Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist Directions: Look through the list that represents each chapter. (I know there is a lot I had to type all of it.) As you look through the points if you can give an in-depth answer for the point you know that material. If you can only give a short answer or none at all consider rereading the section that it refers to and making a study card or graphic organizer to focus on the information. This covers all the major points and is to serve as a reminder of what topics or parts you may want to focus your studies in. Most of these topics may be seen in some form on the final. If they do not appear they may have already appeared on a quiz or exam. Remember this is only a CHECKLIST to remind you of various things you need to consider when going through the text. For content that would be seen on the earlier chapters please review the Midterm Study Guide Checklist for those topics. Chapter 10 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-7? -What is the purpose of the circulatory system? -What are the blood vessels? -What are the function(s) of each blood vessel? -What are the different types of circulation? -What are the different layers of arteries and veins? -What are capillaries made up of? -What is the purpose of blood? -What are the different types of blood cells? -What makes up the composition of blood? -Where do all blood cells originate? -What are red blood cells? -What do red blood cells contain? -What is the average life span of RBCs? -What makes up hemoglobin? -What are the two main types of white blood cells? -What are the five different forms of white blood cells? -What is the purpose of thrombocytes? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What is hemostasis? -What are the steps in hemostasis? -What is the term used for blood clotting? -What is the process for blood clotting? -What is fibrinolysis? -What does fibrinolysis do? -What are the different Antigenic blood types? -What blood type is consider to be a universal donor? -What blood type is consider to be a universal recipient? -What are the different transfusion compatibilities? -What are the various anemias discussed in the chapter? -How are anemias classified? -What is the sequence of events that occurs when an oxygen deficit occurs? -What are other reasons that anemias can occur? -How does an individual develop iron deficiency anemia? -What occurs in the body when iron deficiency anemia sets in? -What are the clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia? -What is pernicious anemia? -What is the cause of pernicious anemia? -What develops in the body as pernicious anemia develops? -What are the clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia? -What is aplastic anemia? -What causes aplastic anemia to develop? -What occurs in the blood with an individual with aplastic anemia? -What are the clinical manifestation of aplastic anemia? -What are the two types of hemolytic anemia? -What is sickle cell anemia? -What causes an individual to get sickle cell anemia? -What happens when someone has sickle cell anemia? -What are the clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia? -What is thalassemia? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -How does an individual get thalassemia? -What occurs in the body of someone who has thalassemia? -What are the clinical manifestations of thalassemia? -What are the blood clotting disorders? -What are indicators that an individual has a blood clotting disorder? -What can cause excessive bleeding? -What is hemophilia type A? -What occurs with someone who has hemophilia type A? -What are the clinical manifestations of hemophilia type A? -What is the cause of von Willebrand disease? -What occurs in an individual that has von Willebrand disease? -What are the clinical manifestations of von Willebrand disease? -What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? -What can cause an individual to have DIC? -What process occurs with an individual that has DIC? -What are the clinical manifestations of DIC? -What is Thrombophilia? -What occurs in an individual who has Thrombophilia? -What are the clinical manifestations of Thrombophilia? -What is Myelodysplastic Syndrome? -How can Myelodysplastic Syndrome occur? -What are the neoplastic blood disorders? -What is Polycythemia? -What are the risk factors for polycythemia? -What happens to the blood cells in an individual with polycythemia? -What are the clinical manifestations of polycythemia? -What are the different types of leukemia? -How does leukemia develop in the body? (acute vs chronic) -What happens to the white blood cells with someone who has leukemia? -What are the clinical manifestations of leukemia? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist Chapter 11 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-6? -What are the various organs of the lymphatic system? -What is the function of the lymphatic system? -What are the functions of the various organs of the lymphatic system? -What is lymph made up of? -How is lymph produced? -What is the lymphatic circulation? -What are the lymphatic disorders? -What is a lymphoma? -What is Hodgkin disease? -How does Hodgkin disease develop in the body? -What is the atypical cell that is connection with Hodgkin disease? -What are the clinical manifestations of Hodgkin disease? -What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma? -How is it different form Hodgkin lymphoma? -What is a myeloma? -What occurs in an individual with multiple myeloma? -What are the clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma? -What causes lymphedema? -What are the clinical manifestations of lymphedema? -What is elephantiasis? -What is another name for elephantiasis? -How does elephantiasis occur? -What are the clinical manifestations of elephantiasis? -What is castleman disease? -How does castleman disease develop? -What are the two types of castleman disease? -What are the clinical manifestations for each of the two types? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist Chapter 12 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 3-15? -What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system? -What is the function of the heart? -What are the various layers of the heart and their functions? -What are the various valves in the heart and where are they located? -How does the conduction system of the heart work? -What is the pathway of conduction in the heart? -What are the different waves of the heart and what do each represent? -Where is the cardiac control center? -What helps the control center determine how the heart should pump? -What are the factors that can increase heart rate? -What is the coronary circulation? -Why is collateral circulation important? -What happens if there is an interference with the coronary circulation? -What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle? -What is the flow of blood through the heart? -What does pulse indicate? -What are the various ways we can measure cardiac function? -What does each of the measures for cardiac function represent? -What is blood pressure? -What are the different types of blood pressure and what do they represent? -How do you determine Cardiac output? -How can you determine blood pressure? -Does local vasoconstriction or dilation affect the overall systemic blood pressure? -What can cause blood pressure to elevate? -What hormones can contribute to the control of blood pressure? -What are common heart disorders? -What is considered to be a part of coronary artery disease? -What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the factors that can contribute to an individual developing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis? -What is occurring in the body as arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis? -What is angina pectoris? -How does an individual acquire angina? -What is developing in the body as someone is about to experience angina? -What are the clinical manifestations of angina? -What is a myocardial infarction? -What are the different ways a myocardial infarction develops? -What is occurring during a myocardial infarction? -What are the clinical manifestations of a myocardial infarction? -What are the complications that can arise after someone has a myocardial infarction? -What are cardiac dysrhythmias/arrhythmias? -What are the examples of sinus node abnormalities? -What abnormalities of atrial conduction? -When does heart block occur? -What are the different levels of heart block? -What are the abnormalities that occur with ventricular conduction? -What is cardiac arrest? -What is congestive heart failure? -What are the two types of heart failure and what parts of the body does it affect? -What occurs in the body as congestive heart failure (CHF) develops in the body? (Differentiate for both types) -How does CHF develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of CHF? -What happens when children are affected by CHF? -What are the various congenital heart defects? -What would be the reason(s) that an individual would develop a congenital heart defect? -What occurs in the heart when the congenital heart defects are present? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the compensation mechanisms that the body does in response to the congenital heart defects? -What are the clinical manifestations of congenital heart defects? -What occurs in ventricular septal defects? -What occurs with valvular defects? -What is the tetralogy of fallot? -What occurs in the body during the tetralogy of fallot? -What is rheumatic fever? -What types of infections do you see typically before someone has rheumatic fever? -What occurs during the acute stage of inflammation? What areas are becoming inflamed? -What are the clinical manifestation of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease? -What is infective endocarditis? -How can an individual contract infective endocarditis? -What occurs when an individual has infective endocarditis? -What are the clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis? -What is pericarditis? -What are the risk factors of an individual getting pericarditis? -What is occurring in the body with someone who has pericarditis? -What are the clinical manifestations of pericarditis? -What are the vascular disorders? -Which of the vascular disorders are considered to be arterial disorders? -How can a person develop hypertension? -What are the different forms of hypertension? -What is occurring in the arteries with someone who has hypertension? -What are the clinical manifestations of hypertension? -What is peripheral vascular disease? -How does peripheral vascular disease develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of peripheral vascular disease? -What goes on in the body when the have an aortic aneurysm? -How does an individual get an aortic aneurysm? -What are the clinical manifestations of an aortic aneurysm? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the venous disorders? -How do varicose veins develop? -What are the risk factors of developing varicose veins? -What are the clinical manifestations of varicose veins? -What is thrombophlebitis? -What is plebothrombosis? -What is the difference between thrombophlebitis and plebothrombosis? -What are some predisposing factors for thrombophlebitis/plebothrombosis? -What are the clinical manifestations of thrombophlebitis/plebothrombosis? -What is shock? -What occurs in the body after an individual goes through shock? -What happens when the body goes into decompensation and then gives complications of shock? -What are the different types of shock? -What are the clinical manifestations of shock? Chapter 16 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-16? -What is the function of the endocrine system? -What is different about the endocrine system when compared to other systems? -What are the two types of glands in the endocrine system? -What are hormones? -What controls hormone release? -What organs/systems regulate hormone release? -What are the two types of endocrine disorders? -What is the most common cause of endocrine disorders? -What is an additional cause of endocrine disorders? -What is diabetes mellitus? -What is insulin? -What are the different types of diabetes? -What is the difference between the two major types of diabetes? -What occurs in the body as diabetes develops in the body? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the clinical manifestations of diabetes? -What are the complications of diabetes? -What are the acute complications of diabetes? -What is hypoglycemia? -How does hypoglycemia develop in the body? -What are the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia? -What is diabetic ketoacidosis? -How does diabetic ketoacidosis develop? -What are the clinical manifestation of diabetic ketoacidosis? -Which type of diabetes would you see with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma? -What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma? -What are the clinical manifestations of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma? -What are the chronic complications of diabetes? -What vascular problem develop and what do they affect? -What is neuropathy? -What occurs with an individual with diabetes get infections? -What are complications of diabetes and pregnancy when occurring together? -What is the relationship between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin? -What is hypoparathyroidism? -What is normally seen in hypoparathyroidism? -What is hyperparathyroidism? -What do you normally see in hyperparathyroidism? -What is the most common cause of pituitary disorders? -What are the complications of that common cause? -What is Dwarfism? -What is Gigantism? -What is Acromegaly? -How does Acromegaly differ from Gigantism? -What are the clinical manifestations of Acromegaly? -What is diabetes insipidus? -What are the clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What is inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome? -What are the clinical manifestations of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome? -What are the two major thyroid hormones? -What is a goiter? -What are the different types of goiter? -What differentiates the different types of goiters? -What are the clinical manifestations of goiter? -What is hyperthyroidism? -What is another name for hyperthyroidism? -How does hyperthyroidism develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? -What is hypothyroidism? -What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? -What are the different forms of severe hypothyroidism? -What is pheochromocytoma? -What are the clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma? -What is cushing syndrome? -How does cushing syndrome develop in the body? -What are the clinical manifestations of cushing syndrome? -What are the two major concerns for those who have cushing syndrome? -What is addison disease? -How does Addison disease develop? -What occurs in an individual that has developed Addison disease? -What are the clinical manifestations of Addison disease? Chapter 17 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-33? -What is the purpose of the digestive system? -What are the structures found in the digestive system? -What are the layers of the gut and what is their function? -What is the mesentery? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What occurs in the oral cavity? -What is the swallowing reflex? -What is the process of swallowing? -What is the esophagus composed of? -What occurs in the stomach? -What is the function(s) of the liver? -What is the purpose of the pancreas? -What are the sections of the small intestine? -What is the function of the small intestine? -What is the function of the large intestine? -How does the defecation reflex occur? -What effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the digestive system? -What is the enterogastric reflex? -What hormones are a major part of the processes of digestion and absorption? -What areas of the digestive system do the major macro- and micronutrients get digested? -What are the general manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders? -What is anorexia? -What occurs in someone with anorexia? -What is vomiting? -What are some of the conditions that activates the vomiting center in the brain? -What is the process for the vomiting reflex? -What are the various characteristics of vomitus and what they reflect? -What is bulimia? -What is diarrhea? -What are the different types of diarrhea? -What is the possible cause(s) of diarrhea? -What is constipation? -What are the causes of constipation? -Why are dehydration and electrolyte imbalance common complications in the GI tract? -What happens to an individual is experiencing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance? -What type of pain occurs in an individual who is experiencing pain in their GI tract? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the different types of pain does an individual feel when experiencing pain in the GI tract? -What can cause general malnutrition? -What can happen in children experiencing malnutrition or malabsorption? -How does obesity occur? -What are some complications of obesity? -What are the disorders of the oral cavity? -What are the congenital defects in the oral cavity? -What is the difference between these defects of the oral cavity? -When do these defects typically develop during gestation? -What is the cause of these defects in the oral cavity? -What is another name for inflammatory lesion in the oral cavity? -What are the possible factors that can cause an inflammatory lesion to develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of inflammatory lesions? -What makes the oral cavity a good place for infection? -What is oral candidiasis? -What organism cause oral candidiasis? -What are the clinical manifestations of oral candidiasis? -What causes a herpes infection? -How does herpes get transmitted? -What can cause an exacerbation of herpes? -What are the clinical manifestations of herpes? -What types of infections can herpes cause if it travels to the eyes? -What is syphilis? -How is syphilis transmitted? -How many stages of syphilis are there? -What are the clinical manifestations of syphilis for each stage? -What are the dental problems of the oral cavity? -What are dental caries? -What is the main causative agent for dental caries? -What is periodontal disease? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What is gingivitis? -What are the factors that can cause an individual to develop gingivitis? -What are the systemic factors that can alter the gingivae? -What is necrotizing periodontal disease? -What are the clinical manifestations of necrotizing periodontal disease? -What is periodontitis? -What occurs with an individual that has periodontitis? -What are some predisposing factors to develop periodontitis? -What are the clinical manifestations of periodontitis? -What is an example of hyperkeratosis and how would it be described? -The development of hyperkeratosis is related to what factors? -Does hyperkeratosis predispose and individual to squamous cell carcinoma? -What is the most common form of oral cancer? -Oral cancer is most commonly seen in what types of individual? -Where are the common sites of tumor development in the oral cavity? -What are the manifestations of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity? -What is sialadenitis? -What are the different types of sialadenitis? -What are the clinical manifestations of each type of sialadenitis? -What is dysphagia? -What can cause an individual to develop dysphagia? -What are the different types of mechanical obstructions that can cause dysphagia and what are they? -What primarily causes esophageal cancer? -Where is it commonly found in the esophagus? -What chronic irritations can lead to the development of this type of cancer? -What is a hiatal hernia? -What are the two types of hiatal hernia and what happens when they occur in the body? -What are the clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia? -What are the factors that contribute to the development of a hiatal hernia? -What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the clinical manifestations of GERD? -What is the cause that makes an individual develop GERD? -What is gastritis? -What occurs with acute gastritis? -What can cause acute gastritis? -What are the clinical manifestations of gastritis? -What is gastroenteritis? -What causes gastroenteritis? -What are the clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis? -What are the different strains of E.coli infection and what do they entail? -What is chronic gastritis? -When is chronic gastritis often seen? -What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis? -What is peptic ulcers? -What is the causative agent of peptic ulcer? -What happens when someone has peptic ulcer? -What else can cause damage to the mucosal barrier when someone has peptic ulcers? -What are the clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer? -What can cause stress ulcers? -What is the names of the different types of ulcers? -What is the first indicator of stress ulcers? -What is gastric cancer? -What are some predisposing factors of gastric cancer? -Where does gastric cancer typically form? -What are other areas where gastric cancer develops? -What are the clinical manifestations of gastric cancer? -What is dumping syndrome? -When does dumping syndrome normally occur? -What are the clinical manifestations of dumping syndrome? -What is pyloric stenosis? -What are the signs of pyloric stenosis? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the other clinical manifestations of pyloric stenosis? -What are the different types of gall bladder disorders and what do the cause? -How do gall stones develop? -What factors show for high risk of developing gall stones? -What are the clinical manifestations for gall stones? -What is jaundice? -What is another name for jaundice? -What are the different types of jaundice? -What do the bilirubin levels look like for each type of jaundice? -What is hepatitis? -What are the different types of viral hepatitis? -How can you get each of the forms of viral hepatitis? -What happens in the liver when hepatitis starts to develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of each type of viral hepatitis? -What is toxic or nonviral hepatitis? -What is reye syndrome? -With nonviral hepatitis, hepatocellular damage happens from what types of processes? -What is cirrhosis? -What are the four general categories of cirrhosis? -What are the different stages of alcoholic liver disease? -What are the two pathophysiological effects of cirrhosis? -What are the major functional losses in persons with cirrhosis? -What are other effects of cirrhosis due to obstruction of the bile ducts and blood flow by fibrous tissue? -What is the reason ascites and varices develop in an individual with cirrhosis? -What are clinical manifestations of cirrhosis? -What is liver cancer? -What is the most common primary tumor of liver cancer? -Where does secondary or metastatic tumors arise from? -What are the initial signs of liver cancer? -What is acute pancreatitis? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the two major cause of pancreatitis? -What occurs in the body as pancreatitis starts to develop? -What are the clinical manifestations? -What is pancreatic cancer? -What are the risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer? -What is the common type of neoplasm with pancreatic cancer? -What occurs in the pancreas as the tumor develops and grows in size? -What are the clinical manifestations occur in pancreatic cancer? -What are the disorders of the lower GI tract? -What is celiac disease? -What is the cause of celiac disease? -What occurs when a person consumes gluten? -What are the clinical manifestations of celiac disease? -What are the chronic inflammatory bowel diseases? -What is the possible causes of chronic inflammatory bowel disease? -What is crohn disease? -Where does crohn disease occur in the lower GI? -What occurs in the lower GI when an individual is experiencing crohn disease? -What are the clinical manifestations of crohn disease? -What is ulcerative colitis? -Where does ulcerative colitis typically occur in the lower GI? -What happens in the lower GI when the ulcers start to develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of ulcerative colitis? -What is the major difference(s) between crohn disease and ulcerative colitis? -What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? -What are the different types of IBS? -What are the clinical manifestations of IBS? -What is an appendicitis? -What is the process in which appendicitis develops? -What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis? -What is diverticular disease? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What causes diverticula develop? -What are potential complications from diverticula developing? -What are the clinical manifestations of diverticular disease? -What is colorectal cancer? -What are the causative factors for an individual to develop colorectal cancer? -How does colorectal cancer start? -What are some of the different ways carcinomas may manifest in the colorectal area? -What are the clinical manifestation of colorectal cancer? -What does intestinal obstruction refer to? -What are the two forms of intestinal obstructions? -What situations would lead to functional obstructions or paralytic ileus? -What is the sequence of events that occurs as an obstruction develops? -What are the clinical manifestations of intestinal obstructions? -What is peritonitis? -What are the conditions in which peritonitis develops? -What occurs in the peritoneum when a foreign substance gains access to that area of the body? -What are the clinical manifestations of peritonitis? Chapter 18 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-10? -What is the function of the urinary system? -What are the various structures in the kidneys? -What is the purpose of the kidneys? -What are the hormones that control reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes in the kidneys? -What is the blood flow through the kidneys? -Do the kidneys have anastomoses, and if not why would this cause a problem for the kidneys? -What is the purpose of dual arterioles? -What are the factors that control the degree of constriction in the arterioles of the kidneys? - How do those factors function in the kidney? -What is the relationship between blood pressure and kidney disease? -When does filtrate finally become considered urine? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What is the bladder composed of? -What is the difference(s) between the male and female urethra? -What is incontinence? -What are the different types of incontinence and how do they function? -What is retention? -What is a common source of infection in the urinary system and why? -What do the varying appearances of urine tell about what is happening in the urinary system? -What are abnormal constituents in the blood and what do they represent in the urinary system? -What is the purpose of dialysis? -What are the different types of dialysis and how are they differentiated? -What are the different types of disorders in the urinary tract system? -What are urinary tract infections (UTI)? -What are the name(s) of lower urinary tract infections? -What are the name(s) of upper urinary tract infections? -What type of infection is a urinary tract infection? -What is the most common causative agent of a UTI? -Why are women more vulnerable to a UTI than men? -What are the reasons why someone could contract a UTI? -What are the predisposing factors of UTI? -What is cystitis? -What is urethritis? -What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis? -What is pyelonephritis? -What happens when someone has pyelonephritis? -What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis? -What is glomerulonephritis? -How does glomerulonephritis develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis? -What is nephrotic syndrome? -How does nephrotic syndrome develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the common causes of urinary obstruction in men and women? -What is urolithiasis? -What is the most common type of calculi? -What are the other types of calculi? -How do each of these types of calculi form? -What occurs in the urinary tract when calculi are present? -What are the clinical manifestations of urolithiasis? -What is hydronephrosis? -What can developmental defects do in the urinary tract? -What is the clinical manifestations of hydronephrosis? -What is renal cell carcinoma? -What are the initial signs of renal cell carcinoma? -What are the other clinical manifestations of renal cell carcinoma? -Where does renal cell carcinoma typically metastasize to? -What is bladder cancer? -Where does bladder cancer typically metastasize to? -What are predisposing factors of bladder cancer? -What are the clinical manifestations of bladder cancer? -What is nephrosclerosis? -What occurs in the blood vessels of the kidney with someone who has nephrosclerosis? -What are the clinical manifestations of nephrosclerosis? -What are the different types of congenital disorders of the urinary system? -What issues do each of these congenital disorders of the urinary system entail? -What is adult polycystic kidney disease? -What occurs to the kidneys when an individual starts to develop polycystic kidney disease? -What happens over years of polycystic kidney disease developing? -How is children polycystic kidney disease different from adult polycystic kidney disease? -What is wilms tumor? -How does wilms tumor present itself? -What can also occur if a child develops wilms tumor? -What is acute renal failure? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the causes of acute renal failure? -Do both kidneys need to be involved for acute kidney failure? -Is acute renal failure reversible? -What are the clinical manifestations of acute renal failure? -What is chronic renal failure? -What can cause chronic renal failure? -What happens when chronic renal failure advances? -What are the stages of chronic renal failure? -What are the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure? Chapter 19 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objective 1-10? -What are the parts of the male reproductive system? -What is the function(s) of each part of the male reproductive system? -What is the process of spermatogenesis and how long does the process take? -What are the main hormones of the male reproductive system and what is their function? -What are the congenital abnormalities of the penis? -What are these abnormalities associated with respectfully? -What is cryptorchidism? -What are the possible factors that causes cryptorchidism? -What is another result of cryptorchidism? -What is hydrocele? -How can an individual acquire hydrocele? -What is spermatocele? -What is varicocele? -What is the result of varicocele? -What is the torsion of the testies? -What occurs once the testies have been twisted? -What is prostatitis? -What causes acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis? -What can cause nonbacterial prostatitis? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What occurs as prostatitis develops? -What are the clinical manifestations? -What is balanitis? -Who normally get balanitis infections? -What are the clinical manifestations of balanitis? -What is benign prostatic hypertrophy? -What is occurring as it develops in the body? -What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? -What is prostate cancer? -What is the type of tumor mostly developing for prostate cancer? -What can cause prostate cancer? -What are the clinical manifestations of prostate cancer? -What is the major differences between benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer? -What is testicular cancer? -Who does testicular cancer primarily effect? -What type of cell(s) does testicular cancer develop from? -What hormones does tumors from testicular cancer secrete? -How does testicular cancer spread? -What are the clinical manifestations of testicular cancer? -What are the organs of the female reproductive system? -What is the function of each organ in the female reproductive system? -What is the process of the menstrual cycle? -What is the length of the menstrual cycle? -What are the different types of structural abnormalities of the female reproductive cycle? -What is the different ways in which the uterus can be curved or bent? -What are the clinical manifestations of an overly curved or bent uterus? -What is pelvic relaxation? -What are predisposing factor for pelvic relaxation? -What is uterine prolapse? -How is uterine prolapse classified? -What does each classification of prolapse represent? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What is cystocele? -What happens when someone has cystocele? -What is rectocele? -What occurs in an individual with rectocele? -What are the menstrual abnormalities? -What do these abnormalities do? -What are the different forms of abnormal menstrual bleeding? -What are the various aspects of premenstrual syndrome? -What is endometriosis? -What occurs in the uterine canal as endometriosis starts to effect the body? -What are the clinical manifestations of endometriosis? -What are the supposed causes of endometriosis? -What are the infections of the female reproductive system? -What is candidiasis? -What causes this to develop in the reproductive tract? -What are the clinical manifestations of candidiasis? -What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)? -What is typically the cause of PID? -What are other reasons PID can develop? -What occurs in the pelvic area as PID develops? -What are the clinical manifestations of PID? -What are the benign tumors of the female reproductive tract? -What are leiomyoma? -What are the different classifications of leiomyoma? -How do the leiomyoma occur in the body? -Are these leiomyoma hormone dependent? -What are the clinical manifestations of leiomyoma? -What are ovarian cysts? -How long do ovarian cysts last for? -What are the clinical manifestations of ovarian cysts? -What is polycystic ovarian syndrome? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What occurs with hormones involved with polycystic ovarian syndrome? -What is the basic problem with polycystic ovarian syndrome? -What are the clinical manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome? -What is fibrocystic breast disease? -What occurs within the breast tissue in an individual who has fibrocystic breast disease? -What are the categories involved with fibrocystic breast disease? -What are the clinical manifestations of fibrocystic breast disease? -What are the different malignant tumors that develop in the female reproductive system? -What is breast cancer? -What is the incidence of breast cancer? -What are the various predisposing/risk factors to develop breast cancer? -What occurs in the breast as the tumor starts to develop? -What are the clinical manifestations? -What is cervical cancer? -What is the predisposing factor for cervical cancer? -What occurs in the cervix as the tumors start to develop? -What are the clinical manifestations of cervical cancer? -What is uterine cancer? -What is an early indicator of uterine cancer? -What are the predisposing/risk factors of developing uterine cancer? -What occurs in the endometrial areas as uterine cancer develops? -What are the clinical manifestations of uterine cancer? -What is ovarian cancer? -What are the different types of tumors develop for ovarian cancer? -What are the early manifestations of ovarian cancer? -What is infertility? -What is consider to be infertility? -What are some of the male issues that lead to infertility? -What are the reasons for decrease in fertility? -What are some of the female issues that lead to infertility? -What are the concerns about STDs? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the different bacterial infections that occur as a STD? -What is a chlamydial infection? -What occurs in males with a chlamydial infection? -What occurs in females with a chlamydial infection? -What happens when a baby passes through the birth canal to a mother with a chlamydial infection? -What is a gonorrheal infection? -What occurs in males with a gonorrheal infection? -What occurs in females with a gonorrheal infection? -What can happen if someone has oral sex with another individual who has a gonorrheal infection? -What happens to a newborn exposed to a gonorrheal infection as it passes through the birth canal? -What is syphilis? -What are the different stages of syphilis? -What occurs in each stage of syphilis as it continues to develop in the body? -What happens to a child that has congenital syphilis? -What are the viral infections that occur as a STD? -What is genital herpes? -What are the different types of herpes? -How does herpes transmit from one person to the other? -What are all the clinical manifestations of genital herpes both local and systemically? -What are genital warts? -What are the clinical manifestations of genital warts? -What can promote the growth and spread of the genital warts? -What is trichomoniasis? -What are the clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis and how are they different between males and females? Chapter 20 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-3, 5-7, & 9? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist -What are the functions of cells? -What is required for cellular reproduction? -What can cause alterations in the cell’s DNA? -What can occur when a cell mutates? -How do we name the different types of tumors? -What are the characteristics of a benign tumor? -What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor? -What occurs in the body as a malignant tumor develops? -What are the local effects that occur due to a tumor? -What are the systemic effects that occur due to a malignant tumor? -What is the process in which a malignant tumor spreads? -What are the three basic mechanisms for the spread of cancer? -What is the staging system of cancer and is used for what purpose? -How do tumors normally develop in the body? -What are the stages of carcinogenesis? -What are the risk factors for developing cancer? -How does the host defense play a role in tumor suppression? -What is a prognosis? -What is considered “cured” for cancer? -Is there a difference between adults and children being “cured” of cancer? -What are the factors that are involved with skin cancer? -What is the most common form of skin cancer? -What is the characteristic of lesions formed for skin cancer? -What are the major factors of ovarian cancer? -What plays a role in the development of ovarian cancer? -When do clinical manifestations start to appear for ovarian cancer? -What are some of the first indications of ovarian cancer? -Where does ovarian cancer normally metastasize to? -What is different about brain tumors than other tumors found in the body? -What are early indications of brain tumors? -Do malignant brain tumors metastasize? Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Checklist Chapter 21 -Key Terms -Are you able to answer learning objectives 1-4 & 7 -How is genetics controlled within the body? -What is the process that leads to the splitting of chromosomes to its haploid state? -What are chromosomes made up of? -What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? -What is gene penetration? -What are congenital abnormalities? -What are possible reasons for genes to have mutations? -What are single-gene disorders? -What does it mean to have an autosomal recessive disorder? -What are the probabilities of inheritance for these types of disorders? (Break it down by different types of parents) -What does it mean to have an autosomal dominant disorder? -What are X-linked disorders whether they are dominant or recessive? -Who is typically more affected by x-linked recessive disorders and who is the carrier for this type of issue? -What are chromosomal disorders? -What are some examples of chromosomal disorders? -What are multifactorial disorders? -What are some examples of multifactorial disorders? -What can cause developmental disorders? -When it comes to infections during pregnancy, what does TORCH stand for? -What do these harmful influences do during the gestational periods? -How is genetic engineering and gene therapy proving useful for genetic diseases? -What are benefits and detriments of genetic diagnosis and DNA testing? -What is involved with proteomic research and designer drugs? -What is down syndrome? -What are some risk factors leading to an individual being born with down syndrome? -What are the clinical manifestations of down syndrome?
