Yes it's REAL-ism! The art subject is to be presented by the teacher for a classroom activity.
Coffee painting activity, Anything you SCULP Each student will bring
something like a soap, day, wood etc for a sculpture activity.
ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL ARTS
Whenever we see an art object, we cannot fail to notice several things: shape or form, texture, space,
and lines. These are called Like medium, elements are present in every art form. All arts have elements
certain elements of their own. The building blocks or ingredients of art.
1. LINE
Line is an important element at the disposal of every artist. Through the lines of a painting or sculpture,
the artist can make us know what the work is about. Lines have always direction. They are always
moving. Lines, as used in any work of art, may be straight or curve Horizontal lines are lines of repose
and serenity. They express ideas of calmness and quiescence. Vertical lines are lines poised for action.
They are poised, balanced, forceful and dynamic. Examples are person anding, a tall tree, statues of
Saints and heroes Diagonal lines suggest action and movement. They give animation to any composition
in which they appear. The degree of action is shown by the angle of the diagonal Curved lines suggest
grace, movement, flexibility, joyousness and grace
2. COLOR
Delight in colors is a universal human characteristic. Colors are a property of light. When light goes out,
color Take for instance a prism being put under the light goes out with it. The white light of the sun
contains all the colors of the spectrum; violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. White, gray,
and black have no color quantity. They are called neutral colors. Gray is due to the partial reflection of
the color rays. Color has three dimensions or attributes: hue, value and intensity. Hue is the dimension
of color that gives color its name. When we are saying the flower is yellow, we are naming its hue. Color
names such as red, green, violet, and yellow indicate the color characteristics called hue. Value refers to
the lightness or darkness of a color. It is a quality which depends on the amount of light and dark in
color. It is also known as chiaroscurot Tints are values above the normal and shades are values below
the normal. Pink is a tint of red, and maroon is a shade of red. Sky-blue is a tint, navy blue is a shade
Intensity refers to the brightness or darkness of color. It gives color strength, Colors differ in intensity.
Intensity differences may be described as full intensity, two-thirds intensity, two-thirds neutral and
neutral. Two colors may be both blue but one is more intense than the other. Color plays an important
role in the work of an artist. Although painting is known as the art of color, color is the most important
in architecture and sculpture.
Psychology of Colors
Black-despair, gloom, death, and mourning. The darkest and dullest of the colors. It is only considered a
color when mixed with other colors.
Blue-tranquility, calmness, and peace. It is the color of the sky and gives the impression of vastness and
infinity.
Red-fire, blood, danger, festivity, bravery. War. Passion, energy, and warmth. It is a basic color.
Gray-weight, solidity, and neutral. The combination of black and white or the three primary colors.
Violet-shadows, mourning, penance, royalty, and power. A mixture of red and blue.
Green-growth, freshness, and hope. The color of the still water and vegetation.
White-simplicity, clarity, purity, and innocence.
Orange-deliciousness and sweetness and being assertive. A combination of red and yellow,
Yellow life, joy, sunshine, cheerfulness, warmth, splendor, freedom and hospitality, It is the color of
light.
Pink-sympathy and gratitude The combination of red and white.
Brown - wholesomeness, stability, reliability, approachability, connection withthe earth.
DID YOU KNOW THAT ? "SAY IT WITH ROSEST
rose-denotes secrecy, means "you are heavenly," Innocence and purity, reverence and humility
rose-convey gratitude and appreciation; thank you flower
rose-express sympathy; also stand for grace and gentility
rose-say "I love you"; also mean courage and fortitude
rose-stand for freedom and joy
rose-speak of enthusiasm and desire
IF YOU WANT TO TELL YOUR SWEETHEART THAT YOU ARE READY TO
SETTLE DOWN, DO NOT SEND HER THE USUAL THREE ROSES SEND HER
ONLY TWO BECAUSE THIS MEANS, IN THE LANGUAGE OF LOVE, THAT
YOU ARE NOW READY TO SETTLE
A SINGLE ROSE, ON THE OTHER HAND, SIMPLY MEANS SIMPLICITY.
(Sarian, Zac B. Manila Bulletin, February 13, 19931
3. TEXTURE: Texture is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has to do with
the characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, firie or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or
irregular. Texture is best appreciated when an object is felt with the hands . Texture is found in all visual
arts . The aesthetic value of texture lies first of all in the fact that it makes the gradation of color
possible, Flat colors are never beautiful. Texture gives a surface unevenness which causes the color of
the surface to be broken into gradation of light and shade Giving it a charm of it's own .
4. PERSPECTIVE : Perspective deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means
of which the eye judges spatial relationships.It enables us to perceive distance and to see the position of
objects in space. There are two kinds of perspective: linear perspective and aerial perspective
Linear perspective is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of converging lines. It
has to do with the direction of lines and with the size of the objects.
Aerial perspective is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradation of tone and color.
5. SPACE : In painting as in architecture, space is of great importance. The exterior of building is seen as
it appears in space while the interior is seen by one who inside as enclosing space. Distance of area is
between, around, above, below or within shapes . Usually related to showing foreground,
middieground, and background on a flat surface
6. FORM/SHAPE: Form applies to all the overall design of a work of art. It describes the structure or
shape of an object. All the visual arts are concerned with form. Sculpture and architecture with threedimensional forms.
7. VOLUME: This refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to
solidity or thickness. It has width, height and depth.
The sculptor is concerned also with volume because his figures actually occupy space and can be
observed from direction.
ORGANIZATION IN THE VISUAL ARTS
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
The organization of the various elements of the visual arts is governed by different principles of design.
Design makes it easier for an artist to express his ideas in such a way that the observer becomes
interested in his work. The design of an art object makes it possible for an observer to tell its function.
The Principles are concepts used to organize or arrange the structural elements of design. They are the
objects to be arranged Making a design is like making a cake The ELEMENTS are the ingredients. The
directions for moxing them together are the PRINCIPLES
1. HARMONY
Harmony is essential to beauty. In visual arts, it is achieved by establishing a pleasing relationship
between the various elements There is harmony if the various parts of a design will give an appearance
of belonging together In other words, there must be unity. Repetitions in angles and curves, shapes, and
colors will give a harmonious effect overdone, though, repetition may become monotonous and it may
fail to hold the attention and interest and observers. To relieve monotony, there must be variety.
2. BALANCE
A pleasing relationship between the various elements of a work of art is not the only requirement for
beauty. These elements must also be so arranged that a feeling of balance and equilibrium exists
between them. Balance gives a feeling of stability and rest. We see many examples of balance in nature.
The human body for example is well-balanced. Balance may be formal informal and radial. Formal
balance is also called symmetrical balance. This is achieved by making both sides exactly alike.
This balance gives an atmosphere of dignity and formality. > Informal balance or asymmetrical is
sometimes called occult balance. It is more difficult to achieve than formal balance, however, the results
are more interesting. It is achieved when objects of unequal weights or unequal attractions are placed at
the correct distances. Informal balance is generally used when we want to attract the attention of
observers and set them thinking about the object under observation.
Radial balance occurs when elements are positioned around a central point...
3. PROPORTION
Proportion is determined comparison of the size of different parts of an object or of an arrangement by
a Harmonious proportion is achieved when one part of an object does not seem too big or small for the
other parts. In painting, the principle of good proportion is useful in combining colors successfully and in
determining the margins for mounting. In sculpture, the comparative size of the different size of the
different parts of the object should be considered. The relation of the size of the statue and the
background, space and surrounding is also important.
4. RHYTHYM
In the visual arts, rhythm is achieved by the regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms and colors
Rhythm is organized movement, a beat, a repetition.
5. EMPHASIS/SUBORDINATION
Emphasis is produced by the design or form that catches our attention while the rest are subordinated It
is important in all art forms. This is most noticeable in the art of adverte The aim of advertising is to call
atter to a particular product or object.
Emphasis is also important because it relieves monotony. It can also be used to call attention to pleasing
centers of interest.
6. MOVEMENT
Visual flow through the composition. How we get around in a work of art. Suggestion of motion in a
design as you move from object to object by way of placement and position...
7. CONTRAST
An effect created by placing or arranging very different things next to each other. Learning the different
media, elements and principles governing visual arts help the students in knowing not only the
rudiments of arts but also understanding these concepts will enable them to appreciate more of these
masterpieces
IV. ARCHITECTURE MEDIA AND ORGANIZATION
Architecture, fr latin, architectura, means builder or carpenter. Means Architecture, A general term to
describe buildings and other physical structures The art and science of designing and erecting buildings
and other physical also structures The style and method of design and construction of buildings and
other physical structures
- In its strictest meaning, it is an art of designing a building and supervising its construction. -In its
broader meaning, architecture is shelter to serve as protection to all activities of men-recreation, work
and sleep.
MEDIA IN ARCHITECTURE
a. Materials of Nature (direct product of nature)
Stone
1. Lime stones
2. Granite
3. Marble
4. Sandstone
- Wood
b. Materials Manufactured by Man
Ceramic materials
1. Glass Metals
1. Bronze
2. Wrought iron
3. Copper
4. Chrome-nickel steel
THREE TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION
1. POST-AND-LINTEL- It consists of two vertical posts for support (post) and a horizontal one (lintel).
Parthenon in Athens, Greece and Stonehenge is an example.
2. ARCH- is an architectural form built from pieces of wood called "voussoirs with joints between them
and are arranged in a semi-circle. It is dominant in Roman Architecture.
3. CANTILEVER- is any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one end only. The
cantilever is used in the construction of skyscrapers
ORGANIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (4000-2280 BC)
Art in Ancient Egypt continued strangely unchanged through the various phases of foreign influence The
close connection between religious rites and architecture is everywhere manifeped, both of tombs and
temples • Egyptian monumental architecture which is essentially a columnar and trabeated style is
expressed mainly in pyramids and in temples. Egyptian temples approached by impressive avenues of
sphes mythical monsters, each with the body of a lon and the head of e man, hawk, ram or woman
Egyptian architecture is impressive by its solemnity and gloom, as well as by s solidity, which suggest
that the buildings were intended to last eternally,
2. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
6 Century BC The story of Mesopotamian Architecture begins in South eastern Turkey, when the first
permanent structures were built, with the erection of large monoliths at the site of Gobekli Tepe. It is
overwhelmingly one of clay masonry and of increasingly complex forms of stacked mudbrick.
Mesopotamian Architecture is evident in its palaces and temples. The distinguishing characteristic is the
Ziggurat, or tower, built at successive levels with ramps leading from one platform to the next. In many
respects, the Ziggurat is like the modern building with setbacks Ziggurat are massive structures built in
the form of terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels.
One best example of Mesopotamian Architecture is the Temple of Babylon built by Nebuchadnezzar,
where the stones where differently colored from bottom to top. The effect may have been garish, but at
the base, it was striking
3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
1100-100 B.C.
Greek architecture in its most characteristic form is found in the temple, a low building of post-and-lintel
construction. In this type of construction, two upright posts are surmounted by a horizontal piece, the
lintel, long enough to reach one to the other. A typical example of post-and-lintel construction is found
in the ruins of the Temple of Apollo at old Corinth.
Three Types of Greek Architecture
a. Doric
Is seen in the Temple of Apollo at old Corinth, and in the Parthenon, one of the greatest temples ever
built. The Doric column has no base; the bottom of the column rests on the top step. The Doric order
can be identified by the low cushion like shape of part of its capital. The frieze is divided into triglyphs
and metopes.
b. Ionic
The lonic column is taller and more slender than the Doric. It has a base, and a the capital is omamented
with scrolls on each side. The frieze is continuous instead of being divided. The architecture below the
frieze is stepped; that is, it is divided horizontally into three parts. Some features of the lonic order trace
the ancestry to Asia Minor.
c. Corinthian
The Corinthian column, with the be and shaft resembling the loni, tended to be much more slender. The
distinctive feature is the capital
4. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 1000 B.C.E.-C.E. 4000
The Romans adopted the Columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks and
developed also the arch and vault from the beginnings made by the Etruscans (the early inhabitants of
west-central Italy). The combined used of column, beam, and arch is the keynote of the Roman style in
the earliest stages. The Romans developed the stone arch of the Etruscans. Above all, the use of
concrete allowed the Romans to build vaults of a magnitude never equalled toll the introduction of steel
for buildings in the 19 century. The art of buttressing was developed in the course of early engineering
works, which frequently required the retaining of masses of the earth.
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5. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE C.E. 200-1453
• Byzantine take its name from Byzantium, later called Constantinople, and now called Istanbul.
Byzantine architecture is characterized by a great central dome which had always been a traditional
feature in the east. The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round the large central dome was
effective. One of the characteristic features of the Byzantine churches was the forms of the vaults and
domes were visible externally, undisguised by any timbered roof; thus in the byzantine style, the
exterior closely corresponds with the interior.
Pammakaristos Church
Hagia Sophia 6. WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES (C.E. 400-1500)
A. Western architecture passed through three stages of development during the middle ages. These are
the Early Christian, Romanesque, and Gothic. These three styles developed one out of another: the
Romanesque was an outgrowth of the Early Christian, and the Gothic from the Romanesque
B. Stages of Western Architecture a. Early Christian (C.E 400-700)
The early Christian Basilica has grown in part from the Roman house where the earliest Christians met
for worship, and in part from pagan basilicas In the classic temples, the emphasis lay on the exterior, in
the Christian Church on the inside A second form of buildinnown as the central type, was designed
around a central vertical axis instead of a longitudinal one. The long internal lines of the belice camed
the eve of the visitor from the door to the altar as their realistic cimas of the structure. The interiors of
early Christian churches were often decorated with mosaics, as in St. Apollinare
b. Romanesque Architecture (11 and 12 century) > Romanesque architecture is an extension and
development of the Early Christian Basilica exemplified by St. Apollinare in Classe.
Where the Early Christian style is structurally light, with a simple lightweight, flat wooden roof, the
Romanesque has very heavy walls with small window openings and a heavy stone arched or vaulted roof
inside. In this respect, it resembles the Roman style.
Romanesque Church in Venice
Notre Dame Church in France
c. Gothic Architecture (12 to 16th century)
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It
evolved from Romanesque architecture and was Renaissance architecture. succeeded by
Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and
churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls,
universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings.
Reims Cathestral. France
It is in the great churches and cathedrais and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was
expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions. A great
number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often
structures of architectural
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distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art.
In Gothic architecture, a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a
new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying
buttress.
The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality and light. This
appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided
an engineering solution. The structural parts of the building ceased to be its solid walls, and became a
stone skeleton comprising clustered columns, pointed ribbed-vaults and flying buttresses.
Structure of a Gothic
d. Renaissance Architecture (15 and 16 century)
In Renaissance architecture, the cathedral or temple is o longer the typical building; secular architecture
comes to the fore, as in Roman times. Although Renaissance architecture is a return to the ideals of the
Greeks and Romans, it is not a stavish imitation, but rather a free use of materials found in classic
architecture.
Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as
they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity. Orderly arrangements of columns,
plasters and lintels, as well as the of semicircular arches and hemispherical domes replaced the more
complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medical buildings. Dome is also a mark of a
renaissance architecture.
Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance styl
quickly spread to other Italian cities
e. Baroque Architecture (1600-1750) > Baroque architecture flourished in the 17 century and in the
opening
years of the 18 century. It is characterized primarily as a period of
elaborate sculptural omamentation. The architectural framework
remained close to that of the Renaissance, although often it was more spacious, but had a profusion of
carved decoration.
Some distinctive features of Baroque architecture:
1. In churches, broader naves and sometimes given oval forms
2. Fragmentary or deliberately incomplete architectural elements
3 dramatic use of light; either strong light-and-shade contrasts
(chiaroscuro effects) as at the church of Weltenburg Abbey or uniform lighting by means of several
windows (eg. church of Weingarten Abbey) 4. opulent use of colour and ornaments (putt' or figures
made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing)
5. large-scale ceiling frescoes
6. an external façade often characterized by a dramatic central projection
7. the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco (especially in the late Baroque)
8. lusory effects like trompe foel(is an art technique involving extremely realistic imagery in order to
create the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three dimensions.) and the blending of
painting and architecture
9. pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish and Ukrainian
Sagrada Familia Basilica, Madrid Baroque
10. Marian and Holy Trinity columnis erected in Catholic countries, often in thanksgiving for ending a
plaque
7. The 19 Century Architecture
The 19 century architecture is known as a period of Eclecticism. Eclecticism in
architecture implies freedom on the part of the architect or dient to choose among the styles of the past
that seems to him most appropriate. Modern eclecticism was not only purer in style, it understood
something out of the flavor of the past as well as its forms. At best, modem edecticism was marked by
scholarship, taste, and sympathy for the forms of the past and remarkable ingenuity
The result, however, was the chaos of American suburb, where a single street might show examples of
Gothic half-timbered houses, French chateaux, colonial cottages, Spanish patios and Renaissance
palaces.
Palacio da Bolsa
American Family's House
Lawton Hall
8. Modern Architecture
Modern architecture is an attempt to interpret one's purpose through building in a style independent of
fox symmetries. New materials came to be utilized-pre stressed steel in tension, high-pressure concrete,
glass block, wood, metal, chromium, plastics, copper, cork, steel, gympsum lumber, real and artificial
stone, and all varieties of synthetic and compressed materials, and the versatile plywood.
Strength is no longer synonymous with massiveness, for more efficient new structural materials are
used in varying forms, scientifically calculated to avoid waste. The supporting function is created by a
light, cage-like skeleton of steel and reinforced Concrete, which is faster and easier to build
Characterized by simplification of form and creation of omament from the structure and theme of the
building. It is a term applied to an overarching movement, with its exact definition and scope varying
widely. In a broader sense, early modem architecture began at the turn of the 20th century with efforts
to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the
modernization of society. It would take the form of numerous movements, schools of design, and
architectural styles, some in tension with one another, and often equally defying such classification,
COOL FACTS in ARCHITECTURE
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel also designed the inner structure of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbour.
Eiffel Tower has 1792 steps.
The Great Pyramids used to be as white as snow because they were encased in a bright limestone that
has worn off over the years.
• Notre Dame Cathedral in Strasbourg started in 1015 and was completed in 1439.
• England's Stonehenge is 1500 years older than Rome's Colosseum. The great Gothic Cathedral of Milan
started in 1386 and wasn't completed until 1805.
Eiffel Tower's weight is approximately 9441 tons.
There are more pyramids in Peru than in Egypt. . There are approximately 10 million bricks in the Empire
State Building. Adolf Hitler wanted to be an architect but he failed the entrance exam at the
architectural school in Vienna.
The Great Pyramid at Gizza in Egypt holds a constant temperature of 68°F. • Taj Mahal took 20 years
and 20,000 men to finish. • St. Peter's Basilica began in 1506 and reaching completion in 1612.
Eiffel Tower is 984 ft. high
. There are 403 steps from the foundation to the top of the torch in the Statue of Liberty
The Pantheon is the largest building from ancient Rome that survives intact.
The Great Wall of China is 1,400 miles long.
The designer of Statue of Liberty, French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Barth used his wife as the model for
the body and his mother as the model for face.