo re b e t he fa th er man o r t he fa th er h ero
T he
-
-
,
.
-
-
.
“
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
5
.
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
,
'
-
,
-
,
-
-
,
.
“
-
.
,
-
-
.
,
O
“
-
5
.
,
“
“
.
.
,
,
“
.
.
,
“
“
-
-
.
,
,
D e lit zsch Ass yrische Les es tu k p 88 VI 2—
3
C f a lso C T XX V 28 (K 7 659) 3
wh e e we mus t e vid ent ly s upp ly [ Esig g a I t uk fo r w hich in t he fo llo w in g line we h av e
S ee M e is s ne OLZ 1 91 0 99
a g a in G ish b il g a me sh a s a n e q u iv a le nt
S
e g
B a rt n H v
d Co llec ti n I I N o 27 C o l I 1 4 e t c
e j
D e ime l P n the n B byl ni um p 95
C T X I I 5 0 ( K 43 59) O b v 1 7
S e B rt o n Origin a n d D vlo p men t f B byl n i n W iting I I p 99 q fo r v a rio us
e xp la n a t i n s t ho ug h a ll c e nt e ing a ro un d t he sa me id ea o f t he p ic t ure o f fir e in s o me f o rm
S e t he p a ss a g
q uo t d b y P e b e l H i t ic l nd G mm tic l T xts p 1 2 6
5‘
e,
c
,
.
,
,
-
r
,
-
-
-
r,
.
52
,
.
.
,
.
,
’
ee ,
.
o
,
53
a
,
,
o
a
r or
a
o
o
c
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
5‘
.
,
55
e
o
5°
e
a
.
o
e e
,
a
a
o
r
,
,
se
.
,
r
,
es
e
.
o
,
s or
a
a
ra
a
a
e
,
.
.
JA S T ROW C LA Y O L D B A BY L ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
29
-
i
ga in the h ero p ar excellence the origin al h ero j ust as in H ebre w
57
a
b
is us e d in this way
T he syll abl e g a b e ing a phon e tic
a nd Ar a bic
co mpleme nt the el emen t mesh is to b e t ak en by its elf and t o b e
h ero (itlu Brunnow N o 5 967)
exp la in e d as Po eb e l sugg e st e d a s
We would thus Obt a in an entire ly artifici al c o mbin ati o n man
(or h e ro ) fa th er h ero which would simply c o n ve y in an emph atic
mann e r t he id ea o f the Ur held the origin a l h e r o the fa th er o f h ero e s
—
pra ctic ally t he s ame id ea th er e fore a s the o ne c o nvey e d
a s it w e r e
by Gish al o n e a s the h ero p ar excellence O ur inve stiga tion thus
l eads us t o a subst an ti al id e ntity b e tw ee n Gish and the long er form
Gish b il (o r b il) g a me sh and t he fo rmer might th erefore w e ll b e
use d a s a n abbre vi ati o n o f the l a tt e r B oth t he sh o rt er and t he l o nger
forms are des crip tiv
e ep ithets b a s e d on n aiv e folk e tymo l o gy r a th er th a n
p ers o na l n ame s j ust as in the d esigna ti o n o f our h ero a s muhta blu
”
”
h
ft na
t
h
e
o r a s alik
e l e a d er
o r as Es igg a imin
t
t he fight e r
p
”
”
s even f o ld h er o o r Esigga tulc the o n e who is a h e r o are des c rip
tive epith e ts and as Atra ha sis the very wis e o ne is such a n
The c a s e is differ e nt with
e pith e t fo r t he h e r o o f t he d elug e st o ry
G i il g a me sh o r Gish g i(n) ma sh which r epr e s e nt the popul ar and
a ctu a l pronunci a tion o f t he n ame
o r a t l ea st t he app roac h to such
pro nunci ati o n S uch forms stripp ed as th e y are of all artific iality
impre ss o ne a s ge nuin e n ame s
The conclusi o n to which w e are
thus led is th a t Gish b il (o r b il) g a me sh iS a p lay up o n the genuin e
n a me t o c o nvey to th o s e to wh o m t he real n ame a s th at of a foreign er
w ould sugge st no meani ng an int erpret ati o n fitting in with his chara cter
”
In oth e r w o rds Gish bil g a me sh is a Sumerianiz ed fo rm of t he
n a me introduc e d i n to t he S u me ri an v e rsion o f t he t a l e which b e c a me
a f o lk poss e ssion in t he E uphr a t e s V a ll e y
S uch pl ays up o n n ame s
t o sugg e st t he ch ar a ct e r o f a n individu a l o r so me i n cid e nt are f amili ar
to us fr om the n a rra tive s in G ene sis
Th ey do no t c on stitut e
genuin e e tymol o gi e s and are r are ly Of us e in l ea ding t o a corre ct
e tymol o gy
R eub en e g c ert a i nly d o e s n o t mea n Y ahw e h has s een
my a fflicti o n
which t he mo th er is supp o s e d t o h ave excl ai me d a t
e
.
.
a
,
,
,
.
,
,
“
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
.
-
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
“
“
‘
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
“
-
,
,
,
.
-
-
-
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
-
-
,
,
,
.
-
-
“
-
,
,
-
.
58
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
G e ne sis 4 2 0 J ab al the f a t h e of t ent dw ellin g and c att le h old ing ; J ub al
”
f ather Of ha p a nd pip e s t rikin g
(4
S e e p articula rly t he p la y s ( in t he J D o c umen t ) up o n t he n ame s o f t he t w elv e s o ns
o f J a co b
w hich a e b ro ught f orw ard eit her a s t ib a l c ha ra ct e is t ics o r a s sugge s t d b y
s ome in cid ent o r ut tera n c e by t he mo t her a t t he b irt h o f ea ch so n
57
E g ,
t he
.
,
.
,
,
-
r
,
r
.
58
.
,
r
r
r
.
,
e
YAL E OR I EN TAL SER I ES -RESE A RCHES Iv3
30
-
‘
with a pl ay up o n ben a nd be onyi any more
”
th a n J ud a h me a n s I pr a is e Y ahw e h ( v
th o ugh it d o e s c o nt a in
in e n a me ( Y hé ) as a n e l eme nt The pl ay o n t he n a me may
t he di v
b e clos e or r e mot e a s l o ng as it fu lfills its functi o n o f sug ges ting a n
e tymo l o y th a t is co mplime nt a ry o r a ppr o pri a t e
g
In this wa y a n artific i al divisi o n a nd a t t he s a me ti me a dis
t o rt io n o f a fo re ign n ame lik e Gilg a me sh int o s e ve r al e l e me nts Gish
bil g a me sh is no mo re vi o l ent th a n for ex a mpl e the e xpl an a tion o f
”
Iss a ch ar or ra th e r I s sasc har as G o d has give n my hire (G e n e sis
30 1 8 ) with a pl a y up o n t he e l e me nt s c har a nd as th o ugh the n a me
w ere t o b e divid e d int o Ya h
a nd s c har ( hir e
o r t he
popul ar n ame o f Al exa nd er a mong the Arabs a s Zu l K a rnaini the
”
poss e ss o r o f the t wo horns with a sugge stion o f his conqu e st o f two
h e misph ere s o r wh a t no t
The e l eme nt Gil in Gilga me sh would b e
re ga rd e d a s a c o ntra ction o f Gish bil or gi bil in ord er to furnish
”
t he me a ning fa th er h ero
or Gil might be l o o k e d upon as a va ri ant
”
fo r Gish which w o uld give us t he ph o n e tic f o rm in t he Ass yri a n
d
d
versi o n G ish g i ma sh a s w e ll a s such a vari ant writing G ish gi
mas
No w a n ame lik e Gilg amesh up o n which we may d e finit ely
s e ttl e a s c oming clos e st t o the genuin e f o rm c e rt ainly i mpre ss e s o ne
as for e ign
i e it is n e ith e r S u meri an no r Akk adi an ; and we h a ve
alr ea dy sugg e st e d th a t t he circu mst a nc e th a t t he h e ro o f t he E pic is
p o rtraye d a s a c o nqu e r o r of E re ch a nd a ra th er ruthl e ss o ne a t th a t
p o ints to a tra dition of an inva sion o f the E uphr a t e s V alle y a s the
b a ckgr o und for the e pisod e in t he first t abl et o f the s eri e s N o w it
”
is signific ant th a t many Of the n ame s in t he myt hic a l dyn asti e s
as th e y a pp ea r in Po eb e l s list
such a s M es
are lik e wis e for e ign
ki in g a Se ir s o n o f t he god S h ama sh ( and t he f o und e r of t he
”
d
myt hic al dyn a sty of E re ch o f which G ish b il g a me sh is t he fifth
In a still e arlier mythic a l
a nd En me-ir kar his s o n
dyn a sty we en count e r n a me s like G a—
lu mu um Zu g a g i ib Ar pi
t he b irt h ( G e nes is 2 9,
’
,
“
.
‘
.
,
.
,
,
-
-
.
,
,
“
‘
,
,
‘
“
’
,
.
59
.
,
-
-
,
“
-
,
“
,
-
6°
-
-
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
“
,
’
61
,
,
-
-
-
-
,
“
-
-
-
-
“
-
.
-
,
-
-
-
-
-
,
,
,
d es igna tio n is v ario us ly e xp laine d by Arabic w rite rs S ee Beidhawi s Com
ment ry ( ed F leisch e r) t o S ura 1 8 8 2
T he w ritin g G ish g i ma sh a s a n a pp ro a ch to t he p ro nun c iat io n G ilg amesh w o uld
t h us re p re s e n t t he b e g innin g o f t he art ifi c ia l p ro c ess w hic h s e e ks t o in te rp re t t he fi rs t
”
s y llab le as h e ro
S ee ab o v e p 2 7
Poe b e l H is torica l Tex ts p 1 1 5 s eq
59
a
’
The
.
.
,
,
“0
-
.
-
“
.
“1
,
.
.
“2
,
,
.
.
J A S TROW CLA Y
OLD
-
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH E P I C
31
distinctly fo reign whil e such n ame s as En me (n)
”
nun na and Bar sal nun n a strik e o ne a g ain as Sumerianiz ed n ame s
6
ra th erth an a s ge nuin e S u meri a n f o rmat ions
S ome of th e s e n ame s as G alumum Arpi and E t an a are so Amor
itic in app ea ran c e th a t o n e may h a z ard the conj e ctur e o f th e ir w e st e rn
origin M ay Gilg ame sh lik ewis e b e l o n g t o the Amurru 6 r e gion or
d o es he repr e s ent a fo r eign er fro m t he E a st in c o ntra st to E nkidu
wh o s e n ame we h ave s een may h a ve b een B a al TOb in the We st with
which r e gion he is a ccordi n g t o the E pic s o fa mili ar ? It must b e
mes h w o uld fit in w ell with a
c o nfe ss e d th at t he s e cond e l emen t ga —
S emitic o rigin for t he n ame fo r t he e l ement i mpr e ss e s on e as t he
p articipi al fo rm o f a S emitic st em g m S j ust a s in the s e c o nd ele
me nt o f M e skin —
g a se r we h a ve such a form Gil might th e n b e the
n ame o f a We st S emitic d eity S uch c o n j e c tur e s h o w ever c an for
the pre se nt n o t b e subst a n ti a t e d a n d w e must cont en t o urs e lve s
with t he c o nclusi o n th a t Gilga mesh a s the rea l n ame o f the h er o or
a t l e a st the for m which c o me s cl o s e st t o the r e a l n a me p o ints to a
d
me sh
fo r eign origin fo r the h er o a n d th a t such fo rms as G ish bil g a—
”
d
S umerian iz e d fo rms
a nd G ish b il g i me sh an d o th e r v a ri an ts a re
for which an artifici a l e tymology wa s br o ught fo rw ard to c o nvey the
E-t a-n a ff which
-
are
-
-
,
-
“
-
4
.
,
,
,
,
5
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
-
-
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
-
,
-
“
-
-
y ears a g o ( BA 1 1 1 p 3 7 6) I e q uate d Etana w it h Et h an in the Old Tes
t a me nt—t h ere f o re a We s t S e mit ic na me
S ee C la y Th E mpi e of the Amorites p 80
Pro fe ss or C la y st ro n g ly f a v o s a n Amoritic origin als o for G ilg ame sh His expla
nat io n o f t he n ame is s e t f o rt h in his re c e n t w o rk o n The Empire of the Amorites p a g e 8 9
a n d is a l s o re f erre d t o in his w o rk o n Amurru p a g e 7 9 and in his v o lume o f Miscellan eous
Acco rd in g t o P ro f e ss o r C la y
I ns criptions in the Ya le B bylonia n Co llectio n p a g e 3 no t e
the o riginal f o rm o f t he h ero s n a me wa s We s t S e mit ic a nd wa s s o me t hin g like B ilg a-M a s h
Fo r t he fir s t e le me nt in t his
t he me a nin g o f wh ich wa s p e rha ps t he o ffsp rin g o f M a sh
div is io n of t he n a me of Pilika m t he n a me o f a ruler o f a n e a ly d y nas t y an d B a lak o f t he
Old T e s t a me n t
I n Vie w o f t he f a c t t ha t t he a xe fi gu es s o p romin e n tly in t he E p ic as a n
ins t ume n t w ield e d b y G ilg a me s h P ro f e ss o r C la y f urt h e rmo re t hinks it re a s o n a b le to
”
t he a x e o f M a sh
ass ume t h a t t he n a me w a s int erp e t e d b y t he B a b y lo nia n sc rib e a s
I n this wa y he w o uld a cc o un t fo t he us e o f t he d e t erminat iv e fo r w e a p o ns which is a ls o
I t is c er tainly n o te w o rthy t h at t he id e o gra m G is h T un in
the S ign G ish in t he n a me
”
4
n a lso = pila lcu
I
l
b
etc
T
u
X
V
3
z
x
CT
8
e
§
u
a
t he la t er f o rm o f G is h Tun m h
p
”
N a me s w ith s imilar e le me n t (b es id e s Pilikam) are Belaku o f t he
a xe
C T x ii 1 0: 3 4b
H ammurab i p erio d Bilakku o f t he C a ss it e p e iod e t c
I t is o nly p ro p er t o a dd t ha t P ro f e ss o r J a s t ro w a ss ume s t he re sp o n s ibility for t he
e xp la n at io n o f t he f o rm a n d e t y mo lo g y o f t he n a me G il g a me sh p o p o s e d in t his v o l ume
The q ues tio n is o n e in re g a d t o wh ich le git ima t e d iff e re n c e s o f o p inio n w ill p re v ail a mon g
scho lars until t h rough s o me ch an ce a d e fi nite d e cis ion o ne way or t he o t h er c an b e rea ch e d
63
M a ny
.
,
.
64
r
e
,
.
,
65
.
r
.
,
,
,
a
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
”
“
.
r
,
.
,
r
.
r
,
“
r
.
r
,
-
.
,
-
-
as
a
“
,
,
,
,
.
“
,
.
,
r
,
,
.
r
.
r
,
,
.
Y AL E ORI EN TA L SE RI ES RESE AR CH ES I v3
32
-
id ea O f the origin al h ero o r the h ero p ar excellence B y means of
”
this pl ay o n the n ame which re ve rts to t he c o mpil e rs o f the S u me
ri a n ve rsion o f the E pic Gilga me sh w a s c o nverte d int o a S ume ri an
figure j ust as the n a me E nkidu may h a v e b ee n in tr o duc ed as a S u me
d
ri an transl ation o f his Amo ritic n ame
G is h at al l e v ents is an
”
Sume ria niz e d n a me introduc e d by the c o m
a bbr e vi a t e d form of t he
pil e rs o f t he earli e st Akk a di an ve rsion which wa s pr o duc e d n atur a lly
und e r the influ e nc e o f t he S u me ri an ve rsi o n L a t er as t he E pic c o n
d
G is h g i ma sh
t inued t o grow a ph o n e tic writi n g wa s introduc e d
which is in a me a sur e a c o mpro mis e b e tw een t he g enuin e n ame and
”
t he
Sume ria niz e d f o r m but a t t he s ame t i me a n a pproac h t o t he
re al pro nunci a tion
.
“
,
,
,
.
“
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
-
“
,
.
light thrown up o n the n a me s a nd o rigin al ch ar
a ct e r o f t he two ma in fi g ur e s o f t he E pic
o n e o f t he chie f p o ints
of int e r e st in t he P e nnsylva ni a fr a gme nt is t he pr o o f t h a t it fur
nish e s fo r a striking re s embl anc e o f t he t wo h er o e s Gish an d E nk idu
to o ne a noth er In int e rpre ti n g t he drea m o f Gish his mo th er N insun
l ays stre ss up o n t he fa ct th a t t he dr eam p o rt ends the c o ming o f so me
”
born in t he fi e ld a nd r ea re d in the mo unt a in
o n e who is lik e Gish
B o th th e re fo re are sh o w n by this d e scripti o n to
( lin e s 1 8
h a v e co me t o B abyl o nia fr o m a mo unt a in o us r e gi o n i e th e y are
fo re igfiers ; a nd 1 11 t he c a s e o f Enk idu we h a v e s e e n t h
a in
— —
iii aII EIEBab ility r e f ers to a r e gi o n in t he We s t whil e t he s a me may
T he r e s e mbl a nc e o f t he t wo h e r o e s t o
a ls o b e t he c a s e with Gish
Wh e n E nkidu
o ne anoth e r e xt e nds t o t h e ir p e rs o n a l a pp ea r a n c e
a pp e a rs o n t he s tr ee ts O f-E r e ch the p e o pl e are struck by this r es e m
”
bl anc e
Th e y r ema rk th a t he is lik e Gish th o ugh sh o rt er in
st a ture (li ne s 1 7 9
E nkidu is d e scrib e d as a riv al o r c o un
N ext t o t he
ne w
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
“
,
,
,
m
,
'
.
.
,
'
,
.
.
,
“
.
t erp ar t
,
66
.
This re l a ti o n ship b e tw e e n t he t w o is sugge s t e d als o by the As s yr
ian v e rsi o n
In t he cr e at i o n o f E nkidu by Aruru t he p e o pl e urge
”
t he g o dd e ss to cr e a t e t he c o unt erp art ( z ikru ) o f Gilg a me sh s o meo n e
who will b e l ik e him (ma Si il) ( T abl e t I 2
E nkidu n o t o nly
7
m
co e s fro m t he mo unt ain but t he mo u n t a i n is sp e cific a lly d esigna ted
.
,
“
,
-
-
,
6
,
—
me-ih r u (line
‘7
T ab le t I , 5 , 2 3
.
Of I , 3 , 2
.
an d
29
.
,
Y A L E ORI EN TAL SER I ES RESEA RCH ES Iv3
34
-
M o st re ma rk abl e h o w e ve r of a ll a re cy lind e rs o n which we
find t he t wo h e r o e s a l mo st e x a ctly a lik e a s fo r exa mpl e W a rd N O 1 99
wh e re t wo figure s t he o ne a duplic a t e o f t he o th e r ( exc ept th a t o ne
is j us t a sh ad e t a ll er ) a re in c o nflict with e a ch o th e r D r Wa rd
a
ni ma l
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
puzzl e d by t his r epre s ent a ti o n a nd s e ts it down a s a fant a stic
”
sc e n e in which ea ch Gilga me sh is st abbi ng t he o th e r
In t he light
this sc en e is cl early t he c o n flict b e twee n
o f t he P e nnsylv a ni a t a bl e t
t he t wo h e r o e s d e scrib e d in c o lu mn 6 pre li mi na ry t o th e ir forming a
fri e ndship E v e n in t he r e al m o f myth t he hu ma n exp e ri enc e holds
g o o d th a t th e re is nothing lik e a good fight as a b a sis fo r a subs e qu ent
The fr a g me nt d e scrib e s this c o nflict a s a furi o us o ne in which
a lli a n c e
Gilga me sh is w o rst e d a nd his w o und e d prid e a ssu a ge d by t he g en
e ro us vict o r w ho co mf o rts his v a nquish e d e n e my by t he a ssur a nc e
th a t he was d e stin e d for s o me thing high e r th a n t o b e a mer e He r
”
cul e s
He was singl e d out fo r t he ex e rcis e o f r o y a l a uth o rity Tru e
t o t he d e scription of t he two h e ro e s in t he P e nnsylv a ni a t abl e t a s
a lik e
o ne t he c o unt e rp a rt Of t he oth e r
t he s e a l cylind e r p o rtra ys
th e m a l mo st ex a ctly alik e as alik e as two br o th ers could p o ssibly b e ;
with j ust enough disti n cti o n to ma k e it cl ear o n clos e in sp e ction th a t
two figur e s are int end e d and n o t o ne rep e a t e d fo r the s ak e o f symme try
Th er e are slight v ari a ti o ns in t he ma nn e r in which t he h a ir is w o rn
a nd slightly v a rying expr e ssi o ns o f t he f a c e j ust e nough t o ma k e it
e vid e nt th a t t he o ne is int e nd e d for Gilg a me sh a nd t he o th e r fo r
E nkidu
Wh e n th ere f o re in a noth er sp e c ime n N O 1 7 3 w e find a
Gilga me sh holding his c o unt erp a rt by the l e gs it is mere ly an o th e r
a sp e ct o f t he fight b e tw ee n t he two h e r o e s o n e of wh o m is int e nd e d
to repre s ent E nkidu a n d not as Dr Ward suppose d a grot e squ e
7
rep e titi o n of Gilgame sh
The d e scription o f E nkidu in t he P e nnsylvania t abl e t as a p ar all e l
figure to Gilgame sh l ea ds us to a consid eration of the r el a tionship
of the two figure s t o o ne a noth er M any y ears a g o it was p o in ted
o ut th a t t he Gilg a me sh E pic w a s a co mposit e t a l e in which v a rious
stori e s o f an ind ep end ent origin had b ee n combin e d and brought in to
more or l ess a rtifici al c o nn e ction with t he her os ep onymos of south e rn
7
B abyloni a
We may now g o a st ep furth e r and point out tha t not
wa s
“
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
“
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
5
.
.
6
.
O n t he o t h er h a n d , in Ward N O S 4 59 a n d 4 61 , t he co nflic t b e t w ee n t he t wo h e roe s
is d e p ic te d wit h t he h e ro es dis t in guish e d in mo re co n v e ntio na l f as hio n , Enkid u h a vin g
t he hoo fS o f a n a nimal , a nd a ls o wit h a v ary ing arra ng e me nt o f beard an d h air
7‘
.
.
7°
See
J as t ro w
,
Relig ion of B abylon ia a nd As syria ( Bo s to n
,
p
.
468
s eq
.
J A S T R O W C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
35
-
on ly is E nkidu origin ally an e ntir e l y ind ep end ent figure h a ving no con
nec t io n with Gish or Gilg ame sh but th a t t he l a tt er is r e a lly d epict e d
in the E pic as the c o unt erp art of E n kidu a re fl e cti o n who has b een
give n the tr a its o f ex tra ordin ary physic al pow er th a t b e long to E nkidu
This is shown in t he first pl a c e by t he fact th a t in the encount er it
is E nkidu who triu mphs over Gilgamesh The e ntire an a lysis of t he
77
epis o d e of t he mee tin g b e tw ee n t he two h ero e s as giv e n by G re s smann
must b e rev
is e d It is not E nkidu who is t e rrifi e d and who is w arn e d
a g a inst t he e ncount e r
It is Gilga me sh who during the night o n his
w ay f r o m t he h o us e in which t he godd e ss I s hhara li e s e nc o unt e rs E n kidu
”7
He
E nkidu bl o cks the p a th
o n the highw a y
o f Gilg a me sh
7
pr e ve nts Gilgame sh fr o m re e nt eri n g the h o us e and the tw o a tt a ck
” 80
ea ch o th e r lik e o x e n
Th e y gr appl e with e a ch o th er and E n kidu
forc e s Gilgame sh t o the ground E nkidu is th ere fo re t he re a l h e r o
wh o s e tr a its o f physic al pr o w e ss are a ft erwa rds tra nsferre d to Gil
g ame sh
S i mil arly in t he n ext e pis o d e t he struggl e a gainst B uwa w a the
Y al e t abl e t mak e s it cl e a r th a t in t he origin a l fo rm of the t a l e
—
E nkidu is the r ea l h ero All w arn Gish a gainst the und ert aking t he
Why d o st th o u
eld ers of E r e ch E nki du a n d a ls o t he w o rkme n
”
?
d e sir e to do this
th e y say to him Thou art y o ung and thy h eart
”8
c a rri e s th ee aw ay Thou knowe st n o t wh a t thou prop o se st to do
This p art o f t he incid en t is n o w b ett er kn o wn t o us through the l at e st
fra gme nt of the Assyri a n versi o n discov ere d and publish e d by King
The e ld ers say to Gilgame sh :
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
“
8
.
.
9
-
,
“
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
“
,
.
,
“
81
.
,
2
.
.
“
.
Do
no t
ust
tr
,
Be
The
o ne
7“
goes b ef ore will save his companio n
foresight will save his friend
who
He who has
77
0 G ilgame sh , in thy strength !
ag a in s t t rust i ng t o thy a t t a c k !
Un gn ad-G res s mann , Das
P enn s y lv ania t ab le t
,
85
.
Gilg
l 1 98
.
,
84
a
mes ch-E pos
,
p
.
90 s eq
.
Ass yria n v ers io n , Ta b le t I V, 2 , 37
.
d u b lo cke d t he g at e ( P enns y lva nia t ab le t line 2 1 5 ) Ass y rian v ersion
”
Ta b le t I V 2 4 6 : Enkid u int e rp o s e d his f o o t a t t he g a t e o f t he f a mily h o us e
P e nnsy lv a nia t ab le t line s 2 1 8 and 224
Y ale t ab le t line 1 98 ; a ls o t o b e s upp lie d lines 1 3—1 4
Y a le t b le t line s 1 90 and 1 91
PS BA 1 91 4 65 s eq
Je ns en I I I 1 4—1 1 wh ich can no w b e c o mp lete d and s up
p le me nt e d b y t he n e w f a g me nt
L e Enkid u w ill s a v e G il g a mes h
The s e t w o lin e s imp re ss o ne as p o p ula s ay ings —h e e a pp lie d t o Enkid u
79
“
Enki
,
“
,
.
,
8°
.
,
81
.
,
82
a
.
,
8
33
,
.
r
,
,
,
.
84
,
85
.
r
r
.
Y AL E OR I EN TAL SER I ES RESE A RCHES
Le t
E nkidu
hee
g o be f o re t
I V-3
.
He knows the roa ds t o t he c eda r fo re s t ;
He is s ki lle d in b a t tle a nd has se e n figh t
.
Gilg ame sh is suffici ently i mpre ss e d by this w arning t o invi te E n kidu
to a cc o mp a ny him o n a visit t o his mo th e r N insun fo r t he purp o s e o f
re c e ivi ng he r c o u ns el
It is o nly a f t e r E nkidu who hi ms e lf h e sit a t e s a nd tri e s to dissu a d e
Gish d e cid e s t o a cc o mp a ny t he l a tt er th a t t he eld ers o f E re ch are
re c o ncil e d a nd e n c o ura ge Gish fo r t he fr a y The t wo in c o nc e rt pro
Gilgame sh a l o ne c a nn o t c arry o ut the pl an
c e e d a g a i n s t Huw a wa
N o w wh e n a t a l e thus a ss o ci a t e s t w o fi gure s in o ne d ee d o n e o f t he
I n the pr e s e n t c a s e t h e re
t w o ha s b ee n a dd e d t o t he o rigi na l t a l e
c a n b e lit t le
wh o m Gish c anno t pro c e e d
who is sp e cific ally d e scrib e d a s a cqu a int e d with t he w a y
t o t he
in which B uw a w a dw ells iL fl li gl iaizmli an
e n t r a nc e o f t he f o r e s t
h
N
a
tur
lly
E
pic
a
i
m
s
o
conc
e
a
l
this
f
a
ct
s
m
uch
s
e
a
t
e
t
a
a
u
n
q il
possibl e a d maj orem g loria m o f Gilgame sh I t t ri es t o put t he o ne
who b e c ame the fa vorit e h er o int o t he for e gr o u n d Th e re fo re in b o th
t he B a byloni a n a n d t he Assyri a n v e rsion E nkidu is r epre s e nt e d a s
h e sit a ting a nd Gilga me sh a s d e t ermi n ed t o g o ah ea d Gilg ame sh
in f a ct a ccus e s E nkidu o f c o w ardic e a nd b o ldly d e cl are s th a t he wil l
proc e e d e ve n th o ugh fa ilure st are him in t he fa c e
Tr a c e s of t he
o ld e r vi e w h o w e v e r in which Gilg a me s h is t he o ne fo r wh o m o ne f e a rs
t he o utc o me cr o p o ut ; a s fo r ex a mpl e in t he c o mpl a int o f Gilg ame sh s
moth e r t o S h ama sh th a t t he l a tt e r has s t irr e d t he h ea rt o f her s o n t o
t a k e t he dis t a nt w ay t o Hu (m) b ab a
T o a figh t u nknown t o him he a dva nc e s
”
An e xpedi ti o n un known to him he undert a ke s
,
,
86
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
“
87
'
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
88
.
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
“
,
,
8°
.
c o ns e qu en c e s wh en her s o n info r ms her of
couns e l T he a n sw er o f S h ama sh is no t
pr e s erv ed but no d o ubt it w a s o f a r e a ssuri n g ch ara ct er a s w as t he
a ns we r o f t he S un g o d t o G is h s a pp ea l a n d pr a y e r a s s e t f o r t h in t he
Y a l e t abl e t
N in sun e vid e ntly fea rs t he
his int ent io n a nd a sks her
'
.
,
,
’
-
90
.
8°
—
12 21
.
37
K in g s f r g me nt
’
a
,
col
I , 1 3 -2 7 ,
w hic h
no w e n a ble
Y a le tab le t line s 2 52—2 53
Y ale ta b le t lines 1 43 1 48 Ass y rian v ers i n
Ass yrian v e rsio n T a b le t III
1 3—
14
,
33
.
-
—
Lines 2 1 5 222
us t o
c o mp le t e J e ns e n
.
o
,
9°
s
,
.
,
.
,
b
T a le t I V, 6, 2 6 s eq
.
I II ,
J A S TROW C LA Y
-
B A BY L ON IA N GILGA MESH E P I C
O LD
Again as a furth er i n dic a tio n th a t E nkidu is the r ea l c o nqu ero r
w e fin d t he co ming c o nt e st r e ve a l e d t o E n kidu no l e ss
o f B uw a w a
9
m
i
n
th an three ti e s
dr eams which Gilg am
S inc e t he
e sh int e rpr e ts
p erson who dreams is alw ays t he o ne t o wh o m the dre am appli e s we
may s e e in th e s e dr e ams a furth er tr a c e o f the pri mary rOle origin ally
a ssign e d t o E nkidu
An o th er expl o it which a cc o rdi n g to the Assyri an version t he
t w o h e r o e s p erf o rm in conc e rt is t he killi n g o f a bull s e nt by Ann a t
t he i n st an c e o f Isht a r t o a ve ng e a n i n sult o ff e r e d t o t he g o dd e ss by
Gilga me sh who r e j e cts her o ff er o f marri a g e In t he fra gme n t ary
d e scripti o n o f the cont e st with the bull w e find E nkidu s e izi n g
”9
the mo n st e r by its t ail
,
,
1
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
“
,
“
2
.
killing t he bull
It is thus e vid ent th a t the E ic alt
g in al
ch ar a ct er Of the ep is o es in o r er t o n a pl a c e fo r Gilgames h with
"
tlTS furt hT
a ss 1 g n t o t he l a tt e r t he chief r ol e
e it n o e d
B
t
"
als o th a t E n kidu n o t G ilg a m
e sh 1 s pu n is h
edfor t he insult to Isht a r
E nkidu mu st
h ave b een
W
t he gu ilty p arty w ho Is s t ricken av
ith m ort a Ldise a s e a s a pu n ish me nt
—
In V i e w o f this we may
M E I Rf t w
he succu mbs
supply the n a me o f E nkidu I n t h"e littl e s o ng intr o duc e d a t t he cl o s e
o f the en c ount er with the b ull and n o t G ilg ame sh as ha s hith e rt o
b ee n don e
Who is distinguishe d among the he roe s ?
Who is glo ri ous among men ?
[ E nkidu] is disti ngui shed amo ng he roes
” 96
[ E nki du] is glo rio us among men
Ass y i n v s i n T b l t V C lumn s 3 —
4
W h v t ss um t h t in li 1 3 f
of
°
94
.
m
’
‘
,
.
-
,
0
-
q
*
,
.
.
.
h
'
,
’
m
95
,
.
c
a
“
,
.
,
.
91
r a
er
o
a
,
e
o
,
.
e
a
e
e
o a
a
ne
o
c olumn 4 (J ens en p
E nkid u t ake s up t he t hrea d o f c on v e rs a t io n as is sh o w n b y line
22 :
Enkid u b o u gh t his d e a m t o him a n d sp o ke t o G ilg a me sh
Ass y ian v e sio n T ab le t VI lin e s 1 46—
1 47
Line s 1 7 8 —1 8 3
Line s 1 7 6—
1 77
T ab let VI I C o lumn 6
” Ass ria
—
h
s
w
rds a re p ut in t o t he mo ut h o f
T
e
e
o
2
2
3
0
i
l
e
I
0
0
v
s
T
V
n
e
r
o
n
a
b
t
y
G ilg ame sh (line s 1 98
I t is t here f o re unlike ly t ha t he w o uld s in g his o wn p rais e
B o t h J e ns e n a nd U ngn a d a d mit tha t Enkid u is t o b e s upp lie d in a t l eas t o ne o f t he line s
“
,
.
,
r
92
”
r
r
r
.
.
,
,
93
.
94
.
95
.
,
5
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
Y AL E OR I EN TA L SE RI ES R ESE A RCHES I v3
38
-
F in ally t he killing
sylvani a t abl e t :
,
of
li o ns is dire ctly a scrib e d
L i o ns
to
E n kidu in
t he
P e nn
he attac ke d
ill
Li ons
he
wh e re a s Gilga me sh app ea rs
fo r U tn apishti m he s ays :
o
ve rcame
to be
a
” °7
fraid of lions
hing the e ntrance o f t he
” 93
I saw lio ns and was afraid
On
re a c
O n his long s earch
.
mou ntai n
ig h t
at n
.
prays to S in and Isht ar t o pro t e ct and s a ve him Wh en th er ef o re
in a n o th e r p a ss a ge s o me o ne c e l ebra t e s Gilg ame sh as the one who
o ve rc a me t he
gu ardi a n who disp a tch e d Hu (m) b ab a in t he c ed a r
f o re st who kill e d li o n s a nd ove rthre w the bull we h a v e the c o mpl e
tion o f the pr o c e ss whic
d t o Gil am h x lo it s a nd o w e rs
ordin arily t he p roc ess
st o ps short at making Gilgame sh a s ha rer in the exploits ; with the
n a tur a l t end ency to b e sur e t o e nl arge the sh are o f the fa vorit e
We c an no w und erst and why t he t w o h er o e s are d e scrib ed in the
P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t a s alik e as b orn in t he s ame pl a c e ay e as
broth ers Gilgame sh in t he E pic is me re ly a r e fl ex o f E nkidu The
oo
l a tt er is the r ea l h e r o a nd pre su mably th ere fo re t he Old er figur e
The
GW
M
W M W
”
re s embl anc e motif is mere ly the man ner in which in the cours e o f
t he p a rtly popul ar p a rtly lit e r a ry tr an sfe r t he r e c o ll e cti o n is p re
s e rve d th at E nkidu is t he o rigin a l and Gilgame sh t he c o py
The art ific ialit y o f t he pr o c e ss which bri n gs the t w o h e r o e s
toge th er is a pp arent in t he dr eams o f Gilg ame sh which are int e rpre t e d
by his mo th e r a s p o rt endi n g t he c o ming o f E nkidu N o t the c o nflict
is fo r e s een but t he subs e qu en t clos e a ss o ci a ti o n naively d e scrib e d
as due to t he p e rso n a l ch a r m which E nkidu e x e rcis e s which will l e a d
Gilga me sh to fa ll in lov e with t he o n e who m he is to me e t The t w o
will b e co me o ne lik e ma n an d wife
He
.
,
,
“
,
99
,
,
,
.
,
"
,
,
,
.
.
l
,
.
,
‘
“
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
97
”8
9’
Line
s
1 09 a nd 1 1 2
Ass y ria n v ers io n , T a ble t I X , 1 , 8 —
9
T a b le t
l °°
So
s
V I II
al o
.
—
,
5, 2 6
.
.
G re s s ma nn in U n g n a d-G re s s ma nn
Enkid u as t he o ld er fi gure
.
,
Da s
Gilg
a
mesc h-Epo s ,
p
.
97 ,
re
g rds
a
J AS TRo
On
-O I D B A BY L ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
C
LA
Y
w
39
-
b a sis o f our inve stiga ti o ns w e are n o w in a p o siti o n
t o r e construct in p art t he cycl e o f e pisod e s th a t o nc e forme d p art
The fight b e tw e e n E nkidu a n d Gilg ames h in
o f a n E n kidu E pic
which t he fo rme r is t he vict o r is typic al o f the kind Of t a l e s t o ld o f
He is t he r ea l prototyp e o f t he Gr e e k H ercul e s
E nkidu
H e sl a ys
li o ns he ove rc o me s a pow erful o pp o n e nt dw elling in the fo r e sts o f
L eb a non he kills t he bull a nd he fin ally succu mbs t o dis ea s e s ent a s
a punish me nt by a n an gry g o dd e ss
The d e a th o f E n kidu n a tur a lly
f o rme d t he cl o s e o f t he E nkidu E pic which in its o rigi na l form may
o f c o urs e h a v e includ e d o th e r e xpl o its b e sid e s thos e t ak e n o v e r int o
the Gilg a me sh E pic
t he
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
VII
.
Th ere is an o th e r a sp e ct o f t he figure o f E nkidu which is br o ught
fo rw a rd in the P ennsylvani a t abl e t mo r e cl ea rly th a n ha d hith ert o
b een the c a s e M a ny y e a rs a g o att e ntion wa s c all e d t o c ert ain striki n g
r e s embl a nc e s b e tw e e n E nkidu and t he fi g ur e o f the first ma n as
d e scrib e d in the e a rly ch a pt ers o f G e n e sis
At th a t time we had
mer ely the Assyria n ve rsi o n of t he Gilg ame sh E pic a t our dispos a l
a nd t he ma in poi n t o f cont a ct wa s t he d e scripti o n o f E n kidu living
with the an ima ls dri n ki n g and fe e di n g lik e an an i mal u n til a w oman
is br o ught t o him with wh o m he en ga ge s in s exu a l i n t ercours e This
sugge st e d th a t E nkidu wa s a pictur e o f prime va l ma n whil e the wo man
r emind e d one o f Eve who wh e n she is brought t o Ad am b e c ome s his
h elp mat e and ins ep ara bl e c o mp an i on
The B iblic a l t al e st a nds
o f c o urs e
a s a re o th e r
o n a much high e r l e v e l
a nd is intr o duc e d
tra diti o ns a nd t a l e s of pri mitive ti me s in the styl e o f a p arabl e t o
c o nve y c ert a in r eligious t e a chi ngs Fo r all th a t sugge stions of e a rli er
conc epti on s cro p o ut in t he pictur e o f A d am surround e d by a ni mals
t o which he a ssig n s n ame s
S uch a phr a s e a s th e r e wa s n o h elp ma t e
”
c o rre sp o nding t o him b e c o me s i nt e lligibl e o n the supp o siti o n o f an
existi n g tr a diti o n o r b e li e f th a t man o nc e liv e d a nd i n d e e d c o h a bit e d
with a ni ma ls The t a l e s in the early ch apt ers o f G en e sis must r est
o n v e ry e a rly p o pul a r tr a diti o n s which h a v e b ee n cl e a r e d o f my t ho
l o gic a l a nd o th e r Obj e cti o n abl e f ea ture s in o rd er t o a d apt th em t o t he
purp o s e Of the H ebre w c o mpil ers t o s erve a s a me diu m for il lustra tin g
.
1 01
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
1 01
S ee
J ast row
,
Ada m a n d E v
e in B a b
ylo nia n Liter a ture ,
AJ S L Vo l 1 5 ,
,
.
pp
.
1 93 —
214
.
YAL E OR I EN TA L SERI ES RESEA RCHES v3
I
40
-
c e rt a in reli g i o us tea chings re ga rding ma n s pla c e in n a tu re a nd his
high e r d e s ti ny Fro m t he r es embl a nc e b e tw ee n E nk idu and Ad am
it d o e s no t o f c o urs e fo ll o w th a t t he l a tt e r is mo d ell e d up o n the for
me r b ut o nly t h a t b o t h re st o n si mil a r tra di t i o n s o f t he c o ndition und e r
which me n lived in pri me val d a ys pri o r t o the b e gin n i n gs o f huma n c ul
t ure
We may no w p a ss b ey o nd t h e s e ge ne ra l indic a ti o ns and re c o gniz e
nia t a bl e t a n
in t he st o ry o f E nkidu a s
’
.
,
,
,
'
.
furth er illustra tion fo r t he sur
n
l
i
t
i
h
a
t
er
a
t
o c o nn e ct
a
o
r
y
n
cy
m
ong
t
e
B
byl
i
n
l
e
n
a
l
t
e
r
i
i
n
e
a
s
d
g
y
p
with p o pul ar t al e s t ea chi ngs o f a r eligious or e thic al ch a ra ct e r J ust
a
.
i mpre ssi ng the l esson o f hu ma n progr e ss
t hr o ugh t he s ub s t itut io n o f br ea d a nd win e fo r milk and w a t e r through
t he i ns t i t u t i o n o f t he f a mily a nd thr o ugh w o rk a nd t he l aying up
o f re s o urc es
This is the signific an c e o f t he a ddress to E nkidu in
c o lu mn 4 o f t he P e nnsylva n i a t abl e t e v e n though c ert ain expre ssions
in it are s o mewh a t o bscure T he c o nne cti o n o f t he e ntir e e pis o d e
o f E nkidu a nd the wo ma n with Gi l g ame sh is v e ry a rtifici a l ;
a nd it
b e c o me s much mo re int elligibl e if w e dis a ss o ci a t e it fro m its pre s ent
e nt a ngl e me nt in t he E pic
I n Gilg ame s h s drea m p o rt ending t he
mee ting with E nkidu n o thi n g is s a id o f the wo man w ho is t he c o m
p ani o n o f t he l att e r The p ass a ge in which E nkidu is crea t e d by
Aruru t o oppos e Gilg a me sh
b e trays e vid enc e o f h a ving b e e n
w o rk ed o ve r in o rd e r t o bring E nkidu i n t o a ss o ci a ti o n with t he longing
o f t he p e o pl e o f E r e ch t o
T he p e o pl e
g e t rid o f a tyr an nic a l ch ar act e r
in t h e ir distre s s a pp eal to Aruru t o cr ea t e a riv al to Gilg ame sh
In
re sp o ns e
of
'
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
,
.
1 02
.
.
,
Aruru upo n hearing this c rea ted a man o f Anu in
hear t
.
this man o f Anu c ann o t p o ssibly b e E nkidu for the suf
rea so n th a t a fe w lin e s furth er o n E n kidu is d e scrib ed as a n
N ow
fic ie nt
her
,
’
Ass yrian v e rs io n , T a ble t I , 2 3 1 —
36
,
.
YAL E O RI EN TA L SERI ES RESEA RCHES
42
I V-3
re c o ns t ruct e d t al e t he fa th er t ells his so n to g o to Gil
games h t o rel a t e t o him t he stra nge app e ara nc e o f t he ani mal man ;
b ut t h e r e is cl e a rly n o purp o s e in this a s is sh o wn by t he fa ct th a t
wh e n t he hu nt e r d o e s s o Gilga mesh mak e s precisely the sa me s p eec h
Lin e s 4 0 44 of colu mn 3 in which
as d o e s t he fa th e r o f t he hu n t e r
Gilga mesh is r epre s e nt e d a s sp e aking t o t he hunt e r f o rm a c o mpl e t e
—
dou ble t t o lin e s 1 9 2 4 b e gi nning
I n t he
,
-
,
—
,
,
.
,
my
G o,
hunte r
t a ke
,
wi th thee
a
wo ma n
,
e tc
.
—
2
12
f
n
e
a
si
l
rly
d
scripti
n
E
kidu
pp
rs
twic
lin
s
h
o
o
a
e
e
mi a
t e
e
a nd
—
in an a ddr e ss o f t he hunt e r t o his fa th e r and lin e s 2 9 39 in t he a ddr e ss
o f t he hunt e r t o Gilg ame sh
The art ific ialit y o f t he pro c e ss of introducin g Gilgame sh int o
t he e pis o d e is r e vea l e d by this a wkw ard an d e ntir e ly mean ingl e ss
rep e t iti o n We ma y th e re fo re re c o nstruct the fi rst t wo sc e n e s in t he
E nkidu E pic a s foll o ws :
,
,
.
.
1 06
T abl e t I col
,
—
36 4 1
:
.
2,
—
34 35 :
C re a tion
D e scripti o n
of
of
E nkidu by Aruru
E nkidu s h a iry b o dy
’
.
an d
of his life
ni mals
42—50: The hunt e r s e e s E nkidu w ho sh o ws his a nge r as
a ls o his w o e a t his c o nditi o n
—
1
3
1 2 : T he hunt er t e lls his f a th e r o f t he str a nge b e ing
who pulls up t he tra ps which t he hunt e r digs an d w ho
t e a rs t he n e ts so th a t t he hunt e r is un a bl e t o c a tch
him o r t he a ni ma ls
1 9—24 : The fa th e r o f t he hu n t e r a dvis e s his s o n on his n ext
exp e diti o n t o t a k e a wo ma n with him in ord e r to lur e
t he str an ge b e ing fr o m his life with t he a nima ls
with t he
a
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
Lin e 2 5 b e gi n ning O n t he advic e o f his fa th er must h ave s e t
fo rth in t he o rigi n a l fo rm o f t he epis o d e ho w the hunt er procure d
t he w o ma n a nd t o o k her with him t o mee t E nkidu
C o lu mn 4 g iv e s in d e t a il t he mee ti n g b e tw e e n t he t w o a nd
n aive ly d e scrib e s ho w t he w o ma n exp o s e s her ch ar ms t o E nkidu
w ho is c a ptiv a t e d by he r a n d st a ys wi t h he r six d a ys a n d s e v e n nights
The a nima ls s ee t he ch a n g e in E nkidu a n d run a w a y fr o m him
“
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
F
o llo
w ing
as
s
u ua l t he e nume ra t io n o f lin e
s in J ns e n s ed it io n
e
’
.
JA S TROW C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
-
b e en tra nsfo rme d thr ough the w o ma n S o far the e pis o d e
In the Assyri an v ersi o n th ere 0 o ws a n a re ss Of the w o ma n to
E nkidu b e gi nning (c o l 4 3 4 )
He has
.
.
Be autif ul
.
,
a rt
th o u ,
Enkidu like
a
,
g od
th o u
art
.
We find her urgin g him t o go with her to E re ch th er e to meet G ilg a
me sh and to e nj o y the pl ea sure s of city life with pl enty o f b eautiful
maid e ns Gilgame sh s he a dds will exp e ct E nkidu for the c omi n g o f
It is e vid e nt th a t
t he l a tt e r t o E r e ch has b e e n fo r e t o ld in a dre am
h ere w e h a ve a ga in the l a t er tra nsfo rma ti o n of t he E nkidu E pic in
ord e r to bring t he two h ero es t o ge th e r Will it b e consid er e d t o o
b o ld if we a ssu me th a t in t he o rigi n al fo rm t he a ddr e ss of the wo man
and t he constructi o n o f t he e pis o d e w e r e such as w e find pr e s e rv e d
in p a rt in columns 2 to 4 o f the P e nnsylvani a t abl e t which fo rms
p art of the new ma t eri a l th at c an n o w b e a dd e d t o the E pic ? The
a ddr e ss of t he w o ma n b e gins in li n e 5 1 of t he P e n n sylva ni a t a bl e t :
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
I ga z e upon the e E nkidu like
,
This corr e sponds t o the lin e in
—
2
give n above j ust as lin e s 5 5 3 :
,
t he
a
g od
art
t
h ou
.
Assyri an v ersion ( I
,
4 , 34)
as
,
Why wi th t he c a ttle
D o st tho u ro am a c ro ss
t he
”
fi eld?
corr e spond t o I 4 3 5 o f t he Assyri an ve rsi o n Th er e follows in
e rsi o n t he a pp e a l o f t he
b o th the old B a byl o ni a n a nd t he Assyri a n v
w o ma n t o E nkidu t o a ll o w her t o l e a d him to E re ch wh er e Gilg ame sh
—
Assyri a n version I 4
dw ells ( P ennsylva n i a t abl e t lin e s 54 61
but in t he P en nsylvan i a t abl e t w e n ow h a ve a s econd sp ee ch
36
—
m
a
l
k
a
o
e
b
gi
ning
lik
first
n
with
c
h
t
e
o
e
l
in
s
2
n
e
e
6
6
3
e
(
)
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
“
-
,
C ome
,
ise from the a c cursed ground
ar
.
w oma n t ake s off her g arme nts and
cl o th e s t he n a k e d E n kidu whil e putting a n o th er garment on h ers e lf
She t a k e s hold o f his h a nd a nd l e a ds him to t he sh eepfo lds (n o t t o
Accust o me d
Erec h l l) wh e re br ea d and win e are pl a c e d b e for e him
hith ert o t o sucking milk with c a ttl e E nkidu d o e s not kn o w wh a t t o
do with t he str ange f o o d until e n c o ur a ge d a nd instruct e d by t he
wo man The e ntire third c o lu mn is t ak en up with this in tr o ducti o n
E nkidu cons ents
,
an d n o w
t he
.
,
.
,
,
.
YA L E O RI EN TAL SER I ES RES
-
44
RCHES v3
EA
I
-
civiliz e d life in a p a st o ra l c o mmunity and the sc e n e
N o w all this has
e nds wi t h E nkidu b e co ming a gu ardi a n o f flocks
n o thi ng t o do wi t h Gi lg ame sh and cl e arly s e ts forth a n e ntir e ly d iffe r
e n t id e a f r o m t he o ne e mb o di e d in t he mee ting o f t he two h e ro e s
In the o rigin a l E nkidu t a l e t he a ni ma l ma n is l o o k e d up o n as t he typ e
o f a pri mitiv e s a v a g e a nd t he p o i n t o f t he t a l e is to illustr a t e in t he
n aive ma nn e r ch a r a ct e ris t ic o f f o l kl o r e t he e volution to t he high e r
fo rm o f p a st o ral life This a sp e ct of the incid ent is th ere fo r e t o b e
s ep a ra t e d fr o m t he o th er ph a s e which ha s as it s chi e f motif the bring
ing o f t he t wo h er o e s t o ge th er
We no w Obt ai n th a nks t o t he new s e cti o n re veal e d by t he
7
P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t a furt h e r an al o gy with t he st o ry o f A d a m a nd
Ev
e but wi t h this striking di ff e r e nc e th a t wh e r e a s in t he B a byl o ni a n
t al e t he w o ma n is t he me diu m l e a di n g ma n t o t he high e r li f e in t he
B iblic a l st o ry t he w o man is t he t empt er who brings misf o rtun e t o ma n
This c o ntra st is h o w e ve r no t inh ere nt in the B iblic a l st o ry but
due t o t he po int of vi e w o f t he B iblic a l writ e r who is s o me wh a t
p e ssi mis t ic a lly inclin e d and l o o ks up o n pri mitive life wh e n man w e nt
n ak e d and live d in a gard e n ea ti n g o f fruits th a t gr e w o f th e ms elve s
a s t he bl e ss e d lif e in c o n t r a st t o a dv a nc e d cultur e which le a ds t o
a g ricultur e a n d n e c e ssit a t e s h a rd work a s t he me a ns o f s e curing on e s
subst a nc e H e n c e t he w o man t hrough wh om Ad am ea ts o f t he tr ee o f
k no wl e dge a nd b e c o me s c o nscious o f b e ing n ak e d is l o ok e d up o n a s an
e vil t e mpt e r e nt a iling t he l o ss o f t he pri me v a l lif e o f bliss in a g o r
The
m The
g eo us P a r a dis e
—
i nvo lvin g t he w e ari ng of
cha ngg t o civili z e d li f e
ti n g o f fo o d th a t is cultiva t ed (bre a d an d win e) g ig oke ti up o n a s
me dium o f r a isin g
of
E nkidu
to
,
.
,
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-
,
,
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,
,
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,
10
,
,
,
,
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.
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
w
.
fl
m
M
an
to
a
m
hig h
men t
l e ss o n t o e a rly f o lk t al e s T he
s t o ry o f Ad a m and Eve as t he st o ry o f E nkidu and t he w o ma n is
t o ld with a p urp os e S t arting with e arly traditi o ns o f men s primi
t ive life o n e a r t h th a t ma y h a v e a ris e n ind e p e nd ently H e br e w a nd
ac h
of a
-
-
.
1 08
,
,
’
.
,
,
gy d o es no t invo lv e a de p nd e nc f o ne t ale up o n the o the r b ut mere ly
t ha t b o t h re s t n s imilar t ra d it io ns wh ich m y ha v e a ris e n in d e p e nd n t ly
e is no t me nt io ne d t ill a f t e r t he f a ll ( G e nes is 3
N o te t ha t t he na me f Ev
B e f o re t ha t s he is me re ly is h ha i e
wo ma n j us t a s in the B ab y lo nian t a le the wo ma n
”
who g uid es Enkid u i h rimtu w o ma n
1 07
An
a n a lo
e
o
e o
a
,
e
o
s
a
,
.
.
,
”
,
“
,
.
,
“
s
,
.
JA S T ROW C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
45
-
B abyloni a n writ ers dive rge d
ch group go ing its own way ea ch
r e fl e cti n g t he p articu lar p o int o f V i e w fro m which t he e vo luti o n o f
hu ma n so ci e ty was vi ew e d
L ea vi n g t he a n alo gy b etw e en the B iblic a l and B a bylo n i a n t al e s
a si
d e the main p o int o f v alu e for us in t he B a byl o ni an story o f E n kidu
a nd t he wo ma n is t he pr o o f f urnish e d by t he a n a lysis ma d e p o ssibl e
through the P e nnsylva n i a t abl e t th a t the t a le c an b e s ep a ra t e d
fro m its subs e qu ent co n n e cti o n with Gi lgame sh We c an contin u e
this pro c e ss of s ep ar a ti o n in the fo urth c o lu mn wh ere t he woma n
instructs E nkidu in t he furth er duty o f living his life with the w o ma n
d e cr e e d fo r him t o ra is e a f a mi ly t o e ng a ge in w o rk t o build citi e s
All this is l o o k e d up o n in t he s ame opti
a nd t o g a th e r r e s o urc e s
mistic spirit as marking pr o gre ss wh er ea s t he B iblic a l writ er c o n
sist e nt with his p o int o f V i e w l o oks up o n w o rk a s a curs e a n d mak e s
C ain t he murd er e r a lso t he found er of citi e s
The st e p t o t he high er
f o rms Of life is n o t an a dva nc e a cc o rding t o t he J d o cu me nt It is
int ere sting t o n o t e th at e v e n t he phr a s e the curs e d gr o und o ccurs
in both t he B a byl o ni a n a nd B iblic a l t a l e s ; but wh er ea s in the l a tt e r
( G e n 3 1 7 ) it is b e c aus e o f t he h a rd w o rk e n t a il e d in r a isi n g t he
pr o ducts o f t he e a rth th a t t he gr o u n d is curse d in t he f o rmer ( li n e s
62 63 ) it is t he pl a c e in which E n kidu live s before he a dv anc e s t o t he
”
dignity o f hu ma n life th a t is curs ed an d which he is a s ke d t o
l ea v e A d am is exp e ll e d fro m P ar adis e as a pu nish me nt wh e rea s
E nkidu is i mplore d t o l ea ve it a s a n e c e ss a ry st ep t o w ards p rogress
The c o n tr a st b e tw ee n the B a byl o ni a n
t o a high e r f o rm o f exist e nc e
The
a nd t he B iblic a l writ e r e xt en ds t o t he V i e w t a k e n o f vi n icultur e
B iblic a l writ e r (a gain the J d o cu men t ) l o o ks up o n N o a h s drunk e nn e s s
a s a disgr a c e
N o a h lo se s his s e ns e o f sh ame a n d u n c o v e rs hi ms elf
n
h
n
a
n
e
o
G
n
sis
wh
r
s
in
B
byl
i
d
scripti
E nkidu s j o lly
9
a
t
a
o
e
e
e
e
e
(
spirit a ft e r he ha s dru n k s e ve n j a rs o f win e me e ts with appr o v a l
he w ho
The B iblic a l
,
ea
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
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,
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,
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-
“
,
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,
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’
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’
,
.
th e sis h e re se t f o rth o f t he o rigi nal ch ar a ct er a nd imp o rt
Of t he e pis o d e o f E n kidu with t he w o ma n is c o rr e ct w e may a ga i n
—
r e g ard li ne s 1 4 9 1 5 3 o f t he P e nn sylva n i a t ab le t in which Gilga me sh
is i ntr o duc e d a s a la t e r a dditi o n t o bri n g the t wo h e r o e s i n t o a ss oci
If
t he
,
,
,
1 09 “
11 0
“
An d he d ra nk a n d b e c a me d runk ( G e n e s is 9,
”
His he a rt b e c a me g la d a n d his f a c e s ho ne ( P e nn s y lv an ia T a b le t , line s 1 00
YA L E O RI EN TAL
46
S E RI ES
°
v-3
RES E A RC H E S I
pis od e in its o rigin al f o rm end e d with t he introduction
a nd th e n t o t he still high e r city life
o f E nkidu first t o p a st o r a l life
wi t h re gul a t e d fo rms o f s o ci al exist enc e
N o w t o b e sure this E nkidu ha s lit t l e in c o mm o n with t he
E nkidu w ho is d e scrib e d a s a p o w e rful w a rri o r a H ercul e s who kills
li o ns o verc o me s t he gi a nt Huwa wa, and disp a tch e s a gr ea t bu ll but
it is t he n atur e o f f o lkl o r e e v e ryw h e r e t o a tt a ch t o traditions ab o ut
a fa v o rit e h e r o a ll kinds o f t a l e s with which o rigi na lly he ha d n o thin g
E nkidu as such a f a vo rit e is vi e w e d a ls o as t he typ e o f primi
t o do
tive man
a n d so t h e r e a r o s e gr a du ally a n E pic which b e g a n with
his birth picture d him a s h a lf a ni ma l h a lf ma n told ho w he e merged
fro m this st a t e ho w he b e c ame civiliz ed was cl o th e d l ea rn e d t o e at
fo o d a nd dri nk wi ne ho w he sh a ve d O ff t he h a ir with which his b o dy
—
in short
wa s c o v e r e d
a n o i n t e d hi ms e lf
a
ti o n
T he
.
e
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
:
,
,
.
111
,
-
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
“ 2
,
,
He b e ca me
“
Th ereup o n he is t aught his duti e s a s a husb and is intro duc e d t o t he
w o rk o f buildi n g a nd t o l aying a sid e suppli e s a nd the l ike The
fully d e vel o p ed a nd full fle dg e d h e ro th en enga ge s in va ri o us expl o its
o f which s ome a re no w e mb o di e d in t he Gilg a me sh E pic
Who this
E nkidu w as we a re not in a p o siti o n t o d e t ermin e but t he sugge stion
ha s b e e n t hrow n o ut a b o v e t h a t he is a p ers o n a ge fo r e ign t o B aby
l o ni a th a t his h o me app e ars to b e in t he u nd e fin e d A murru district
a n d t h a t he c o n qu e rs th a t district
The o rigin a l t a l e o f E nkidu if
t his vi e w b e c o rr e ct must th e r e fo re h a v e b e e n c a rri e d t o t he E uphra t e s
Va lley at a v ery remo t e p e ri o d with o ne o f t he migr at o ry w a ve s th a t
brought a w e st ern p eo pl e a s inva d e rs i n t o B abyl o ni a H ere the t a l e w as
—
m
n
c o bi e d with st o ri e s curr ent o f a n o th er h er o Gilga me sh p erh aps
—
f
a ls o o
W e st ern o rigi n wh o s e c on qu e st o f E re ch lik e wis e repres e nts
a n inv a si o n o f B abyl o n i a
T he c e nt e r o f t he Gilg a me sh t a l e w as
E re ch a nd in t he pro c e ss o f co mbi ni ng t he st o ri e s o f E nkidu a nd
Gilg ame sh E nkidu is brought t o E re ch a nd t he t w o p erfo rm expl o its
,
,
.
,
-
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
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,
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,
"Th
,
co mb in t io n o f t h is Enkid u w it h t a le s o f primit iv e ma n inco ns is t e nt
fe at u e s s ho uld h a v b ee n int ro d uce d s uch as t he unio n o f Enkid u w ith t he w o ma n a s t he
b e ginn ing o f a highe r life wh e e s t he p re s e n c e o f a h un t e r a nd his f a t h e sh o ws t ha t h uma n
so c ie t y was a lre ad y in e xis t nc is ch a ra c te ris tic o f fo lk t ales w hich a re ind iffe re nt to
d e ta il t h a t m y be co nt rad ic t o y t t he g e ne ral s e tt ing o f t he s t o ry
P e nnsy lv nia t a b le t line s 1 02—1 04
1
at
in t he
a
,
e
r
,
r a
,
a
r
1 12
“ 3
a
Lin e 1 05
.
,
-
e,
e
s
r
,
o
.
.
JA S TROW C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
-
°
in c o mmon In such a combin a ti o n t he aim would b e t o utiliz e all
t he incid ents o f both t a l e s
The wo ma n who a ccomp a ni e s E n kidu
th ere fo re b e c o me s the me diu m o f bringing the two h ero e s toge th e r
The story o f t he e volution o f pri mitiv e man t o civiliz e d life is tra ns
forme d int o t he t al e o f E n kidu s remova l t o E r e ch and e l ab o r at e d
with all kinds o f d e t ails amo n g which w e h ave as p erh aps emb o dyin g
a g e nuin e hist o ric a l tr a dition t he e n c o u n t e r of t he t wo h er o e s
B e fo r e p a ssi n g o n we h a ve mere ly t o n o t e t he very l arge p art
t ak en in both t he Old B abyl on i a n a nd t he Assyri an v ersion by t he
—
struggl e a ga inst Huw aw a The e ntire Ya l e t abl e t fo rmi n g a s we
—
h a ve s e en t he third Of the s eri e s is t a k e n up with the prep ara tion
fo r t he struggl e a nd with t he r ep e a t e d w a rni n gs give n t o Gilg ame sh
a g a i n st t he d a n g e r o us u n d e rt a king
The f o urth t a bl e t must h a v e
r e count e d t he struggl e its elf and it is no t impr o b abl e th a t this epis o d e
e xt en d e d i n to t he fifth t a bl e t si n c e in t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n this is t he
c a s e The e l ab o r a ti o n o f the st o ry is in its e lf a n a rgu men t in favo r o f
a ssu mi n g s o me hist o ric a l b a ckgr o u n d fOr it— t he r e coll e cti o n o f t he
c o n qu e st o f A murru by s o me p o w erful w arri o r ; a nd w e h a ve s ee n
th a t this c o n qu e st must b e a scrib e d t o E n kidu and no t t o Gilg ame sh
.
,
.
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’
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VII I
.
If n ow E nkidu is no t o nly t he o ld e r figure but the o ne who is
t he r ea l h e r o o f t he mo st n o t a bl e epis o d e in t he Gilg ame sh E pic ; if
f urth e rmo re E nkidu is t he H ercul e s who kills lions a n d disp a tch e s
t he bull s en t by a n e nr a g e d g o dd e ss wh at b e co me s o f Gilg ame sh ?
W h at is l eft fo r him?
a
He
M
W
I n t he fir st pl a c e W
e t a t t he d e sign a ti o n
builds t he w all o f E r e ch
a n d w e ma y a ssu m
”
ri
re sts up on this
t he w a ll e d E r e ch
o f t he city a s Uruk s up u
tra dition He is als o a ss o ci at e d with t he gr ea t t empl e Bann a t he
”
h ea ve nly h o us e in E re ch To Gilgame sh b e l o n gs a ls o the un e nvi a bl e
tra diti o n o f h aving ex ercis e d his rul e in E re ch s o h arshly th a t t he
p e opl e are i mp e ll e d to i mpl o r e Aruru t o cre a t e a riva l who may rid
,
,
,
,
,
—
W
,
114
,
“
11 5
,
,
“
,
.
.
,
b
S ee a ls o t he re f e re n c e t o t he w a ll o f Ere ch as a n O ld c o n s t ruo
t io n o f G ilg ame sh in t he in sc rip t io n o f An Am in t he d a y s o f S in g a mil ( Hilp re c ht Old
B a bylo nia n I n scrip tion s I N o 2 6
Of I V R 5 2 3 5 3
The in v aria b le d e s ig n at io n in t he Ass y ria n v ers io n as a g ain s t U uk ribitim
Ere ch o f t he p la z a s in t he O ld B a b y lo n ian v e rs io n
“ 4
“
T a le t 1 , 1 , 9
.
-
-
,
,
2
,
,
.
.
,
,
“ 5
.
r
”
,
.
,
YAL E O RI EN TAL
S E RI E S
RESEA RCHES
I V-3
district o f t he cru el tyra nt who is d e scrib ed as sn a tching sons
a n d in o th e r w a ys t e rrifying t he
a nd d a ught e rs fr o m t h e ir f a mili e s
”
p o pul ati o n—an e arly ex ampl e o f S chre cklichk eit
T abl e ts II to
V in clusive o f t he Assyri an ve rsi o n b eing t a k e n up with t he B uw aw a
mo difi e d with a vi e w o f bringing t he two h er o e s t o ge th e r
e pis o d e
we c o me a t onc e t o t he six th t a bl e t which t e l ls t he st o ry of ho w t he
go dd e ss Isht ar w o o e d Gi lga me sh and of t he l a tt er s r ej e cti o n o f her
This t al e is distinc t ly a n atur e myth The a tt empt o f
a dv a nc e s
18 on
a c gr o und t o t he e pis o d e is a
t o find s o me
G re s s mann
fa ilure Tng go dd e ss I sh t a r symb o liz e s t he e arth which wo o s the sun
e w months t he
in t he spring but w o se o ve IS a a o a
"
“
ass
t he
,
,
“
.
,
,
,
’
,
.
.
“ 6
.
m
mm
1
m
,
m
;
m
m
1.1
fiimals like
E nr a g e d a t
C irc e O f Gree k myth o l o gy a nd br o ught th em t o gri e f
Gilga me sh s insult t o her v anity she fli e s to her f ath er Anu and
cri e s for re ven ge At this point t he epis o d e o f t he cre a ti o n of the
bull is intr oduc e d but if t he an alysis ab o v e give n is corre ct it is
E n kidu who is t he h er o in disp a tching t he bull a nd we must a ssume
th at the sickn e ss wi t h which Gil am
s mitt en is the unishment
s e nt W
M
LQ EW
s ymb o li
stre n h f th
t e r midsu mme r is
as t
he sun r e c e d e s fr o m t he ea rth and this w as pictur e d in t he myth as
t he s un god s r ej e cti o n o f Isht a r ; Gilg ame sh s fe a r of d e a th marks
(
t he a ppro a ch o f t he wint er s e a son wh e n t he sun app ears t o h av e l o st
its vigo r c o mpl et ely a nd is n ear t o d ea th The entir e episod e is
th ere for e a n ature myth symbolic al o f t he p assi n g of spring to mid
su mmer a nd t h en t o the b ar e s ea son The myth has b een a tt a ch ed to
Gilgame sh as a favo rit e figure a nd th en w o ve n int o a p a tt e rn with
t he e pis o d e o f E nkidu a nd t he bull
The bull epis o d e c an b e d e t a ch e d
fr o m the n ature my t h with o ut any l o ss t o t he symb o lis m Of t he t al e
of Isht a r and Gilgame sh
As a lr ea dy sugge st ed with E nkidu s d e a th a ft er this c o nqu e st
of t he bull t he o rigi na l E nkidu E pic c ame t o an e nd I n o rd er to
c o nn e ct Gilg amesh with E nkidu t he fo rmer is r epr e s ent e d a s sh aring
re ca
n
fi
,
.
,
’
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
-
’
,
.
,
,
,
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,
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’
,
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,
s p 1 23 s q
" J s p
G g
sh
dd ss e d as j udg e
t he d iv is io ns o f t h e art h p re c is e ly a s S h a m s h is c e le b ra t e d
q ues t io n G ilg a mes h is in f ac t add re ss d as S h a ma sh
“ 6
7
G
c
I n Ung n a d-G ress ma nn , Da s ilga mes h-Epo
S ee e n e n ,
266
il a me
is a
re
.
e
,
,
e
.
.
“
.
a
,
e
.
.
,
as
t he
o ne
I n line 8
of
who in
t he
sp e c t s
h ymn
in
Y AL E ORI EN TAL
50
-3
v
SER I ES RESE ARCHES
I
this fav o ri te a nd d e te rmin e s to s ee k him o ut and l earn fro m him
The d eluge st o ry a g a in a pur e n a ture
t he se cr e t o f e t e rna l life
myt h symb o lic a l o f t he ra i ny se a son which d e str o ys all life in n ature
is t hus a t t ach e d t o t he E pic Gilga me sh a f t e r many a dventure s finds
hims e lf in the pre s e nc e o f t he survivo r o f t he De luge who alth o ugh
hu ma n e nj o ys i mmo rt a l li f e a mo ng t he g o ds He a sks t he survivo r
ho w he c a me t o e sc ap e t he c o mmo n fa t e o f mankind and in r eply
U t na pish t i m t e lls the st o ry o f t he c a t a str o ph e th a t brought a b o ut
unive rs a l d e s t ructi o n The mo ral Of t he t a l e is o bvi o us Onl th o s e
si ngle d o ut b t he sp e cia l f a vo r o f t e o ds c an o p e t o b e r emo ve d
”
s o urc e o f t he s t re a ms a nd live fore ver T he re st Of
t o t e dis t a n t
e at
as t he e nd O f lif e
m_a
r1 kind must ac e
_
T h a t t he st o ry O f t he De luge is t o ld in t he e l e ven t h t abl et o f
t he s e ri e s c o rr e sp o nding t o t he e l e v e nth mo nth kn o wn as t he mo nth
”
ma y
rai n curs e
a nd ma rking t he h e ight o f t he r a i n y s e a s o n
of
b e i n t e nt i o n a l j ust a s it may no t b e a ccid e nt al th a t Gilg ame sh s
r ej e c t i o n o f Isht ar is r e c o u nt e d in t he sixth t abl et c o rr e sp o nding
which marks the en d Of the su mm er s ea s o n The
t o t he sixth mo n t h
t w o t a l e s may h a ve f o r med p a rt o f a cycl e o f myths distribut e d amo n g
T he Gilga me sh E pic h o w e v er do e s no t fo rm
t he mo nths o f t he y ea r
such a cycl e
B o th myt hs h a ve b een artifici ally att a ch e d to t he
a dve ntur e s o f t he h e ro
For the d eluge st o ry w e no w h a ve t he d e finit e
pr oo f fo r its i nd ep e nd e nt exist en c e thr o ugh Dr Poeb el s public a ti o n
o f a S u me ri a n t e xt which emb o di e s t he t a l e
a nd withou t a ny r e f e r
‘
of
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
“
.
I
.
_
,
,
“
120
,
’
,
,
12 1
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
’
.
,
1 22
,
y t he c anal s y s te m d ire ct ing t he o ve flo w into t he fi e lds c ha nge d
t he c urs e in to a b le ss in g
I n c o n t ra s t t o t he D e lug e we h a v e in t he Ass y ria n c e a t io n
s t o y t he d ry in g up o f t he p rime v al w a t e rs s o t ha t t he e art h makes its a pp ea ra nc e wit h
t he c ha n g e f ro m t he ra iny t o t he d y s e a s o n
T he w o rld is c rea t e d in t he sp ring a cc o rdin g
to t he Akka d ia n vie w whic h is re fle c te d in t he B ib lic a l c re a t io n s t o ry a s re la t e d in t he P
d c ume nt S ee J as t ro w S umeri n a nd Akkadia n Vi ws of B ginnings (J AOS Vo l 3 6
p 295
m As am in S umeria n c o rre sp o nd ing t o t he Akka d ian S b u w hich co nve y s t he
t
id ea o f d e s truc t io n
” T he m nt h is kno wn as t he M iss io n o f I sh t r in S me ria n in a llus io n t
a
u
o a no t h er
na t u e my t h w hic h d esc ib e s I s ht a r s d is a pp e a ra n c e f ro m e a rt h a nd he r miss i n to t he
lo w e r wo rld
H is t ic l Texts N O 1 The S umeria n na me o f t he s urvivo r is Zi ii g id du o r
p erha ps Zi u fi-du (of K ing Leg ends f B byl n a nd Egypt p 65 n o te
s ignify ing
He who le n gt he ne d t he day o f lif e
i e t he o n e o f lo n g lif e o f which U t-na p is ht im
"
( Day o f Lif e ) in t he Ass yrian v ers io n s ee ms; o b e an a bb re v ia ted Akka dian re nd e rin g
of
t he t wo
v s
ri e r
O nl
.
r
,
.
,
r
,
r
r
.
,
.
,
o
.
a
,
e
e
,
,
.
-
a
a
,
.
1
o
,
r
’
r
o
.
or
-
a
-s
.
.
-
.
a
o
,
o
,
.
'
-
-
,
”
,
“
.
.
,
,
t
,
J A S TROW C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
-
nc e to Gilgame sh S imil arly S c heil an d Hilp rec ht h ave publish e d
fra gments o f d elug e st o ri e s writt e n in Akk a di an an d li kewis e with o ut
9
3
a n y c o nn e ction with t he Gilg ame sh E pi c
In the E pic the st o ry l e a ds t o a noth er episod e a tt a ch e d t o Gil
game sh n ame ly the s e arch for a ma gic pl ant gr o wing in d eep w a t er
which has t he p o w e r of r e st o ring o ld ag e t o y o uth U tn apishtim the
survivo r o f t he d e lug e is mo v e d thr o ugh pity for Gilgame sh w o rn out
by his l o ng w a nd erings At the r e qu e st o f his wife U t n apishti m
d e cid e s t o t ell Gilgame sh o f this pl a nt an d he succ ee ds in findi n g
it He plucks it a nd d e cid e s t o t a ke it b a ck t o E r e ch s o th a t all
may enj o y t he b en e fi t but o n his w ay stops to b a th e in a co o l ci st ern
A s erp ent co me s a l o ng a nd sn a tch e s t he pl an t fr om him an d he is
i
fo rc e d t o r e turn t o E r e ch with his urp o s e u na chi e ve d
an c nn o t Y
-n
a
p
u
u
u
g
h o p e wh e n o ld a
m
g
thing
La stly the tw elfth t abl e t o f t he Assyri a n v ersi o n o f t he Gil
game sh E pic is o f a pur ely did a ctic ch a r a ct er b ea ring evid e nc e o f
h aving b e en a dd e d a s a furth er illustra ti o n o f the curr ent b eli e f th a t
e
.
,
1
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
—
—
M
,
.
s
“
,
.
_
.
,
’
/
t
lIffi
e
'
as
,
.
M
e to
s om
W
an
T
M M LE L M M LM
W
Q E
L
P r o p er buri a l an d suit abl e c ar e o f t he d e a d
end
.
repre s ent all th a t c an b e don e in o rd er t o s e cur e a fa irly c o mfo rt abl e
re st for tho se who h a ve p a ss e d out o f this w o rld E nkidu is o nc e
H is sh a d e is invok e d by G ilg a
more intr o duce d int o this e pis o d e
me sh an d ris e s up o ut of t he l o w e r w o rld to give a disc o ur a ging repl y
to Gilgame sh s r e qu e st
Tell me my f ri end tell me my frie nd
The law of the earth which th ou ha s t
exp eri e n c e d te ll me
.
.
’
,
,
The
,
,
,
,
,
mo urnful me ss a ge c o me s b a ck :
I c annot
DM
M
tW
Gilgame sh
has
t ell thee ,
cl early
no
my friend, I
c annot
W
t ell
.
historic a l
figur e I ntro duc e d I nt o
The
c o nn e cti o n with
t he
with t he o missio n of t he v erb S O K in g s vie w w hich is h ere f o llo w e d S e e als o C T
X V I II 3 0 9 a nd Lan gdo n S umeria n E p ic of P a dis e p 90 who h o w ever enters up on
furt h e sp e c ulations that a e f anciful
S e e t he t rans la t io n I n U ng na d G res s mann Das Gilga mes ch E p Os pp 69 s eq a n d
’
,
.
,
r
1 23
,
,
ra
,
r
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
I
-
,
,
.
.
YAL E O RI EN TA L SE RI ES RESE A RCHES
5?
I V-3
t his twe lf t h t abl e t
Ind ee d a s a lr e ady sugg es t e d t he Gilgame sh
E pic mus t h ave end e d with t he r e turn t o E re ch as re l at ed at t he cl o se
The tw e lfth t abl e t was a dd e d by s o me scho o l
o f t he e l e v e n t h t a bl e t
me n o f B abyl o ni a ( or p erh aps o f Ass yri a ) pur ely for the purpose
o f c o nve yi n g a su mmary o f t he t e a chings in r e g a rd to t he fa t e of
Wh e th e r th e s e s ix epis o d e s c o ve ring t he sixth t o the twe lfth
t he d e a d
ta bl e ts ( 1 ) the n a ture myth (2 ) the killi n g o f t he divin e bull (3 ) the
punis hme n t o f Gilgame sh a nd the d e a th o f E nkidu (4 ) G ilga me sh s
w a nd er in gs ( 5 ) the D eluge (6) the s e arch for i mmort ality w e re
a ll includ e d a t t he t ime th a t t he o ld B abyl o ni a n v e rsion was c o m
pil e d c a nn o t o f c o urs e b e d e t e rmin e d u n til we h av e th at v ersion in a
mo r e c o pl e t e fo rm S inc e t he t wo t abl e ts thus far re c o vere d Sh o w
th at as early a s 2000 B C t he E nkidu t a l e had alr ea dy b ee n amal
h
e
e
a
o
m
with
curr
nt
stori
s
b
ut
Gilg
sh
nd
vor
t
a
e
a
n
h
a
e
d
t
e
e
e
m
a
t
e
d
a
g
mad e to transfe r t he tra its o f t he f o rmer t o the l att er it is emin e ntly
likely th at t he story o f Isht a r s unh appy love a dventure with Gil
game sh w a s includ e d as w ell as Gilgame sh s punishment and the
d ea th o f E nkidu With t he e vid en c e furnish e d by M eissn er s fra g
ment of a versi o n o f the old B a byl o ni a n re vision and by o ur t wo t ab
l e ts o f t he early disposition t o mak e popul ar t al e s the mediu m of
illustra ting curr e nt b e li e fs a nd t he t ea ch ings o f t he t e mpl e scho o ls
it may furth ermo r e b e conclud e d th a t the d eath of E nkidu and the
punish me nt of Gilg ame sh we re uti liz e d for did a ctic purpos e s in t he
O n t he oth e r h a nd the pr o o f for the exist
O ld B abyl o n i a n v e rsi o n
e nc e of t he d e lug e st o ry in t he H a mmur a bi p e riod a nd so me c e n turi e s
l a t er indep endent of any conn e cti o n with the Gilgame sh E pic ra ise s
t he qu e sti o n wh e th e r in t he o ld B abyloni a n v e rsi o n o f which o ur two
t abl ets fo rm a p art t he d eluge t al e was alr ea dy w o ve n into t he
p a tt ern o f the E pic At all e vents till pr o o f t o the c o ntrary is forth
co ming we may a ssu me th at the tw elfth t abl e t O f t he Ass yri an ver
sion th o ugh a lso r eve rting to a B abyl o ni an origin al d a t e s a s t he
l a te s t a dditi o n to the E pic fro m a p e riod subs e qu ent to 2000 B C ;
a nd th a t t he s a me is pr o b a bly t he c a s e with t he e l e v e nth t a bl e t
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
m
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
’
’
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
IX
.
m up th e r e ar e four ma in curr ents th a t fl o w toge th e r in
en
t he Gilg a me sh E pic e v e n in its old B abyl o n i a n form : ( 1 ) t he a dv
To
tures
su
of a
,
mighty w arri o r E nkidu re sting p e rh aps
,
on a
faint tra dition
J A S T R O W C LA Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH
O LD
53
EPI C
of the conqu e st o f Amurru by the h er o ; (2 ) the mor e d e finit e re c o l
l e ction of the exploits of a fo reign inva d e r of B abyloni a by the n ame of
4
Gilg ame sh wh o s e ho me app ears lik e wis e t o h ave b een in the We st ;
(3 ) n atur e myths and did a ctic t al e s transferre d t o E nkidu a nd G ilg a
me sh as p o pul ar fi g ur e s ; a nd (4 ) the proc ess o f w ea ving t he tra di
tions expl o its myths and did a ctic t a l e s t o geth er in the c o urs e o f
which proc e ss Gilgame sh b e c o me s t he main h e r o a nd E nkidu his c o m
p a ni o n
Furth ermo r e our inve stig ati o n has shown th a t t o E n kidu b el o ngs
t he epis o d e with t he w o man us e d t o illus t rat e the e v o lution o f prim
itiv
e man to t he w ays a n d co n diti o n s o f civiliz e d life t he conqu e s t
o f B uw aw a in t he l a nd o f A murru t he killing o f li o n s a n d a ls o o f t he
bull whil e Gilg ame sh is t he h ero who conqu ers E re ch Id entifi e d
with t he sun g o d t he n a ture myth o f t he uni o n of the sun with t he
e a rth a n d t he subs e qu e n t s ep ar a ti o n o f t he two is a ls o tr a n sf e rr e d
The w a nd erings o f t he h er o s mitt e n with dis ea s e are a c o n
t o him
t inua t io n o f t he n atur e myth sy mb o lizi n g t he w a n i n g vig o r o f t he
sun with t he appr o a ch o f t he wintry s ea s o n
The d e t a i ls o f t he pr o c e ss which led to making Gilg ame sh
t hef a v o rit e figur e to wh o m t he tr a its a nd e xpl o its o f E nkidu an d
f
h
e
a
o
e f a ct th a t E nkidu
tr
nsf
rr
d
sc
p
e
us
but
r
a
e
e
t
o f t he sun —
c
d
a
e
g
is the older figure o f wh o m c ert a in a dve nture s w ere set fo rth in a
t al e th a t o nc e had an ind ep e nd ent exist enc e th er e c an now b e littl e
doubt in the fa c e o f the evid e nc e furnish e d by the two t a bl e ts of the
j ust as the stud y o f th e s e t able ts shows th a t
o ld B a byloni a n v e rsi o n
in t he c o mbin ation o f the t a l e s of E nkidu a nd Gilg ame sh the forme r
is the pr o t o typ e of which Gilga me sh is the c o py If t he two are
r e gard e d a s br o th ers as b o rn in the s ame pl a c e e v e n r e s embling o ne
a n o th e r in a pp ea r a nc e a n d c a rrying o u t th e ir a dve ntur e s in co mm on
it is b e c a us e in t he pr oc e ss o f c o mbi n ation Gilga me sh b e c ome s t he
Th a t E nkidu is n o t the figure cre at e d by Aruru
reflex o f E nkidu
to r eli e ve E r e ch o f its tyr an nic a l rul e r is a ls o sh o wn by t he fa ct th at
Gilgame sh r ema ins in c o ntr o l o f E r e ch It is t o E rech th a t he r e turns
wh en he fails of his purp o s e t o l ea rn t he s e cre t o f e sc ap e fr o m old
E re ch is th e r e f o r e n o t re lie ve d o f the pr e s e nc e o f
a g e a nd d e a th
”
The M a n o f Anu f o rme d by
t he ruthl e ss rul e r thr o ugh E n kidu
Aruru as a d e livere r is c o nfus ed in the c o urs e o f t he g r o wth o f the
12
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
'
,
.
,
-
,
,
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,
,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
‘
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
“
.
1 24
Acc ord in g t o
P ro f ess o r C lay
,
q uit e
c ertainly Amurru
,
j us t a s
in the
case
of
du
Enki
.
YAL E ORI EN TA
54
E pic with E nkidu
ss
L
ms s
-ns s
m nc u ns 1 v
3
o ff spri n g o f N in ib a nd in this way we obta in
t he stran g e c o ntr a dicti o n o f E nkidu a nd Gilg ame sh a pp ea ring firs t
It is of the
as bitt e r riva ls and th e n a s cl o s e a n d inse p a r a bl e fri e nds
n a ture o f E pic c o mp o siti o ns e veryw h ere to e limin at e unn e c es sa ry
fi gure s by c o nc entrat i ng o n o ne favo rit e t he traits b elonging t o an o th er
o r t o se v e r a l o th e rs
The cl o se a ss oci a tion o f E nkidu a nd Gilgame sh which b e co me s
o ne o f t he stri king fe a tur e s in t he co mbin a tion o f t he t al e s o f th e s e
t wo h e ro e s n a tura l ly W
W
W which
ha s b ee n so fully a nd s o sugge stive ly tre a t e d by P r o fe ss o r J R e nd e ll
e n ly Twin s ( L o n d o n
P ro fe ss o r
H arris in his Cult of the Hea v
H a rris has c o nclusive ly sh o wn ho w wid e spre a d t he t e nd ency is to a sso
ci a t e t wo divin e or s emi divi ne b e in gs in myths and l e ge nds a s inse p
k
o r t wins
a r a bl e c o mp a ni o n s
l_i e C a st o r a nd P o llux R o mulus a nd
”
fi g Ve dw C a in a nd Ab e l J a cob a nd
B
E s au in t he O ld T e st a me nt t he K a biri of t he P h o e nici ans
H e rakl es
a nd I phikles in Gr e e k myt h o l o gy A mbric a a nd Fid e li o in T e utonic
myth o l o gy Pa t o llo a nd Po t rimp o in old P russi an myth o logy C ant e s
and C aut o p a t es in M ithr a is m J e sus a nd Th o ma s ( a ccording t o t he
S yri a c Acts of Th o ma s ) a nd t he va rious illustr ations o f D i o scuri in
”
set forth by D r H a rris in his w o rk und e r this
C hristi an L e ge nds
titl e which c arri e s t he motzf far down into t he p e ri o d of l e g ends
includin g t he re fe renc e
a bout C hristi a n S a ints who a pp e a r in p a irs
to such a p a ir in S h ak e sp eare s H e nry V :
t he
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
-
m
m
‘“
_
,
-
,
128
,
,
,
,
,
,
“
,
.
,
,
,
’
An d C rispi n C ris pian
From that
day t o
shall ne er g o by
t he e ndi ng o f t he wo rld
—(Act I V 3 67
’
.
,
Th e re
are
,
,
ind e ed c e rt ain p ara ll els which sugg e st th a t E nkidu
-
G ilg a
G re ss ma nn in Un g na d-G res s ma nn , Das Gilg a mes ch-E pos , p 1 00 s eq t o uch e s up o n
t his mo tif, b ut f a ils to s ee t he ma in p o int t h a t t he c o mp a nio ns a re a ls o t w ins o r a t leas t
b ro t h e rs
H en c e s uch e xa mp les as Ab ra ha m a nd Lo t , D a vid a nd J o na t ha n , Ac hill es and
“ 5
.
.
.
P a tro c lus
pa ra lle ls to G ilg a mes h Enkid u b ut b e lo ng to
t he enl g eme nt o f t he mo tif s o as to in c lud e co mp a nio ns w ho a e not re g ard e d as b ro t h e rs
m O r Bo mus S ee Re nd e ll H ar is I c p 5 9 no te 2
"O ne mig ht also includ e the p rimeva l pair Y a ma Yami w ith the ir eq uivalents in
Ira nia n my t h o lo gy ( C a no y I a nia n Mytho log y p 294
B e c o ming h o w e v e r a t ria d a nd la te r in c re as e d to s e v e n
C f Re nd e ll H ar ris
1 c p 32
,
E te o k les
a nd
Po ly ne ikes
,
a re no t
-
,
ar
r
e
r
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
7
.
.
-
r
,
r
,
.
1“
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
J A S T R OW C LA Y
-
B A BY L ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
O LD
55
In
t
h
e Ind o Ir a ni a n Gr e e k a n d R o ma n myth o logy t he twins
h
n
In unison th e y pro c e e d o n exp editions
al mo st inv a ri ably a c t t o ge th e r
t o punish e n emi e s
B ut a ft er all t he p ara ll e ls a re of t o o gen e ra l a ch a ra ct er t o b e
a nd mo r e o v e r t he p a r a l le ls st o p sh o rt a t t he
o f much mo me nt ;
critic al p o int for Gilga me sh th o ugh w o rst ed is no t kill e d by E nkidu
”
wh erea s o n e o f the H e av enl y Twins is a lw ays kill e d b y t he br o ther
E ven
as Ab e l is by C a in a n d I p hikle s by his twin br o th e r H er a kl e s
H e a v enly
t he tr a it which is fr e qu e nt in t he e a rli e st f o rms o f t he
”
Twins a cc o rdi n g t o
th o ugh applyi n g in a
Gilga me sh t he o ffspring o f a divine p a ir is o nly s mitt e n with dis ea s e
is t o o unsubst a nti a l t o w a rra nt mo r e th an a g en er a l c o mp a ris o n
b e twee n t he E nkidu Gilg ame sh p a ir and t he va ri o us fo rms o f the
”
twin motif fo und thr o ugh o ut the a nci ent w o rld Fo r a ll th a t the
p o int is o f so me i n t er e st th a t in t he Gilga me sh E pic we sh o uld enc oun
t er t wo figur e s who are p o rtr a y e d a s p o ss e ssi n g t he s a me tr a its an d
a cco mplishing fe a ts in c o mmo n which sugg e st a p a rti a l p a r a ll e l to t he
vari o us f o rms in which t he twin motif app ea rs in t he myth o l o gi e s
folk l o r e an d l e gends o f many n a ti o ns ; an d it may b e th a t in some o f
th e s e inst a nc e s t he duplic a ti o n is due a s in t he c a s e o f E nkidu a nd
G ilgame sh t o an a ctu a l tr a nsfe r o f t he tra its o f o n e fi g ur e t o a n o th e r
who usurp e d his pl a c e
-
,
,
.
1 29
.
,
,
,
“
,
,
.
“
,
,
-
.
,
,
-
,
-
,
,
.
X
.
In concludi n g this study of t he t wo r e c e ntly disc o ve re d t abl e ts
o f t he o ld B a byloni a n v e rsi o n o f t he G ilg a me sh E pic which ha s br o ught
us s e vera l st eps furth e r in t he in t erpre t a ti o n a nd in our und erst a nding
of the me th o d o f co mp o sition o f the mo st n o t abl e lit erary pr o ductio n
o f a nci e nt B abyl o n i a it will b e pr o p e r t o c o n sid e r t he litera ry r e l a ti o n
ship o f the o ld B abyl o ni a n to the Assyri an ve rsi o n
We h a ve a lre a dy r e ferre d t o t he differ ent f o rm in which t he
d
n ame s o f the chi e f figur e s app e ar in the o ld B abyl o ni a n versi o n G ish
d
d
d
En ki dfil a s a g a inst En ki d1i Eu wa wa
a s a g a i n st G is h g i(n) ma sh
—
—
ruk ribitim
as
U
a
e
a
e
g
i
st
E
r
ch
pp
rs
E re ch of
b
a
a
u
m
b
a
as
a n
H ( )
,
.
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
’
-
-
,
,
“
,
.
d P ro f ess o A J C arn oy o f the Universit y o f Lo u
”
v ain fo r ha v ing kind ly g a there d a nd p la c e d a t my d isp o s a l mat e ia l o n t he t w in b ro t h er
motif fro m I n d o Euro p ea n s o urc e s s upp leme n t a l to Ren d e ll H ar is w o k
1 29
I
a
m ind eb t e d
to
my
f
r ie n
,
r
.
.
,
“
r
,
-
,
r
’
r
.
-
Y AL E OR I EN TAL
56
-3
ms R ES E ARCHES 1 v
ga in st Uru k s upil ri w alle d E re ch (o r E rech
within t he
in t he Ass yri a n ve rsi o n
Th e s e varia tions
point t o a n inde pende nt re c ensi o n fo r t he Ass yri an r e vision ; and this
c o nclusi o n is c o nfirme d by a c o mp aris o n of p arall e l p a ss a ge s in o ur
t wo t a bl e ts with t he Assyri a n ve rsi o n for such p ar a ll e ls r ar e ly e xt e nd
t o ve rb al a gr e e me nts in d e t a ils a nd mo r e ove r show th a t t he Ass yri a n
ve rsi o n has b ee n e l ab o ra t ed
B e ginni ng wi t h t he P e nn sylva nia t abl e t c o lu mn I is c o vere d in
t he A ssyri a n v e rsi o n by t a bl e t I 5 2 5 t o 6 3 3 though as point e d
in the A ssyri a n ve rsi o n we h a ve t he anticip ati o n of the
o ut a bov e
dre a ms of Gi lg a mesh a nd th eir i n t erpre t a ti o n through th eir r e cit a l to
E nkidu by his fe mal e c o mp a ni o n wh erea s in t he o ld B a byl o ni an ver
si o n we h a ve the dr e ams directly give n in a c o nvers a ti o n b e tw ee n Gil
game sh and his mo th er I n t he a nticip a ti o n th ere w o uld n atura lly
—
—
n
4
a
n
1
2
1 3 o f t he P e nnsylv ani a
5
d
S o li e s
b e s o me o missions
t abl e t do no t app ear in t he A ssyri an versi o n but in th e ir pl a c e is a
to b e re s t o r ed to
lin e ( I 5
[ I sa w him a nd like ] a woman I fell in love wi th him
t he
P l a z as
sea
as
,
a
,
1 30
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
“
.
which o ccurs in the o ld B a byl o ni a n version o nly in c o nn e ction with
The p o int is o f i mport anc e as sh o wing th a t in the
t he s e c o nd dre a m
B abyl o ni an ve rsi o n t he first dre am l ays stre ss up o n t he o me n of t he
f alli ng met eo r as sy mb o li z i n g t he c o ming o f E nkidu wh erea s t he
s e cond dr ea m mo r e sp e cific ally r e ve als E nkidu as a man
of who m
Gilga mesh is i nst antly e n amo re d
S triki n gly v ari ant lin es though
conveying t he s ame id e a are fre qu e nt Thus lin e 1 4 of t he B abyl o ni an
ve rs i o n r ea ds
I b o re it and c arrie d it to thee
6
a nd app e a rs in t he Assyri a n v e r s i o n ( I
5 35 suppli e d fro m 6 26)
I threw it (o r him) a t thy
.
,
.
13 1
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
“
m O n t he
h e r h and U uk mdtum fo r t he d is tric t of Ere ch i e t he t errito y o ve r
wh ic h the c ity h o lds sw a y a ppea rs in b o t h v ers io ns ( P enns y lva nia t ab le t l 1 0 Ass y ria n
vers io n I 5
M y like ne ss ( line
I t sh o u ld b e no te d h o w e v e r t ha t line s 3 2—
4 4 of I 5
in J e ns e n s e dit io n a re p a rt o f a f ra g me n t K 92 4 5 ( n o t p ub lish e d b ut me re ly c o p ied b y
B e z o ld a nd J o h ns a n d p la c e d a t J e ns e n s d isp o s a l) w hic h ma y re p r s e n t a du p lic te to I
3 4 w it h w hic h it gr e s e n t ire ly e x c p t fo r o ne line v
i
6 23 —
line 34 o f K 92 4 5 which is
no t f o und in c o lumn 6 23 —
If t his b e c o rre c t t h e n t h e re is la c kin g a f t er line 3 1 o f
34
co lumn 5 t he inte p re t a t io n o f t he d re a m g iv e n in t he P e nn s y lv a nia t a ble t in lin es 1 7 —
23
in a s p-li ki lite ra lly
be lo w t h ee
wh e re as in t he ld B by lo n ia n ve rs io n we
ha ve a na si- i l to w a rds t h e
ot
r
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
“ l
r
,
“
,
,
,
,
’
,
’
,
e
,
,
a
,
e
e
.
,
,
z
.
,
r
.
,
-
ca
“
,
”
“
-
a
,
,
r
,
a
,
,
e
.
o
a
YAL E O RI EN TAL
58
S E RI E S
°
RE S EARC H E S 1
v3
-
pro c ee ds with the sc e ne b etw ee n E nkidu a nd t he wo man
in which t he l a t t er by her ch ar ms a nd her a pp e a l end e a v o rs to l e ad
E nkidu aw a y fro m his life wi t h t he a ni mals Fr o m t he abrupt ma nn er
in which the sc e ne is i ntro duc e d in lin e 4 3 Of t he P ennsylva ni a t abl e t
it is e vid ent th a t this c an no t b e t he firs t me nti o n O f t he w o man The
mee ting must h a v e b ee n r e c o u nt e d in t he first t abl e t a s is t he c a se
”
in t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n
The se cond t a bl e t t a k e s up t he direc t
re cit al Of t he dre a ms o f Gilgame sh a nd th e n c o ntinu e s t he n arr a tiv e
Wh e th e r in t he O ld B a byl o nia n v e rsi o n t he sc e n e b e tw e e n E n kidu
a nd t he w o ma n w as d e scrib e d wi t h t he s a me n aiv e d e t a ils a s in t he
A ssyri a n versi o n Of t he s e xu a l i n t e rc o urs e b e t w ee n t he t wo fo r six
d ays a nd s e ve n nigh t s c ann o t o f c o urs e b e d e t e rmi ne d th o ugh p re
s umab ly t he Ass y ri a n v e rsi o n with t he t e nd e n cy Of e pics t o b e c o me
mo re e l aborat e a s t h e y p a ss fr o m a g e t o a g e a dd e d s o me re a listic
—
44
uch
s
Assu
m
i
n
g
th
a
t
lin
e
s
63 Of t he P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t
to
e
—
is a
t he c o h a bi t a ti o n o f E nkidu a nd t he a ddr e ss O f t he w o ma n
r ep e titi o n o f wh a t wa s a lr e a dy d e scrib e d in t he first t abl e t t he c o m
p aris o n with the A ssyri a n versi o n I 4 1 6—4 1 n o t o nly p o ints to the
e l a bor a ti o n o f t he l a t e r v e rsi o n but lik e wis e t o a n i n d ep e nd e nt r e c e n
si o n e ve n wh ere p ar all e l li ne s c an b e pick e d out O nly lin e s 4 6—
48
Of t he Pe nnsylvan i a t abl e t form a c o mpl e t e p arall e l to lin e 2 1 of
—
o
4
Th
2
2
c lu mn
O f t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n
e d e scripti o n in lin e s
32
Of c o lu mn 4 is missi n g though it may of c o urs e h a ve b ee n includ e d
in p a rt in t he r e cit al in the first t a bl e t Of t he Old B abyl onian v ersi o n
L in e s 4 9—59 Of t he P ennsylva ni a t abl et are c o vere d by 33 —3 9 t he only
s light diffe renc e b e ing t he sp e cific menti o n in lin e 5 8 O f t he P e nn
sylvani a t abl e t of Eanna the t empl e in E re ch d e scrib ed as the
”
dwe lli n g o f Ann wh e re a s in the Assyri a n versi o n Eanna is mere ly
re ferre d t o as the holy h o us e a nd d e scrib e d a s the dw ellin g O f
”
Anu a nd I sht a r wh er e Isht ar is cl ea rly a l a t er a ddition
—
a
e
i
L v ng a sid e lin e s 60 61 which ma y b e me r ely a va ri a nt
( th o ugh ind e p e nd ent ) Of lin e 3 9 O f c o lu mn 4 o f t he Assyri a n v e rsion
we n o w h a v e in t he P e nn sylv a ni a t ablet a s e c o nd sp e e ch o f t he
w o man t o E nkidu (no t r epre s ent e d vin t he Assyri an v e rs i o n ) b e ginning
”
like t he first o ne with a lka C o me ( lin e s 62
in which s he a sks
”
E nkidu t o l e a v e t he a ccurs e d gr o und in which he dw ells
This
—
ee
a
s
h
t
e
e
sp ch
d scripti o n w hich f o ll o ws e xt endin g in t o c o lu mns 3 4
O ur
te xt
,
.
,
.
,
7
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
“
,
,
,
“
“
.
,
,
,
“
,
“
.
,
“ 7
,
Table t l ,
'
co l
.
4
.
Se e
a
lso
abo
ve p
,
.
19
.
,
J A S TROW C LA Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
O LD
59
t elling ho w the w o ma n cloth e d E nkidu ho w she br o ught him
to t he sh eep fo lds how she t aught him t o e a t br ea d and to drink
win e and ho w she instruct e d him in t he w ays o f civiliz ati o n must
h ave b een includ e d in the s e c o n d t abl e t Of the Assyri an v ersion which
ha s c o me d o wn t o us in a ve ry i mp erfe ct for m
N or is the sc e n e in
which E nkidu a nd Gilg ame sh h a ve th e ir e nc o u n t e r f o und in the p re
s erve d porti o n s O f the s e c o nd ( o r p o ssibly the third ) t abl e t Of the
38
Assyri a n v ersi o n but only a bri e f r e f ere n c e t o it in the f ourth t abl e t
in which in E pic styl e t he st o ry is r ep e a t ed l e adi n g up t o t he s e c o n d
—
e xpl o it
t he j o int c amp a ign o f E nkidu a n d Gilg a me sh a g ai n st
Huwa wa This re fer enc e c o veri n g o nly s e ve n lin e s c o rr e sp o n ds t o
—
lin e s 1 92 2 3 1 Of the P enn sylvan i a t abl e t ; but the fo rmer b e i n g t he
r ep e titi o n a nd the l att er the o rigi n al r e cit a l the c o mp arison t o b e
institut e d mer e ly re ve a ls a g a in the ind ep en d en c e Of the Assyri an
”
versi o n as sh o wn in the use O f kibsu tr ea d ( IV 2
fo r sép u
”
as
fo o t (1
i na —
qu a k e ( lin e
a s a g a i n st ir tu tu
a nd
,
,
,
,
.
1
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
“
,
,
“
,
,
,
-
-
-
.
,
a nd
S uch va ri an ts
as
Gis h ériba m il l iddin
(l
d
a
g a i n st
Gilgames h
d
a nd
a
a na
surdbi dl ina mdin ,
(I V
,
2,
ga in
issa btdma kima lim,
a nd
a
2 1 7)
.
—
(lin e s 2 1 8 2 1 9
th ey grappl e d like ox en
22 3
g a in st
issa btdma ina bab bit
ma ti
th e y gr appl e d
fa mily h o us e ( IV 2
t he
e
,
,
ga t e of
t he
at
,
point o nc e mo re to t he literary ind ep en d e nc e o f the Assyri a n
v ersi o n The end Of t he c o nflict a nd t he re c o ncili ation o f the two
h e ro e s is l ikewis e missing in the Assyri a n v ersi o n I t may h a v e b e e n
re ferre d to a t the b e ginning o f c o lu mn 3 Of T a bl e t IV
C o ming to the Y a l e t abl e t the few p a ss a ge s in which a c o mp a ris o n
nc
si c p ints t t h f ll w in g
I V 2 4 4—
T h w d ull num
50
all
.
.
13 9
.
,
1 33
,
,
.
e
or
a
“
,
o
e
n e,
or
b eing a refe ren c e t o a fo rme re cital and no t an o igina l e cital
O nly t he l o w er h a lf ( H a up t s e dit io n p 8 2 ) is p res e rv e d
r
“ 9
r
,
r
.
’
,
.
.
”
o
o
e
o
o
Y AL E O RI EN TAL SE RI ES RESEA RCHES
60
I V-3
ma y b e insti t uted with t he f o urth t abl e t o f the As syri a n ve rsion to
which in a ge nera l wa y it must corr e sp o nd are no t suffici ent to war
r ant a ny c o nclusi o ns b ey o n d t he c o n firma tion O f t he lit er ary ind e
h
T
e s e cti o n c o mpris e d within
Assyri
a n v e rsi o n
h
n
n
O
f
t
e
e
d
e
ce
p
—
2
lin e s 7 89 wh ere E nkidu s gri e f a t his fri end s d ecision t o figh t
“ 0
h
m
a k e s c o nf e ssi o n o f his o wn physic a l
is
d
scrib
d
n
d
e
a
e
w
a
w
e
a
u
H
ma y corr e sp o nd t o T abl e t IV c olunm 4 Of t he Assyri an
e xh a us t i o n
,
,
,
.
’
’
,
,
,
,
,
.
v e rs i o n This w o uld fit in with the b e gin n ing O f t he r everse t he first
two lin e s o f which ( 1 3 6 1 3 7 ) c o rr e spond to c o lu mn 5 Of the fourth
”
t abl e t o f t he Assyri a n ve rsi o n with a va ri ation s ev en fold fe ar
”
—
h
o
1
fear O f me n in t e Assyri an v ersi n If lin e s 3 8 1 3 9
a s a g a inst
( in c o lu mn 4 ) o f t he Y al e t abl e t corre sp o nd to l ine 7 o f colu mn 5 o f
T abl e t IV Of the As syri a n v ersion we would a gain h a v e an illustra ti o n
—
h
o f t he e l a b o r a tion O f t e l a t e r v e rsion by t he a ddition Of lin e s 3 6
B ut b eyond this we h a v e me r e ly t he c o mp aris o n Of t he d e scripti o n
Of Huwa wa
Whos e ro ar 1 8 a fl oo d who se mouth is fire a nd whose b rea th
”
is death
,
.
-
“
“ 1
-
,
“
.
,
.
,
,
which o cc urs twic e in the Y al e t abl et (lin e s 1 1 0—1 1 1 a nd 1 96
—
with the s ame phras e in t he Ass yri an v ersi o n T abl e t IV 5 3 but
h er e as j ust p o int ed out with an el a bora ti o n
P ra ctic a lly th er efore t he e ntir e Y al e t abl e t repr e s e nts an a ddi
ti o n t o our knowl e dge Of t he B uw a wa episo d e and until w e are
fo rtun at e enough t o disc o v er mo re fra gments Of t he fourth t abl e t O f
t he Assyri an v e rsion w e must cont e nt o urs e lve s with t he c o nclusi o ns
r each e d fro m a c o mp aris o n Of the P ennsylv ani a t abl e t with the p ar al
l e l e in the Assyri a n v ersion
It may b e not e d as a ge n e ra l poi n t O f re s embl a nc e in t he ext erior
f o rm Of t he o ld B abyl o ni an an d Assyri an versi o ns th a t both w er e
inscrib e d on t abl e ts c o n t aining six c o lu mns thr ee o n t he o bv ers e
—
a nd thr ee o n t he r e v ers e ;
an
n
h
h
a
a d th a t t e l e ngt h Of t e t bl e ts
a v e r a ge o f 4 0 t o 50 lin e s— w a s a b o ut t he s a me thus r e v e a li n g in t he
e xt e rn a l for m a c o nv e n ti o n a l siz e fo r t he t a bl e ts in t he Old e r p e riod
which was c a rri e d o v er i nt o la t e r t i me s
,
,
°
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
“ 0
s o f Enkid u w e e fi ll d wit h t ea s c o rre sp n ding to I V 4 1 0
ss d ee d t he numb e r s e v n is a s lip f t he ig n é S e t he c o mme ntar y
The e y e
Un le
in
“
to t he line
.
r
e
“
r
e
”
o
,
or
,
,
s
a
.
e
.
PENN S Y LV AN IA
l
t he
s ix
c olumns
I
su cce ssion wit h an
f o llo w e d a ls o in the
in d ic atio n o n t he ma rgin wh ere a n e w c olumn b e g ins
c a s e of t he Y ale t a b let s ee ms p re f erab l e to Langd o n s b reaking up of t he t ext int o O bv erse
I n o rd e r ho w
an d Re v ers e w it h a s e p ara t e e numerat io n fo r ea ch o f t he s ix c o lumn s
e v er t o f a c ilit at e a c o mp a ris o n w it h La n gd o n s e dit ion a t a b le is a dd e d :
1
I
Line 1 o f o ur t e x t
O b v e rs e C o l
The 2 40 ine
s Of
TAB LET
of
t he t e xt
me ra te d in
T h is me t ho d
are e nu
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
’
,
,
.
H
.
,
I,
5
( t
5
U
H
H
10
15
20
25
30
35
C O1
.
II,
1 = Line 4 1
II,
5
45
50
55
60
65
70
c
mU L
1 11 ,
Re v e rs e C o l
H
.
75
1 = 1
mms 1
85
5
III , 1 0
90
III , 1 5
95
III , 2 0
1 00
II I , 25
1 05
III , 3 0
1 10
III , 3 5
115
I,
I,
1
C o l I V)
.
Lin e 1 3 1
( 4
5
1 35
Of our t ext
U
1 40
I, 1 5
1 45
I , 20
1 50
1 55
1 60
I , 30
II,
1
II,
5
Col
.
V)
Lin e 1 7 1
1 75
II , 1 0
1 80
II , 1 5
185
1 90
1 95
2 00
I II ,
1
111,
5
III 1 0
,
C o l VI )
.
Line 208
212
217
222
III , 20
22 7
23 2
I II , 3 0
23 7
I II , 33
2 40
( 61 )
( f
H
.
,
YAL E O RI E NT AL SER I ES RESE A RCHES I v3
-
62
PE N N S Y LVA N IA TA B L E T
TR A NS L I T ER A T I ON
C ol
I
.
.
TRA NS LA T I ON
.
.
.
ma G iS‘ 312-na-ta m i-pa -d§-§a r
d
bi-e-
1 it
-
G ish
sought
interp re t
to
t he
drea m ;
iz -za -kdr-um a -na
mi i na 5d
3d-a m-ha -ku ma
um
-
Si ti i
m —
-a t
-
-
Spo ke t o his mo th er
um-mi-sé
’ -
a
-
a
a t-ta -na -a l-la -a k
—
ib-ba -s d-nim ma ka -ka-bu § d ma i
[ ki] is
Sa A-nim im-ku-ut
ril
f
-
-
~
—
~
a na
my
during
,
5 i-na bi-ri-it it-lu-tim
'
M y mo ther
gh t
I be came s trong and moved ab o ut
a mo ng t he h ero e s ;
And from the s tarry heaven
A
o f Anu f e ll upo n me
“
ni
-ri-ia
i
s
ih- ta -bi-it
I
e-li-ia
b o re it
me
55 m
a nts
ma ns-55 5 5
-
I
ii-ul il
ti i
b e c ame
weak
a nd
its
weigh t I
.
ma -tum pa hi-ir
“
Uruk
'
e-li-sd
-
it
’
—
mi d i
- a
.
heroes kisse d it s fe et
I t was ra is e d up b efo re me
They sto od me up
I b o re it and carried it to thee
it-lu-tum it -na -sé -ku si-pi-s u
d-um-mi id-ma p u-ti
i
,
co uld no t e ndure
The la nd o f E re ch g a thered ab o u t
’
-
-
grew heavy upo n
it
a nd
The
'
‘
.
.
ti
2
a-
.
ab
-
l
b
a-
é s SIZ
a-
-
’
a -na
.
-ki
i
r
i
s
um-mi
G is ma -di-a -a t ka -la -ma
d
’
The
all
—
iz -za kar-a m a-na G is
d
S poke
'
mi-in-di G is 55 ki—
ma ka—
ti
ima si-ri i-wa-li id-ma
“
'
ar ra-ab-bi
-‘
m
t
f
ar
a-
mother
Sfif
'
s il
’
sé -da -ii
ma [ kima
ta
—
h d
a- a
h gs
t o G is h
t in
,
o ne ,
hou wil t rej oic e
H eroe s will kiss his fee t
Thou wilt spare [ him and wilt e n
a t-ta
t
it-lu-tum il -na -sé -lcu
'
’
f
- ii
s i-p i
G ish , who knows
0 G ish , who like thee
I n the fi eld was b orn and
Whom the mo unta in has rea red,
Tho u wi lt se e (him) and [ like a
S o me
—
Of
s
‘
.
.
ti-ii-ti-ra -dé-[ sa tu ut]-tu-it -ma
’
~
o r]
deav
ta -ta r-ra-[ as -s u]
— —
[ ufl ti nim ma
-
1
I
I
.
.
e
.
e
,
.
To lead him t o
i
r
i
s [ Jia
i-ta -ma r sd-mi-ta m
He slept
'
paid h o mag e to t he me teo r
t he b e o res o f Ere ch ra ise d me
me
.
a nd sa w a no t
h er
.
,
po rted me
a -na
.
to
my
f ee t
,
or
p erha ps
in t he
s ens e
of
“
s up
JA S TRO W C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
-
25
-na -ta i-ta -wa -a -a m a
5
1
2
[
]
—
n um mi
-
a
512
um-mi a -ta-mar
sd-ni-tam
[
]
f ——
—
-n a eu
S
a
t
u
a
t
a
m
a
r
e
m
i
a
i
n
a
[
]
-im
i
o
l
k’
-tim
3
d
k
b
i
r
u
r
i
U
[
]
-i ma
- i—
a
a
a
n
n
d
i
u
h ss
‘
—
3 0 e li sd pa ah ru
—
—
a
u
u
m
ma sd ni bu nu sil
a
i
n
h ss
a—
mur-s’d—
ma a h—
ta-da a—
na —
ku
a—
ra a m s it ma ki—
ma
v
a h
a a b bu ub c l s a
-
’
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
'
-
’
-
-
-
-
-
-
'
-
—
ki sd m d
—
—
n
i
h i
el
a
'
-
-
-
-
-
-
—
s-ta -lca a n-s iz
a
a a-
-
'
'
m-mi G is mu-da -a t [ kaJ-la -ma
u
D ream which
'
[ i za ka m
d
[ G is s d ta ma
r-a
-
,
in t he s tree t s
[ Of E re ch] of the pla z as
An axe was b randishe d and
They gathered ab out him ;
And t he a xe made him angry
I saw him a nd I rej oi ced
I loved him a s a wo man
.
,
.
,
,
I embra ce d him
I t o o k him a nd
.
mo ther
The
'
'
-
-
ru a
mélu]
—
4 0 [ ta - ha -a b bu-ub ki-ma ds -
"
s é tim
-
garded
him
.
of
G i sh , who kn ows
i s h]
to G
O G ish , t he
'
re
thi ngs ,
[ Spo ke
G i3]
d
a -na
to his
mo ther :
My mo ther ] I have seen another
[ Dream] M y likeness I h ave seen
a ll
z-
reported
he
,
As my bro ther
a
d
63
°
man
whom thou
sawest ]
[ Who m thou dids t embra c e li ke
,
cl
a
392]
C ol
.
II
.
(means) that
dg-s um a s-[ ta ]-ma -ha -ru it-ti-ka
'
'
.
he
is
to b e
s i
as o c a te d
with thee
G ish u n de rs t o o d the dream
[ A s] E nki [ du] was sitting b efo re
the woman
he emb rac ed her
[ Her]
he Opened
[ Enki du] f orgot the pla c e where he
.
G is s a-na-ta m i-pa-§ ar
d
En-ki [ dit wa ]-§ i ib ma-har ha-ri
“
'
f
—
—
im-tim
i
[
‘
,
ir]-ha-ma di-da
Ii
.
ip-ti-[ e]
—
En-ki]-dit im4 a -si a-sa r i-wa-a l da
d
'
’
,
.
wa s b o rn
m
ma -s i-a -tim
d
En-[ ki—
da] ti-bi-i-ma
sé -[ am-ka-ta ] ir—
hi
- u-s d—
- r ——
am
a
a
s
d
i
p
ha [ i im tum p ]
12
,
'
6 i) 7
.
-
50 i
z -za
—
—
k
d
hm]
[
r
ta l ka
a -na -
-
—
d
"
'
-
seven nights
Enkidu c o ntinued
TO c ohab it with [ the c o urtes an]
[ The woman] Open ed her [ mouth]
and
.
a nd
En-ki-dil
d
a na
En
ki-dit ki-ma ili ta
-
te -e
m mi-nim it—
ti n a ma -d5—
ta-a t-ta [ na-a l]-a lc si-ra -a m
a
S ix days
.
-
S po ke t o
Enkidu
I ga z e upon the e
a
,
O
Enkidu li ke
,
h u
g o d a rt t o !
t t he c a ttle
Why wi h
D o s t tho u [ ro am]
s
ac ro s
t he
fi eld?
YAL E ORI EN TAL SER I ES RESE A RCH ES
64
c l-ka
55
ma
me
C o me
di-ka
-
]
k'
m
ri-bi-ti
a
libbi [ Uruk
a-na
-n im
3
d
A
m
a
3
c
i
bi
m
bit [ el] li
‘
-
— — —
—
'
'
r
‘
5u
of
Enki du
t
hee
ise
ar
le t me
,
u
co nd c t
.
To Eanna , t he dwelling
of
Anu,
place [ where G ish is perfe ct ]
in vi tali ty
And th o u [ like a wife wilt em
b ra ce] him
Tho u [ wilt love him like] thyself
C o me ari se fro m t he ground
”
(tha t is) c urse d
He he a rd her word and a cc epte d
her spee c h
The c o unse l Of the wo man
Ente red his heart
S he s t rippe d O ff a garme nt
C lo thed him wi th o ne
An o the r garme nt
S he kept o n herse lf
S he t ook hold Of his h a nd
L ike [ a
she b rough t him
TO t he fertile meadow
The pla c e of t he sheepfo lds
I n th at pla c e th ey re c eive d f ood ;
[ Fo r he E nkidu whose b irthpla ce
was t he mounta in ]
[ Wit h the gaz elle s he was accus
to me d t o e at herb s ]
[ Wi th t he ca t tle t o drink wate r ]
[ Wi th t he wa ter b e ings he was
The
,
.
.
ta -[ ra-a m-éii lei-ma ]
ma-a n-ka
ra -
.
ti-ba i-[ na] ga-ag-ga-ri
al-ka
ma -a-ag-ri-i-im
ill-me a -wa-as -sa im ta-ha r
—
,
.
’
- a-sé
a
g b
-
.
mi-il [ kum] 3d ass atim
‘
im ta lcw ut a na libbi s ii
is-hu-ut li-ib-s é -am
is ti na m it la -a b-bi-i5-sii
‘ —
li ib [ Sd a m] sé ni-a -a m
'
’
-
-
.
'
’
-
,
’
-
.
-
-
lb —
d
§i i it ta—
-
-
a
-ab-tat
a
s
—
- a
‘
s
.
a
as
eu
g
—
.
lei-ma [ ili] i ri-id-di-s’it
a-na
—
u
u
p ri
g
5d-ri-i-im
,
tar-ba-si-im
’
a -éa r
—
—
.
i-na [ dfl -ri M [ im]-hu-ruri ia d
[
,
O,
-na ma sé -bi 3d Amim
a
n
E—
[ ]
d
a § a r [ G is gz] -it-ma [ lu] no-p i-si
tim
-bu- ub
- m
a
a
l
t
a
l
e
i
a
S
t
a
c
l
60 ll
[ ]
h]
[
[ ]
12
into [ Ere ch] of the pla zas
to the holy h ouse t he dwelling
Anu,
Eh -ki dit ti bi lu rw ka
-
me le ad thee
,
~
a-na
le t
,
I V-3
~
—
§12 u En-ki-dit i lit-ta -sd sci-du
d
~
’
'
—
,
,
,
-ti
-ma ih-ka la sa m-ma
i
t
a
b
d
t
i
s
l
]
'
‘
~
,
-ti b -a i-sat -ti
i
i
u
a
l
i
m
m
a
s
c
l
[
]
'
lit
i na
-t
fl
m
dsfi te-e
a-
'
mei tab lib b
,
d]
‘
- a -s
-
b a npy l
(Perhaps
C ol
.
III
.
—
i ih
si-iz -ba 55
i-te-en
n
a-ka -la
na
—
m
85
.
M ilk o f t he
a-d5-te -e
m ig-ku-nu ma -h
’
‘
a r- ii
S
Fo o d
c a t t le
c ustome d to suck
t hey pla c ed b ef o re him
He was
-
ib-ti-ih-ma i-na -a t-ta l
i tional line missing )
o ne a dd
a c
.
,
He b ro ke (it )
And ga z ed
.
O ff a nd
loo ke d
Y AL E O RI EN TAL SE RI ES RESE A RCHES I v3
-
66
spoke to the wo man
0 c o urt e sa n lure o n t he man
Why has he c o me to me ?
”
His name I will de s troy
The woman c a lled to the man
3
Who approa ches to him and he
b eh o lds him
Away ! why do s t thou
Evi l is the c ourse of thy a c tiv
iz -z a-kdr-a m a ma ha rimtim
-we-ka -a t uk-ki-s
la m
a
li
m
é
c
1 35 s
-ka m
m
l
l
i
n
i
i
a n a mi
He
“
—
'
sii lu-a s
-‘
z i-ki-ir
h
a ri
-
ib
1 40
im
—
m ma
s
a -we-la
i—
t m
-
-e u-u
a
-
m
'
-s
d
ar
—
e es
di-il
e-
lim
ku
l
-n u a - a -
ma -na -a h-[ ti] -ka
ity
mm
3d—
—
a
5
a -na
—
ma
e-lu-tim
ni-éi-i -
-a r
m
.
pe ne d his mouth a nd
S po ke t o Enkidu :
a f amily ho me
[ TO have
I s the destiny o f men and
e
d
e
1 4 5 éi-ma-a -a t
tu
-
—
m —
tim il
'
bi-ti-is
u-
-
”4
T he n
a
a
i
3
i
p
p
-za -kdr-c m a-n a dEn- ki da
iz
[
]
- 12
e-
.
.
ta -bi-[ il-la ]-um
'
,
.
tum i3 ta -si
-
-
a -a
-
,
he
5
o
,
The
?) dup-sa k-ki-i
Fo r t he
e-si-en
t he nob les
of
.
load t he workb as
ke ts !
mi-s a
uk-la -a t
e-
m
h
Fo od supply for the city lay to
a -a - a-ti
o ne
side !
“
sarri 5d Uruk
’
a -na
1 5 0 pi-ti p u-uk epi§i(-§i)
m
Fo r t he King
ri-bi-ti
a -ri
a -na
Open t he
marri age
“
G iS sarri 55 Uru k
d
a -na
'
‘
m
O f Ere ch of the pla zas
pe rf orm t he
,
ac t !
Fo r G ish , t he Kin g
ri-bi-ti
pla z as
Open t he
of
Ere ch Of t he
'
,
-uk e i§i -§i
-ti
u
i
p
( )
p
p
a -na h
a -a -a ri
—
§i-ma -tim i-ra -a h-hi
Wi th
—
m
i-na
mi-il-ki 3d ili g a bi-ma
i
bi ti ih
-
na
-
u-u
As w
e ll a s
—
in t he
By t he de c ree
.
future
“
.
pro noun ced
F ro m
‘
s c
t he
( S uch ) is his fate
Si ma -a s-s u
’ -
a -na z i-ih-ri
i ri ku p
-
-
it-li-im
H is f ace grew pale
‘
a nu s ii
.
5
.
e
.
I
.
e
.
,
I
.
e
.
,
I
.
e
du
Enki
,
“
.
,
.
t hy wa y
of
f
li e
.
ma n
a n idio ma t ic ph ra se mea nin g
t he
.
At t he Spee c h of t he hero
(Ab out three lines missin g )
I
a
cuttin g o f his umbilical
c o rd
1 60
by
g o d,
—
ti—
i
w na
b
a-
o ne
S o b e fo re ,
k wa -a r-ka -nu
-
t he
should c ohab it
1 55 312-12 p a-n a-nu-um ma
a -u
marri age a c t !
legi t imate wif e
Perf orm t he
.
“
fo r
all
t ime
s
.
.
J A S T ROW C LA Y
-
V
C 01
.
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
O LD
.
(Ab o ut six li nes
d
i il la a h [ En-ki-dit i na p a—
ni]
u—
s é a m ka -a t [ wa ]-a r ki s it
“
—
i ru ub ma a na libbi Uruk
ri bi
tim
ip hur um ma nu um i-na si—
ri sit
iz zi z a-a m—
ma i—
na s u—
ki-im
“
s é Uruk
ri—
bi tim
—
—
a
a
a
r
p
h a ma 5 5 55
-
-
'
missin g )
.
[ E nki du] went [ in fro nt]
-
-
-
-
-
-
'
-
-
-
,
An d t he c o urte sa n b ehi nd him
He e n tere d int o E rec h of the pla
—
-
-
-
.
z as
'
The
-
-
-
-
,
i-ta - wa-a i-na si-ri-s it
’ d
ana sa la m G is ma Si il p i-it-ta m
'
na
enly
s d-p i-il
ma
s i-
[
.
—
ip
s d-ki
]
u
—
—
ul
[
—
I n the land s trong
b e c ome
v
s i-iz -ba
55
n a-
ma-a 5-te-e
M i lk O f
power
power has he
.
ca tt le
j
—
t m
of
He was a c cus tomed to su ck
i-te-en-ni-ih
“
ka a a na i-na [ 15555] Uruk ka k-kia
.
ful ,
i p a -ka da
ma ti da-a n e-ma ]-ki i-wa
i- na
b e c ome ;
shorter in stature
[ I n his st ru c ture
ku
uk
in
.
Ere ch
u
it-lu-tum d-te-c l-li-lu
hero es rej oiced
5d ki in a r s é nu
He b e c ame a le ader
a na itti s ci i s d ru z i ma shi
TO t he he ro o f fine appe aranc e
d
a na G is lei ma i li im
To G ish like a g o d
7
sé ki ig Sum me ih—
hi
m
rd
He b e came a rival t o
d
a na I i ha ra ma a a lum
Fo r I shhara a c o uch
Was stret ched and
d
G is it [ ti il ma wa a r ka tim]
G ish [ lay down and
I n t he night he fled
i na ma si in ni [ ib bi] ii
He approa c he s and
i na-a g sd a m ma
it ta [ zi iz E n ki da] i na sdkim
[ E nki du sto o d] in the st ree t s
He blo c ke d t he p a th
ip ta ra [ a s a la ] a k ta m
d
o f G ish
s d G i§
—
—
—
r
h
i
§
h
xhi
i
O
f
p
o
w
e
e
s
A
t
t
e
b
t
s
s
d
a
n
i
i
d
n
a
a
e
i
i
a
]
[ n
p
( Ab ou t three li nes missi ng )
-
-‘
-
'
-
-
'
-
The
.
'
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
,
-
-
- ‘
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
,
'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
'
’
-
-
-
-
.
-
d
-
-
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
V
.
‘
-
-
’
-
-
,
.
7
I
.
e
.
,
d u b e c ame like G ish go d like
E nki
.
,
'
—m
.
people gathered ab out him
As he s to o d in t he stre et s
Of E re ch o f t he pla z as
The me n g athered
S ayi ng in reg ard t o him :
Like t he fo rm o f G ish he has sud
’
-
-
la
67
,
.
Cf
.
c ol
.
2, 1 1
.
,
Y AL E O RI EN TAL
68
Col
.
VI
-3
v
SER I ES RESE A RCH ES
-
I
.
(Abo ut fo ur lines missin g )
.
h
- a
G is h
2 10 i
-na
i
$ i Ti
h
-
d
a -u
-
i ih [ pi i ta
a -a n-n -
-
m En-ki-dil ]
il li k
-
~
r-
-‘
s ii
]
,
.
He s t art ed [ to g o ]
it-bi-ma [ il-li-ilc]
a -na
Again s t him [ E nki du pro ceeded]
[ His h ai r] luxuri ant
To wa rds him
They me t in the pla z a Of
-nia
3ii
p
.
it-ta m-ha-ru i-na ri-bi-tum ma -ti
t ric t
i
i sl
i
—
,
permi tting G ish t o e nter
They se i z e d (ea ch o the r) li ke oxe n
They fo ught
The thre sho ld they de mo lished;
The wall they i mpai red
G ish and E nkidu
S ei z ed (ea ch o ther)
Li ke oxe n they fought
The thre shold they de mo lishe d;
The wa ll they impai red
G is h b ent
H is fo o t t o the gro und
H is wrath was appeas ed
H is bre as t was q ui e te d
When his breas t was q uie ted
E nki du to him
Spo ke t o G ish
As a uni que o ne thy mother
b ore thee
The wild co w o f t he s ta ll
m il ul i d di in
is-sa -a b-tu-ma ki-ma li i-im
“
G is
'
e-ri-ba -a
No t
-
-
-
zi
ip p
-
a -a
m i-bu-tu
’
.
Gis it En-ki-dit
d
is-sa-a b-tu-zl -ma
.
lei-ma li-i-im i-lu-da
.
ip p a -a m i-bu-tu
i-ga -rum ir-tu-ta
zi
-
’
-
.
ilc-mi-is -ma G is
d
i
-
na
a -a
g
-
g ga
’
—i
r
v
si
ip sit
-
8
-
.
ip-s i-ih uz-z a-sit-ma
i-ni-ih i-ra-as -s u
'
' ’
,
.
i§-tu i-ra-s u i-ni-hu
—
d
En-ki dii
'
,
m
‘
a -na s d-s i-i
kdr-a m a-na G is
i
d
z -za -
lei-ma is-te-en-ma
’
,
um-ma-ka
,
il -li-id-lca
ri
-
.
im tum 55
-
su
p u ri
-
°
-
,
N in-s un-na
ul-lu e-li ma -ti ri-es-ka
“
N ins un,
Has exalted thy head abo ve me n
Ki ngs hip o ver men
'
§a r-ru-tit 55
’
ni-§i
i-si-im-kum dEn-lil
Enlil
dup pu 2 ham-ma
sa-tu-a r
g
240 li ne s
e nlar e d
e-li
He was t hro wn and t h ere f o re
p
v e n to Nins un
E it he t gi
has dec reed fo r thee
S eco nd t ablet ,
4 3122-55
9
,
.
i-ga -r um ir- tu- tu
“
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,
i-lu-da
-
.
E nkidu blo c ked the ga te
Wi th his f oo t
En-ki-dii ba -ba-a m ip-ta-ri-ih
d
'
'
-na s - i
p
t he dis
.
beyo nd [ the
.
va nq uish ed
S ee t he c o mme ntary to t he lin e
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J A S TRO W C LA Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH E PI C
O LD
C O MM E N TARY
O N TH E
PE N N S Y LVANI A T AB LE T
69
.
Lin e 1 The verb tibn with p a sdru expre ss e s the aim o f Gish t o
s e cure an int erpre t a tion for his dre am This disp o s e s Of L angd o n s
not e 1 o n p a ge 2 1 1 Of his e dition in which he a ls o e rron e o usl y sp eaks
o f o ur t ex t as
P a sdru is not a v ari ant o f z akdru
l at e
B oth
ve rbs occur j ust as h er e in the Assyri an versi o n I 5 2 5
”
Lin e 3 ina an mu§itia in this my night i e in the cours e
Of this night O f mine
A curious way o f putting it but the expre ssion
o ccurs a lso in t he Assyri a n v e rsion
I 5 2 6 (p ar all el p ass age
e g
14
to ours ) a n d II
In t he Y a l e t abl e t we find si mil arly
”
‘ —
ma Si ii ka ( l
thy night i e at night to th ee
Lin e 5 B e fore L an gd o n put down the strange st at eme nt of
”
da tim
Gish w a nd e ri n g ab o ut in the midst Of o me ns (misr ea ding id—
for it lu tim) he might h av e ask e d hi ms e lf t he qu e sti o n wh at it could
possibly me an Ho w c a n o ne w a lk a mo n g o me ns ?
ka bu §d7ma i must b e t ak en a s a c o mp o und t e rm for
Lin e 6 ka—
”
st arry h e a v e n
The p a ra ll e l p a ss a ge in t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n ( T a bl e t
I 5 2 7 ) ha s the id e o g r aph for st ar with t he plural sign as a v a ri an t
”
Lit e rally th ere fore The st arry h ea ve n ( or the st ars in h eav en )
”
wa s th er e
L a n gd o n s n o t e 2 o n p a ge 2 1 1 re sts on an e rron e o us
et c
rea ding
Lin e 7 kisra 5d Anim ma ss o f Anu app e a rs t o b e the desig
”
n a ti o n O f a met eo r which might w e ll b e d e scrib e d a s a ma ss co ming
fro m Anu i e fr o m t he g o d Of h e a ven who b e co me s the p ers onific a
t io n O f t he h e a ve ns in g e n e r a l
In the Assyri an versi o n ( I 5 2 8 ) we
N ote
s o mething lik e a ma ss O f h ea ve n
is rit i e
h a ve kima ki—
a lso I 3 1 6 wh e r e in a d e scription o f Gilg ame sh his str en gth is s a id
”
t o b e str o ng lik e a ma ss ( i e a me t e or ) o f h e a v e n
L in e 9
Fo r nu§§ a §u itl ilté w e h a v e a p ara ll e l in the H ebre w
phra s e Riv
Is
aiah
1
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3
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Lin e 1 0 Uru k mdtum as t he d e sign a ti o n for the district O f
E re ch occurs in t he Ass yri an v ersion e g I 5 3 1 an d IV 2 38 ;
also t o b e suppli e d
I 6 23
For p a bir t he p a ra ll e l in the Assyri a n ve rsion ha s iz za a z ( I 5
but VI 1 97 we find p a h ru and p a h ra
”
Lin e 1 7 mi in—
di d o e s not me a n truly as L an gd o n tr a nsl a t e s
”
but s o me o ne
It occurs als o in the Assyri an v ersion X 1 1 3
”
mi in di e ma an nu a this is s o me o ne who et c
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YAL E O RI EN TAL SE RI ES RESE A RCHES v3
70
1
.
L in e
-
Assyri a n v ersion I 5 3 a nd IV 4 7 ina siri
—
dlid b o th p a ss a ge s r e fe rring t o E nkidu
b
kings
3 8 with ma lké
L i ne
C f A ssyri a n v e rsi o n I I 3
a s a syn o ny m Of itlu tum
”
etc
L in e 2 3 ta —
d ir e ct
guid e
ta r ra as s d fr o m ta rdsu
t he
L in e 24 I t ak e u§ ti nim ma a s III 2 fr o m isénu
18
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v e rb und erlyi ng §ittu sl eep a nd §uttu dr e a m
—
Li ne 26 C f Assyri a n v e rsi o n I 6 2 1 a c o mpl e te p ar all el
Lin e 2 8 Uru k ri bi tim t he st a ndi n g phra s e in b o th t abl e ts
O f t he O ld B a byl o n i a n v e rsi o n fo r which in t he Assyri a n v e rsion we
”
h a ve Uruk s u p u ri The f o rmer t er m sugge sts the bro a d sp a c e
”
o utsid e o f t he city Or t he
c o mmo n in a vill a g e c o mmunity whil e
s up dri
w o uld re fe r to t he city withi n t he w a lls D r
e ncl o s e d
W F Albright ( in a priv a t e co mmunic a ti o n) sugg e sts E r e ch o f the
pl a z a s as a suit abl e transl a ti o n for Uruk ribitim A third t erm
Uruk mdtum ( s ee a b o v e n o t e t o li n e
th o ugh d e sign a ti n g ra th er
t he district o f which E r e ch w as t he c apit a l a pp e ar s t o b e us e d as
a syn o ny m t o Uruk ribitim a s ma y b e conclu
de d fr o m t he phr a se
i na ri bi tum ma —
ti ( l 2 1 4 Of t he P e nnsylv a ni a t a bl e t ) w hich cl e arly
”
means t he pl a z a o f t he city One n a tura lly thinks o f In: nj n I in
—
G en e sis 1 0 l l t he e quival ent o f B abyloni a n ri bi tu (ili— which
c a n h a rdly b e t he n a me Of a city
It a pp e ars t o b e a gloss as is
nffiig my] NW a t t he e nd Of v 1 2
T he l a tt e r gl o ss is mispl a c e d sinc e
g
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it cl ea rly d e scrib e s N in e ve h me ntion e d in v 1 1
In a s much as
my nnm i mme di a t ely f o ll o ws t he mention O f N in eveh it s eems simpl e st
.
,
.
'
'
,
to tak e t he phr a s e a s d e sign a ting the o utsid e o r suburbs o f
t he city a c o mpl e t e p a r a lle l th e r e for e t o ri bi tu mdti in our t ex t
”
”
N in eve h toge th e r with t he suburbs
fo r ms t he gre a t city
Uru k
”
ribitim is
th e re fo r e a d e sign a ti o n fo r gr eat er E re ch pr o p er to a
c a pit a l city which by its g ra du a l gro wth would t ake in mo re th a n its
”
o rigi na l c o nfi n e s
E re ch o f t he pl a z a s must h a v e c o me t o b e us ed
a s a ho no rific d e sign a ti o n Of this i mp o rt a n t c e n t e r a s e a rly as 2 000
B C wh e rea s la t e r p e rh aps b e c aus e Of its d e cli ne t he e pith e t no
l o nge r s e e me d a ppro pri a t e and wa s repl a c e d by t he mo r e mo d e s t
”
d e sign a ti o n o f w a ll e d E re ch with a n a llusi o n to t he tr adi t i o n which
a scrib e d t he bui ldi n g Of t he w a ll Of t he ci t y t o G il g a me sh
At all
”
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J A S TROW C L A Y O L D B A BY L ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
71
-
three expr e ssi o ns E re ch o f the pl a z a s
E re ch w all e d
”
a nd
E r e ch l a n d are t o b e r e gard e d a s syn ony mo us The p o sition
onc e h eld by E re ch f o ll o ws a lso fr o m its id e o graphic d e sign a tion
”
”
( Brunno w N O 4 7 96) by t he sign h o us e with a gunufie d ext en
”
‘
sion which c o nveys t he id e a Of Unu
dw e lli n g p ar
Subtu o r
ex cellence
The pr o nunci a ti o n Unug o r U nuk ( s ee t he gl o ss u nu uk
”
VR 2 3
c omp o s e d Of unit dw e lli n g a n d hi pl a c e is h ardly
to b e r e g a rd e d as O ld e r th a n Uruk which is t o b e re s o lv e d into urn
”
”
city and hi pl a c e but r ath er a s a pl ay up o n t he n a me b o th
U nu
ki a nd Uru
ki conve ying t he s a me id e a Of the city o r the
dw elli n g pl a c e p ar ex cellence As the s ea t Of the s e co n d Old e st dyn a sty
a cc o rding to B a byl o n i a n tr a diti o n s (s ee Po eb e l s list in H is torica l a n d
G r a mma tic a l Tex ts N O
E r e ch n o d o ubt w as r e g ard e d a s h aving
b een a t o ne ti me t he city i e the c apit a l Of the e ntir e E uphr a t e s
Va ll ey
Lin e 3 1 A difficult li n e fo r which L an gd o n pr o p o s es t he tr a ns
—
a
l ti o n : A n o th e r a x e s eeme d his
which ma y b e p ic tur
e squ e
but h ardly a d e scripti o n b efitti n g a h ero Ho w c a n a man s
f a c e s eem t o b e a n a x e ? L a n gd o n a tt a ch e s § d ni in the s ens e of
”
”
‘
s e cond to the pr e c e ding w o rd ax e wh er e a s sani bunusu ch ange
”
”
o f his c o unt e n a nc e
his c o unt e n an c e b e ing ch ange d is t o b e
or
”
t a k en as a phra s e t o c o n vey t he id ea o f b eing disturb ed
dis
”
”
pl ea s e d o r an gry
T he phr a s e is o f t he s a me kind a s t he w ell
”
‘
S ee
kn o wn Sunnu temu ch a nging o f re a son t o d en o t e ins anity
t he p a ss a g e s in M uss Arn o lt Ass yria n Dic tion ary pp 355 a n d 1 068
In H ebr ew t o o we h ave t he s a me t wo phr a s e s e g ining ms 11 1s
e
v ents
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a ll
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( I S am
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ins anity and
"
m
3?
a nd
Ps 3 4 ,
21 , 14
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ain
(J o b
he
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,
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ch an ge d his r ea son i e feign e d
”
ch an gi n g his fa c e to indic a t e a
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14,
,
r a dic a l a lt e rati o n in the fra me o f mi n d Th ere is a still clos er p ar a ll e l
”
in B iblic a l Ara ma ic : D an 3 1 9 The f o rm o f his vis a g e wa s ch an ge d
meaning he wa s e nra ge d
F o rtu nat ely t he s a me phr a s e o ccur s
a ls o in t he Y a l e t a bl e t ( l
l in a c o nn e cti o n which
§ d nu 1Z bu nu m
l e av e s n o d o ubt th a t t he a r o us e d fury o f t he tyr an t Huwa w a is
d escrib e d by it :
Huwa wa hea rd and his f a c e w a s c hange d
—
pre cis ely th er e fo r e as w e sh o uld say f o l lo wi n g B ib lic a l us a ge
”
his c o u n t en an c e fe ll
his c o un
C f a ls o t he phr a s e p dnus u a rp u
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YAL E O RI EN TAL SER I ES RESEA RCH ES 1 v3
-
72
d a rke ne d ( A ssyri a n ve rsi o n I 2
to expr e ss anger
The lin e th e re fo re in t he P e nnsylv a n i a t a bl e t must d e scrib e E nkidu s
With t he bra ndish ing Of t he a xe t he h e r o s a nge r was a lso
a ng e r
stirre d up The touch wa s a dd e d to pre p a re us fo r the c o ntinu a tion
in which Gish d e scrib e s ho w d e spit e this (o r p erh aps j ust b e c a us e
E nkidu s ee me d s o a ttra ctive th a t Gish inst a ntly fell in l o ve
o f it )
with him M a y p e rh aps t he e mph a tic f o rm ha sinumma ( lin e 3 1 )
The ax e it was
a sina ( lin e 2 9) h a v e b e e n us e d t o indic a t e
a g a inst h
b e c ause O f t he ax e ? It w o uld b e worth whil e t o ex amin e oth e r
or
t exts o f t he H a mmurabi p eri o d with a vi e w o f d e t ermining the sc o pe
in t he use a nd me a ni n g of t he e mph a tic ma wh en a dd e d to a sub
e
s t a nt iv
Lin e 3 2 The c o mbin ation a mur it a hta du o ccurs a lso in t he
El A ma rn a L e tt ers N O 1 8 1 2
Li ne 3 4 In vi e w Of t he c o mmo n H ebr e w Syri a c a nd Ara bic
it s eems pre ferabl e t o rea d h er e as in the oth er p ass ag es
t o love
te na nc e was
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A ssyri a n ve rsi o ns ( I 4 1 5 ; 4 3 5 ; 6 2 7
a h
a a b—
bu ub
a h bu u b ihbu bu e t c
(inst e a d o f with p ) a nd t o r end e r embra c e
—
Lin e s 38 4 0 c o mpl e ting t he c o lu mn ma y b e suppli e d fro m the
—
—
Assyri a n v ersion I 6 30 3 2 in c o nj u n cti o n with lin e s 3 3 3 4 Of our
t ex t The b e ginning O f lin e 3 2 in J ens e n s v ersion is th e r efo r e t o
b e fill e d out [ ta -ra a m M ki]-i
in
t he
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Li ne
43
.
The
-
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.
re stora ti o n
En-ki-[ dil wa]
at
ib
-
t he
b e gin ning Of this lin e
r
ma—
a
h ha ri im tim
-
-
-
n abl e s us t o re st o r e also the b e ginni n g of t he s e c o nd t abl et of the
2 7 93 in
Assyri a n v ersi o n ( cf the c o loph o n o f the fra gmen t 8 1 7—
J eremi as I zdubar N imrod pl at e IV
J ens en p
e
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,
,
,
-
,
[
En ki dii wa —
Si—
ib] ma
d
-
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‘
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,
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h
-
'
sé
a r-
.
Li ne 44 T he r e stor a ti o n o f this li ne is l arge ly c o nj e ctur al
b as e d on t he supposition th a t its c o nt ents corr e spond in a ge n era l
way to I 4 1 6 o f t he Assyri a n v ersi o n
The r e a ding di da is quite
c ert a in as is als o ip ti
a nd sinc e b o th words o ccur in t he lin e
O f t he Assyri a n v e rsion in qu e stion it is t e mpting t o supply a t t he
”
b e gi nning a r
he r l o i n s ( cf H o l ma N a men der K Orper teile
et c
p
which is like wis e fo und in t he s ame lin e o f the A s s yri an
version At all e vents t he lin e d e scrib e s t he fascin ati o n ex e rcis ed
.
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YAL E O RI EN TA L SER I E 8
74
RE S E A RC R ES I
°
v-3
-a
e
a
a
m
n
o
a
a
n
t
L
gd
n
by
his
s
t
r
a
g
e
e
rr
r
in
s
p
r
ting
o
an
o e
4 50
g
ri im int o t wo w o rds ma a a k a n d ri i im with a stil l str a ng e r r e nd er
unt o t he pl a c e y o nd e r o f t he
n a tur a lly miss e s the
ing :
p o i n t O f this i mport an t sp ee ch
Li ne 64 c o rre sp o nds t o I 4 4 0 O f the Assyri a n v ersi o n which
Fr o m h er e
ha s a n a dditi o na l li ne l e ading t o t he a nsw e r Of E nkidu
on
o ur t a bl e t furnish e s ma t e ri a l n o t r e pr e s e nt e d in t he Assyri an
ve rsio n but which wa s n o d o ubt i n clud e d in the s e co n d t abl e t Of th at
ve rsi o n O f which we h a ve o nly a fe w fra gmen ts
Lin e 7 0 must b e i nt erp re t e d a s indic ating th a t the wo man k ept
‘
I tta lbas would a cc o rdi n gly me a n
s he
o ne g a rme nt fo r h e rs e lf
”
k ept o n
The f ema l e dr e ss app e ars to h a v e co n sist e d Of a n upp er
a nd a low e r g a rme nt
Lin e 7 2 The re stora ti o n l ik e a g o d is favore d by lin e 5 1
wh ere E nkidu is lik en e d to a g o d and is furth er c o nfirme d b y l 1 90
Lin e 73 ya p ru is id entic al with gu up ri (Th o mps o n Rep orts
of the M a gicia n s a nd As trolog ers e t c
223 re v 2 a nd 22 3 re v
a nd
must b e c o rr el a t e d t o yipara ( M uss Arn olt Ass yria n Dic tionary
”
”
p
pl ant e d fi eld
Tho mps o n s
mea dow
a nd t he lik e
”
transl a tion men (a s th o ugh a synony m o f ga bru) is t o b e c o rr e ct e d
a ccordingly
Line 74 Th e re is nothing missing b e tw e en a §ar and tar ba si im
Lin e 75 ri ia d which L angd o n r end e rs sh eph erd
is t he
”
”
7
e quiv a l e nt O f t he Ar a bic ri y a nd H e br e w P
p a stur a g e
fo dd e r
We h a v e usu a lly the feminin e f o rm ri i tu (M uss Arnolt As syria n
h
Dic tionary p 99O )
The br e a k a t t he e n d o f t he s e c o nd c o lu mn is
not s eri o us
E vid en tly E nkidu still a ccusto me d t o live lik e an
a n i ma l
is first led t o t he sh ee pfo lds a nd this sugge sts a r ep e tition
Of t he d e scription Of his f o rme r life O f t he fo ur or five lin e s missing
w e may c o nj e ctura lly r e st o r e f o ur o n t he b a sis Of the Assyri a n v
er
sion T a bl e t I 4 2—5 or I 2 3 9—
41
T his would th en j o in o n w ell
to t he b e ginning o f c o lu mn 3
Li ne 8 1 B o th h er e a nd in l 5 2 o ur t ext ha s na ma d§ te e a s
a g a i n s t n a m ma §
i in t he A ssyri a n v e rsi o n e g T a bl e t I 2 4 1 ;
—
4 5 etc
t he f e mi n i n e f o rm th e r e f o r e a s a g a i n s t t he ma sculin e
La n gd o n s n o t e 3 o n p a ge 2 1 3 is misl ea di ng In a str o l o gic al t ex t s
w e a ls o fi nd n a m ma s te ; e g
Th o mps o n Rep or ts of the M a gicia ns
a n d As tro log ers e t c
N O 2 00 O bv 2
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J A S T R OW C L A Y
-
O LD
B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
75
Lin e 93 zi—
ma a t ( for sima t) ba la ti im is n o t conformity
”
”
a s L a ngd o n r e nd e rs
but th a t which b elongs to life lik e
o f life
”
b el o nging t o her b o dy , in the Assyri a n versi o n
si ma t p a g ri sfd
”
”
III 2 3 (J e ns en p a ge
Fo o d s a ys the w o ma n is the st aff
O f lif e
Li ne 94 L an gd o n s stran ge r end ering Of t he conditi o ns and
”
fa t e o f the l an d re sts upon an erro n e ous r eading (s e e t he c o rre cti o ns
App endix I ) which is the more in excus abl e b e c a us e in lin e 97 the
”
s ame id eo gram Kas sikaru wi ne occurs and is c o rr e ctly ren
”
d ere d by him Simti mati is n o t the fa t e Of the l a nd but t he fix e d
”
custo m O f the l an d
Li ne 98 a s sa mi—
im ( plur a l Of a ssamu) which L angdon t a k e s
”
as a n a dv erb in t he s e ns e Of
ti me s is a w e ll kn o w n word fo r a l a rge
”
gobl e t which o ccurs in Inc a nt a tion t exts e g C T X VI 24 o b v
”
—
1 1 9, me a sa a m mi e §ii p uk
p o ur out gobl e ts Of w a t er
Lin e 1 8
Of the p ass a ge sh o ws th a t a sammu is a S u meri a n lo a n word
”
Lin e 99 ii ta p § a r I 2 fr o m p a sara
l o o s en
In co mbin a
tion with ka bta tum (fro m ka bita tum yi eldi n g two forms : ka bta tum
”
b y e lision O f i a nd ka bittu by e lisi o n Of a ) liver p a §dru has the
forc e o f b e co ming ch e erful C f ka bit—
ta ki lip p a 5ir (ZA V p 67
lin e
Lin e 1 00 n o t e the custo mary c o mbin ati o n Of live r (ka bta tum)
”
”
”
a nd
h eart ( libba ) fo r dispositi o n and min d j ust as in the
st anding phra s e in p en it en ti al pra y ers : M ay thy liver b e app e a s e d
”
thy h eart b e qui e t e d
J —
1°
Lin e 1 02 T he r e st o r ati o n [ SI ] I
b a rb er ( D eli
ga lla ba
t z s c h S umer G loss ar p 2 67 ) w a s sugg e st e d to me by D r H F Lutz
The id e ogr aphic writing r a isi n g the h a nd is int er e sti n g a s r e c alling
C f a r e f e r e n c e t o a b a rb er in
the g e stur e o f sh a vi n g o r cutting
L utz E a rly Ba bylonia n Letters from Lars a N O 1 09 6
Lin e 1 03 L a ngd o n ha s c o rr e ctly r e n d er e d §uhuru a s h a ir
a n d ha s s e e n th a t we h a v e h er e a l o a n w o rd fr o m t he S u me ri a n
”
b
S u hur
h a ir a cc o rdin g to the S yll ab ary S 3 5 7 ( cf
kimma tu
For kimma tu
h air mo r e
D elitzsch S umer G los s ar p
sp e cific ally h a ir Of the h e a d and fa c e see H o l ma N amen der K orp er
teile p a g e 3
T he s ame s 1 g n S u hur o r S uh ( Brunn o w N O
”
with Lal i e
h an gi n g h a ir d e sign a t e s t he b eard (zilcnu cf
a n d it is int e r e sting to
Brunno w N O 862 0 a n d H o l ma l c p
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YAL E O RI EN TAL SE RI ES RESE RCHES v3
A
76
n o te t h at w e h a ve suburu ( i n tr o duc e d
sho p a cc o rdi ng to II R 2 1 2 7
CT
,
,
,
E su bur (ra ) ( i
e
.
.
h o us e
,
Of
lo n word )
X II
t he
-
a
as a
c
-
I
fo r the
b arb er
,
h a ir )
iii-hum
.
I n vie w o f all this; we may r e g ard as a ssur ed H ol ma s conj e cture
-ma -3u in t he list 930
4
b
v
M
V
A
1
O
G
904 p 203 ;
7
r
d
2
r
51 [ hu
to ea
(
]
as th e Akk a di a n e quiv
a nd H o l ma Beitrag e z As syr Lexikon p
-M a sa ll e d b e c ause
n
a me of a fish
so
c
h
e
t
n
d
a
a
a le nt to S u gur
H
”
it a ppe a red t o h a ve a d o uble b e ard ( cf H olma N a men der K or
h
t
o
see
t
e
e r mo r e
is
t
pt
d
furth
in
difficult
m
e
e
r
t
e
il
e
O
n
e
e
)
p
w o rd w as ( I s ai ah 7 20) a lo an -word fro m o ur éuhuru and to t ak e
’
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2
,
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h ea d a nd h a ir Of the fee t
h
a ir a r o und t he priv a t e s ) a s an expl a n a tory gloss
uph
stic
for
t
e
h
m
i
e
e
(
—
e
w
m
a
h
r
word
for
h
ir
o
f
body
in
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
j ust a s in
t e
to t he ar e
The v ers e in Is ai a h would
t he p a ss a g e in t he P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t
th e n r e a d The L o rd o u th a t day will sh a ve with the r a z o r the h air
”
h
ea
m
e
t
e
b
e
m
T
h
f
h
v
n
b
rd
will
r
ov
r
st
a
r
a
n
d
e
e
e
d
e
e
O
t
e v e rs e
w
(
)
would re pr e s e nt a s eri e s of e xpl a n atory gloss e s : (a ) B e yond t he
”
river (i e Assyri a) a gl o ss to ”3? (b ) with the king o f Ass yri a
t he
“
W OYdS
t he
,
“
.
“
,
.
,
“
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.
gl o ss
a
,
,
“
t o 3 213:1
with
,
ra zor ;
a
a nd
(c )
t he
h a ir of
t he
h ea d
a nd
h a ir o f t he fe e t a gl o ss t o am e n For h a ir Of t he fee t we h av e
ur ( a nd sit bu ur) § épi
a n int e r e sti n g e quiv a l e nt in B a byloni a n éu h
—
C f a lso B o issier D ocumen ts As s yrie ns
( C T X II 4 1 2 3 2 4 c d)
—
The B a bylo n i a n phr a s e is lik e t he
re la ti
fs a ux P rés a ges p 2 58 4 5
H e bre w o ne t o b e int erpre t e d a s a e uph emism for t he h a ir ar o und t he
i
n
D
nwn con
m
mal e or f e mal e o rgan T O b e s ure t he ch a ng e fr o m t o in
s t it ut es a n o bj e ction but n o t a s e ri o us o ne in t he c a s e o f a l o a n w o rd
which w o uld aim t o give t he pronuncia tion o f t he o rigin a l w o rd ra th er
th a n the c o rr e ct e tymol o gic a l e quiva l en t The writin g with a spi
ra t ed 3 ful fi lls this c o nditi o n (C f 5amka tum a nd Karnha tum ab o ve
p
T he p a ss a g e in Is a i a h b e ing a r e fer e n c e t o Assyr i a t he
pro ph e t might b e t e mpt e d t o us e a f o r eign w o rd t o ma k e his p o in t
”
’
T O t a k e fl fi DWfl a s
hir e d a s ha s hith e rto b een
mo re e mph a tic
d o ne a nd t o transl a t e with a hir e d r a z o r is n o t o nl y t o supp o s e
’D n
w
a v e ry w o o d e n me t a ph o r but is gr a mma tic a lly difficult s in c e M
w o uld b e a fe mi ni ne a dj e ctive a tt a ch e d t o a ma sculine subst antiv e
C o mi n g b a ck t o o ur p a ss a ge in t he P e nnsylvania t a bl e t it is to
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J A S TROW C LA Y
O LD
-
B A BY L ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
n o t e d th a t E nkidu is d escrib ed as c o vere d all ove r his body with
”
h air (As syr1 an v ersion T abl et I 2 3 6) lik e an ani ma l To convert
him int o a civiliz e d ma n t he h a ir is r emov e d
Lin e 1 07 mu tu d o e s not mea n husb a nd h ere as L angdon
suppos e s but must b e t a k en as in l 2 3 8 in t he mo re g en era l s e ns e of
”
man
for which th e r e is go o d e vid e nc e
Li ne 1 09 la bi (plura l fo rm) are
li o n s — n ot p anth ers
The v e rb u gi ir ri is fr o m g dru
a s L a ngd o n ha s it
to a tt a ck
L angdon by s ep ara ting it fro m gi—
ir ri g e ts a t o ta lly wrong and ind ee d
a bsurd me a n ing
S e e t he c o rr e cti o n s in t he App endix
He t ake s
which Of cours e is i mpossibl e
t he sign u fo r t he copul a
Lin e 1 1 0 R e a d u§ s a a k p u I I I 1 Of s a kdpu which is frs
qu e ntly us e d fo r lying d o wn and is in fa ct a syn o nym o f sa ldlu
S ee M uss Arnolt As s yria n Dictionary p a g e 7 5 8
The origin al ha s
very cl e arly Sib
sh eph erd
with t he plura l sign
The
”
sh eph erds o f t he night who could now r e st si n c e E nkidu ha d kill e d
t he lions are o f c o urs e t he sh e ph e rds who w e r e a ccusto me d t o w a tch
t he fl o cks duri n g t he night
Lin e 1 1 1 u i—
tap p i—
i§ is II 2 n ap dsfu
h enc e
t o ma k e a h o l e
”
t o p lun g e
ba ri is Of c o urs e
in c o nn e cti o n with a w eapon Sib—
”
no t
mo unt ain go ats as L an gd o n r end e rs but a b y —
form to §ibbiru
”
stick and d esign a tes s o me sp e ci al w e ap o n S i n c e o n s eal cylind ers
d epicting E nkidu killi n g lions a nd o th er ani mals t he h e r o is arme d
with a d a gge r this is pre su mably the w eapon sibbaru
Lin e 1 1 3 L a ngd o n s tran sl a ti o n is a g a in out Of the qu e sti o n
a nd pur e ly f a nciful
The tr a c e s f av o r the r e st o r a ti o n na ki [ di e]
sh eph erds and sinc e t he lin e app e ars t o b e a p a r all e l t o li n e 1 1 0
”
I v entur e t o sugge st a t t he b e gi nn ing [ it ti] ln fr o m na dlu lie d o wn
The sh eph e rds c an sl ee p
a sy n onym th e r e f o r e t o s a kdp u in lin e 1 1 0
”
qui e tly a ft e r E n kidu ha s b e c o me the gu ardi an Of t he fl o cks In
4 ) E nkidu is c a ll e d a n a —
t he Assyri a n v e rsion ( t abl e t I I 3
kid
”
lfi
sh eph e rd and in the pre c eding lin e w e lik ewis e h a ve N a Kid
”
with t he plura l sign i e
sh eph erds
This w o u ld p o i n t t o n a kidu
ers a
ic e v
a w o rd th a t ha s
b ei n g a S u meria n l o a n w o rd unl e ss it is v
go n e o ver i n t o t he S u meri an fr o m Akk a di an Is p erh aps t he fra g
me nt in qu e sti o n ( K 8 5 74 ) in t he Assyri an v ersio n ( H a upt s e d N O
2 5 ) t he p ara llel t o o ur p a ss a g e ?
I f in li ne 4 Of t his fra g men t we c o uld
rea d 55 fo r s a i e na kid su nu th eir sh eph erd we w o uld h a ve a
be
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Y A L E O RI EN TA L SE RI ES R ES EARCH ES I v3
-
78
p a rall el t o line
to
o f t he
pro t e ct o r
fo llo ws :
ma ssa ru
ple t ed
1 14
as
P e nnsylv ni t bl t with
,
.
—
n
i
m
m
a
n
u
t
i
l
i
t
]
[
-
-
e
,
n a -kid a s a
pre c e ding lin e would th e n
T he
“
a
a
a
-
m’
a -kid
[
ra -
syn onym
be
co
m
bu -tum]
p
rh
ps
ly
u ma sinc e t he nim is no t c ert a in ) a nd would
t
i
l
i
t
n
o
r
a
e
o
(
c o rre sp ond to line 1 1 3 Of t he P enn sylvani a t abl e t In as much as t he
wri t i ng o n t he ti ny f ra gme nt is ve ry much blurr e d it is quit e p o ssibl e
th at in li ne 2 we must rea d sib ba ri ( i nst e a d Of bar ba ri) which would
furnish a p a ra ll e l t o li ne 1 1 1 o f the P e nnsylvani a t abl e t The di ff er
e nc e b e tw ee n Bar a n d Sib is sligh t a n d t he o ne sign might e a sily b e
mis ta k en fo r t he o t h e r in t he c a s e Of cl o s e writing T he cont inu a tion
o f lin e 2 o f t he fr a g me nt w o uld th e n c o rr e sp o n d t o lin e 1 1 2 o f t he
P ennsylva ni a t abl e t whil e li ne 1 Of t he fra gme nt might b e c o m
r
u
d
m
a
i
a
t
i
m
m
e
a
th
ugh
this
is
by
no
ns
l
e
5
s
o
e
e
d
e
t
]
]
[
[
p
c e rt a in
The br ea k a t t he cl o s e Of c o lu mn 3 (a b o ut 5 li n e s ) a nd t he top
Of c o lu mn 4 (a b o ut 8 li ne s ) is a mo st s eri o us int errupti o n in the
n arra tive a nd ma k e s it difficult t o pick up the thr e a d wh er e t he
t abl e t a g ain b e c o me s r e ad abl e We c ann o t b e c ert ain wh e th er t he
”
—
h
n
h
1
1
stro ng man t e u iqu e h e r o w o addr e ss e s s o me o ne (lin e s 5 1 1 7 )
is E nkidu o r Gish o r s o me o th er p ers o n a ge but pre su ma bly Gish is
mea nt
I n t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n T a bl e t I 3 2 a nd 2 9 w e find Gil
”
g ame sh d escrib e d a s t he uniqu e h e ro a nd in l 23 4 O f the P e nn
”
sylva ni a t abl e t Gish is c a ll e d uniqu e whil e a ga i n in the Ass yri a n
ve rsi o n T abl e t I 2 1 5 a nd 2 6 he is d e sign a t ed as ga §ru as in our
t ext
A ssu ming this wh o m do e s he addr ess ? P erh aps the sh e p
h erds ? I n e ith er c a s e he re c e ive s a n an sw er th a t r ej o ic e s him If
t he f r a g me n t Of t he A ssyri an v ersi o n ( K 8 5 74 ) a bov e discuss e d is t he
we
e quiv a l e n t t o t he cl o s e Of c o lu mn 3 Of t he P e n nsy lv a ni a t a bl e t
may go o ne s t e p furth e r a nd with s o me mea sure O f a ssuran c e a ssu me
th at Gish is t o ld Of E nkidu s expl o its a nd th a t the l a tt er is appr o a ch
ing E re ch
This pl e as e s Gish but E nkidu wh en he s ee s
is s t irr ed t o a ng er a nd w ants t o a nnih il a t e him At t his p o int the
”
man (who is pr o b a bly Gish th o ugh the p o ssibility O f a th ird p er
s o na g e must b e a d mi t t e d ) in t e rv e n e s a nd in a l o n g sp ee ch s e ts f o rth
t he d e s t i ny a nd high e r a i ms o f ma nkind
T he c o ntra st b e t w ee n
E n kidu a nd Gish ( o r the third p a rty ) is th a t b e t w ee n t he primitive
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J A S TRO W CL A Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
O LD
79
s ava ge and t he ci viliz e d b e ing The contra st is put in t he form of
a n Opp o siti o n b e tw ee n t he two
The pri mitiv e ma n is the stronge r
and wish e s to d e stroy t he o n e who m he re g a rds as a n a tur a l fo e and
riva l
O n t he o th er h and t he o ne who st ands o n a high er pl an e
w ants to lift his fell o w up The wh o l e O f c o lu mn 4 th er e fore fo rms
p a rt o f the l e ss o n a tt a ch e d t o t he st o ry Of E nkidu who id e ntifi e d
with man in a pri mitive st a ge is mad e t he me diu m o f illustra ting
how the high er pl an e is r ea ch e d thr o ugh the guiding in flu e nc e s Of
the w o ma n s h o ld o n man an influ e nc e e x e rcis e d t o b e sur e with
t he h e lp of her b o dily ch arms
ki—
§i (i mp e r a tive f o r m) d o e s not me a n t a k e a w a y
Lin e 1 3 5 uh—
a s L an
gdon (who e ntir e ly miss e s the point o f t he wh o l e p ass a ge )
”
”
re nd ers but o n t he contrary lure him o n
e n tr ap him
a nd t he
like The v erb o ccurs a ls o in the Y a l e t a bl e t ll 1 83 a nd 1 8 6
Lin e 1 3 7 L angd o n s n o t e to lu u§ § u ha d b e tt er b e p a ss e d o v e r
”
in sile nc e The f o rm is II 1 fro m ere d estr o y
Lin e 1 3 9 S inc e the ma n wh o m t he w o ma n c al ls a ppro a ch e s
E nkidu t he subj e ct Of b o th v e rbs is the man a nd t he Obj e ct is
E nkidu ; i e th ere fo re The man appr o a ch e s E nkidu and b eh o lds
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him
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L in e
L angd o n s i nt erpr e t ati o n o f this lin e a ga in is pure ly
”
—
—
fan ciful E di il c ann o t Of c o urs e b e a ph o n etic vari ant o f edir ;
a n d c e rt a inly t he lin e do e s n o t d e scrib e t he st a t e O f mind Of t he w o ma n
Lin e s 1 40—1 4 1 are to b e t ak e n a s a n expr e ssi o n O f ama z emen t a t
E nkidu s app ear a nc e
The first word a pp ea rs t o b e a n i mp e r a tiv e
”
”
The
in the s ens e Of Be O ff
Awa y fro m ddlu mo v e ro am
s e c o nd w ord e e§ why o ccurs with t he s ame v erb ddlu in the M e is
sn er fra gment : e e§ ta da a l ( colu mn 3
why d o st th o u r o a m
”
The v e rb at t he e nd O f t he lin e may p erh a ps b e co mpl e t e d
a b o ut ?
t o ta hi il la a m
The l a st sign app e ars to b e a m but may b e ma
in which c a s e we sh o uld h a ve t o c o mpl e t e si m
ply ta hi il ma Ta hil
w o uld b e the se c o n d p ers o n pre s en t Of hi lu C f i hi il fre qu en tly
in a strologic a l t exts e g Viro lle aud Ada d N O 3 lin es 2 1 a nd 33
Li n e 1 4 1 The rea di n g Zim nu a t the b e ginn ing i nst ea d Of
—
—
a
n
i
k
a
i
st
e
d
m
n
a
a
t
a
a
o
L a ngd o n s mi nu is quit e c ert ain a s is ls
h
Of wh at L a ngd o n pro p o s es which give s no s ens e wh a t ev er M a n a htu
”
”
in t he s en s e Of t he t o il a nd a ctivity o f life ( lik e 522 thro ugh
’
1 40
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-
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“
o ut
t he
B o ok
Of
E ccl e si a st e s )
o
ccurs in
t he
introduct o ry li ne s to
YA L E OR I EN TAL SERI ES RESE A RCH ES v3
80
-
1
ma
all
Assyri a n v ersi o n O f t he E pic I
h ti
”
of his t o il i e all o f his c a re e r
Lin e 1 4 2 T he subj e ct of the v e rb c ann o t b e the w o man as
Langd o n supp o s es fo r t he t ex t in th a t c as e e g lin e 4 9 w o uld
”
The l o ng
h av e s aid p i sé ( her mo u t h ) no t p i éu ( his
sp ee ch d e t aili ng t he func t i o n a nd d e sti ny o f civiliz e d ma n is pl a c e d
in t he mo u t h Of t he ma n who mee ts E nkidu
In t he Intr o duc t i o n it ha s b e e n p oint e d o ut th a t lin e s 1 4 9 and
1 5 1 o f t he sp e e ch a pp e a r t o b e due to l a t e r mo dific a ti o ns O f t he sp e e ch
d esign e d t o c o nne c t t he epis o d e with Gish A ssu ming this to b e the
c a se t he sp ee ch s e t s fo rth t he f o ll o wi ng fi ve disti n ct a i ms Of hu ma n
life : ( 1 ) e st ablishing a h o me (li ne
(3 ) st o ring
( 2) work ( lin e
up re s o urc e s (lin e
( 5 ) mo n o gamy ( lin e
(4 ) marri a ge (lin e
a ll Of which is put d o wn as e st a blish e d fo r a ll ti me by divin e
d e cree (lin e s 1 5 5
a n d a s ma n s f a t e fr o m his birth ( lin e s 1 58
t he
1 , 8 , ka - lu
,
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,
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na -a
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mu ti is fo r biti 3d e mu—
ti j ust a s
Ti-a ma ti (As syrian C r e a ti o n M yth IV 65 ) st an ds fo r
Tiamti
C f bit e mu ti (Assyri a n v ersion IV 2 4 6 a nd
Lin e
-
1 44
bi-ti-i§
.
e-
-
-
,
-
,
,
g
.
-
.
Ica b-lu-u5
[ gablu 55
The
-
,
,
,
li ne is l o st b ey o nd re cov ery but t he gen era l s e ns e is cl ear
Lin e 1 4 6 tu a ar is a possibl e r e a di n g
It may b e the con
struct o f tu a ru o f fr equ e nt o ccurre n c e in l e g a l t exts a nd h a ving
”
”
”
s o me such meani n g as right
cl ai m o r prer o g ative
S ee t he
p a ss a ge s give n by M uss Arno lt Assyria n Dic tion ary p
”
Lin e 1 4 8 The r e a ding uh la a t fo od and th e n in the wid er
”
s ens e fo o d supply
is quit e c ert a in
The f o urth
”
Sign looks like t he o ne fo r city
E mi s a ma y st and for e mid s a
”
The g e n e r a l s ens e O f t he li n e a t a ll e v e n t s is cl e a r a s
pl a c e it
giving t he a dvic e t o g a t h e r re s ourc e s It fits in with t he B abyl o ni an
outl o ok o n life t o r e g ard work a nd w e alth a s t he fruits o f work and
a s a pr o p er purpos e in lif e
—
i
1
5
L n e 0 (rep ea t ed li ne s 1 52 1 53 ) is a puz z li n g lin e To ren
der p iti p il ls ep si ( o r ep iéi) a s L angdon pr o p o s e s
a ddr e ssing
o p en
thy sp ee ch is phil o l o gic ally and in ev ery oth e r r e sp e ct i nad missibl e
T he word p u uh (which L angd o n t ak e s fo r thy
c a n Of
c o urs e b e n o thing but t he c o n struct fo rm Of pukku which o ccurs
”
in t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n in t he s ens e o f ne t (pu uh ku I 2 9 a nd
2 1 and al s o in t he c o l o phon t o t he e l e ve n t h t a bl e t furnishi n g t he
e nd o f
t he
.
,
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YA L E ORI EN TA L
82
S E RI E S
'
RES E ARC H E S I
v3
-
is as Obscure as the o rigi na l In a n o te he s ays th at a punnati mean s
”
n o strils which is c e rt ai nly wr o ng Th e re has b een c o nsid erabl e
discussi o n a b o ut this t e rm (s ee H o lma N a men der K Orp erteile p a ge s
1 5 0 a nd
t he me a ni ng o f which has b e e n a dv an c e d by C hristi an s
discussi o n in OLZ 1 91 4 p 3 97 Fro m this it a pp ea rs th a t it mus t
d e sig na te a p a rt o f t he b o dy which c o uld a cquire a wid e r signific anc e
”
t o t a lity s inc e it app ea rs in a
s o a s t o b e us e d as a syn o nym fo r
”
”
n ap h
t o t a lity ka lu ma all
a ru
list O f e quiva l e n t fo r D ur
”
b o ny structure a nd kul—
la tum t o t a l
tum e si im tum
a bu un n a —
”
C hristi a n sh o ws th a t it may b e t he n a v e l
it y ( C T X I I 1 0 7
which c o uld w e ll a cquire a wid e r sign ific a nc e for the b o dy in g en
”
u mbilic a l c o rd
e r a l ; b ut we ma y g o a st e p f u rth e r a nd sp e ci f y t he
( t e n t at ive ly sugges t e d a ls o by C hristi a n ) a s t he pri ma ry mea ning
”
th e n the na ve l a nd f r o m t his the b o dy in g en era l The s t ruc t ur e
of the u mbilic al c o rd a s a s eri e s o f strands w o uld a cc o u nt fo r des ig
n at i ng it by a plura l f o rm a bunn dti a s als o fo r the fa ct t h a t o ne c o uld
sp ea k Of a right a nd l e ft sid e O f the a p p un ndti T o disti nguish
”
”
b e t w ee n the u mbilic a l c o rd a nd t he n a vel t he id e o gr aph D ur
( t he co mmo n meani ng Of which is riksu b o nd [ D eli t zsch S umer
G los s ar p
w as us e d fo r t he f o r me r whil e fo r t he l a tt er Li D ur
wa s e mpl o y e d th o ugh t he r e a di ng in Akk adi an in b o th c a s e s w a s
t he s a me
The e xpre ssion with ( o r a t ) t he cutting o f his u mbilic a l
”
” —
cord w o uld me a n th e re f ore fr o m his birth
sinc e t he cutting Of
t he cord which u nit e d t he chil d with t he moth e r ma rks t he b e gi nn i n g
o f t he s e p a r a t e li f e
Lin e s 1 5 8 —1 5 9 th er e f o r e in concluding t he
a ddr e ss to E n kidu
e mph a si z e in a pictur e squ e w a y th a t wh a t ha s
b een s et fo rth is ma n s fa t e fo r which he has b ee n d e stin e d fr o m
birth
[ S e e n o w A lbright s r e marks o n a bu n na tu in t he R e vu e
d As s yriO l o g ie 1 6 pp 1 7 3 —1 7 5 with wh o s e c o n clusi o n h o w e v e r
th a t it me a n s pri ma rily b a ckb o ne a nd th e n s t a tur e I c ann o t
a gr ee ]
In t he brea k O f a b o ut three lin e s a t t he b o t t o m Of c o lu mn 4
a nd O f a b o ut six a t t he b e gi n ning Of c o lu mn 5 th e r e must h a v e b e en
s e t f o rth t he e ff e ct Of t he a ddr e ss o n E nkidu a n d t he indic a t i o n o f
his rea din e ss t o a cc ept the advic e ; as in a fo r me r p ass a ge (lin e
E nkidu sh o w e d hi ms e lf wi lling t o fo ll o w t he w o ma n
A t all e v e nts
t he t wo no w pr o c ee d t o t he h e a rt O f t he city
E nkidu is in f ro nt
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JA S TROW C LA Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
O LD
83
w o man b ehind him The sc en e up to this poi n t must h a v e
—
a
a
t k en pl c e outsid e Of E re ch in t he suburbs o r appro a ch e s to the
city wh e re t he me a dows and t he sh eepfolds w er e situ a t e d
”
—
—
—
Lin e 1 74 um ma nu um are no t the artis ans
a s L an gd o n
”
su ppos e s but t he p e op le o f E re ch j ust a s in the Assyri a n versi o n
T abl et IV 1 4 0 wh e r e the w o rd occurs in c o n n e cti o n with i dip p i ir
which is p erh aps t o b e t a k e n a s a syn o ny m o f p a hdru ga th e r
so
2 4 0) g a th ers with t he fl o ck
a ls o i dip p ir ( T a bl e t I
—
Lin e s 1 80 1 8 2 must h a v e c o n t ain e d the d e scripti o n Of E nkidu s
r e s embl an c e t o Gish but t he lin e s are t o o mutil a t e d t o p ermit o f
any c ert a i n r e st o r a ti o n
S ee t he corr e cti o n s ( A pp e ndix ) fo r a sug
ge st e d r e ading fo r the en d Of lin e 1 8 1
Lin e 1 8 3 c a n b e r e st o r e d with c o n sid er abl e pr o b a bility o n t he
b a sis o f t he Assyri a n v e rsi on T abl e t I 3 3 a n d 3 0 wh er e E n kidu
”
is describ e d a s o ne wh o s e p o w er is str o ng in t he l an d
Li ne s 1 86 1 8 7 The puzzling w o rd t o b e r e ad app ar ently
ka k ki—
w eap o n s as L angd o n prop o s e s In
a tu m c an h a rdly me a n
th a t c a s e we should exp e ct ka kké ; and mo r eo v e r t o s o r end er giv e s
no s ens e e sp e ci a lly sinc e t he verb u te c l li tu is without much qu e s
”
K a kkia tum
ti o n t o b e r end er e d r e j o ic e d and n o t purifi e d
—
if this b e the corr e ct re a di n g ma y b e a d e signa ti o n Of E re ch lik e
a nd
t he
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m
ribiti
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—
Lin e s 1 88 1 89
ga in e ntir ely misu n d ersto o d by L angd o n
S ee t he corr e cti o n s in t he A pp en dix
o wing t o e rr o n e ous r e a dings
Lin e 1 90 i li—
im in this li n e is us e d lik e H e br e w E l o h im G o d
Lin e 1 91 § a ki§§um sa kin ium a s c o rre ctly expl a in e d by
L a ngd o n
Lin e 1 92 W ith this li ne a new epis o d e b e gin s which o wi n g t o
The
the g ap a t t he b e gin n ing Of c o lu mn 6 is so mewh a t o bscur e
It
epis o d e l e a ds t o t he h o stil e e nc o unt er b e tw e e n Gish a n d E n kidu
is re ferr e d t o in colu mn 2 Of t he fo urth t abl e t o f the Assyri an ver
—
—
—
si o n
Li ne s 3 5 50 all th a t is pr e s erve d o f this c o lumn f orm in
—
p a rt a p ara ll e l t o c o lu mn s 5 6 Of the P e nn sylvan i a t able t but in
much bri ef er f o rm sinc e wh a t o n t he P e nn sylvan i a t abl e t is t he
incid en t its elf is o n the fo urth t abl e t Of the Assyri a n versi o n me rel y
a r ep e a t e d su mma ry Of t he r e l a ti o n ship b e tw ee n t he t w o h e r o e s
—
l eadi n g up t o t he exp e dition a ga i n st Hu (m) b ab a
Lin e s 38 40 of
are
a
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~
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“
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YA L E O RI EN TA L SE RI ES RESE A RCHES I v3
-
84
—
O f t he
c o lu mn 2 o f t he Assyri a n ve r i o n c o rr e sp o nd to lin s
It w ould s ee m
P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t a nd li ne s 44 5 0 t o li ne s 1 92 22 1
t h a t G ish pro c ee ds s t e a l t hi ly a t night to g o t o t he g o dd e ss I s hhara
”
family h o us e ( A ssyri a n
who li e s o n a c o uch in t he bit emuli t he
He e nc o unt ers E nkidu in t he str ee t
v ersi o n T a b le t I V 2 4 6
pu t s his f o o t in the ga t e l e ading
a nd t he l a tt e r bl o cks G is h s p a th
t o t he h o us e wh e re t he g o dd e ss 1 s a nd t hus pre v e nts G is h fr o m e nt e r
T h e re up o n t he t wo h ave a fi e rc e e nc o unt e r in which Gish is
in g
w o rs t e d
Do es
T he me a nin g O f t he e pis o d e i t s e lf is n o t cl e a r
E nkidu pro p o s e t o d e prive Gish h e re vi e w e d a s a g o d ( cf l in e 1 90
A ssyri an versi o n T abl e t I 4 4 5 lik e
O f t he P e nn sylv a ni a t a bl e t
—
?
I
n
h
a
h
o
s
a
r
a
o
th e r f o r m of Isht ar
O f his sp o us e t e g dd e ss
a
h
O r a re t he t w o herOes t he o ne a c o unt e rp art O f t he o th er c o nt e sti ng
Is it in this sc e n e th a t E nkidu
fo r t he p o ss e ssi o n o f a godd e ss ?
”
b e co me s t he riva l (me ih ru lin e 1 91 o f the P ennsylva ni a t abl e t )
We must c o nt ent o urs elf with h a ving o bt a in e d
o f t he divin e Gish ?
thr ough the P enn sylva ni a t abl e t a cl e a r er indic ation Of the o cc a si o n
a nd l e a v e the furth e r expl an a
o f t he fig ht b e tw e e n t he two h e r o e s
tion O f the e pis o d e till a fortun a t e ch a nc e may thr o w a ddi t i on a l
light up o n it Th er e is p erh a ps a re fer e nc e t o t he epis o d e in the
b
—
Assyri an v ersi o n T abl et II 3 3 5 3 6
f
‘
Li ne 1 96 For i n a a g sa a m (fro m na gdsu) L a ngd o n prop o s e s
”
wh ere a s it cl early means
t he pure ly fanciful embra cing her in sl e ep
”
he a ppr o a ch e s
C f M uss Arn o lt Ass yria n Diction a ry p a ge
—
—
Li ne s 1 97 200 app ea r t o c o rr e sp o nd t o T abl e t IV 2 3 5 3 7 O f
t he Assyri a n ve rsi o n th o ugh n o t fo rming a co mpl e t e p ar a ll e l
We
ma y th ere fo re s upply at t he b e ginning O f lin e 3 5 o f t he A ssyri an ver
si o n [ itto ziz] Enkidu corr e sp o nding t o lin e 1 97 o f the P ennsylvania
t abl e t
Li ne 3 6 of IV 2 c ert a inly app ears t o corr e spond to lin e
1 74 1 7 7
e
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2 00
-nu ti
d
a
n
(
—
ni ii éu)
,
da -na
,
-
-
.
Lin e 2 08 The first sign l o oks mo re like § ar though ur is possibl e
Lin e 2 1 1 is cl ea rly a d e scription O f E nkidu as is shown by a
c o mp aris o n with t he Assyri an v ersi o n I 2 3 7 : [ pi] ti ilc pi ir ti-su
”
d
uh ta n n a ba kima N ida ba
The fo rm O f his h air sproute d l ik e wh e a t
We must th er e fo re supply E nkidu in the pre c eding line T a bl e t IV
4 6 O f t he Assyri an v e rsion a lso cont ains a r e fer e nc e to t he flowin g
h air Of E nkidu
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J A S T ROW C LA Y
-
Lin e
a nd
212
B A BYL ON IA N GI LGA MESH EP I C
c o mpl e ti o n
Fo r t he
.
O LD
Ba bylonia n Letters , N o 2 1 4
.
of
85
lin e cf H a rp er Ass yrian
t he
.
,
.
Lin e 2 1 4 Fo r ribitu mdti s e e t he n o t e ab o ve t o lin e 2 8 of
c o lu mn 1
—
Lin e s 2 1 5 2 1 7 c o rr e sp o n d a lmost entire ly to the Assyri an ver
—
si o n IV 2 4 6 4 8 The va ri a tio n s ki ib su in pl a c e of sép u and kima
lim
lik e ox e n i n st ea d Of ina bab emuli (r ep ea t ed fro m lin e
a na §uru
bi fo r ériba m are slight th o ugh int e r e sti n g
The Assyri a n
”
v e rsi o n sh o ws th at the g a t e in li ne 2 1 5 is the g a t e O f t he family
”
hous e in which t he g o dd e ss I shhara li es
—
Li ne s 2 1 8 228 The d et a il e d d e scripti o n o f t he fi ght b e tw ee n
t he t wo h e r o e s is o nly p a rti a lly pre s erv e d in t he Assyri a n v ersion
im is e vid e ntly to b e ta k en a s p lur a l h e r e a s
Li ne 2 1 8 ti i—
in lin e 2 24 j ust a s su—
ri bi tim ( lin e s 4 2 8
lgi im ( lin e s 2 7 a n d
ta r ba sim ( lin e
a ssa mim ( li n e 98 ) are plur a l f o r ms
O ur
t ext furn ish e s as d o e s a ls o t he Y al e t abl e t a n i n t er e s t i n g i llustr a
ti o n Of t he v a cill a ti o n in t he H ammur abi p e ri o d in t he tw o f o ld use
Of im : ( a ) as an indic a ti o n o f t he plur a l (a s in H ebr ew ) a n d (b ) a s
a me r e e mph a tic e n ding ( li n e s 63 7 3
a nd
which b e c ome s p re
do min an t in t he p o st H ammur abi a g e
Lin e 22 7 Gilg amesh is Oft e n r epr e s ent e d o n s eal cyli n d ers as
kn eeling e g W ard S e a l C ylind ers N o s 1 59 1 60 1 65 C f a ls o
Assyri an v ersion V 3 6 wh e re Gilg ame sh is d e scrib e d as kn ee ling
th o ugh h er e in pr ay e r
S e e furth er t he c o mme nt ary t o t he Y a l e
t abl et lin e 2 1 5
z a su
Lin e 22 9 We must o f cours e r ea d uz—
his a ng er and
”
his j a ve lin a s L a ngd o n d o e s which giv e s no s ens e
no t a s sa 3u
Lin e 2 3 1 L angd o n s n o t e is err o n e ous He a ga in miss e s the
ni—
ih) is t he co mmon
p o int The st e m o f the v erb h ere a s in li ne 2 3 0 (i—
n dh
u us e d s o c o n st a n tly in c o n n e cti o n with p a sdhu t o d e sign a t e
t he c e ss a ti o n o f an g e r
Lin e 2 3 4 istén appli ed t o Gish d e signa t e s him Of cours e a s
”
”
uniqu e not a s a n o rdi nary man a s L angd o n supp o s e s
”
Lin e 2 3 6 O n this titl e wild c o w Of the st a ll for N insun
p age 6 t o wh o m we o we t he corr e ct V i e w
s ee Poeb el I n OLZ 1 91 4
re garding the n ame o f Gilga me sh s mo th er
Lin e 2 38 ma ti h er e c ann ot me an husb an
d but man in
.
.
-
-
,
,
,
“
,
,
,
.
“
“
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-
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-
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-
,
“
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,
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,
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,
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’
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-
.
“
,
YAL E O RI EN TAL SE RI ES R ESEA RCH ES I v3
-
86
La ngd o n s strange misr eadin g
”
ri-eé su fo r ri-eé ka ( thy h ea d ) l e a ds him a g a in to miss t he poin t
n ame ly th a t E nkidu c o mf o rts his riv al by t elli ng him th a t he is d e stin e d
He is to b e mor e th a n a
fo r a c a re e r a b o v e th a t Of t he ordin a ry man
mere priz e fight er ; he is to b e a ki n g and no d o ubt in t he anci ent
se nse as the repre se n t a tive Of t he d e ity This is indic a t e d by the
st a t e men t th at the kingship is d e cree d fo r him by E nlil S imil arly
i
a mo ng
a
t
o
e
e
B
uw
w
is
sign
t
d
by
E
nlil
insp
r
t
rror
d
e
e
a
a
b
a
r
m
b
a
o
u
H( )
d
i éim iii Enlil
Y al e
men (Assyri an v ersi o n T abl e t IV 5 2 a nd
t abl e t l 1 3 7 wh ere this is t o b e suppli ed This p o siti o n a cc o rd ed
t o E nlil is a n i mp o rt a nt ind ex fo r t he origi n o f t he E pic which is
thus sh o wn to d a t e fr o m a p eri o d wh e n t he p a tr o n d e it y Of N ippur
This j usti
was a ckn o wl e dge d as t he ge n er al h e a d o f the p a nth e on
fie s us in g o ing b a c k s e v e r a l c enturi e s a t l e a st b e for e H ammur abi
If it had origin a t e d in the
fo r t he b e gin ni n g o f t he Gilg ame sh story
H ammurabi p e ri o d we sh o uld h a ve ha d M arduk i ntroduc e d inst e a d
of E nlil
Lin e 24 2 As has b e en p o in t e d out in t he c o rr e cti o ns t o the
t ext (App endix) §u tu ur c an o nly b e III 1 fro m a tdru to b e in
It is a pity th a t the b a l anc e o f the lin e is br o k en O ff
e xc e ss O f
sinc e this is t he first in st anc e O f a col o phon b e ginning with the t erm
in qu e stion In so me way §u tur must indic a t e th a t the c o py of the
”
t ext has b ee n enl arge d
It is t empting to fill o ut the lin e sit tu ur
”
e li [ dupp i ta biri] a n d to r e nd e r
e nl a rg e d fro m a n o rigin a l
as an
indic a ti o n of an ind ep end ent re c e nsi o n Of the E pic in the Hummurabi
p eriod All this how eve r is pur ely c o nj e ctur al a nd we must p ati ently
hop e for mo re t abl e ts of the O ld B abyl o ni an v ersi o n t o turn up The
ch anc e s are th a t so me p o rtions Of the s ame e diti o n a s the Y al e and
P ennsylva ni a t abl e ts ar e in t he h an ds of d ea l ers a t pre s ent or h av e
b e e n sold t o E urop e a n mus eu ms The war ha s s e riously int e rf ere d
with the p o ssibility o f tra cing the wh er eab o uts o f gr o ups O f t abl e ts
tha t o ught n e ver to h av e b e e n s ep a ra te d
g e n e ral
See
.
a
b o ve
.
“
-
-
t o lin e 1 07
no t e
’
,
.
,
.
,
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-
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,
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,
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-
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,
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-
J A S TROW C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
.
-
Y AL E TA B L E T
TR A NS LI T ER A T I ON
.
TR A NS LA T I ON
.
( Ab o u t
ines missing )
t en l
.
(my friend?)
[ ib]
-im
m
i
[
[ S o mething]
ku-tu
-
m
‘ [ am mi nim] ta a h si ih
-ui -a -a m e- i § d-a m
a
n
[ p]
[
]
mi—
im[ -ma sd-ku
-ii—
-m -nim
t
a
m
i
[ h] ih
]
[
ta-du-u [ a-na ki-i]s tim
si-ip ra -a m a-[ ta -s -e i-na [ nis é]
a
_
'
-
-
'
-
fic ult
h
[ Why do st thou] desire
[ to g o down to the f o rest]?
A me ssage [ they carri ed] a mo ng
[ men]
“
They c arrie d ab out
Theymade a
f u ma
20 it-ta-a i-su
’
ru- u-ta
m
us-ta-di-nu
( Ab ou t
u-na -i-du
t
1 7 line s
Co l
.
II
b rought
mi ssing )
.
swer [ they returned ]
[ TO] the woman
They pro cee de d to the
thr owing
an
—
o
ver
.
( Ab o u t
ven li nes missing )
e le
.
ma -hi ra-am [ s d i-si-su]
su-uk-ni-sum-[ ma ]
[ The
'
’
'
-
’
’
—
—
[ G is mu di
um
mi
-
-na
d
'
ma [ha r
-
-
-
a- a t
ka - la
—
m ]
a
-di-sé 55-55
m
a
s
i
s
]
a
a
o ne
who is]
ival [ t o
a r
him]
ubdue and
Wailing
The mo the r [ o f G i sh who knows
e ve ry thi n g ]
B e fo re [ Sh amash raise d her h a nd]
s
la-a l-la -ru [ tu]
i
hey
.
- ti-ir -ru
m
u
[
]
[
—
-na
i
m
a
r
i
[ ] tim
[
] ha
- u—
-§u a-na s a —
k
a
4 5 [ i]
[ ] p ti
-ra-a
.
.
’
zi-ilc
isi exc ee ding ly
[ Why] dost thou desire
[ to do this ?]
so me thing
tha t is very [ dif
di-is
i-p u-ia
hat
'
-
’
t
diflic ult ,
a le-ru
’
.
,
YA L E O RI EN TA
88
sé 12
[
i
65 ta
-
[
— m]
.
-
-na
-3
v
SER I ES RESE A RCH ES
1
L
na a m-oni n i
as
ib-bi
ma ri-ia li—
a na
-
-
! why!
has t thou s tirred up
fo r
la ]
my
t he
heart
so n,
[ Re stlessne ss i mpo sed upo n him
-la te-mid-s u
l
i
]
[
a
s
( Ab ou t fo ur li nes missi ng )
.
ye s [ of E nki du filled wi th
t ea rs ]
[ im ta m]
il [ p u—
ui li] ib ba ia [ ma ]
[ He c lut che d] his he art ;
he sigh ed
a s ta ni [ ih
]
[ za r
[ The eye s Of E n]ki du fill ed wi th
[ i na ia En] ki du im la a di
t ea rs
im-ta m
—
—
—
ma
b
a
s
u
l
u
t
i
i
b
i
l
u
[ He c lut che d] his heart ;
]
[ p
he sighe d
a s ta ni [ ih]
[ S adly
[ zar
-a b bil
a
The f a c e [ of G i sh was gri eved]
u
t
i
G
s
[
]
p a ui s it
d
[ He spo ke] to E nki du
[ ia z a ka r a m] a na En lci dit
—
—
a
m
m
i
n
i
m
i
i
b
r
i
] na ka
[ M y frie nd why are] thy eyes
[
[ im la a di im] ta m
[ Fi lled wi th t e ars]
—
i
u
l
ib bi] lca
l
u
t
i
Thy [ heart c lu t ch e d]
[ p
D o s t th o u sigh [ sadly
[ z ar bi§ tu u§ ta ] ui ih
[ En ki du p i s u i p u s a Ja m ma
[ E nki du Opene d his mouth] and
iz z a [ kar a m] a na G is
spoke to G i sh
ta a b bi a tum ib ri
A ttacks my friend
i ta li a da da n i ia
us
h ave exhausted my
p
a h
a a—
a
ir ma a ma
M y arms are lame
e mu ki
i ni is
my strength has be come weak
4
90 015 p i sit i p u sé e mma
G i sh Opened his mou th a nd
d
iz za kar a m a na
En ki-du
sp o ke t o E nki du :
( Ab out four li nes miss i ng )
En-ki-da im-la -a ] di
d
[ sé
'
i
-na
T he
e
-
.
-
-
-
-
'
-
-
d
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
.
-‘
-
-
-
-
-
.
d
-
-
-
-
'
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
-
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
d
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
'
-
-
-
-
-
'
-
-
“
-
-
-
‘
“
-
,
,
-
-‘
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
-
-
'
-
-
.
-
-
' ’
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
C ol
.
III
.
[
“
di
a-
H]
u
wa -wa
-
—
da pi-nu
[ until] B uwawa
ri ble]
,
[ t he
te r
,
ra
——
[ lu
ur-ra
da
ma ]
-
-ih
f
t
a
l
l
i
[ h f
ma
a
ki-is-ti
.
3d]
[ I will
f orest
S c rib a l
e rro r
fo r
an
.
[ I des troyed]
t o t he] c edar
go
,
do wn
Y AL E ORI EN TAL SER I ES RESEA RCH ES
90
O
O
O
O
O
I V-3
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1 35
Co l
.
IV
”
—
ki i§ ti sé
.
-ul-lu-m[ a
(Li Sumsu
-
-ul
u
p
r
m?) i sim su E
im 7 (g
hi
-a -t
]
erini
-
-
-
“
n
iz
1 40
kdr-a
-za -
m
i tib
ma
ma
-na
Ew ki-du]
d
—
u sd
Sa ma s
au
-
“
Whoeve r my f riend
m ba-ba -n u u-ta m-mu sci
w l
r
lma l
-
mi—
im m
him)
.
M ankind
ga tes
Wherever te rro r is t o b e f a ced
Thou f o rso o th art in f ear Of
dea th
Thy prowe ss lacks stre ngt h
I will g o be fo re thee
Tho ugh t hy mo u th calls t o me ;
”
th ou a rt a fraid t o appro ach
I f I f all I will establish my name
.
i p u Sa sci-ru-ba
—
a t-ta a n-na -n u-um-ma ta -da r ma ta m
-
ve rco mes
wi th S hamash
lengt h o f [ his days]
wi ll spe ak o f it a t the
for t he
e- a-tu
a nd
o
,
is well (for
it
'
a-
.
,
da-ri-is u
d
'
-
[
”
[ Opene d] his mou th
spo ke to [ E nkidu]
e-lu
ib-ri
o o n-n u
r
-
,
G ish
-3u i- u sé -um-ma ]
i
p [
p
s
sa fe [ the c edar fores t]
[ E nli l has de cree d fo r it ] seve n
f o ld te rro r
lil]
c'
TO kee p
- f
55 i te
-u -
-
a
,
,
,
.
- a -n u kar-ra -da -ti-ka
n
d
a
l
5
5
5
1 45 u i
lu-ul-li-ih-ma
-ka
a
u
i
p
i-na
—
-e
-da -a r
a
a
m
i
i
t
a
k
i
i
s
s
i
i
a
l
t h
p
-
.
.
,
.
sum ma
'
-
e
a-
iz
‘
cu-u
—
H w
it ti
G it mi —
3
‘
d
t su-mi lu-us-z i
mt l
-
d
-
u
daé pi-nim
a -wa
,
G ish ,
the
i is-tu
l
—
- cu-u
.
t he
of
i
te rr ble
B uwawa
,
o ne ,
snatc hed from the t ime that
My Offspring was b o rn in
ha s
i-fwa-al-da m-ma ta r-bi a i-na sa m
I
k
k
a
m
a
b
u
a
l
a
ma ti-di
s
i
i
t
l
a
i h
The lio n
t
which thou
a
knowes t
hee
.
-tu
u
p
-
.
t
si pi-ti
1 55
lei-ma
sa -ra k-ti
.
[
—]i
’
ta -sé s
m tw lim-mi—
in li
-a-u
like
na -gi-ta
hee an d
Open
a
hou calles t to me] thou
a fflic te s t my heart
I am de te rmi ned
[ to enter] the c e dar fo re st
[ When
t
,
.
[
lla
all o f
,
-t
a
i
g
la ]-ué-ku-un-ma
”
ba um
erin i
'
——
]
u ri
Ha rdl y
ul
.
.
J A S TRO W C LA Y
-
-ma
s
u
[
'
'
’
sa
u a-na-ku lu-us-ta
]t
-
—
—
[ pu tu
ib ri
——
h
a
-le b
l
i
is
e
e
[
'
-
ki-is- ka- ti-i i-mu-hu
—
um-mi-a nu
ra -bu
3 bittu-ta-a -a n i§-ta p -ku
'
a a s-s i-ui
e nt
t
rust
.
t o t he
.
hem mould
be
”
.
[ The
t o the
e nt
me
isans they
a rt
ruste d
.
A
t
hey assigned to
the
workmen
H a t chets t he mas ters mo ulded
Axe s of 3 t ale nt s e a ch they
mo ulded
Lance s t he masters moulded;
Of 2 t alents ea ch
A s pear o f 3 0 mina ea ch a tt ache d
t o them
The hilt O f t he lanc e s O f 30 mi na
in gold
G ish a nd [ Enkildu we re e q uipped
wi th 1 0 t alent s e a ch
in Ere ch seven its
t he people hea rd a nd
.
—
tim
i§-p u-ku
—
h
isans I will
-
'
~
a
p si
my fr iend,
[ The
ma h ri ni
-
na
,
,
fore us
wa -ds-bu u§ ta- da-n u
91
I will i ndeed establish my
art
—
ku i—
na
u a-na
-
ki-is-ka -tim
a -na
pu
—] k
[ p u tu
V
a -ru-
a h-na
tu ma
B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
O LD
‘
.
-a
a
p
ri
t
-
m
ii-p u-ku
ra -bu- ti
an
me Se li-tum 2 biltu-ta -a —
-i -ru 8 0 ma na ta a a n
i
sd
s p
- ’ -
-
si-na
1 70
a
p a
-
—
t i
-
30
r
,
hi
'
-
a-
ma -na-ta -a—
an
hurasi
- du 1 0 bilta - ta
k
§
u
E
n
i
G
i
[ ]
j
[
a -a n sd-a k-nu]
d
d
'
——
n u ib bi—
7 i-di il s u
ul-la
'
v
is -
me-ma um-ma ra
v
“
-a
u
i
t
m
e
i
i na suki s a Uruk
[
ri-bi tim
-
-
-
-
[ ina
[
S
d
a su
Uruk
En-ki
11
Ere c h Of
i
—
[ In
t he
V
“
t he
s t re e t
of
pla z as
[ b rought him
t he
.
of
s t ree t
ma
a
sa t
Erech Of
t he
b ef o re him
[ thus] he spo ke
[ of E re ch] Of the pla z as
[ before him]
—
m
a
a
a
r
su]
[
h
1 80
”
pla z a s
i ga ]-a b-bi
ri] bi tim
a
Uruk
.
ri-bi-ti
—
n
-5 5
5
5
1
k’
C ol
in
G is
m
]
-
—
[ ki
.
’
k’
d
.
G is
s
uki
.
’
-
[u
’
.
G ish
Gis 55 i-ga -a b-bu-u ln-mu-ur
’
Of whom they speak
let me
,
see !
id
’
s
u-um-s u it-ta-nam-ma-la ma
'
ta -tum
lu—
uk su s u ma
-
lei-ma
-
-
i
”
—
ti
ini
—
—
i
i
hu um 55
p
-na
da -a n-n u
ki-ii
r
er
-
who se
na
me fills
s
t he la nd
.
I will lure him t o the c edar f o rest
Like a s tro ng o ffspring o f Ere ch
,
.
Y A L E O RI EN TA L SE RI ES R ESEA R CH ES
92
mi ma-ta m
—[ uP
‘ - fln s i c i
l
ti
a-
g
s kw-un-ma
s
uk-
lu
-
u-a
”
ma erini
s u-
ma
na m
m
’“
si-bu-tum sd Uruk
‘
'
u ti i
i ih
z -
—
i
s ih
-
r-ru
-
-
-ra
ti ma
ri
-
“
-
I will le t t he land h ea r (that )
I am de te rmined to lure (him)
5
the c e dar (f o re s t )
A name I will est ablish
in
.
-ru-u a -na-ku lu-a s-ta k
é
s ta
sit-
I V-3
“
‘
G is
G is
k
libbi—
Si ka
’ na
a
s O f Ere ch of t he pla zas
b rought wo rd t o G ish :
Tho u a rt you ng 0 G ish and thy
he a rt c a rrie s thee away
Tho u do s t no t kn ow what thou
The
ri-bi-ti
a -na
.
e lde r
,
,
.
mi im ma
-
- u-s u
e
n
e
t
i
t
p
'
sd
-
la tid i
p ro p os es t t o do
We e ar t at Huwawa
.
ni
si-im-me-ma
-
u-wa-wa
'
sd-n u-u
h
h
is e nrage d
.
Su
’
u nu
b
ma
a n-nu-u
-
—
ka- a k-ki
su
- id- ta -a -a n
k
as
]
[
g
is tén (-e n)
‘
a -na
—
ma
nu
-a
—
H wa wa
V I
pi
-s
u
—
ma sit
ri-ig-
-
o ne
of
libbi-§d
u
To
t kisti
ma-a n-nu 55 [ ur-ra]-da
d
Who has ever Oppo sed his weapon?
m [ us -ta m]-ha -ru
'
Bil-gi-ma
d
a -bu-bu
na-p i-s u
ma —
tum
f o re st
t he
Who
a -na
[ do ub le h our] in
ha s
e
t he
h eart
,
ver penetra te d into
it ?
B uwawa who se ro ar is a deluge
who se mouth is fire who se b re ath
,
,
,
is death
Why do st thou
.
a
m mi-nim
-
-ba -a la
la
g
ta h-si-ih
'
ma -ha -a r Su-p a-a t
—
H w
200 is m —m
d
-
a -wa
u
-
e e
a n-ni-a -a
G is
d
a
—
ki—
i
zi
m
wards t he dwel l
”
?
ing
o f B uwawa
li [ ki] G ish he a rd t he repo rt O f his c o un
To
ma-
r
— —
s ello rs
s a -a
m-ma i-si-ih
i-na -a n—
na ib-[ ri]
[
]
im
hm
-
kisti]
'
[ lu]ul [ lik
-
-
a
He
a -na
a
.
a nd
saw
NO W , my
a -a
—
[ d l la a k
-
-
a -na
I f e ar
-
-
-
"
.
-
ma
-
M ay
li
sc ibe
Kiéti o mit t e d b y sc rib e
5
by
r
.
.
o ut
to
[ his]
f riend thus [ I speak]
,
[ I wi ll
ce dar
ka
a na
ki is ti
I will g o [ wi th thee
ii ti—
fo re st]
( Ab ou t five li ne s miss i ng )
.
d
c rie d
him, b ut
.
O mitt e
to
f rie nd
—m
ki
a -g a - ab-bi
a -p a -a l-a
a d a nc e
-
35
ip p a-d l
v
de si re to do this ?
.
g o t o t he
t o t he
cedar
J A S TRO W C LA Y O L D B A BYL ON IA N GILGA MESH EP I C
93
-
ilu- ka
—
ka
li éd-[ tir—
’
h
arra na
§ u-u-l-mi]
a -na
[ Uruk
ri
hee ;
guide [ thee
g o d may
On the
t
may he
ro a d
in
—
bi tim]
k’
kar 55
a -na
Thy
k
- a
At t he
'
-
ra
mp art
pla z as]
G ish kneele d
[ E re ch
of
of
the
,
m
k
ma
~
a -a
G i§
'
l—
la a k Sa ma §
ka td [ ka
d
-
—
i—
-
-eu
-ma
b
u
[
]
i-g a -a b
a -wa a t
- r
a
a
m
[
h a
d
i-is -
a-
-
tu-us-li-ma
te
n ni a
r ra
[
'
-a
-
—
-
]
n a-p i- is -ti
na ka r i—
[ na
A wo rd the n he spo ke [ t o him]
I will g o 0 S hama sh [ thy]
h ands [ I sei z e hold of]
Whe n I shall h ave saved [ my life ]
“
,
,
,
k’
Uruk
]
me b a c k
E re ch]
Bri ng
to t he
ra
mpart [ in
.
- l
-ku-un
i
l
a
s
u
i
m
s
[ ]
ii i
[ b efo re S ha
.
ul la -n u
-
—
a—
a
s ba t]
down
[
'
ma
a -n a
prot e c ti o n [ t o me
G i sh c ri e d
[ my fri end]
ia-a
G ra nt
G i§ ib- [ r i
d
-s -
,
H is
te-ir-ta -s u
.
o ra c le
ta m
[ ma ]
i
When
-
( Ab ou t
Co l
.
VI
[ a na
—
.
-
-
ku]
d
ine s missing )
ma-tum
-ka -d
h
i
i
i
[
]
G is
'
t wo l
.
G ish , the
O f t he la nd
stro ng
o ne
.
h
'
a rra na s d
la
[ kam]
A
a l-
ro a d
whi ch I h ave never
[ tro dden]
food
i-di
l
u
l
a
nu
[
]
ud lul]
t
u
[
-
-
—
u§ li [ mu]
lu
-
-
[ h]
ka i-na
know
a -na -ku
u- ud
—
li ib-bi
do
not
.
[ Whe n] I shall have su c ceeded
[ I will p raise ] thee in t he j o y Of
my heart
t he superio ri ty
[ I will exto l
,
,
- t- t
-l -ka
g
u
a
c
u
u
i
l
i
[ ]l
[ ]
23 5
—
m
a
55m” k
[
a
g
i
-
na
m“
kus s é
u-nu
-
-
ti-ir]- ru
-n a
-ku-n u
i
a
t
i
i
S
[
]g
-k
-s i
24 0 [ il—
t
e
a
i
l
p
V
'
ri
iS-p a - a s -s u
su
m
ra - bu-tu
-tum a i s - a -tum
k
a
a
s
[
]
p
~
power
[ I will sea t th ee ]
of
t hy
,
hrone s
his
The mas ters [ b ro ught the weapo n s
[ b o w]
a nd
t
on
.
q uiver
They pla c e d in h and
.
[ He
t oo k] t he
h a t ch e t
.
his
q uiver
.
YAL E O RI EN TAL SER I ES RESE AR CH ES iv3
-
[
a -na
ili Sri-n i-ta m
]
[ to ]
.
t he
se co nd
a
i me
[ Wi th his
t
ta r-[ sit ] i-na
-ti
i
t
[
3i ip pi 5u
-su a -la - ka m
i
u
i p p
—
[ ]
-di ma
a
]
[
“
sa -nis ii-ga-ra -bu
-bu -t m i-ka-ra -bu-su
s
i
1 u
[
]h
a rra ni
[
-ka
m
u
c
i
[ H
ma-a n-ka
[ li]
[
[
r
— —
——
—
]
a-di
5d kisti
si-ip - p i
mah-ra
lim
-na
—
) ia su w
'
u-sé
ta p-p a-a
-
goe s] in advanc e will save
t he c o mpa ni o n
Provi de fo r his [ road] and [ sa ve thy
[ He
[ ma
ii-sur
a -ra -
ma -na -ka ]
‘
-si
-k
- ni-ka
l
i
S
a
k
d
a
r
i
t
a
[
1
[
]
—
-ak-bi-a -a t
t
a
[ ]
p i ka
se l
Sa ma§
M ay
li-ka l-li-ma
make t hy eye s
prophe cy o f t hy mouth
-
a
a aw
-
-a -a
a -na
t
sep i-ka
ma
d
a
D uring
u
-
Lug a l-ba n-da
may
li-iz-z i
iz-ka
1
.
e
.
,
gh t
to t
h ee
may Lug al
b a nd a
-
,
.
t ra k
,
e tc
.
ght
t hy ni
6
t he
word that
j ice
re o
Lug al-b anda
s t a nd
a t ni
t he
fo o t !
wilt
li-ib-la -
s ee
c o ut (fo r thee) the
clo sed path !
M ay he level the ro ad fo r t hy
t rea di ng !
M ay he level the mo untain fo r thy
—
h d u
ta -
he
M a y he
—
m —
si ii k
thy
vo r !
li is-ta-z i-ih a-na ki-ib-si-ka
—
]
o ut
e ndea
li-ip-ti-lcu pa-da -n a m p i-hi-ta m
sé -di-a li is-ta-zi-ih
f] !
M
a y ) S h amas h [ c a rry
(
d
i-naJ ca
b
who
.
ra -
a rra na
.
ia
lik]
f(
he
roa d
[ t o ] t he e ntranc e O f t he fo re st
o f B uwawa al l o f th e m his
ka -li-su-nu
,
-
-
a rra na
save thyself !
.
has tro dde n t he
—m
[qH
a nd
t hy
on
E nkidu g o be fore thee
He is a c q uai nte d wi th t he w ay
ni-ri-bi ti
u-u a-wa
O G ish ,
,
Le t
En-ki da i n a p a ui ka
-w —
-um
a
a
r
lilc harra na
e
a
i
h]
l lik
d
i-
ur
-
a
y
re l
s tre ngth !
Pro vide fo o d
m u su
ra -
D O [ not ]
a -n a e-
lu su-wa-ra -
]k
Gi s
’
d
G is
’
a-
.
i-ma-li-ku
-a —
l
a
t
a
[ ] t ka l
a-
.
“
libbi
a -na
“
Uruk
[
,
hey to o k the ro ad
[ Agai n] they app ro a ched G ish !
[ Ho w lo ng] till tho u re t urnes t to
”
E re ch ?
[ A gain t he elders ] approached him
[ Fo r] t he ro ad they c ounselled
t
G is
tu-ut-te-ir
ti
-
a -na
his gi rdle
-‘
-
-
in
by thee
c o nvey
,
a nd
J A S TROW CL A Y
-
B A BYL ON IA N GI L GA MESH EP I C
O LD
i-na ir-ui-ti-ka
—
265 lei-ma
-ui-ta -ka-ma
r
i
i
i
i
r
s h
lus
mida (-da )
i
-na
n
H
d
’
sd
ri
a-
ru
ma—
u-wa-wa
—
55 tu sa
-
-ta
r
i
i
b
u
u
r
m
h
i-na ba t-ba-ti-ka
mé ellu i-na
lu-ka-a -a -n u
2 70 [ ka
—
] u tim m
e
[ li ifl
-
“
a na
e-e
-
vo r !
youth may he e stablish t hy
e nde avo r !
I n t he river o f B uwawa as th ou
in t hy
Like a
e nde a
plannes t ,
wa sh thy feet !
mi zi §i pi-lca
-
95
Round ab o ut thee dig a well !
M ay there be pure wate r co nstant
na-di-ka
ly fo r thy liba tio n
Samas ta
G oble t s
mash !
-b n d
M
L
a
a
a
l
a
u
[
y]
g
2‘l
Lug a l-ba n-da
h
ta- a -s e -a s
wa te r pour out
of
t ake
to S ha
n o te
Of
”
[
En-ki-]dii
d
iz-za -kczr
‘
—
i p u-sé -a m-ma ,
d
G is
i
p su
'
a-na
'
ta ds-da n-nu
e-p u-ué
m
—
-k
-a
-t
-uk-la ui
l
a
a
l
b
b
a
a
a
l
i
i
i
i
t
u
[ p ]
h
275
[ su k
-
di
i—
]
u-
-
un
-
a a
m Su-pa -as -s u
u-wa-wa
it-ta -la
~
and
o
t ake
t hero a d
.
Thy heart [ b e
[ C o nfide]
‘
H
d
lcu
pened his mout h
spo ke t o G ish :
[ S i n c e tho u art resolved] t o
'
-
a -la -ka
it !
[ E nki du]
[on
t he
f id ] trus t
no t a ra
my
to
ro ad
,
hand his
dwell
B uwawa
to ]
to
t
h ey
pro ceeded
—
.
ki-bi ma te-[ ir]-§u-nu-ti
co
mman d
th e i r
re t
urn
Three lines missing )
.
na
were filled
they will g o wi th me
m-ma-la
—
.
il li-ku it-ti-ia
.
ba-ku-nu-si-im
’
[ ]
ul
—
i
[ n
me e]
'
s e-
a
-
-
g
b Su
[
]
a-
e-dis
—
lik
d
G is
'
—
l
tu—
u
[ lik a
na p
-
—
li-lik ii ka
d
G is
‘
bi- ri
’
ha rra na]
d
ki-da]
u[ En—
'
[
—]
s u nu :
.
[ Upon he ari ng] this word o f his
Alone the
[ he levelle d]
G O 0 G ish [ I wil l g o b ef o re thee
,
.
,
i ka]
a -n -
“
,
M ay thy
go
M ay he Show [ thee t he ro ad l]
G ish a nd [ Enkidu]
‘
li é -a k-lim-[ ka
‘
-s
a-
uS- te- zi-ih
'
a
ui a
a n-
j oyf ully
-ud
u
h
i-na
nu
-
Knowingly
Be twee n [ them]
.
YA L E OR I EN TAL SER I ES RESE A RCHES v3
96
Lin e s
Lin e 62
ls
lin
S
ee
e
o
(
Fo r the re st o ra ti o n
13 14
s ee
,
.
R e st o re d
-
,
.
,
b a sis
t he
on
re st o ra ti o n lin e s 1 1 2 1 3
J e ns e n p 1 4 6 ( T a bl e t III
fo r t he
a
.
li ne 1 0
L in e 7 2
ib
-
—
4
6 66
Li ne s
of
Assyri a n ve rsio n
t he
.
,
,
.
.
Assyri a n v ersi o n T abl e t IV 4 1 0 a nd r e st o re
this li ne di im tam as in o ur t ext inst ead Of J e ns e n s
Cf
,
,
.
.
e nd o f
t he
at
-
I
-
,
,
’
-
,
c o nj e cture
Li ne s 74 7 7 a nd 83 The r e stora ti o n zar bis sugge st ed by t he
Assyri a n versi o n T a bl e t IV 4 4
Li ne s 7 6 a nd 8 2 C f Assyri a n v e rsi o n T a bl et VIII 3 1 8
L i ne 7 8 u ta a b bil fro m a bdlu
gri e ve or d a rk en e d
Cf
ib li n e
wh ere p erh aps we a re to
u§ ta ko l ( Assyr i a n v ersi o n
re st o re ii—
ta [ bil p a ni
Lin e 8 7 us ta li p a fr o m elépu exh a ust
S e e M uss Arno lt
As syria n Dic tionary p 4 9a
Lin e 89 C f Assyri an v ersi o n ib lin e 1 1 a nd r e st o r e the e nd
‘
of the lin e th er e to i ni ié as in our t ext
Lin e 96 For dap inu a s a n epith e t o f B uw a w a s ee Assyri a n
version T a bl e t III 2 a 1 7 and 3 a 1 2
Da p inu o ccurs a ls o a s a
d e scriptio n O f an ox (Rm 61 8 B e zold Ca ta logue of the Kou yunj ik
Ta blets e t c p
Lin e 98 The r e stora ti o n o n the b asis Of ib III 2 a 1 8
—
Lin e s 96 98 may possibly fo rm a p arall el t o ib lin e s 1 7 1 8
which would th e n rea d a b o ut a s f o ll ows : Until I overcome Eu
w aw a the t erribl e and all the e vil in the l and I sh a ll h a ve
”
d estr o y e d
At t he s ame time it is p o ssibl e th a t we are to re st o re
[ lu u l] li ih a t t he e nd Of lin e 98
Lin e 1 01 litiss u o ccurs in t he Assyri an ve rsi o n T a bl e t IV
.
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
-
,
.
.
“
-
“
.
,
.
~
~
.
,
-
,
-
-
,
-
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
-
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
-
.
,
“
,
,
.
-
-
,
-
.
.
,
,
Lin e 1 00 For ha lbu j ungl e see Assyria n versio n T a bl e t V
3 3 9 (p
Lin es 1 09 1 1 1 Th es e li ne s en abl e us pro p erly to re st o re Assyr
ia n v e rsi o n T a bl e t IV 5 3
H a upt s e diti o n p 8 3 ( col 5
N O d o ubt t he t e xt re a d a s o urs mu tum ( o r ma u tum) n a p is eu
Line 1 1 5 éup a tu which o ccurs a ga in in lin e 1 99 a nd a ls o li ne
275
su-p a as eu
éu p a t su) must h a v e s o me such me a ning as
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
’
,
,
,
,
-
-
-
.
.
-
,
-
.
.
.
-
,
-
-
YAL E O RI EN TA L SER I ES RESEA RCHES I v3
98
-
Lin e
N o t e t he
.
re st o ra ti o n o n the b a sis o f the p a rall el lin e 1 8 7
”
in t e re sting phra s e writing a n ame in t he s ens e o f a c q uir
1 60
.
T he
.
“
,
”
fame
Lin e 1 61 The kiska tté a rtis a ns are introduc ed als o in the
A ss yri an v e rsi o n T abl e t VI 1 8 7 to l o o k a t t he e normous siz e an d
we ight O f t he h o rn s o f t he sl a in divin e bull S ee fo r oth er p a ss a ge s
M uss-Arnolt Assyria n Dic tiona ry p
At t he b e ginning O f this
lin e w e must s eek fo r t he s ame w o rd a s in lin e 1 63
Lin e 1 62 Whil e t he re st o ra tion belé w e apon is pure ly con
I choos e
j ec t ura l t he c o nt ext cl ea rly d e mands so me such word
belé in pre fe r enc e t o ka kké in vi e w O f t he Assyri a n v e rsi o n T a bl e t
VI 1
Lin e 1 63 P utuku ( o r p utukku) fro m p a taku w o uld b e a n a ppro
p ria t e word fo r t he fa bric a tion O f w e ap o ns
Lin e 1 65 The ra butim h ere a s in lin e 1 67 I t a k e as t he mas
t er me ch a nics
a s contr a st e d with t he ummia nu
co mmon w o rk
”
men o r j ourn e yme n
A p a rall e l t o this forging o f the w eap o ns
fo r the t wo f
heroe s is t o b e f o und in t he S u meri an fr a g me nt of the
Gilgame sh E pic publish ed by L angd o n His torica l a nd Relig ious
—
Texts from the Temp le Libr a ry of N ipp ur ( M unich
1
15
N O 55
L in e s 1 68—1 7 0 d e scrib e t he fo rging of t he v a ri o us p arts O f t he
l a nc e s fo r t he two h e r o e s The sip ru is t he sp ear p o int M uss Arnolt
”
As s yria n Dic tiona ry p
and
t he i§id p a tri is cl early t he hilt
”
t he me selitum I th e re fo re t a k e a s t he
bl a d e prop e r The w o rd
occurs h e re fo r the first ti me s o far as I c an s ee For 30 min a s se e
Assyri a n ve rsi o n T a bl e t VI 1 89 a s t he w eight o f t he t wo h o rn s
O f t he di v
in e bull E a ch axe w e ighin g 3 biltu and t he l a nc e with p o in t
a nd hilt 3 bittu we would h a v e to a ssu me 4 bittu for e a ch p aéu so
a s t o g e t a tot a l of 1 0 bittu as t he w e ight Of t he w e a p o ns for ea ch
h er o
The l anc e is d e pict e d o n s e al cylind e rs r e pre s e ntin g G ilg a
me sh a nd E nkidu fo r ex a mpl e Ward S ea l Cylinders N o 1 99 a nd
a lso in N o s 1 8 4 a nd 1 91 in t he fi e ld with t he bro a d hilt ; a nd in a n
e nl a rg e d f o r m in N O
N o t e t he cl e a r i ndic a tion O f t he hilt
64 8
—
The t wo figure s a re Gilg a me sh a n d E nkidu n o t t w o G ilg ame s hes
a s Wa rd a ssu me d
A di ffe re nt w e a p o n is t he
S ee ab o v e p a ge 3 4
club o r ma c e a s s ee n in Wa rd N o s 1 7 0 a nd 1 7 3
T his app ea rs
a ls o t o b e t he w e a p o n which G ilg a me sh h o lds in his h a nd o n t he
iliz a tion of
c o l o ss a l fi gure fro m t he p al a c e O f S a rg o n (J a stro w Civ
ing
“
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
“
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
“
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
“
.
,
,
“
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
'
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
J A S T RO W C LA Y
-
Ba bylonia
a nd
B A BY L ON IA N GI L GA MESH E P I C
O LD
99
As s yria , P l L VII ) , though it has b ee n give n
.
s o me
a
wh a t grot e squ e ch ar a ct er by a p erh aps int e nti o n a l a ppro a ch t o the
sci mit ar a ss o ci a t e d with M arduk (s ee Wa rd S ea l Cylinders C h a p
The ex a ct d e t e rmin a ti o n o f t he va ri o us w e ap o ns d epict e d
XX V I I )
o n s ea l cylind e rs me rits a sp e ci a l study
Lin e 1 8 1 B e gins a sp e e ch o f B uw a w a e xt en ding t o li ne 1 8 7
rep o rt e d to Gish by the e ld ers ( li ne 1 8 8
w ho a dd a furth er w a rn
in g t o t he y o uthful an d i mp e tu o us h e r o
Lin e 1 8 3 tu u h éu—
su
fr o m a kdsfu
drive o n
(a ls o l
lur e o n o ccurs o n the P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t lin e 1 3 5 ; uh ki si
or
”
”
lure on o r en tr ap which L a ngd on e rron e ously r e n d ers t a ke
away
a nd th e r e by miss e s t he p o int c o mpl e t e ly
S e e t he c o mme nt
to t he lin e o f the P e nnsylva ni a t abl e t in qu e sti on
Lin e 1 92 On t he phr a s e § a nu bunu ch ange Of cou nt en anc e
”
in the s ens e o f enra ge d s ee the n o t e t o t he P enn sylva ni a t a bl et
l 31
Lin e 1 94 nu ma a t occurs in a t abl e t publish e d by M eissn er
Altba byl P riv
a trecht N o 1 0
0 with bit a bi which shows th a t t he tot a l
”
c o nfin e Of a prop erty is me ant ; h er e th er e for e the int eri or Of
”
It is h ardly a b y form o f nup tum a s M uss
t he for e st o r h eart
a nd o th e rs h a v e supp o s e d
Arno lt As s yrian Dic tionary p
th o ugh nu um tum in o ne p a ss a ge qu o t e d by M uss Arno lt ib p
may h a ve aris e n fr o m an a spir a t e pr o nu n ci a tion Of t he p in
,
,
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nu bium
.
i
Lin e 21 5 The kne elir g a ttitud e o f pra y er is an int ere sti n g touch
It symb o li z e s sub mission as is shown by the d e scripti o n o f C ilg a
mesh s d efea t in t he e n c o u n t e r with E nkidu ( P e nnsylva n i a t abl e t
”
l
wh er e Gilga me sh is r epre s en t e d a s forc e d to kn e e l to the
ground Ag a in in the Assyri an versIO n T abl e t V 4 6 Gilgame sh
k nee ls d own ( th o ugh the r ea di n g ka mis is not c ert a in ) and ha s a
visi o n
Lin e 229 It is much t o b e r e gre tt e d th a t this lin e is so b a dly
pre s erve d for it w o uld h a ve enabl e d us d efinit ely t o r e store the
T he
o p e ning lin e Of t he Assyri an v e rsi o n o f t he Gilg a me sh E pic
fra gment publish e d by J ere mias in his app endix t o his I z du bar N im
rod P l a t e IV giv e s us t he e n d o f t he c o l o phon lin e t o t he E pic r e a d
a ti)
O ur t e xt e vid e ntly
in g
ti ( cf ib P l I l
di ma a—
reproduc e s the s ame phr a s e a n d e n abl e s us t o supply ka a s w e ll a s
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,
YAL E O RI EN TA L SE RI ES RESEA RCH ES I v3
-
1 00
n ame O f t he h er o Gi sh o f which th ere are distinct tra c es The
missi ng w o rd th e re fo re d e scrib e s t he h er o a s t he rul er o r c o ntro ll e r
?
w
h
o
o
e
k
a
ar
t
e
t
e
l
nd
B
ut
wh
t
signs
b
f
r
A p a rticipi al
a
e
a
O f t he
fo rm fro m p a kddu which o ne n a tur ally thinks Of is i mpossibl e
b e c a us e o f t he Ice a nd fo r the s ame r ea son o ne c a nn o t supply the
w o rd for sh eph erd (na kidu) One might think Of ka a k ka du exc ept
”
”
th a t ka kkadu is no t use d fo r h e a d in t he s ens e Of chi e f O f t he
l and I venture t o r e st o re [ i ile ]ka di strong o ne
O ur t ext at
—
o
di ma a ti (J AG S 22
v
ts
disp
s
s
of
H
a
upt
s
c
nj
e
ctur
e
i
é
o
e
a ll e e n
p
B o tto m o f t he e a rth a s a ls o o f Un g nad s pr o pos e d [ a di p a ]
a ti
t o t he e n ds
(U ng nad G res sman n Gilg ames ch Ep os p 6
”
T he first lin e O f t he A ssyri an
n o t e) o r a rea di n g di ma a ti pill ars
versi o n w o uld no w re a d
t he
.
,
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5d na k ba i
.
of
e
.
The
,
the
l an d
o ne
-
mu
ru
-
who
saw
,
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,
-
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,
“
-
,
i
-
,
.
-
,
[
e
Gis -gi(n) -ma § i-ih-ka]-di ma-a-ti,
d
v e rythi n g Gilg ame sh
,
strong
t he
o ne
”
.
We may a t all e v en ts b e quite c e rt a i n th a t t he n a me o f t he h ero
occurr ed in the first lin e a nd th a t he wa s d e scrib e d by s o me epith e t
indic ati n g his sup e rior p o siti o n
—
2
Lin e s 2 9 23 5 are a ga in an addre ss of Gilgame sh to t he sun g o d
”
ora cl e fr o m t he g o d ( li ne
a ft e r h a ving r e c e iv e d a f a v o r a bl e
The h ero pr o mis e s t o h o n o r a nd t o c e l e br a t e the g o d by e r e cting
thr o n e s for him
—
Lin e s 23 7 244 d e scrib e the a rming Of t he h er o by t he mast er
cra fts ma n In a dditi o n to t he p a §u and p a tru t he b o w
a nd q uiv e r
a re giv e n to him
Lin e 24 9 is p arall e l e d in t he ne w fra gme n t o f the Assyri an ver
sion publish e d by King in PS BA 1 91 4 p a ge 66 (001 1
e xc e pt th a t
this fra gment adds gi mir to e mu lci—
ka
—
—
Lin e s 2 5 1 25 2 c o rre spond t o colu mn 1 6 8 Of King s fr a gme nt
”
”
”
with int ere sting vari a tions b a ttl e a nd fight inst e a d o f w ay
”
a nd
r o ad which sh o w th a t in t he i nt e rva l b e tw een t he o ld B aby
lonia n and the Assyri a n ve rsi o n the re a l r ea s o n why E nk idu sh o uld
l ea d t he way n ame ly b e c aus e he kn o ws the c ount ry in which B uw a w a
dwe lls ( lin e s 2 5 2
w a s suppl e ment e d by d e scribing E nkidu a ls o
as b e i n g mor e e xp eri e nc e d in b a ttl e th a n Gilg a me sh
Lin e 2 54 I am un abl e t o furn ish a s a tisfa ct o ry r end e ring for
this lin e o wing t o t he unc e rt a in ty o f t he w o rd at t he e nd C an it
.
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,
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YAL E OR I EN TAL SER I ES RESEARCHES Iv3
1 02
-
has a ls o re c o gniz ed th a t s abitum w as
his As syria n D icti o n ary
b ar
o rigin a lly a n e pith e t a nd c o mp a r e s t he Ar a maic
”
In vi e w o f the b a d reput a ti o n of i nns in a nci ent B abyloni a
maids
as br o th e ls it w o uld b e n a tur a l fo r a n e pith e t lik e s a bitum t o b e c o me
”
”
public w o men j ust as t he inn was a pub lic
t he e quival e nt t o
h o u se Sa bit um w o uld th er efo re ha ve the sa me fo rc e as sa mba lu
h
h
a
r
i
n
a
m
us
d
Gilg
sh
E
pic
by
sid
Of
t
e
e
t
e
i
m
t
u
h
e
e
t
e
h
(
”
T he
w o ma n ( see the no t e t o lin e 4 6 O f P e nnsylva ni a T a bl e t )
S u meri a n t e rm fo r t he fe ma l e innk ee p e r is S a l G e ét inna the w o ma n
”
—1 1 1
Of the wi ne kn o wn t o us fr o m the H ammura bi C o d e
T he bad re put a ti o n o f in n s is c o n firme d by th e s e st a tut e s fo r t he
h o us e O f t he S al G eSt inna is a ga th e ri ng pla c e fo r outl aws The
punish me nt Of a fema l e d e vo t ee who e nt e rs the ho us e O f a win e
”
”
woman (bit S al G eStinna §1 1 0) is d ea th It was no t pro hibition
th a t pr o mpt e d s o se ve re a punishme nt but the re c o gniti o n O f the
purp o s e for which a d evot ee would e nt e r such a h o us e O f ill reput e
The sp ee ch o f the s a bitum o r innk ee p e r to Gilg ame sh (a bove p 1 2)
w a s th e r e fo r e a n invit a tion to st a y with her inst e ad o f s e e king
”
fo r life e ls e wh e r e
Vi e w e d a s c o ming fro m a public w o ma n the
a ddr e ss b e co me s signific a nt
The invit a ti o n w o uld b e p ar a ll el to t he
t empt a ti o n O ffere d by the ha rimtu in the fir st t abl e t of the E nkidu
a nd to which E nkidu succu mbs
The incid e nt in t he t abl e t w o uld
th er e fore fo rm a p ar all e l in the a dventure s of Gilgame sh t o the o ne
th a t origin a lly b el o nge d to t he E nkidu cycl e Fin ally it is quit e
p o ssibl e th a t s a bitum is a ctu ally the Akk a di a n e quival ent O f t he
S u me ri a n S a l G eStinna though n atur all y until this e qu a ti o n is
c o nfirme d by a syll ab ary o r by oth e r dire ct e vid e nc e it remains a
c o nj e cture S e e now a lso Albright s re marks on S ab itum in the
A J S L 3 6 pp 2 69 s eq ]
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C LAY
BYL ON IA N
J AS TRo w-
O LD B A
A PPE N D I X
C O RRE C TI O N S
G
ILGAMESH E P I C
.
T E X T O F L AN G D O N
PE N N S Y L V AN I A TABLE T
THE
TO
1 03
’
E DI TI O N
S
OF
TH E
l
.
C olunm 1
5
it-ln-tim
R ead
R ea d
.
6
.
h ero e s inst e a d O f id da—
o me ns
tim
a
inst ea d of ka ka —
This disp o s e s O f L a ngdon s
.
-
ka bu
k
a-
-
-
’
.
not e 2 on p 2 1 1
R ea d u ni ii su ma
I b e c ame w ea k ( fr o m ené§u w ea k
inst ea d Of ilam i§ §u ma He bore a
This disp o s e s
Of L a ngd o n s n o t e 5 o n p a ge 2 1 1
H
ki
R e a d Uruk inst ea d O f a d—
L a ngd o n s not e 7 is wr ong
La ngdon s n o t e 8 is wr o ng u um mid ma p u ti d o e s not mea n he
”
a tt a in e d my front
R ea d a b ba —
la d§
inst ea d o f a t ba la dé—
M
R ea d mu di a a t inst ea d O f mu u da a a t
—
—
a
f
a
m
d
inst
d
n
i
possibl
a
u
e
O
e
sa
a
h
a
a
a
t
t
a
two mis
Re d
[ ]
h
h
t ak e s ih one word S upply kima S a l b e fore ta ba du
R ea d def 512 inst ea d of 5d ; and a t the end O f the lin e rea d [ tu-ut]
tu u ma inst ea d o f §u u-eu
R ea d ta ta r ra [ as su]
la m ma
R ea d [ ufl ti—
nim ma inst e a d o f [ ifl ti—
R ea d at t he b e ginning 5d inst e a d of ina
L a ngdon s t ext and tra nslit era ti o n of the first w o rd do no t ta lly
R ea d ha -a s si nu j ust as in lin e 3 1
”
ta du ( I r e j oic e d ) inst e a d o f a h ta ta
R e a d a h—
.
9
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10
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12
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-
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14
15
-
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-
-
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-
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-
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.
20
-
-
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-
-
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22
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-
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-
23
-
-
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24
.
28
.
-
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
.
.
’
29
.
.
-
-
.
,
32
.
.
R ea d
19
.
at
t he
( I)
21
lin e
ip -ti- [ e]
di-da
inst ea d
Of
—l
—
Di f
a
.
S upply En-ki da at t he b e ginni n g Tra c e s point to this r e a ding
d
R e a d [ gi] it ma [ tu] a ft e r Gis as sugg est e d by the Assyr ia n ver
‘
sion T abl e t I 4 38 wh ere emuhu
r epl a c e s nep istu
-
.
.
-
,
,
,
our t ex t
R ead a t [ ta kima
R ead ta-[ ra am su
,
.
-
-
.
t he
'
of
.
Of
e nd
,
20
-
.
d
.
-
.
lu-un
5
“
-
C olu mn 2
4
-
The e numeratio n
-
S a l ta -ha ]-bu-[ u b]-§ u
.
lei-ma ]
.
h ere is a cco rding to Langd o n s edition
’
.
,
YAL E
1 04
23
.
v
O R I ENT AL SER I ES
RES EARe RE S I -3
a ccurse d
sp ell ed in ch ar
a s o ne w o rd ma -a ag ri i im
inst e a d Of dividing in to two
ac t e ris t ic H a mmur a bi f a shi o n
w o rds ma a a h a nd ri i im as L a ngd o n d o e s who sugge sts as a
transl ation unt o the pl a c e
o f t he
r
i
m
t
a
a
r
e
a
R e ad im ta —
inst
d
of
a
g
h
a ft e r lei ma
S upply
R e ad éd ri i im as o ne word
R ead i na [ 55 14 5 55 [ im] hu ru
Tra c e s a t b e gi nn ing point to e ith er it o r ki
Res tora
—
t i o n o f lin e s 3 6 3 9 ( p e rh a ps t o b e distribut e d int o fiv
e lin e s )
—
f
h
a
v
r
s
i
n
T
o
t
e
e
o
a
b
l
b
sis
Assyri
n
I
h
a
e
t
4
2
n
e
o
t
5
R e ad
-
-
- -
,
-
- -
-
,
,
“
24
.
32
-
-
-
.
-
.
33
.
35
.
- -
»
.
-
-
.
36
.
-
.
‘
,
C olu mn 3
14
.
,
.
,
.
R ea d K d§ ( = sikaram win e
drink as in lin e 1 7 instead
of bi ii ti which l ea ds L angd o n t o re nd er this p erfe ctly simpl e
lin e o f t he conditi o ns and t he fa t e o f the
R ea d it tam ru inst ea d o f ii ta—
bir ru
m
S upply [ Sl l ] I
a tt a ck )
R e ad u gi ir ri fro m garii
inst ea d O f s ep arating into
”
12 a n d g i ir ri as L a ngdon doe s w ho tra nsl a t e s
a nd t he li o n
er st a nd fo r t he c o p ul a !
N o r is girru
The sign us e d c a n ne v
”
lion !
m”
R ea d S ib
sh e ph erds inst ea d o f sa b
es!
”
‘
—
r
no c a n u i ta p pi it me a n
c ap
sib ba ri is no t mo unt a in go a t
”
”
tur e
The first word me a ns
d a gger and the s e cond he
”
dr e w out
—
—
ki
di
n
a
R e a d ii—
u
l
ti—
[ e] inst ea d of itti immer na kie which
[ ]
yi e lds n o s e ns e L a ngdon s r end e ring e ve n on t he b a sis o f his
rea ding o f the lin e is a gr amma tic a l monstr o sity
R ea d gis inst ead of wa
e i]
R e a d p erh aps a na [ na lci di—
z a a k-ki ir
éi-ti,
,
,
,
-
-
,
“
21
.
.
'
22
.
29
.
r
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
s
,
-
“
-
,
,
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‘
,
l i
30
.
31
“
,
,
“
-
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-
-
-
,
“
“
,
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‘
33
-
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,
’
,
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,
35
37
.
.
-
-
.
.
-
-
-
.
C olu mn 4
4
.
.
first sign is cl ea rly t e not ta a s L an gd o n has it in n o t e 1
o n p age 2 1 6
The f o urth Sign is su not re
fo l
Se p ar a t e e es
fro m t he f o ll owing R ead ta hi
low e d p erh aps by la The l a st sign is no t c ert a in ; it may
The
,
,
.
9
.
10
.
.
,
-
,
,
be
ma
.
.
.
-
YAL E OR I ENTAL SE RI ES RESEARCH ES Iv3
-
1 06
.
In gen e ra l itjs ho uld b e n o t e d th a t the indic a tions o f t he nu mbe r
—
o f lin es miss ing a t t he b o tt o m Of c o lu mns 1 3 a nd a t t he t o p O f colu mn s
N or should he h a ve dr awn
4—
6 as give n by La ngd o n a re misl e a ding
—
an y li ne s a t t he b o tt o m o f c o lu mns 1 3 as th o ugh t he t a bl e t w ere
l
c o mpl e t e
B e sid e s in very many c a s e s t he sp a c e indic a tions O f
D r L angdon a lso
wh a t is missing within a lin e are in a ccura t e
”
o mitt e d t o copy the sta t ement o n t he e dge : 4 ar e i e 240 lin e s ;
writt e n
as though
a nd in t he c o l o ph o n he mis t ra n sl a t e s éu tu ur
”
fr o m ia tara write wh ere a s t he fo rm is the p e rmansive III 1 of
”
The sign tu n e v e r has the v alu e tu!
a tdru
t o b e in e xc e ss o f
In
L angdon has misre a d the t ext or mis translitera ted it in over
a ll
forty pl a c es and of the 204 pre s erve d lin e s he has mistra ns l a te d
a b o ut o ne h a lf
,
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-
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,
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“
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,
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,
-
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,
P LA
A bout ten lines
O L
.
II
missing
About elev
en lines miss ing
About four lines mis sing
T HE
YA L E TA B L ET
TE
I