An Ergonomic Study on Work-related Musculoskeletal
Disorder of Laundry Workers
Submitted by:
Sophia Danica G. Trinidad
Submitted to:
Francis Christopher C. Bation
Instructor
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in IE 3144/3145 Ergonomics
B.S. Industrial Engineering
Ateneo de Davao University
1st semester, 2020-2021
Page 1 of 21
Table of Contents
I.
Introduction
3
II.
Review of Related Literature
7
III.
Methodology
12
Bibliography
15
Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire
18
Appendix B: Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ)
19
Appendix C: Rapid Entire Body Assessment Worksheet
20
Appendix D: Consent Form
21
Page 2 of 21
I. Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The commercial laundry offers textile cleaning or management. [1] This laundry shop
is a wash and dry service that focuses on offering self-service and wash, dry, and fold drop-off
laundry. Laundry shops accept the customers’ dirty garments permitting the staff to clean, dry,
and fold the garments while assisting customers that prefer to wash and dry their own garments,
which is called the self-service system.
The laundry staff is responsible for managing the shop's operation, from maintaining
the cleanliness of the shop, assisting customers who wash their garments, and finishing the wash,
dry, and fold of the dropped-off laundry. The scope of work includes the carrying of filled baskets
and the repetitive movements of folding the garments. The process in the drop-off service is
similar to the self-service system in which the laundry worker is assigned to do the washing, drying
and folding of the clothes that the customers drop in the shop. The staff loads the dirty clothes
into the washer and waits a couple of minutes to finish then transfer the clothes into the drying
machine, usually located above the washer machine. Once the garments are dry, the staff unloads
them and folds them.
The market of laundry and dry cleaning services worldwide is expected to grow by
US$18.9 Billion which has the potential to increase at a rate of more than 5.1%. [2] The increased
customers that spend on such services is expected to fuel the market expansion. Everyone wants
to wear clean and tiny clothes however, some customers take washing clothes as a burden and
couldn’t wash their own clothes due to hectic schedules. This leads the customers to look for
laundry shops as they become reliable and convenient at a fair price. [3]
In the Philippines, the laundry industry is increasing rapidly. Keeping clothes clean to
prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria is essential, and most Filipinos have prioritized it.
Laundry shops have favored Filipinos, and the majority have relied on it due to its quick service
and convenience. [4]
A laundry staff necessitates physical exertion to finish the task efficiently. [5] However,
the staff may be exposed to risks and hazards. The primary complaints of workers were back
pain, numbness in arms and legs and shoulder pain. [6] The risks happen due to repeated
movements of lumbar flexion in sealing, raising the arms above shoulder level in storage and
transportation of loads on the distribution of clean clothes.
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1.2 Statement of the Problem
The job characteristic of a laundry staff is monotonous and repetitive. In this study, a
laundry staff's job procedure comprises weighing, sorting, washing, drying, and folding. It is
common for these processes to be performed in awkward and static positions. Work tasks such
as bending positions, lifting while moving from one station to the next, standing for long durations,
and placing finished laundry on shelves or cabinets higher than the height of the laundry
employees causes back pain and numbness in the arms and legs. According to a study, raising
objects that are too high will induce discomfort in your posture. (7)
Lifting heavy objects like filled laundry baskets and repetitive movements like folding
and loading the garments to the machine are some causes to experience back pain and
numbness of arms and legs. [8] Due to the nature of the job, the workers may experience back
pain, numbness of arms and legs, and neck- shoulder pain, leading to potential health disorder.
The symptoms indicated may develop a work-related musculoskeletal disorder. [9]
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study is to identify work-related musculoskeletal disorder that could take place
in laundry shops due to repetitive movements of folding and lifting of heavy baskets. This study
aims to evaluate the risks that take place as a laundry staff. More specifically, this study aims to:
a. Identify and evaluate the potential risk factors in various parts of the body that the
laundry workers may experience
b. Propose an ergonomic solution to the laundry workers that may help reduce the risk of
incurring physical pain and suggest the recommended weight limit (RWL) in lifting filled
baskets
1.4 Significance of the Study
Laundry shops provide cleaning services, which are essential in today's generation.
Quality cleaning methods for the customer's clothes and curtains and any other garments are
necessary to avoid substandard service or damaged clothing. In which, this study helps
businesses and other laundry shops identify the possible work-related musculoskeletal disorder
present in the work operation. This study can be used to raise awareness about musculoskeletal
disorder and other risk factors, as well as to comprehend the significance of ergonomic solutions
that can improve the working process. This study could benefit the following:
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Laundry Staff. This research helps laundry workers identify potential WMSD risks to which they
are exposed. The major operation in the laundry shops includes lifting of heavy baskets and
folding loads and loads of drop-off clothes that possibly cause the employed staff to experience
the possible risks. Furthermore, this study provides employees with an understanding of the
importance of the ergonomic solutions as a tool to help improve work operations and task
performance.
Owners of Laundry Shops. The laundry shop owners can use this study to further improve the
operation of the laundry shop and can be used as a basis for implementing strategies to avoid
experiencing WSMD risks.
Customers of Laundry Shop. This research can serve as a guide for the customers in doing their
self-service laundry. Self-service customers carry their own heavy baskets, transfer the clothes
from one machine to the other as well as fold their washed clothes. Informing customers about
potential WSMD risks helps them prevent and improve their methods when doing their laundry in
the shop.
Future Researchers. This study can be used by the future researchers as their cross-reference
and can get ideas in constructing their study.
1.5 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on the employees who are currently working in drop-off and selfservice laundry shops in Davao city. The four (4) laundry shops will be determined based on its
available space and environment, and it will be categorized into two primary groups. This would
be a facility with adequate space and constrained space. A maximum of eight (8) respondents will
be randomly chosen. The methodology of the job will be evaluated in order to identify potential
risks or pains.
1.6 Definition of terms
a. Musculoskeletal Disorder – injuries or a disability that causes physical problems affecting the
human body’s muscle, nerves, tendons and ligaments.
b. Ergonomic risk – factors that could harm one’s musculoskeletal system
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c. Laundry staff – supervise and operate the overall operation of the laundry shop as well as
maintaining the washing and dry-cleaning machines
Page 6 of 21
II. Review of Related Literature
2.1 Theoretical Background
2.1.1 Laundry Shops in Philippines
In the Philippines, commercial laundry shops have grown immensely which results in
the demand in hiring of laundry workers. Companies that partnered with the laundry industry, such
as hotels and restaurants, contributed to the development of self- service laundry shops. As stated
by Euromonitor International, the market of the laundry cleaning product has increased by 9% to
PhP52 billion in 2017. [10] The Philippine Statistics Authority recorded data of newly opened
enterprises in the Philippines offering personal services. In the year 2018, there are 2,881
establishments that provide laundry services, accounting for 18.6% of all enterprises. Due to the
increase in laundry businesses, the number of laundry workers hired expanded by 10,750 in 2018.
[11]
2.1.2 Baskets used in laundry shops
Page 7 of 21
Figure 1. Laundry baskets used by laundry workers
Laundry baskets are used in storing and transporting the clean and dirty clothes from
one area to the other. The design of a laundry basket is durable and contains holes in order for
clothes to have proper ventilation preventing it from getting musty [12]. The material is made up
of plastic and weighs one (1) kilogram which adds up to the weight carried by the laundry workers.
Moreover, round-shaped laundry baskets are harder to carry. The shape of the basket is harder
to grip and it does not conform well to the body carrying the load away from you, causing the
worker to exert force in lifting resulting in back and shoulder strain. [13]
2.1.3 Cases of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder in Laundry Shops
In 2011, musculoskeletal disorders among laundry and dry-cleaning staff in the United
States had the highest rate of cases compared to other occupations, which has 80.5 cases per
10,000 full time workers. In the year 2014, the cases of workers that experience musculoskeletal
disorder were 5.7 and increased by 7 times higher which alarmed the laundry industry. In the
laundry industry, doing awkward positions and repetitive actions are factors that can lead to any
injuries and to musculoskeletal disorder. [14]
In the United States, data gathered was done by the Survey of Occupational Injuries
and Illnesses (SOII), in which a population of workers experiences work-related musculoskeletal
disorder. Results show that there are 900,380 cases in the U.S. with 272,780 cases who
experience WSMD. In 2011, 311,840 cases included WSMD and 27.2% per 10,000 full-time
employees in 2018 were recorded with WSMD cases. [15]
2.1.4 Existing Method of Self-service and Drop-off Laundry
Figure 2. An image of a worker folding the drop-off laundry
Page 8 of 21
The present laundry method could be strenuous and potentially exposes the laundry
staff to experience back pains, strained ankles and discomfort in shoulders. The laundry offers
two (2) services which are the drop-off and self-service laundry. The process of drop off laundry
starts with a customer leaving their laundry to the staff. [16] Laundry workers start the method of
weighing, washing, drying, folding and packing of garments; however, the procedure entails lifting
filled baskets from one location to another, as well as loading clothes into machines, which can
cause back strain. When the method is done repetitively, it may result in the development of health
hazards such as back and shoulder aches.
Figure 3. An image of a customer doing self- service laundry
The operation in self-service starts when customers wash and dry their personal
garments in the laundry shop. [17] Customers weigh, load their clothes in machines, wash, dry
and fold their clothes with minimal help from the laundry worker on duty. Customers operate the
machines and wait for their laundry to finish [18]. The majority of customers' current methods are
not ergonomic since they are unaware of the proper position and tools to apply when performing
the task. Carrying overloaded baskets in both hands stresses the back part of the body.
2.1.5 Back and Shoulder Pain
Repetitive movements of carrying filled baskets, folding clothes and picking up clothes
from washer and dryer machines causes back pain. One of the major risk factors in the laundry
is the repetitive process of the job. [19] Laundry workers transport filled baskets from one laundry
machine to another. In which, the maximum weight of clothes that can be load per laundry
machine is ten (10) kilograms which could cause back strain upon the lifting of the basket.
Page 9 of 21
Folding laundry is a chore that puts your body in an awkward position. The body is
positioned to look down, with arms holding the clothing and elbows are out. This alignment posture
stresses the muscles in the mid part of the back and creates discomfort between the shoulder
blades. [20] Awkward positions exert excessive force in the joints, tendons, and muscles of the
human body. Joints are more efficient when they do tasks that are closest to the joint's mid-range
motion. [21]
Table 1: Source of Data: Philippine Statistics Authority, Integrated Survey on Labor and
Employment
Table 1 presents that the highest occupational disease experienced is back pain, a
symptom for WMSD. Employees who experience back pain from working in various industries in
the Philippines were reported by the Philippines Statistics Authority in 2015. Personal and laundry
services are included in the other service sector of the laundry business. It is a subsector that
provides customers with personal and laundry services. [22]
2.1.6 Improving the Ergonomic Process in Laundry Shops
Enhancing work processes in accomplishing the task is one technique to reduce risk
factors. For instance, using proper tools in the laundry shop is one approach to prevent workers
from suffering from pain and injury. [23] The type of tool used in laundry shops, such as laundry
baskets, is significant. The overall design of laundry baskets matters; they vary in size, form, and
the type of material used to produce them. It is recommended to use a rectangular and ovalshaped basket with handles since round-shaped baskets are harder to grip. It doesn’t conform
well to the body carrying the load away for you, which causes increased back and shoulder
discomfort. [24]
In lifting filled baskets, refrain from overloading the laundry basket to the extent that it's
too heavy to handle. Squat down and contract the abdominal muscles. In sorting and folding the
Page 10 of 21
laundry, refrain from bending trying to reach for the clothes. Place the laundry basket up on the
chair or a table. [25]
In loading and unloading your clothes in the washing or dryer machine, place the
laundry basket on a chair that levels the height of the machine. It prevents you from bending,
trying to reach out for the basket upon filling once the washing is done, and when loading the
clothing into the machine. [26]
The Columbia University Irving Medical Center stated that workers should observe
proper work processes to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorder. In lifting objects, refrain
from bending your back; instead, use your arm and legs’ muscles upon standing close to the
heavy item with feet properly apart about shoulder width. If the heavy load is at floor level, bend
your hips and knees and slowly squat down. Firmly grip the load and carry the load near your
body. Also, avoid excessive movements while taking the heavy object and instead move
smoothly. [27]
2.2 Conceptual Framework
PROCESS
INPUT


Current work
process of laundry
staff
Current tools used
in doing laundry




Interview
Nordic
Musculoskeletal
Questionnaire
(NMQ)
Rapid Entire Body
Assessment (REBA)
Analyze data using
descriptive analysis,
NIOSH lifting
equation
OUTPUT


Presentation of
results to laundry
workers
Suggest an
ergonomic
intervention for
laundry workers
Page 11 of 21
III.
Methodology
3.1 Research Design
This study is a quantitative and qualitative research that gathers data to assess the
work-related musculoskeletal disorder that the laundry staff may possibly be experiencing. This
study will use the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lifting Equation
to compute for the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL). Also, Modified Standardized Nordic
Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) will be used
in this study. Both tools will be efficient and effective in gathering data that will be used to assess
the risks or possible pain that the laundry worker may be experiencing. The results of the gathered
data will be analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.
This study will be gathering data two (2) laundry staff in each of the four (4) laundry
shops in Davao city. The selected laundry shops will be located in Puan, Catalunan Grande,
Matina and Roxas. The data gathering will be conducted face-to-face with the use of survey
questionnaires.
3.2 Research Procedure
In collecting the data, the researcher will ensure that the respondents who will be asked face-toface will follow safety health protocols, especially since we are currentlyfacing a health crisis. The
steps to gather data will be as follows:
3.2.1 Identify Laundry shops. Locate laundry shops in different areas in Davao city that are still
operating. It should be operating regularly to be able to gather accurate data. The selection of
laundry shops will be selected that differ in their space and environment.
3.2.2 Identify Laundry workers. In the identified laundry shops, determine if the laundryworker is
willing to take part in the study. The researcher will inform the laundry workers of the possible flow
of the study if they are willing to be part of it. A consent form will be given to the laundry staff who
have agreed to take part in the study.
3.2.3 Conduct Site Visit. The researcher will conduct a site visit and observe the workflow of the
laundry workers. The proponent will observe for at least one (1) hour to check what tools and
whether the employee uses tools to assist them as they perform the tasks in the laundry shop.
3.2.4 Gather data. Survey questionnaires will be given to the laundry workers to assess what
Page 12 of 21
they feel in relation to the work-related musculoskeletal disorder. The workers will be given the
Modified Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), and the tool used to assess
the laundry staff's exposure to ergonomic hazards will be the Rapid Entire Body Assessment
(REBA).
3.2.5 Interpret and analyze the collected data. In the gathered data, the results will be evaluated
to determine which common action that the laundry staff engages in that puts them at risk for
musculoskeletal disorders. The results of this survey will be evaluated and analyzed through
descriptive analysis.
3.2.6 Discuss work-related musculoskeletal disorder and suggest ergonomic solutions. The
researcher will meet with the laundry workers to discuss the findings from the NMQ and REBA
assessments. A meeting regarding WMSD will be presented to educate and inform workers
about what they may be exposed to. The proponent will also explain that certain measures can
help them reduce their chances of developing this illness.
The proposal of ergonomic intervention will be discussed to laundry workers. The researcher will
discuss the importance of implementing these solutions to help them in their job.
3.2.7 Observe the laundry workers for one (1) week. The workers will continue their regular job
as laundry staff.
3.2.8 Return to the laundry shop after a week. The researcher will ask the laundry workers if the
discussion about WMSD has an impact on their workflow and if they established new processes
to avoid the potential risk of having WMSD.
3.2.9 Propose an ergonomic intervention. The proposed ergonomic solutions will help improve
the work process of the laundry workers.
Page 13 of 21
3.3 Technical Design Procedure
Identify Laundry
shops
Conduct Site
Visit
Identify
Laundry
workers
Observe the laundry
workers for one (1)
week
Discuss work-related
musculoskeletal disorder and
suggest ergonomic solution
Return to the
laundry shop after
a week
Propose an
ergonomic
intervention
Gather data
Interpret and
analyze the
collected data
Page 14 of 21
I. Bibliography
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International Committee of Textile Care, 2018. https://www.cinet-online.com/commercial-laundry/
(accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[2] Reportlinker, “Global Dry-Cleaning and Laundry Services Industry,” Prnewswire.com, Apr. 02,
2020.
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[3]“Dry-cleaning & Laundry Services Market Size Report, 2020-2027,” Grandviewresearch.com,
2020.
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/dry-cleaning-laundry-servicesmarket (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[4] “The evolution of Laundromats in the Philippines,” Inquirer Lifestyle, Nov. 05, 2020.
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(accessed
Oct. 08, 2021).
[5] M. Shashi. Kumar, B. Joseph, and B. Ramakrishna. Goud, “A study of occupational health and
safety measures in the Laundry Department of a private tertiary care teaching hospital,
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2014, doi: 10.4103/0019-5278.134951.
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risk among workers in clothes central distribution service in a hospital,” ResearchGate, 2012.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278102413_Impact_of_ergonomics_risk_among_work
ers_in_clothes_central_distribution_service_in_a_hospital (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[7] S. Mulyati, “The Relationship Between Work Posture And Musculoskeletal Disorders (Msds)
In Laundry Workers In The Area Of Puskesmas Sukamerindu Bengkulu,” Proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on Inter-professional Health Collaboration (ICIHC 2018), 2019, doi:
10.2991/icihc-18.2019.41.
[8] Kojo Hamilton, MD, “Causes and Diagnosis of Lower Back Strain,” Spine-health, 2021.
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[9] “The Definition and Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders,” ErgoPlus, May 08, 2019.
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[10] J.-K. Park, “Job Hazard Analyses for Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Factors in Pressing
Operations of Dry-cleaning Establishments,” Safety and Health at Work, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 389–
393, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.05.003.
[11]
WorkplaceTesting,
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(WMSD),”
WorkPlaceTesting.com, Dec. 2016. https://www.workplacetesting.com/definition/4027/workrelated-musculoskeletal-disorder-wmsd (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
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(accessed Oct. 27, 2021).
[12]
[13]
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[14]
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2013. https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/163975 (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
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https://ergo-plus.com/musculoskeletal-disorders-msd/ (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[16] Romy Apolega, “The commercial laundry industry in the Philippines over the last few years
has grown
immensely. Self-servic...,” Linkedin.com, Feb. 19,
2019.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-trends-shaping-commercial-laundry-philippines-2019-romyapolega (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[17] Wikipedia Contributors, “Self-service laundry,” Wikipedia, Jul. 31, 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-service_laundry (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
M. Stevens-Heebner, “How to Do Laundry at a Laundromat,” wikiHow, Feb. 16,
2018. https://www.wikihow.com/Do-Laundry-at-a-Laundromat (accessed Oct. 27, 2021).
[19]
Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety,
“Hotel
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:
OSH
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[18]
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[20]
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and
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in
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Workplace,”
PsaGov,
April
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(accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
Page 16 of 21
[21] “Industries at a Glance: Personal and Laundry Services: NAICS 812,” Bls.gov, Oct.
29,2015.https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag812.htm#:~:text=The%20personal%20and%20laundry%
20services%20subsector%20is%20part%20of%20the,individuals%2C%20households%2C%20
and%20businesses. (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[22] “4 Body Aches that are Signs of Core Weakness,” The Tummy Team, Aug. 21, 2018.
https://classic.thetummyteam.com/common-signs-core-weakness/ (accessed Oct. 09, 2021).
[23] J. Cambre, “5 Ways to Prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders,” ResponsAble Staffing, Dec. 07,
2016.
https://responsablestaffing.com/musculoskeletaldisorders/?fbclid=IwAR0SZIaDsYsSTR6fgqog94oz7K3G4i4cI_nPGtx6MSWYYCbSTbUZEbT1x8 (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[24] “Washing the injury out of doing laundry,” The Frederick News-Post, Feb. 02, 2011.
https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archive/washing-the-injury-out-of-doinglaundry/article_e88dfdc2-1350-515d-8539-45f08631bf11.html?fbclid=IwAR1bDZgb339sDXk0i_QNePMrs16L-jPl1DKhgoz0d_XL1w9r8fJd0wW9jI (accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
[25] Lucas, “12 Tips to Avoid Back Pain while Doing Household Chores,” Best for Back Pain, Aug.
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[26] Yaneth Perea, “5 Tips to reduce back and shoulder pain when cleaning the house,” Perea
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(accessed Oct. 08, 2021).
Page 17 of 21
II. Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire
Age
Gender
Do you have a history of physical injuries? If yes, please state.
How long have you been working in the laundry industry?
How long have you been working in the laundry shop?
Do you take a day off every week? If yes, please state how often.
Do you have a shifting schedule with your co-worker? If yes, please state how often
What part of the job causes you the most discomfort?
In folding the laundry, can you describe your body position while doing the job?
●
If sitting,
o
uses high chair
o
regular chair level to the table
●
Standing
Do you use tools to assist you in loading, unloading in both the washer and dryer machine? If yes,
please state
What is the average kilo of laundry batches you do during peak days (friday –sunday)?
Page 18 of 21
Appendix B: Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire
Page 19 of 21
Appendix C: Rapid Entire Body Assessment Worksheet
Page 20 of 21
Appendix D: Consent Form
Page 21 of 21