Chapter 1: Characteristics and classification of
living organisms
Hi! I am MRS
GREN
M ovement
Respiration
S ensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
E xcretion
Nutrition
7
characteristics
of living things
MCQ #01
MCQ #01
answer
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a
change of position or place
the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy for metabolism
the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or
external environment
a permanent increase in size and dry mass
the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
Excretion
the removal of the waste products of metabolism and
substances in excess of requirements
Nutrition
the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
Classification
Describe:
- species:
a group of organisms that can
reproduce to produce fertile
offspring
- binomial system:
an internationally agreed
system in which the scientific
name of an organism is made
up of two parts showing the
genus and species
Homo sapiens
Dichotomous key:
Classification Methods
Nitrogenous base
to reflect evolutionary relationships
1. Morphology -- the overall form and shape of the
bodies
2. Anatomy -- the detailed body structure by dissection
3. Sequences of bases in DNA -- groups of organisms
which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely
related) have base sequences in DNA that are more
similar than those that share only a distant ancestor
A -- T
C -- G
MCQ #02
MCQ #02
MCQ #03
Common features in living organisms
Cell membrane
DNA
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Enzymes
Seven Levels of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Increase in similarity
Order
Decrease in numbers
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom #01
-- Protoctists
multicellular/ unicellular
have nucleus
may/may not have cellular cell wall
or chloroplasts
feed by photosynthesis/ on organic
substances
Amoeba
Paramecium
Kingdom #02
-- Prokaryotes
unicellular
no nucleus/ nuclear membrane
have a cell wall, not made of cellulose
(murein/ peptidoglycan cell wall)
may/may not photosynthesise
naked loop of DNA (plasmids)
no membrane-bound organelles e.g. mitochondria
reproduce by binary fission
Kingdom #03
-- Fungi
multicellular
do not have chlorophyll and do not
photosynthesise
have a nucleus and cell wall (not made of
cellulose)
feed by saprophytically, or parasitically, on
organic material like faeces, human foods
and dead plants or animal
Kingdom #04
-- Plantae
multicellular organisms
cell wall made of cellulose
feed by photosynthesis
may have roots, stems and leaves
Kingdom #05
-- Animals
Multicellular
Have a nucleus
Feed on substances made by other
living things
Phylums
-- Vertebrates (5 classes)
Fish
Amphibians
Birds
Reptiles
Mammals
Scales
Fins
Lateral line
Moist skin
Four limbs
Feathers
Beak
Two wings
Two scaly
legs
Scaly,dry skin
Four limbs
Fur/hair
Four limbs
Pinna/extern
al ears
Nose/snout
Nipples
Fish
Amphibians
Birds
Reptiles
Mammals
Eggs
Jelly-covered
Jelly-covered
Hard-shelled
Soft-shelled
live young
Fertilisation
External
External
Internal
Internal
Internal
Body temperature
regulation
Ectothermic
Ectothermic
Endothermic
Ectothermic
Endothermic
Gas exchange
Gills
Skin/Lungs
Lungs
Lungs
Lungs
Additional
info
-
-
-4 chambers in
the heart
-
-mammary glands
-placenta
-4 chambers in the
heart
-diaphragm
-4 types of teeth
-sweat glands
Phylums
-- Arthropods
-invertebrates
-waterproof
exoskeletons
-segmented body
-jointed legs
Insects
Crustaceans
3 pairs of jointed legs
head, thorax, abdomen
1 or 2 pairs of wings
1 pair of antennae
1 pair of compound eyes
breathe through trachea
chelipeds/claws
2 pairs of antennae
5 pairs of jointed legs
exoskeleton + calcium salts
breathe through gills
Phylums
-- Arthropods
-invertebrates
-waterproof
exoskeletons
-segmented body
-jointed legs
Myriapods
long, thin, segmented body
each segment has jointed legs
1 pair of antennae
no obvious thorax and abdomen
many legs (more than 10)
Arachnids
4 pairs of jointed legs
2 pairs of antennae
cephalothorax, abdomen
no wings
breathe through book lungs
MCQ #04
Phylums
-- Invertebrates
Nematodes
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,
long
no segments, smooth
long, cylindrical body
body painted on both ends
Molluscs
soft, unsegmented body
muscular foot (burrowing +
movement)
mantle
visceral mass
slimy body
Phylums (Plants)
Flowering plants
e.g. corn, pea
Have xylem and phloem
Reproduce by producing
seeds
Seeds produced inside
ovary, inside flower
Non flowering plants
Have
roots,stems
and leaves
e.g. ferns, mosses
Have leaves called fronds
Do not produce flowers
Reproduce by spores
Dicots
vs
Monocots
Dicots
Monocots
Cotyledons
2
1
Floral parts
4x or 5x
3x
Veins
branched
parallel
Leaves
broad
narrow
tap root
branching
root
Root system
Viruses
- not true living things but complicated
assemblies of molecules
- no show 7 characteristics of living things
protein coat, capsid
genetic material (DNA or RNA strand)
no typical cell structure