Project References: Modified Fatigue Impact scale The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) is one of the most frequently used measures to assess fatigue. The present investigation was conducted to develop normative data of the MFIS that considers age, gender, and education. - - - - 21 items (more employable than FIS) (10-20 min) ‘Impact’-occupational focus Covers a broad range fatigue symptoms/experience (cognitive, psychosocial, physical) Frequently used: clinicians more likely to be familiar Appropriate age group High internal consistency Adequate divergent validity with measures of disease stage, motor function, and cognition. The MFIS had strong convergent validity with the PANAS-X fatigue subscale Better choice than FSS for severe fatigue Available and valid in Belgian, Italian, Slovenian, Spanish, greek vChinese and Arabic Brain injury, MS, stroke, Parkinsons, does not provide sufficient opportunity to differentiate diseases such as depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome in chronic diseases. Supporting literature: o Strober, L. B., Bruce, J. M., Arnett, P. A., Alschuler, K. N., DeLuca, J., Chiaravalloti, N., ... & Román, C. A. F. (2020). Tired of not knowing what that fatigue score means? Normative data of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). Multiple o o o o o o o o o Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 46, 102576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102576 Schiehser, D. M., Ayers, C. R., Liu, L., Lessig, S., Song, D. S., & Filoteo, J. V. (2013). Validation of the modified fatigue impact scale in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 19(3), 335-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.013 Amtmann, D., Bamer, A. M., Noonan, V., Lang, N., Kim, J., & Cook, K. F. (2012). Comparison of the psychometric properties of two fatigue scales in multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation psychology, 57(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027890 Ng, S.S.M., Liu, T.W. & Tsoh, J. Translation and initial validation of Chinese (Cantonese) version of Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-C) in people with stroke. BMC Neurol 22, 300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02832-w Williams, H., Caplan, B., Bogner, J., Brenner, L., Schiehser, D. M., Delano-Wood, L., ... & Liu, L. (2015). Validation of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 30(2), 116121. Alawami, A. S., & Abdulla, F. A. (2021). Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the modified fatigue impact scale in patients with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(22), 3251-3259. Lopes, J., Araújo, H. A. G. D. O., & Smaili, S. M. (2020). Fatigue in Parkinson’s disease: Brazilian validation of the modified fatigue impact scale. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 78, 473-480. Learmonth, Y., Dlugonski, D., Pilutti, L. A., Sandroff, B. M., Klaren, R., & Motl, R. W. (2013). Psychometric properties of the fatigue severity scale and the modified fatigue impact scale. Journal of the neurological sciences, 331(1-2), 102-107. Bakalidou, Daphnea,e; Voumvourakis, Konstantinosc; Tsourti, Zoid; Papageorgiou, Effieb; Poulios, Antoniosc; Giannopoulos, Sotiriose. Validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale in multiple sclerosis patients. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research: September 2014 - Volume 37 - Issue 3 - p 271-276 doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000057 FAS The Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) is a unidimensional fatigue scale to rate how a person usually feels that is scored using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always). It consists of 10 items - this scale is short and easy to administer. Not much information gathered The FAS showed a good reliability and content validity. available in 20 languages 26 different diseases or conditions Strong support was obtained for the unidimensionality of the scale. o Chalder, T., Berelowitz, G., Pawlikowska, T., Watts, L., Wessely, S., Wright, D., & Wallace, E. P. (1993). Development of a fatigue scale. Journal of psychosomatic research, 37(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(93)90081-p o Examination of the Dimensionality of Fatigue Helen J. Michielsen, Jolanda De Vries, Guus L. Van Heck, Fons J.R. Van de Vijver, and Klaas Sijtsma European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2004 20:1, 39-48 o Michielsen HJ, De Vries J, Van Heck GL et al. Examination of the Dimensionality of Fatigue: The Construction of the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2004; 20(1): 39-48. o Hendriks, Celinea,b,c; Drent, Marjoleina,c,d; Elfferich, Marjona; De Vries, Jolandaa,e,f. The Fatigue Assessment Scale: quality and availability in sarcoidosis and other diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine: September 2018 Volume 24 - Issue 5 - p 495-503 doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000496 FSS - - Shorter than MFIS Less capable of measuring physical and cognitive Less capable of measuring severe cases Valid regarding mild-moderate cases o Multiple versions: o FSS-7 showed better psychometric properties and had better potential to detect changes in fatigue over time than the FSS-9 version, suggesting satisfactory grounds for removal of items #1 and #2 for its application. Reliable for obese patients o Amtmann, D., Bamer, A. M., Noonan, V., Lang, N., Kim, J., & Cook, K. F. (2012). Comparison of the psychometric properties of two fatigue scales in multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation psychology, 57(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027890 o Learmonth, Y., Dlugonski, D., Pilutti, L. A., Sandroff, B. M., Klaren, R., & Motl, R. W. (2013). Psychometric properties of the fatigue severity scale and the modified fatigue impact scale. Journal of the neurological sciences, 331(1-2), 102-107. o Lerdal, A., & Kottorp, A. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Fatigue Severity Scale—Rasch analyses of individual responses in a Norwegian stroke cohort. International journal of nursing studies, 48(10), 1258-1265. o Impellizzeri, F.M., Agosti, F., De Col, A. et al. Psychometric properties of the Fatigue Severity Scale in obese patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes 11, 32 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-32 Although many interventions for energy conservation strategies have been described,1,7-9 few programs have been standardized and published. The treatment program used most frequently in occupational therapy and described 8 in the literature is “Managing Fatigue,”10 which is referred to as energy conservation management (ECM). It has been tested in several studies11-15 and many countries. To fit the unique needs of each individual, ECM promotes a positive attitude focused on decisionmaking and the optimum use of available energy Blikman, L. J., Huisstede, B. M., Kooijmans, H., Stam, H. J., Bussmann, J. B., & van Meeteren, J. (2013). Effectiveness of energy conservation treatment in reducing fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(7), 13601376. Boehm, N., Muehlberg, H., & Stube, J. E. (2015). Managing poststroke fatigue using telehealth: A case report. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69(6), 6906350020p1-6906350020p7. Grill, B., & Cole, M. (2021). Approach to Fatigue and Energy Conservation. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 32(3), 493-507. Miller, P., & Soundy, A. (2017). The pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the management of fatigue related multiple sclerosis. Journal of the neurological sciences, 381, 41-54. Månsson Lexell, E., Haglund, L., & Packer, T. (2020). The “Managing Fatigue” programme for people with multiple sclerosis–acceptance and feasibility with Swedish occupational therapists. Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy, 27(7), 536-549. Topics for discussion and reflection included MS-related fatigue, energy conservation strategies, exercise, medication and diet, and strategies for maximizing life via planning and prioritization or delegation of tasks. The workbook includes reflection and planning forms (a fatigue diary, weekly planner sheet, and weekly meal planner), which participants completed as homework. Participants were also encouraged to draw on the personal experiences of other people with MS, written as case illustrations in the workbook, and on other attendees' experiences to reflect on their own experiences of life with MS and to identify and trial personal strategies to better manage their fatigue. Mulligan, H., Wilkinson, A., Barclay, A., Whiting, H., Heynike, C., & Snowdon, J. (2016). Evaluation of a Fatigue Self-Management Program for People with Multiple Sclerosis. International journal of MS care, 18(3), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2015-019