Crane Rigging Basic Safety
Introduction
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DISCLAIMER
This training material presents very
important, pertinent information. It should
not be assumed, however, that this program
satisfies every legal requirement of every
state. Some states require the training be
developed and delivered by an individual with
specific training and experience.
This training is AWARENESS LEVEL and does
not authorize any person to perform work or
validate their level of competency; it must be
supplemented with operation and processspecific assessments and training, as well as
management oversight, to assure that all
training is understood and followed.
Your organization must do an evaluation of all
exposures and applicable codes and
regulations. In addition, establish proper
controls, training, and protective measures to
effectively control exposures and assure
compliance.
This program is neither a determination that
the conditions and practices of your
organization are safe, nor a warranty that
reliance upon this program will prevent
accidents and losses or satisfy local, state, or
federal regulations.
Introduction
Introduction
Safety from the Ground Up
The safety of a rigging project depends on the proper
preparation of the necessary components at each stage of
the lift, from the sling, attachments, and lifting device, to
the riggers, crane operators, and other personnel involved.
Course topics:
•
General rigging equipment and safety
•
Various sling types
•
Steel erection rigging operations
Introduction
Course Overview
1.
General Rigging Safety
2.
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
3.
Wire Rope Slings
4.
Metal Mesh Slings
5.
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
6.
Synthetic Web Slings
7.
Steel Erection Rigging
8.
Hand Signals
General Rigging Safety
What you need to know:
1.
General safety practices
2.
Inspection requirements
3.
Proper identification of equipment limits
4.
Proper storage of equipment
5.
Hitches and slings
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling Types
Alloy steel chain
Wire rope
Metal mesh
Fiber rope
Synthetic web
1
General Rigging Safety
Vertical Hitches
Under normal conditions, a sling in a
vertical (90°) hitch will be able to lift
its maximum rated capacity.
При нормални условия сапана във
вертикален (90°) теглич ще може да
повдигне максималния си номинален
капацитет.
1
General Rigging Safety
Choker Hitches
Choker hitches will tighten on a load when lifted, but will not provide full 360˚ contact with
the load unless the line is wrapped around the load twice (creating a double choker hitch).
Additionally, the capacity of a sling in a choker hitch is 75 – 80% of the sling’s maximum
rated capacity.
Safe use:
•
Do not use a choker hitch to lift loose bundles.
•
Do not use slings made with wire rope clips in a choker hitch.
•
Do not use wire rope slings with ferrules in choker hitches.
•
If using a hitch where the angle of choke is less than 120˚, make sure to adjust the
sling’s capacity accordingly. (This will be covered in greater detail later in the course.)
•
Дроселните тегличи ще се затегнат при повдигане на товара, но няма да осигурят
пълен контакт на 360˚ с товара, освен ако въжето не е увито около товара два
пъти (създаване на двоен дросен теглич).
Освен това, капацитетът на прашка в чокър теглич е 75 – 80% от максималния
номинален капацитет на прашката.
Безопасна употреба:
Не използвайте закачалка за повдигане на разхлабени връзки.
Не използвайте сапани, направени с щипки за стоманени въжета в закачалката.
Не използвайте сапани за стоманени въжета с накрайници в дросели.
Ако използвате теглич, където ъгълът на дросела е по-малък от 120˚, уверете се,
че сте регулирали съответно капацитета на ремъка. (Това ще бъде разгледано поподробно по-късно в курса.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
1
General Rigging Safety
Basket Hitches
Basket hitches allow loads to be easily controlled. They minimize a load’s
tendency to twist.
Basket hitches can either be connected to a single hook or in a “U”
configuration with each leg connected vertically to a spreader bar.
The vertical “U” configuration allows the sling to carry the full rated
capacity on each leg, as long as the D/d ratio is at least 25/1.
Safe use:
Do not use basket hitches on hard-to-balance loads.
1
General Rigging Safety
Bridle Hitches
Bridle hitches connect 2 – 4 sling legs to a load via lifting attachments (e.g., lugs).
Safe practices:
•
Make sure the load is balanced by placing the hook point over its center of
gravity and adjusting the leg lengths to keep the load level.
•
Prior to connecting to your load, determine the working load limit for multilegged slings.
•
If using a 4-legged sling, calculate the working load limit as you would if only
using 3 legs. This allows the load’s weight to be evenly distributed while also
leaving a leg free for stability.
•
Тегличите за юзда свързват 2 – 4 крака на прашка към товар чрез
приспособления за повдигане (напр. уши).
Безопасни практики:
Уверете се, че товарът е балансиран, като поставите точката на куката
над нейния център на тежестта и регулирате дължините на краката, за да
поддържате нивото на товара.
Преди да се свържете с вашия товар, определете границата на работното
натоварване за сапани с много крака.
Ако използвате прашка с 4 крака, изчислете границата на работното
натоварване, както бихте направили, ако използвате само 3 крака. Това
позволява тежестта на товара да бъде равномерно разпределена, като
същевременно оставя крака свободен за стабилност.
•
•
•
•
1
General Rigging Safety
Safe Operating Practices
Practices for hoisting:
•
Securely attach slings to their loads.
•
Pad or protect slings from loads’ sharp edges.
•
Keep clear of suspended loads and loads about to be lifted.
•
Keep your hands or fingers clear of the space between a sling and
the load when the sling is being tightened.
Housekeeping:
When rigging equipment is not in use, remove it from the immediate
work area to assure that it does not present a hazard.
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling Safety Restrictions
Never:
никога:
•
Load slings in excess of their rated capacities.
•
•
Use damaged or defective slings.
Натоварвайте сапани над номиналния им
капацитет.
•
Use slings that are shortened with knots, bolts, or
other makeshift devices or slings with kinked legs.
•
Използвайте повредени или дефектни ремъци.
•
•
Rest a load on a sling. (However, if a load does rest
on a sling, do not pull the sling out from under the
load.)
Използвайте сапани, които са скъсени с възли,
болтове или други импровизирани устройства или
сапани с извити крака.
•
Ride on the sling or the load, unless the load is
specifically designed and tested for carrying
personnel.
Поставете товар на прашка. (Въпреки това, ако
товар лежи върху прашка, не издърпвайте
прашката изпод товара.)
•
Shock load, which is allowing the load to free fall,
changing the load’s center of gravity during hoisting,
or both.
Карайте на ремъка или товара, освен ако товарът
не е специално проектиран и тестван за носене на
персонал.
•
Ударно натоварване, което позволява на товара да
пада свободно, промяна на центъра на тежестта
на товара по време на повдигане или и двете.
•
•
1
General Rigging Safety
Inspections
Prior to use on each shift, a competent person must thoroughly
inspect rigging equipment for damage or defects.
•
During use, as needed and where service conditions allow,
slings and rigging equipment are subject to additional
inspection.
•
Defective rigging equipment, slings, or fastenings must be
removed from service immediately.
•
Преди използване на всяка смяна, компетентно лице
трябва да инспектира щателно такелажното оборудване за
повреди или дефекти.
•
По време на употреба, ако е необходимо и когато
условията на експлоатация позволяват, сапаните и
оборудването за такелаж подлежат на допълнителна
проверка.
•
Дефектното такелажно оборудване, сапани или закопчалки
трябва незабавно да бъдат премахнати от експлоатация.
1
General Rigging Safety
Rating and Identification
Do not use equipment without identification
markings. Не използвайте оборудване без
идентификационни маркировки.
Identification markings are required on all rigging equipment.
Identification marking requirements:
Never load equipment in excess of the safe
working load. Никога не натоварвайте
оборудването над безопасното работно
натоварване.
•
Permanently affixed
•
Legible
•
Approved by the manufacturer
•
Marked with the safe working load.
•
Идентификационните маркировки се изискват върху цялото такелажно
оборудване.
•
Изисквания за идентификационна маркировка:
•
Постоянно закрепен
•
Четлив
•
Одобрен от производителя
•
Маркиран с безопасно работно натоварване.
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling Attachments and Custom Equipment
Capacity requirements:
Custom equipment:
Sling attachments should have a rated capacity greater
than or equal to that of the chain in use.
Any special custom equipment (e.g., grabs, hooks, etc.)
must also be marked with its safe working load, as well as
proof-tested prior to use at 125% of the rated load.
If you must use attachments with a lower capacity than
the sling, do not use the sling beyond the rated capacity of
the weakest attachment.
Common sling attachments include:
•
Clips
•
Master links
•
Eyebolts
•
Shackles
•
Fittings
•
Sockets
•
Hooks
•
Triangles
Do not use clips to fabricate wire rope slings.
1
General Rigging Safety
Hooks
• Sling legs must only contact the
hook within 45˚of the centerline.
–
Do not connect loads using the
hook’s tip.
Inspections and removal from
service:
• When connecting hooks to a load in
a bridle hitch, the hook tips must be
pointing out or up.
•
Cracks
•
Deformation
• Краката на прашката трябва да
контактуват с куката само в
рамките на 45˚ от централната
линия.
•
Nicks
•
Gouges
•
Missing latch facility
• Не свързвайте товари с помощта
на върха на куката.
•
Wear of 5% at the narrowest point
or 10% of the profile or depth
• Когато свързвате куки към товар
в теглич на юзда, върховете на
куките трябва да сочат навън или
нагоре.
•
Инспекции и отстраняване от
експлоатация:
Незабавно отстранете от
обслужване всички куки, които
показват:
Пукнатини
Деформация
Никове
Immediately remove from service any
hooks that display:
•
•
•
•
Watch for wear at these points.
1
General Rigging Safety
Center of Gravity (horizontal)
Loads can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Either way, connect
the load above their horizontal center of gravity.
Symmetrical Load
Asymmetrical Load
The center of gravity is
along the centerline.
The center of gravity is not
along the centerline.
1
General Rigging Safety
Center of Gravity (horizontal)
Loads not rigged at the
horizontal center of gravity
may tip or fall off the sling.
In addition to the risks of
falling objects and damage to
the load, slipping or falling
loads can cause shock stress
on the rigging and hoisting
equipment, weakening it for
future use.
Товарите, които не са
монтирани в хоризонталния
център на тежестта, могат да се
наклонят или да паднат от
прашката.
В допълнение към рисковете от
падащи предмети и повреда на
товара, подхлъзване или
падащи товари могат да
причинят ударно напрежение
върху такелажа и повдигащото
оборудване, отслабвайки го за
бъдеща употреба.
Balanced
Asymmetrical Load
Балансиран
Асиметрично натоварване
Unbalanced
Asymmetrical Load
1
General Rigging Safety
Center of Gravity (vertical)
In addition to the horizontal
center of gravity, consider
the load’s vertical center of
gravity.
Connect loads at or above
the vertical center of gravity.
Loads connected below their
horizontal center of gravity
may be at risk of toppling.
В допълнение към
хоризонталния център на
тежестта вземете предвид
вертикалния център на
тежестта на товара.
Свържете товари на или над
вертикалния център на
тежестта. Товарите, свързани
под техния хоризонтален
център на тежестта, може да са
изложени на риск от
преобръщане.
Load is stable.
Натоварването е стабилно
Load is unstable.
Натоварването е нестабилно
1
General Rigging Safety
Environmental Conditions
Условия на околната среда
Be aware of environmental conditions that may affect the capacity of the sling or other
components.
•
Weather:
–
Wind
–
Precipitation
–
Temperature
–
Visibility
•
Worksite features:
–
Power lines or other overhead obstructions
–
Uneven or unstable surfaces
•
Reactive substances:
–
Chemicals which may damage slings, other rigging components, or personnel
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
If any of these conditions are
present, follow the manufacturer
recommendations.
Имайте предвид условията на околната среда, които могат да повлияят на капацитета на прашката или
други компоненти.
Метеорологично време:
Вятър
Валежи
температура
Видимост
Характеристики на работната площадка:
Електропроводи или други надземни препятствия
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling-to-Load Angles
Ъгли на прашка към товара
The sling-to-load angle
is the angle between a
sling’s legs and the load’s
horizontal plane.
Ъгълът на прашка към товара
е ъгълът между краката на
сапана и хоризонталната
равнина на товара.
The lower the sling leg
angle, the greater the
tension on the sling.
This tension increases the
sling’s actual load.
Колкото по-малък е ъгълът
на крака на прашката,
толкова по-голямо е
напрежението на прашката.
Това напрежение увеличава
действителното натоварване
на прашката.
The sling angle is not a concern for vertical hitches
because they are not affected by angle loss factors.
However, for basket, bridle, and choker hitches,
knowing this angle is critical to planning a lift. You
must calculate how much the angle reduces the load
capacity.
Never use angles that are less than 30˚without
approval from a qualified person.
Ъгълът на ремъка не е проблем за вертикалните тегличи,
тъй като те не се влияят от факторите на загуба на ъгъл.
Въпреки това, за закачане на кош, юзда и закачалка,
познаването на този ъгъл е от решаващо значение за
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling Angle Loss Factor
The sling angle loss factor allows you to calculate how
much the angle reduces the overall load capacity.
•
•
To obtain the loss factor, refer to a sling angle loss
factor table. (See the adjacent example.)
To use the loss factor: Multiply the loss factor by
the load capacity to obtain the reduced load
capacity. (A low angle equals a lower loss factor,
creating a lower reduced load capacity.)
If the reduced load capacity is less than the
load weight, the hitch is not strong enough
to perform the lift.
Sling Angle Loss Factors
Angle from
Horizontal
(degrees)
Loss Factor
90
1.000
85
.9962
80
.9848
75
.9659
70
.9397
65
.9063
60
.8660
55
.8192
50
.7660
45
.7071
40
.6428
35
.5736
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Reduced Load Method
The reduced load method uses the
sling-to-load angle to determine the
reduced load limit.
Actual Load Method
The actual load method uses inverse
proportions to determine the actual load
for each sling leg.
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Дейност: Коефициент на загуба на ъгъл на прашка
Reduced Load Method
Use the reduced work load method
to confirm the adequate sling strength
to carry this load in a bridle hitch.
Метод с намалено натоварване
Използвайте метода за намалено работно
натоварване, за да потвърдите адекватната
здравина на ремъка за носене на това
натоварване в теглич на юзда.
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
4,200 lbs
Step 1: Establish the weight of the load.
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
Стъпка 1: Установете теглото на товара.
Натоварване: 4200 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
4,200 lbs
Step 2: Find the vertical load capacity of the sling.
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
2.
Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs
Стъпка 2: Намерете вертикалната товароносимост на прашката.
1. Натоварване: 4200 lbs
2. Капацитет на вертикално натоварване (един крак): 2800 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
4,200 lbs
Step 3: Account for the capacity of both legs. (Multiply the vertical load capacity by 2.)
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
2.
Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs
3.
Vertical load capacity (two legs): 5,600 lbs (2,800 x 2)
Стъпка 3: Отчитайте капацитета на двата крака. (Умножете капацитета на вертикално натоварване по 2.)
1. Натоварване: 4200 lbs
2. Капацитет на вертикално натоварване (един крак): 2800 lbs
3. Капацитет на вертикално натоварване (два крака): 5600 lbs (2800 x 2)
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
4,200 lbs
Step 4: Determine the angle of your sling legs.
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
2.
Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs
3.
Vertical load capacity (two legs): 5,600 lbs (2,800 x 2)
4.
Sling angle (both legs): 60˚
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Sling Angle Loss Factors
4,200 lbs
Step 5: Determine your loss factor.
Angle from
Horizontal
(degrees)
Loss
Factor
90
1.000
85
.9962
80
.9848
75
.9659
70
.9397
65
.9063
60
.8660
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
55
.8192
2.
Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs
50
.7660
3.
Vertical load capacity (two legs): 5,600 lbs (2,800 x 2)
45
.7071
4.
Sling angle (both legs): 60˚
40
.6428
35
.5736
5.
Loss factor: .866
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 6: Determine the reduced load capacity of your hitch.
4,200 lbs
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
2.
Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs
3.
Vertical load capacity (two legs): 5,600 lbs (2,800 x 2)
4.
Sling angle (both legs): 60˚
5.
Loss factor: .866
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above to calculate
the full load capacity of your hitch.
x
Full 2-Leg Vertical
Load Capacity (lbs)
=
60˚ Sling Angle
Loss Factor
Reduced Load
Capacity (lbs)
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 7: Confirm that your hitch can carry your load.
4,200 lbs
1.
Load: 4,200 lbs
2.
Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs
3.
Vertical load capacity (two legs): 5,600 lbs (2,800 x 2)
4.
Sling angle (both legs): 60˚
5.
Loss factor: .866
6.
Reduced load capacity: 4,849.6 lbs
Based on the figures above, is your reduced hitch load capacity
adequate to lift this load?
Yes
No
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Actual Load Method
We will now use the actual load
method to calculate a two-leg bridle
hitch load that allows for a tight vertical
clearance.
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
5,200 lbs
Step 1: Establish the weight of the load.
1.
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
3.2 ft
Step 2: Determine the vertical height of your hitch.
1.
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
4 ft
Step 3: Establish the length of your sling legs.
1.
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
3.
Sling leg length: 4 ft
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 4: Establish the proportional tension factor.
(Divide the sling leg length by the vertical height.)
4
3.2
1.
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
3.
Sling leg length: 4 ft
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above.
Sling Leg Length
÷
Vertical Hitch
Height
=
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 5: Determine the vertical load on each of the two legs.
?
?
1:
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
3.
Sling leg length: 4 ft
4.
Tension factor: 1.25
5,200
Load Weight (lbs)
÷
2
Number of
Sling Legs
=
2,600
Vertical Load for
Single Leg
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 6: Determine the actual load on each sling leg.
1:
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
3.
Sling leg length: 4 ft
4.
Tension factor: 1.25
5.
Vertical load on each sling leg: 2,600 lbs
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above.
x
Vertical Load on
Each Sling Leg (lbs)
=
Tension Factor
3,250
Actual Load For
Each Sling Leg
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 7: Verify your vertical sling load capacity.
1:
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
3.
Sling leg length: 4 ft
4.
Tension factor: 1.25
5.
Vertical load on each sling leg: 2,600 lbs
6.
Actual load on each sling leg: 3,250 lbs
7.
Vertical load capacity: 2,800 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor
Step 8: Verify your vertical sling load capacity.
1:
Load weight: 5,200 lbs
2.
Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft
3.
Sling leg length: 4 ft
4.
Tension factor: 1.25
5.
Vertical load on each sling leg: 2,600 lbs
6.
Actual load on each sling leg: 3,250 lbs
7.
Vertical load capacity: 2,800 lbs
Based on the actual load on each sling leg and the
vertical load capacity, is your actual sling load
capacity adequate to lift this load?
Yes
No
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling-to-Load Angle—Choker Hitch
A sling’s capacity in a choker hitch assumes that the angle
of choke is at or above 120˚.
If the angle of choke is less than 120˚, the sling’s capacity
will be further reduced.
1
General Rigging Safety
Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Choker hitches:
The use of choker hitches reduce a sling’s load limit. The
angle of choke can reduce the load limit further.
Once your angle of choke has been determined, multiply
the appropriate loss factor to your sling’s capacity to
determine the reduced load limit. (See the adjacent table.)
The total load weight must not exceed the reduced load
limit.
Sling Angle Loss Factors
Angle of
Choke
(degrees)
Loss Factor
121+
1.000
90 – 120
.870
60 – 89
.740
30 – 59
.620
0 – 29
.490
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Confirm the adequate sling strength to
carry this load in a choker hitch.
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Step 1: Establish the weight of the load.
1.
Load: 1,650 lbs
1,650 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Step 2: Establish the choker load capacity of your sling.
1.
Load: 1,650 lbs
2.
Choker load capacity: 2,200 lbs
1,650 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Step 3: Determine the choke angle.
1.
Load: 1,650 lbs
2.
Choker load capacity: 2,200 lbs
3.
Choke angle: 80˚
1,650 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Step 4: Determine your loss factor.
1.
Load: 1,650 lbs
2.
Choker load capacity: 2,200 lbs
3.
Choke angle: 80˚
4.
Loss factor: .74
Angle of Choke
(degrees)
Loss Factor
121+
1.000
90 – 120
.870
60 – 89
.740
30 – 59
.620
0 – 29
.490
1,650 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Step 6: Determine the reduced load capacity of your hitch.
1.
Load: 1,650 lbs
2.
Choker load capacity: 2,200 lbs
3.
Choke angle: 80˚
4.
Loss factor: .74
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above to
calculate the reduced load capacity of your choker hitch.
5600
Choker Load
Capacity (lbs)
x
.866
80˚ Choke Angle
Loss Factor
=
Load Capacity
(lbs)
1,650 lbs
1
General Rigging Safety
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch
Step 6: Confirm that your hitch can carry the load.
1:
Load: 1,650 lbs
2.
Choker load capacity: 2,200 lbs
3.
Choke angle: 80˚
4.
Loss factor: .74
5.
Reduced load capacity: 1,628 lbs
Based on the figures above, is your reduced hitch load
capacity adequate to lift this load?
Yes
No
1,650 lbs
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
What you need to know:
1.
How to identify size, grade, and capacity
specifications
2.
Additional inspection criteria specific to alloy steel
chain
3.
Deficiencies that require repair or removal of the sling
from service
Какво трябва да знаете:
Как да идентифицирате спецификациите за размер,
клас и капацитет
Допълнителни критерии за проверка, специфични за
верига от легирана стомана
Недостатъци, които изискват ремонт или отстраняване
на прашката от експлоатация
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Identification
Alloy steel chain identification markings must indicate the following:
•
Size
•
Grade
•
Rated capacity
•
Reach
•
Manufacturer or fabricator
•
Date of manufacture or fabrication
Do not use alloy steel chain slings for loads in excess of their
rated capacities (i.e., working load limits).
This durable steel tag is
ideal for chain identification.
A built-in RFID tag enables
the specifications to be read
with a mobile device.
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Attachments
Attachments should have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain in
use. Otherwise, the sling must not be used beyond the rated capacity of the
weakest attachment.
Do not use makeshift links, fasteners formed from bolts or rods,
or other such attachments.
Slings for use in overhead lifting must be at least Grade 8.
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Inspection
Inspect for the
following:
•
All items listed in the
general inspection
requirements
Frequency:
Inspect slings at least once
every 12 months.
•
Wear
The frequency is
determined by the
following:
•
Defective welds
•
How often it is used
•
Deformation
•
•
Increase in length
The severity of service
conditions
•
Evidence of heat
damage (e.g.,
discoloration)
•
The type of lifts being
made
•
Knowledge gained
from the service life of
other slings used in
similar conditions
Проверете за следното:
•
Всички елементи,
изброени в общите
изисквания за проверка
•
Износване
•
Дефектни заварки
•
Деформация
•
Увеличаване на
дължината
•
Доказателство за
Честота:
Проверявайте слинговете поне
веднъж на 12 месеца.
Честотата се определя от
следното:
Колко често се използва
Records:
The employer must keep
and maintain a record of
the most recent inspection
for each alloy steel chain
sling, which must be made
available for examination if
required.
Записи:
Работодателят трябва да пази
и поддържа запис на
последната инспекция за
всяка верижна прашка от
легирана стомана, която
трябва да бъде предоставена
за проверка, ако е
необходимо.
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Safe Operating Temperatures
Service limit:
When a sling is exposed to service temperatures greater than 600˚F,
employers must reduce its maximum working load limit according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Remove from service threshold:
Any alloy steel chain slings that have been heated above 1,000˚F must be
permanently removed from service.
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Repair and Reconditioning
Ремонт и възстановяване
Worn or damaged slings:
Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments are not to be used until
repaired. If welding or heat testing is performed, slings must also be
reconditioned and proof-tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity
prior to re-entering service.
Broken chain:
Do not use low carbon steel repair links, construction links, or mechanical
coupling links to repair broken lengths of chain.
Износени или повредени сапани:
Износени или повредени сапани или приспособления за вериги от легирана стомана не
трябва да се използват, докато не бъдат поправени. Ако се извършва заваряване или
топлинно изпитване, сапаните също трябва да бъдат ремонтирани и тествани от
производителя на сапана или еквивалентен субект, преди да бъдат пуснати отново в
експлоатация.
Скъсана верига:
Не използвайте ремонтни звена от нисковъглеродна стомана, строителни звена или
механични съединителни звена, за да поправите счупени части на веригата.
This is a rare example of a broken
weld point on a chain link. Never
use a chain with broken welds.
Това е рядък пример за счупена заваръчна
точка на звено на верига. Никога не
използвайте верига със счупени заварки.
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Proof-Testing
Testing before use:
Any new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain slings,
including all welded components in the sling assembly, must
be proof-tested before use by the sling manufacturer or
equivalent entity.
The employer must assure that proper testing is performed
and keep a certificate of the proof test, which is to be made
available for examination if required.
A proof-testing machine capable of
applying extreme tensile forces to sling
and attachment materials
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Effect of Wear
Chains are prone to extreme wear during lifts.
Remove chains from service if the chain size at any point
of the link is less than the size stated in the adjacent table.
Minimum Allowable Chain Size
Rated chain size
(inches)
¼
⅜
½
⅝
¾
⅞
1
1
1
⅛
¼
1 ⅜
1½
1 ¾
Minimum allowable
chain size at any point
(inches)
13
19
25
31
19
45
13
29
64
64
64
64
32
64
16
32
1
1
3
1
3
1
32
16
13
32
2
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Removal from Service
Alloy steel chain slings displaying cracks or deformation
in any master links, coupling links, hooks, or any other
components must be immediately removed from
service.
Верижните сапани от легирана стомана, които
показват пукнатини или деформации в главните
връзки, съединителните връзки, куките или други
компоненти, трябва незабавно да бъдат извадени от
експлоатация.
A hook with a stretched
throat opening
Кука с разпънат отвор на
гърлото
Wire Rope Slings
What you need to know:
1.
How to identify size, grade, and capacity
specifications
2.
Additional inspection criteria specific to wire rope
3.
Deficiencies that require repair or removal of the sling
from service
Какво трябва да знаете:
Как да идентифицирате спецификациите за размер,
клас и капацитет
Допълнителни критерии за проверка, специфични за
стоманено въже
Недостатъци, които изискват ремонт или отстраняване
на прашката от експлоатация
3
Wire Rope Slings
Identification
Wire rope identification markings must indicate the following:
•
Recommended safe working load for the types of hitches used
•
The angle that was used to calculate the safe working load, if applicable
•
The number of legs
Идентификационните маркировки на стоманените въжета трябва да
показват следното:
Препоръчително безопасно работно натоварване за използваните видове
тегличи
Ъгълът, който е използван за изчисляване на безопасното работно
натоварване, ако е приложимо
Броят на краката
Do not use wire rope slings for loads in excess of their rated
capacities (i.e., working load limits).
3
Wire Rope Slings
Wire Rope Construction
Prior to use or inspection, verify the sling’s construction,
including the following:
•
Core material
•
Lay
•
Fabrication
Преди употреба или проверка проверете конструкцията
на прашката, включително следното:
Основен материал
Релеф
Изработка
6x19
18x7
Never use wire rope slings in ways that are not
specified by the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Никога не използвайте сапани за телени въжета по начини,
които не са посочени в препоръките на производителя
8x19
3
Wire Rope Slings
Attachments
Most end attachments must be proof-tested by the manufacturer or
equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to their initial use.
The employer must keep a certificate of the proof test, which is to be made
available for examination if required.
Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations to verify if your end attachments
require proof-testing.
A spelter socket
3
Wire Rope Slings
Attachments: Choker Hitch Shackle
Приставки: закачане скоба
Safe shackle attachment:
Hazardous shackle attachment:
The eye-splice loop is secured around the
shackle bolt.
Movement of the sling’s leg may unscrew
the bolt during the lift.
Безопасно закрепване на скоба:
Опасно закрепване на скоби:
Примката за свързване на окото е закрепена
около болта на скобата.
Движението на крака на прашката може да
развие болта по време на повдигане.
3
Wire Rope Slings
Minimum Lengths
Wire rope is subject to minimum lengths between splices, sleeves, loops, or end fittings.
Sling type
Minimum length
Cable laid slings, 6x19 slings, and
6x37 slings
30 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves,
or end fittings
Braided slings
40 times the component rope diameter between loops or end
fittings
Cable laid grommets, strand laid
grommets, and endless slings
Circumferential length of 96 times the sling’s diameter
3
Wire Rope Slings
Inspections: Wire Conditions
In addition to the general inspection requirements, wire rope must be inspected
for the following conditions:
Faulty sling construction:
Broken wires:
Wire rope slings used in hoisting,
lowering, or pulling loads must be
constructed from a single continuous
piece without knots or splices, except
for eye splices in the ends of wires
and other endless rope slings.
Do not use wire rope slings if the
total number of visible broken wires
in any length of 8 diameters exceeds
10% of the total number of wires or if
the rope shows any other signs of
excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.
Knots:
Do not inspect a sling by passing bare
hands over the wire rope body.
Broken wires, if present, may
puncture the hands.
Do not secure wire rope with knots,
except for haul back lines on
scrapers.
Broken wire rope is
hazardous to handle
because of sharp
loose wires.
3
Wire Rope Slings
Inspections: Splices and Swages
Proper splices:
Cover or blunt any protruding ends of strands in splices on
slings and bridles.
Eye splices in any wire rope must have at least three full
tucks. Please note that this requirement does not prohibit
the use of other approved splices or connections which are
proven to be as efficient.
Swages:
Check that any swaged fittings are
secure and that no wires are broken
at the fitting.
3
Wire Rope Slings
Inspections: Eye Formation
Eye formation:
Do not use wire rope clips or knots to form eyes in rope
bridles, slings, or bull wires.
U-bolts:
When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, refer to
the adjacent table to determine the number and spacing of
clips.
When used for eye splices, apply the U-bolt clip
so that the “U” section is contacting the dead
end of the rope.
Number and Spacing of
U-Bolt Wire Rope Clips
Improved
Plow Steel
Rope
Diameter
(inches)
Number of Clips
Minimum
spacing
(inches)
Drop
Forged
Other
Material
½
⅝
¾
⅞
3
4
3
3
4
3¾
4
5
4½
4
5
5¼
1
5
6
6
1⅛
6
6
6¾
1¼
6
7
7½
1⅜
7
7
8¼
1½
7
8
9
3
Wire Rope Slings
Safe Operating Temperatures
Fiber Core
Non-Fiber Core
All fiber core wire rope slings
that have been exposed to
temperatures above 200˚F
must be permanently removed
from service.
Non-fiber core wire rope slings
may be used in temperatures
ranging from -60˚F to 400˚F
without decreasing the working
load limit.
If operating outside this
temperature range, follow
the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
If operating outside this
temperature range, follow
the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
3
Wire Rope Slings
Removal from Service
Damage to wire rope:
Damage to hooks:
Wire rope slings displaying any of the following characteristics must be
immediately removed from service:
Hooks displaying any cracks or
deformation must be immediately
removed from service.
•
10 randomly distributed
broken wires in one rope
lay
•
5 broken wires in one
strand of one rope lay
•
Wear or scraping of ⅓ of
the original diameter of
outside individual wires
•
Kinking, crushing, bird caging,
or any other damage-causing
distortion of the wire rope’s
structure
•
Proof of heat damage
•
Ropes or end attachments
showing corrosion, cracks,
deformation, or wear
Metal Mesh Slings
What you need to know:
1.
How to identify size, grade, and capacity
specifications
2.
Requirements for testing new and repaired metal
mesh slings
3.
Deficiencies that require repair or removal of the sling
from service
4
Metal Mesh Slings
Identification
Metal mesh identification markings must indicate the sling’s
rated capacity for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch
loadings.
Do not use metal mesh slings for loads in excess
of their rated capacities (i.e., working load
limits).
Do not apply coatings to metal mesh slings that
diminish its rated capacity.
4
Metal Mesh Slings
Attachments
Handles or other attachments must have a rated capacity at least equal to that
of the metal mesh sling and must not exhibit any deformation after prooftesting.
Make sure that:
•
Handles are attached to the sling in a way that does not reduce the sling’s
rated capacity.
•
The load is evenly distributed across the width of the fabric.
•
Sharp edges do not damage the fabric.
•
All attachments are rated for the temperature in your lifting environment.
4
Metal Mesh Slings
Repair and Reconditioning
Manufacturer Repairs
Manufacturer Proof-Testing
Do not use repaired metal mesh slings unless the
repairs were performed by the sling’s manufacturer or
an equivalent entity.
Do not use any new or repaired metal mesh slings,
including handles or other attachments, until they have
been proof-tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity
to at least 1 ½ times their rated capacity.
Any repairs must be indicated either by permanently
marking or tagging the sling or keeping a written record
detailing the date and nature of the repairs and the
person or organization that performed the repairs.
Any records are to be made available for examination if
required.
Proof-testing must be performed on elastomer
impregnated slings prior to coating.
4
Metal Mesh Slings
Safe Operating Temperatures
Non-elastomer impregnated
metal mesh or metal mesh that
is not impregnated:
Allowable temperature range:
-20˚F to 550˚F
Polyvinyl chloride or neoprene
impregnated metal mesh:
Allowable temperature range:
0˚F to 200˚F
Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations if operating
outside these temperature ranges, or using metal mesh
slings impregnated with other materials.
4
Metal Mesh Slings
Removal from Service
Metal mesh slings are to be immediately removed from service if any
of the following are discovered:
•
A broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge
•
Reduction in the wire’s diameter of 25% due to abrasion or of 15%
due to corrosion
•
Lack of flexibility caused by distortion of the fabric
•
Distortion of the female handle so that the slot’s depth is increased by
more than 10%
•
Distortion of either handle so that the width of the eye is decreased by
more than 10%
•
A 15% reduction of the original cross sectional area of metal at any
point around the handle’s eye
•
Distortion of either handle out of its plane
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
What you need to know:
1.
How to identify size, grade, and capacity specifications
2.
Proper splicing requirements
3.
Deficiencies that require repair or removal of the sling
from service
5
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
Identification and Attachments
Identification:
Fiber rope identification markings must indicate the following:
•
The stated capacity for the types of hitches used and the angle upon which
it is based
•
The type of fiber material
•
The number of legs (if more than one)
Do not use fiber rope slings for loads in excess of their rated
capacities (i.e., working load limits).
Do not use fiber rope slings if the end attachments in contact with
the rope have sharp edges or projections.
5
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
Splicing
Use spliced fiber rope
slings only if they meet
the following minimum
requirements, along with
any additional
manufacturer
recommendations:
Tucks:
Rope Type
Eye Splices
(minimum full tucks)
Short Splices
(minimum full tucks)
Manila Rope
3
6 (3 per side of the center line)
Synthetic Fiber Rope
4
8 (4 per side of the center line)
Tail ends:
Do not trim strand tail ends flush with the surface of the rope immediately adjacent
to the full tucks. This requirement applies to all types of fiber rope and both eye and
short splices.
Rope Diameter
Minimum Tail Length beyond the last full tuck
Under 1” diameter
6 rope diameters
1” diameter and larger
6 inches
In cases where a projecting tail interferes with the sling’s use, taper the tail and splice it
into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks, leaving a tail length of
approximately 6 rope diameters beyond the last full tuck.
5
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
Splicing
Minimum clear length:
The required minimum clear length of rope between eye splices is equal to 10
times the rope’s diameter.
Knots:
Do not use knots in place of splices.
Specialized clamps:
Only use clamps specifically designed for fiber ropes and splicing.
Proper splice sizing:
For all eye splices, make sure that the eye is appropriately sized so that it
provides an included angle of 60° or less at the splice when the eye is placed
over the load or support.
Fiber rope eye splice
5
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
Safe Operating Temperatures and Repairs
Safe Operating Temperatures
Repairs
Fiber rope slings may be used in temperatures
ranging from -20˚F to 180˚F without decreasing
working load limits.
Only fiber rope slings made from new
rope may be used.
If operating outside this temperature range or if
dealing with wet frozen slings, follow the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Never use repaired or
reconditioned fiber rope slings
under any circumstances.
5
Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
Removal from Service
Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings are to be immediately removed
from service if any of the following criteria are met:
•
Abnormal wear
•
Powdered fiber between strands
•
Broken or cut fibers
•
Variations in the size or roundness of strands
•
Discoloration or rotting
•
Distortion of hardware in the sling
Synthetic Web Slings
What you need to know:
1.
How to identify size, grade, and capacity
specifications
2.
Necessary precautions to be taken in specific
environmental conditions
3.
Deficiencies that require repair or removal of the sling
from service
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Identification
Synthetic web identification markings must indicate the following
information:
•
Name or trademark of manufacturer
•
Rated capacities for each type of hitch
•
Type of synthetic web material
Do not use synthetic web slings for loads in excess of their rated
capacities (i.e., working load limits).
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Sling Construction
Synthetic web slings must be of uniform thickness and width. Selvage
edges must not be split from the webbing’s width.
Fittings must have a minimum breaking strength equal to the sling’s and must
be free of any sharp edges that could damage the sling.
Synthetic web sling
with uniform
thickness
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Attachments
End fittings and eyes may only be attached or formed via stitching.
When attaching fittings or forming eyes, the thread must be applied in an even
pattern and contain a sufficient number of stitches to reach the full breaking
strength of the sling.
Synthetic web sling
strap with attached
fitting
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Environmental Conditions
Certain synthetic web slings may not be used if specific environmental
conditions are present.
•
Nylon web slings are not to be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or
liquids of acids or phenols are present.
•
Polyester and polypropylene web slings, or any sling with aluminum
fittings, are not to be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or liquids
of caustics are present.
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Safe Operating Temperatures
Polyester and Nylon
Polypropylene
Never use synthetic web slings
at temperatures above 180˚F.
Never use web slings at
temperatures above 200˚F.
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Repairs
Do not use repaired synthetic web slings if any part of the sling (including
webbing and fittings) has been repaired in a temporary manner.
Only use repaired synthetic web slings if the repairs were performed by the
sling manufacturer or equivalent entity.
In addition, all repaired slings must be proof-tested by the manufacturer or
equivalent entity to twice its rated capacity before returning to service. The
employer must keep a certificate of the proof test, which is to be made
available for examination if required.
6
Synthetic Web Slings
Removal from Service
Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the
following are discovered:
•
Acid or caustic burns
•
Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface
•
Snags, punctures, tears, or cuts
•
Broken or worn stitches
•
Distortion of fittings
Steel Erection Rigging
What you need to know:
1.
Pre-shift inspection requirements for cranes and rigging
2.
Basic safety requirements during crane operations
3.
Additional safe practices in specific scenarios
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Pre-Shift Visual Inspection of Cranes
Prior to each shift, a competent person must inspect any cranes used in steel erection activities for deficiencies during
operation. The following components must be included in the inspection:
Control mechanisms:
Check all control mechanisms for
maladjustments, and check the control
and drive mechanism for excessive wear
of components and contamination by
lubricants, water, or other foreign matter.
Safety devices:
Check safety devices, including boom
angle indicators, boom stops, boom kick
out devices, anti two-block devices, and
load movement indicators where required.
Tires:
Check for proper inflation and condition.
Pressurized lines:
Check air, hydraulic, and other
pressurized lines for deterioration or
leakage, particularly those with flex in
normal operation.
Ground conditions:
Check ground conditions around the
hoisting equipment for proper support,
including ground settling under and
around outriggers, ground water
accumulation, or similar conditions.
Electrical apparatuses:
Check for malfunctioning, signs of
excessive deterioration, dirt, or moisture.
Hydraulic systems:
Check for proper fluid levels.
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Pre-Shift Visual Inspection of Hoist and Rigging
Equipment
Prior to each shift, a competent person must inspect any crane hoists and rigging equipment for deficiencies during
operation. The following components must be included in the inspection:
Hoisting equipment:
Rigging inspection:
Inspect hoisting equipment, prior to
use as well as after each move and
setup to assure that the load is level.
Additionally, prior to each shift the
rigging must be inspected by a qualified
rigger (meaning a rigger who is also a
qualified person).
If any deficiencies are identified, the
inspector must immediately
determine whether the deficiencies
constitute a hazard. If so, the hoisting
equipment is to be removed from
service until all deficiencies have been
corrected.
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Operation
Operator control:
Licensed operators are responsible for all operations under their direct control.
If concerns regarding safety arise, operators are authorized to stop and refuse
to handle loads until safety has been assured.
Hoist riding:
Use of the headache ball, hook, or load to transport personnel is strictly
prohibited unless the employer demonstrates that the erection, use, and
dismantling of conventional means of reaching the work area (e.g., personnel
hoists, ladders, scaffolds, aerial lifts, etc.) would be more hazardous or
impossible due to the project’s structural design or worksite conditions.
Never remove
the safety
latch.
Safety latches:
Safety latches on hooks are not to be
deactivated or made inoperable unless
a qualified rigger has determined that
the hoisting and placing of purlins and
single joists can be performed more
safely by doing so or that equivalent
protection is provided in a site-specific
erection plan.
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Working Under Loads
Pre-plan your routes.
Organize routes for suspended loads to assure that no employees are required to
work directly below a suspended load, except for employees who are necessary for
the initial connection, hooking, or unhooking of the load.
When working under suspended loads is necessary, the following conditions must
be met:
•
Proper rigging: All rigging materials, assemblies, and loads being hoisted
must be properly rigged by a qualified rigger to prevent unintentional
displacement.
•
Safety latch hooks: Use only hooks with self-closing safety latches or their
equivalents to prevent components from slipping out of the hook.
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Multiple Lift Rigging
Multiple lifts are only allowed if the following conditions are met:
•
A multiple lift rigging assembly is used.
•
A maximum of five members are hoisted per lift.
•
Only beams and similar structures are lifted.
•
All employees engaged in the lift have received proper training.
•
Cranes and hoisting equipment are used in compliance with the
manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.
•
Controlled load lowering is used whenever the load is over the connectors.
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Multiple Lift Rigging: Calculating 5-to-1 Safety Factor
5-to-1 safety factor:
All components of the
multiple lift rigging assembly
must be specifically designed
and assembled with a
maximum capacity for the
total assembly and for each
individual attachment point.
The capacity will be based on
the manufacturer’s
specifications with a 5-to-1
safety design factor for all
components, and must be
certified by a manufacturer or
qualified rigger.
Formula:
Permissible Working Load
=
Minimum breaking strength
Safety factor
Example:
20,000 lbs
(Minimum breaking strength)
4,000 lbs
(Permissible Working Load)
=
5
(Safety factor)
7
Steel Erection Rigging
Multiple Lift Rigging: Sling Assembly
Make sure that:
•
The total load does not exceed the rated capacities of either the hoisting
equipment or the rigging, as specified in the appropriate load and rigging
rating charts.
•
All members on the multiple lift assembly are set from the bottom up.
•
All members that are rigged in the multiple lift assembly are:
‒
Attached at their center of gravity.
‒
Staying reasonably level.
‒
Rigged from the top down.
‒
Rigged at least seven feet (2.1 m) apart.
Hand Signals
What you need to know:
1.
How to recognize and perform standard hand signals
for crane direction
8
Hand Signals
Hoist and Lower
Hoist
Lower
Move your hand in a circular
motion with your forearm
vertical and your forefinger
pointing up.
Move your hand in a
circular motion with your
forearm extended
downward and your
forefinger pointing down.
8
Hand Signals
Stop and Emergency Stop
Stop
Emergency Stop
Extend your arm outward with the
palm facing down, and rapidly
move your hand back and forth.
Extend both arms outward
with your palms facing
down, and rapidly move
your hands back and forth.
8
Hand Signals
Trolley Travel and Tower Travel
Trolley Travel
Tower Travel
Raise your hand with the palm
facing up, the fingers closed,
and the thumb pointing in the
direction of travel.
Extend your arm forward with
the hand open and slightly
raised, and make a pushing
motion in the direction of travel.
8
Hand Signals
Swing and Move Slowly
Swing
Move Slowly
Extend your arm outward and
point with a finger in direction
of the boom’s swing.
Place a motionless hand behind
your signal hand.
8
Hand Signals
Dog Everything
Dog (Hold) Everything
Clasp hands in front of your body.