Columbus State Community College
Spanish 1101
D.C.C.
Resource Packet: Units 1 & 2
Columbus State Community College
2016
218
1
Contenido
LIST OF GENERAL TOPICS COVERED
BIENVENIDOS (WELCOME)……………………………………………………..
PRIMER DÍA DE CLASE…………………………………………………………..
THE SOUNDS OF SPANISH……………………………………………………….
Pág. 2
Pág. 3
Pág. 16
UNIT 1: KILÓMETRO 0……………………………………………………………
La familia………………………………………………………………………
Definite Articles…………………………………………………………………
Possessive Adjectives……………………………………………………………
Describing Family Members (SER, ESTAR and ADJECTIVES)………………
Comparisons in Spanish (Part 1)…………………………………………………
Numbers 1-100 and Expressing Age……………………………………………
First Steps in Spanish Verbs……………………………………………………
Palabras útiles (Common Function Words)……………………………….
Pág. 17
Pág. 18
Pág. 19
Pág. 22
Pág. 25
Pág. 35
Pág. 38
Pág. 40
Pág. 46
UNIT 2: “MI CASA, TU CASA”..................................................................................
La casa (Vocabulary, Gender, Definite and Indefinite Articles………………….
Los cuartos ………………………………………………………………………
Telling Where Things Are (Prepositions)…………………………………..........
Describing a House (More About Adjectives)…………………………………
“To Be or To Be” (More about SER and ESTAR)……………………………
SER vs ESTAR vs HAY…………………………………………………………
Conjugating Regular –AR, -ER, and –IR Verbs…………………………………
Question Formation in Spanish…………………………………………………
Infinitives: When Do I Use Them?........................................................................
Pág. 55
Pág. 58
Pág. 65
Pág. 70
Pág. 73
Pág. 80
Pág. 86
Pág. 95
Pág. 113
Pág. 119
APENDICES:
Appendix 1: Exercises for the Sounds of Spanish………………………………
Appendix 2: Basic Phrases for Getting to Know People………………………….
Appendix 3: ENTREVISTAS VIDEOS……………………………………………
Pág. 122
Pág. 136
Pág. 145
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
2
BIENVENIDOS
Welcome to Spanish 1101. The booklet that you are holding in your hand (or looking at online),
is the first version of an ongoing collaborative effort to provide you with resources---at no extra cost to
you--- to help you navigate through this course. In the next several years, we hope to augment and improve
these materials as much as we can. In the meantime, we hope that what we provide here will facilitate your
learning of Spanish this semester.
If you are reading this right now from the hard copy that you received in class, it is important that
you realize that this is only the “paper-and-pencil user interface” of the actual Resource Packet. In it you
can write answers to exercises, take notes, etc., but it is absolutely crucial that you use it in conjunction
with the digital, online version in Blackboard. There are two ways to do this: a good way and the best
way:
a. A Good Way:
Use the PDF format of this booklet which is posted on Blackboard. That will
allow you to click on the many links to exercises in Quizlet.com and YouTube
that you will find throughout the booklet. You will need to use Quizlet.com
to check your answers to many of the exercises and also for practice and study.
Feel free to copy this PDF version to your own computer so that you will not
have to depend on Blackboard, should the system ever fail.
b. The BEST way:
The best way to use this booklet is in conjunction with the accompanying
PowerPoint presentations, also posted in Blackboard. These contain the
complete text of the booklet as well as clickable links to Quizlet.com,
YouTube, etc. But, IN ADDITION, you will be able to find the answers to
other exercises that are not on Quizlet.com, supplementary PowerPoint
presentations on various topics from the course, and additional video and
audio links. Once again, feel free to download these to your own computer
to make them easier to use. Be sure to ask your instructor where these
PowerPoint presentations are located in Blackboard.
Well, enough “preambling”. Let’s begin!
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
3
PRIMER DÍA DE CLASE (FIRST DAY OF CLASS)
Welcome to your Spanish class (“tu clase de español”). Today (Hoy) might even be your first
day in college, so welcome to “la universidad.”
¿Hoy es tu primer día en una universidad?
¿Sí o no?
(Is today your first day in a college? Yes or no?)
¿Hoy es tu primer día en una clase de español? ¿Sí o no?
(Is today your first day in a Spanish class? Yes or no?)
As you are sitting in this “salón de clase” (“classroom”), take a look around you. Seated nearby
are other “estudiantes.” These will be your “compañeros de clase” (“classmates”) this
“semestre,” and in front of the class is your “profesor” (if your teacher is a man) or your
“profesora” (if your teacher is a woman).
Take a moment to greet your instructor: “Hola, profesor/-ora [insert instructor’s last name
here].” Unless directed otherwise, this will probably be the best way to address your instructor in
Spanish class.
*******************
Now turn to several “compañeros de clase” around you, greet them and find out their names.
Ask: “¿Cómo te llamas?” (literally, “How do you call yourself?”).
And, when you are asked this same question by any of them, reply:
“Me llamo [your name]” (literally, “I call myself ___.”).
Write down the names of the students you meet:
1.
3.
5.
2.
4.
6.
You can see here, right from the beginning, that when you learn a language, some things you
have to say (like asking someone their name) are expressed VERY differently from how you would
say them in English!
*********************************************************
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
4
Next, find out where each of these students are from (that is, where they were born).
Ask: “¿De dónde eres?”
(This phrase is a little bit different from English, but closer than the previous ones we learned. It
means: “From where are you?”)
When someone asks you that question, answer:
“Soy de [place where you were born].” For example, if someone asked this writer where he is
from, he would answer: “Soy de Pittsburgh.”
Fill in the chart below as you find out where the students around you are from, following
the example listed:
Fulano
es de East Liverpool, Ohio
.
(is from)
_____________________ es de ____________________________________.
_____________________ es de ____________________________________.
_____________________ es de ____________________________________.
_____________________ es de ____________________________________.
_____________________ es de ____________________________________.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
5
Next, find out if the students around you actually live in the place where they are from. For
example, you find out that the student next to you is from Columbus. But now you ask: “¿Vives
en Columbus?”
(Do you live in Columbus?).
She answers either, “Sí, vivo en Columbus” or “No, vivo en [Grove City].”
Fill in the chart below as you find out where the students around you are from and where they
live:
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
(is from)
(and / but)
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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6
Okay, one more question you can ask: “¿Cómo estás hoy?” (How are you today?).
When you are asked this question, answer:
“Hoy, estoy bien.” or “Hoy, estoy regular.” or “Hoy, estoy mal.”
This is how you would say “Today, I am [fine / so, so / not well].”
If you want to be a little more emphatic you can add “muy” (“very”) of “bastante” (quite,
pretty). For example, “Hoy estoy muy (bastante) bien.” (“Today I am very (pretty) well.”).
Okay, go ahead and ask the students around you how they are doing and answer their questions as
well.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
(is)
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
7
Now, put everything together and venture out past your immediate surroundings to at least two
students on the other side of the room. Greet them, ask them their names, find out where they
are from and how they are doing today.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
_____________________ es de ________________________ y / pero vive en ______________________.
Hoy, ________________ está ____________________________________.
*****************************************************************
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
8
Análisis:
Let’s reflect on three things we have learned so far:
1. First of all, we have seen that some words (like profesor and profesora) have both a
masculine and feminine form. This is a characteristic of Spanish called “gender” and it will
become very important the more Spanish you learn. We will talk more about this a little later.
2. Secondly, you may have noticed that, when using verbs, you can get away with only one word
in Spanish when, in English, you would need two (or more words):
llamas = do you call (or, you call)
llamo = I call
llama = [X]* calls
eres = are you (or, you are)
soy = I am
es = [X] is
estás = are you (or, you are)
estoy = I am
está = [X] is
vives = do you live (or, you live)
vivo = I live
vive = [X] lives
* [X] could be “he” or “she” or someone’s name.
Spanish gets away with only one word partly because it uses verb endings to tell who the subject
of the verb is (that is, who is doing the action or is the main actor of the sentence) rather than
separate words like “I” or “you” or “he”.
In the examples above, notice that, every time the subject of the verb is “you,” the verb ended in
the letter “-s”. For some verbs it was “-as” and for other verbs it was “-es.” These two endings
tell you that the subject is “you” and, in general, no other word is needed.
However, whenever the subject of the verb was “I,” the verb ended either in “-o” (llamo, vivo) or
“-oy” (soy, estoy). For most verbs, the ending that means “I” is “-o.” Only four verbs in Spanish
use “-oy” and you have just learned two of them!
When the subject is “he” or “she” or a singular noun like “José,” or “the teacher,” or “my
brother,” then the verb ends in a vowel (“-a” or “-e”). And of course, for every rule there is an
exception to the rule. The exception to this rule is “es.”
As you study Spanish this semester (and next!), you will be spending a lot of time with verbs.
And the Spanish verb system is all about endings!!
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
9
3. Thirdly, you may have noticed that two of the sets of verbs we have used seem to have the
same meaning:
eres = are you (or, you are)
soy = I am
es = [X] is
estás = are you (or, you are)
estoy = I am
está = [X] is
The verbs in the first column are variations of a verb known as SER. The verbs in the second
column are forms of the verb, ESTAR. You will eventually learn how to distinguish between
these two verbs in many different contexts. For the moment, however, just notice that SER
describes the “essence” or “identity” of someone or something. That is why, when you tell where
you are from, you say, “Soy de…” If I am from Michigan, that identifies me and I am “stuck”
with that identity, even if I don’t want to admit it in Buckeye territory!
The verb, ESTAR, however, is used when describing my “status” or “state of being,” (how I am
feeling at the moment). That is why it is used with words like “bien,” “mal,” or “regular.”
We will formally study these verbs in much more detail later on this semester but, as you come
across them, ask yourself why one is used and not the other. Start getting a feel for how they
operate.
*********************************************
COGNATES
Since Spanish evolved from Latin and since English received a huge amount of vocabulary from
Latin (mostly via French), there are many words in Spanish that look a lot like English and even
mean what they look like. These words are referred to as “cognates” because you can easily recogn-ize them!
Here are a few:
inteligente
arrogante
romántico (-a)
pesimista
independiente
introvertido (-a)
cómico (-a)
interesante
optimista
liberal
extrovertido (-a)
serio (-a)
paciente
generoso (-a)
conservador (-ora)
tímido (-a)
sentimental
impaciente
frugal
idealista
Can you guess what these words mean?
¡OJO! (Watch out!)
There are two things to beware of when dealing with Spanish words that look like English:
1. NONE of them are EVER pronounced like their English counterpart! Be sure to listen to your
instructor and imitate his/her pronunciation.
2. Not all words that LOOK like English MEAN the same as what they look like. There are
“cognates” and there are “false cognates.”
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
10
Here are a few false cognates:
The Spanish word, “actual,” looks like the English word, “actual,” but means: “current.”
The Spanish word, “constipado,” looks like the English word, “constipated,” but means:
“congested.”
The Spanish word, “embarazada,” looks like “embarrassed,” but means: “pregnant!”
¿CÓMO ESTÁS” vs. ¿CÓMO ERES?
We have already seen that, when we ask someone how they are doing, we ask, “¿Cómo estás?”
We use “estás” here (and not “eres”) because we are asking about their “status,” about how they
are feeling at the moment.
But if we ask, “¿Cómo eres?” or “¿Cómo es José?”, we are not asking about status. Rather, we
are asking about “essence.” We are asking what these people are like, by nature. This is the
question we need to ask in order to find out which of the cognates above describes someone.
So let’s put all of this into practice. Use the question, “¿Cómo eres?” to ask five students in the
class what they are like. When you are asked this question, tell TWO characteristics that describe
you and TWO that do not. For example:
Student 1: “¿Cómo eres?”
Student 2: “Soy cómico y extrovertido. ¡No soy serio y no soy tímido!
IMPORTANT: Notice that some of the cognates listed above (the ones that end in “-o” and one
that ends in “-or”) change forms when they describe someone of feminine gender. For example,
Juan might say:
“Soy conservador y generoso.” But María would have to say: “Soy conservadora y generosa.”
The other words do not change: “María es optimista y liberal. Juan es optimista y liberal.”
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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11
As you do your interview, fill out the chart below with each student’s name and description.
Be prepared to report your findings to the class.
Estudiante:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
es
a.
a.
b.
b.
a.
pero
no es
a.
b.
b.
a.
a.
b.
b.
a.
a.
b.
b.
a.
a.
b.
b.
***************************************************************************
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
12
QUÉ HAY EN TU MOCHILA?
Look around your “salón de clase” once again. You will probably notice a lot of “mochilas”
(back packs). Or maybe some “estudiantes” are just carrying their school supplies in some sort
of large “bolsa” (bag). What do you imagine you might find in any one of these?
You might find “un libro de texto” ( a textbook).
You might find “un manual” (a workbook).
Maybe you would find “un cuaderno” (a notebook).
Possibly there will be “un diccionario de español” (a Spanish dictionary).
You would probably be sure to find “un bolígrafo” (a pen) or “un lápiz” (a pencil).
There probably will be “un teléfono celular.”
In some mochilas there might be “un Ipad” or “un tablet” of some sort.
Or a student might have “una computadora portátil” (a laptop) or “una calculadora.”
Okay, find a student in the class who has a mochila or a bolsa and find out what they have in it.
Take your mochila along as well so that they can also ask you.
When you do this activity, you will be learning another very useful verb: HAY. This verb can
mean “there is” or “there are.” If you put question marks around it (as you do in all written
questions in Spanish), it can mean “is there?” or “are there?”
Here is a sample of what you will be asking/answering:
¿Hay un libro de texto en tu mochila?
(Is there a textbook in your backpack?)
Your partner takes out a textbook, shows it to you and answers:
Sí, hay un libro de texto. Aquí está.
(Yes there is a textbook. Here it is.)
or…
No, no hay un libro de texto en mi mochila. Lo siento.
(No, there isn’t a textbook in my backpack. I’m sorry.)
Go ahead and see what you can find out? Use the chart on the next page to keep track of your
information.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
13
ESTUDIANTE 1
ESTUDIANTE 2
ESTUDIANTE 3
textbook
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
Sí
No
workbook
notebook
Spanish
dictionary
pen
pencil
cell phone
Ipad / tablet
laptop
calculator
A very important tool for you as you progress through this Resource Packet is an online learning
tool called Quizlet.com. Maybe you have used Quizlet in some other class to make flashcards for
help in memorizing terminology. In this class you probably won’t have to do that. We have
already made them for you. Using the Quizlet activities in this packet, you will not only learn
words, you will also learn how to make whole sentences and, best of all, you can practice the
pronunciation of Spanish. Click on the link below to review the words and phrases that you have
learned today.
https://quizlet.com/135004385/tu-primer-dia-en-una-clase-de-espanol-flash-cards/?new
¡Y es gratis! (And it’s free!)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
14
SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT LEARNING A
LANGUAGE.
IMMERSION vs. CLASSROOM
Learning a second language can be done in one of two ways. One way is called total
immersion. That means you find some way to plop yourself down in the middle of a Spanishspeaking country for several months to a year (or more!), try to avoid contact with other
Americans or English speakers and prepare yourself to risk looking stupid as you start the long,
arduous, sometimes frustrating, process of learning “by osmosis.” This method has both pros and
cons, but if you are reading this book, you probably are not going to try the total immersion
method.
No, you are here in Columbus, Ohio (where you can, by the way, still have lots of
opportunities to speak Spanish with native speakers!), taking a college Spanish class. Your task
is to learn Spanish the best you can in the circumstances. Our task is to try to break down the
material in a logical sequence to make learning easier, more purposeful and, hopefully, even fun.
That is the overriding purpose of the booklet you presently have in your hand.
GOING ROGUE!!
Be warned from the start that we have decided to break away from the traditional way
most (maybe even all) textbooks start to teach Spanish. The norm is to start with a chapter that
teaches useful expressions to start a conversation and then devote another chapter to teaching you
to talk about classroom objects and the university campus. There are three problems with this
method.
First of all, many of the “useful expressions” which are normally presented involve
grammatical structures that you won’t learn until way down the road. Some you won’t learn until
Spanish 1102! We have seen that starting with these phrases can cause lots of confusion.
Secondly, after making the effort to learn all these phrases, do you really want to
converse about pencils, erasers, and the college bookstore? “Hi, my name is Chuck. How are
you doing and how many pens do you have in your book bag? And what color is your book bag,
anyway?” I don’t think so!
Thirdly, even if talking about school supplies were a fascinating conversation starter,
there would still be another reason to at least put off this captivating subject until later. One of
the things that will be new and different to you (unless you have already studied another language
like French, Italian or German, just to mention a few) is the fact that in Spanish all nouns have
what is called “gender,” that is, all nouns are classified as either “masculine” or “feminine.” For
example, a pen is masculine, but a piece of chalk is feminine. A man’s moustache is masculine,
but his beard is feminine. A necktie is feminine, but a dress is masculine. As you can see, this
“grammatical gender” is very arbitrary and has nothing at all to do with natural gender
(male/female)...except when talking about people and some animals. Only in this latter case do
“grammatical” and “natural” gender match.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
15
This gender problem is further complicated by the fact that the grammatical gender of a
noun affects all the words that go with it. For example, in the phrase, “a big, fat Greek wedding,”
since the word “wedding” is feminine in Spanish, so must all of the other four words in that
phrase become feminine.
THE K.I.S.S. METHOD APPLIED TO LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
So, why complicate things right at the beginning? Instead of starting with nouns, whose
gender is arbitrary and has to be memorized, let’s make it easier and start with nouns that refer to
people whose gender is not arbitrary but logically connected to their sex. The biggest, most
interrelated collection of such nouns is found on your own family tree. And, let’s face it, when
people get together they talk a lot more about family and friends than about blackboards and
desks!
This is why we have limited the topic of greetings and school supplies to a quick (and
hopefully fun) exercise for your first DAY of class only, but your first UNIT is going to be all
about family members and how to describe their physical traits, personality, age, health, marital
status, etc., as well as using verbs to talk about their common activities. (Regarding the “useful
phrases” with which most textbooks begin, we have divided up these phrases and spread them
throughout this booklet so that you can learn them along with the grammar needed to really
understand them. You can also find them in the Appendix 2 which starts on page 136.)
But before we go into Unit 1 about the family, we still need to first learn a few basics
about how the Spanish language sounds…
THE SOUNDS OF SPANISH
Compared to our English language, Spanish is a very “phonetic” language, that is,
it is spelled the way it sounds. Most letters correspond to a single sound and are always
pronounced that way. A few can be pronounced more than one way but there are rules
that allow you to always know how to pronounce them. Therefore, once you learn the
sound equivalencies, you should be able read ANYTHING in Spanish with correct
pronunciation (even if you do not know what you are saying!) and in such a way that a
native Spanish-speaker could understand it.
The chart on the following page is a summary of the sound correspondences
between English and Spanish. You should familiarize yourself with these as soon as
possible. (Exercises for practicing these sounds are found in Appendix 1.)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
16
THE SOUNDS OF SPANISH
APPROXIMATE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF LETTERS IN SPANISH
VOWELS
Letter
Sound
a
"ah"
e
"eh"
i
"eeh"
o
"oh"
u
"ooh"
Letter
b
c + e/i
Sound
b
s ("th" of
DIPHTHONGS
Letters
Sound
ia
"yah"
ie
"yeh"
io
"yoh"
iu
"yoo"
ua
"wah"
ue
"weh"
CONSONANTS
Letters
Sound
j
h
l***
l
Letters
ui
uo
ei
ai, ay
oi, oy
Sound
"wee"
"whoa"
"ay"
"eye"
"oy"
Letters
rr
s
Sound
rrrr…
ss (as in
"thin" in Spain)
c* (elsewhere)
k
ch
ch
d (beginning
"dress")**
ll
y (as in "yes")
t*
t
m
m
v
b
d
n
n
y
y
th (as in
ñ
ny
z
ss (as in
(as in
“church)
of word or
after n or l )
d (elsewhere
and especially between
vowels)
"though")
(as in
"canyon")
("th" of
"thin" in Spain)
f
g + e/i
f
h
p*
qu
p
k
x
gui
g (elsewhere)
g (as in "get")
r (at beginning
rrrr…
gue
of a word)
h
- - - (SILENT)
r (elsewhere)
"dress")**
ks
"gui " in
"guitar"
"gue" in
"guess"
"tt" (as in
"better")
WHICH SYLLABLE DO I STRESS?
1. If there is a WRITTEN ACCENT, stress that syllable.
2. If not… a. If the word ends in a VOWEL, -N, or -S, stress the NEXT-TO-THE-LAST syllable.
b. If the word ends in ANY OTHER CONSONANT, stress the LAST syllable.
* These consonants differ slightly but significantly from English by lacking the explosive puff of air
that accompanies them in our language.
**Never pronounced like the z-sounding "s" of rose" or the "z" of "zebra."
***Always pronounced like in the front of the mouth like the "l" in "lip," never in the back of the throat like
the "l" in "hospital."
Use the pronunciation exercises in Appendix 1, starting on page 122 to practice these sounds. Use the
Quizlet.com links provided so that you can hear and repeat the pronunciation of hundreds of words.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
17
Unidad 1ª
KILÓMETRO 0
“Un camino de mil millas comienza con un paso.”
“The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step.”
OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this unit you will be able to:
1. Read a completely unfamiliar passage in Spanish
(most of which you may not understand nor are
expected to understand) sounding out the words
and pronouncing all vowels and consonants
correctly as well as stressing the appropriate
syllables.
2. Greet a Spanish-speaking person correctly at
different times of the day.
3. Define, in Spanish, different family
relationships. (Example: An uncle is your father's
or mother's brother. A cousin is your aunt's
son.)
4. Explain in Spanish your own family tree.
5. Describe and compare members of your family
by talking about:
a. Age
b. Physical traits
c. Personality traits
d. Present condition
e. Likes and dislikes
f. Activities
6. Make comparisons (Part 1)
7. Use common –AR, -ER, and –IR verbs, SER,
ESTAR, and TENER in the third person.
8. Translate from English to Spanish
verb phrases which use -AR verbs
9. Count and use numbers in Spanish from 1-100
GRAMMAR POINTS COVERED:
1. Nouns and Definite articles
2. Adjectives (agreement and placement)
3. Possessive adjectives
4. Introduction to Spanish verbs
******************************************************************************
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18
Now we are ready to get to the main topic and goal of this unit: being able to talk about
your family. The first step is to familiarlize yourself with the terms needed to refer to each
member. These are grouped below in such a way that, with few exceptions, if you learn the
first term you can deduce the remaining terms logically.
Los miembros de la familia:
padre
madre
padres
padrastro
madrastra
father
mother
parents
stepfather
stepmother
abuelo
abuela
abuelos
bisabuelos
hijo
hija
hijos
hijastro/a
son, child
daughter
children
stepchild
nieto
nieta
nietos
biznieto
grandson
granddaughter
grandchildren
great-grandchild
hermano
hermana
hermanos
hermanastro
hermanastra
medio/a
hermano/a
brother
sister
siblings
stepbrother
stepsister
halfbrother/sister
twin
cuñado
cuñada
brother-in-law
sister-in-law
yerno
nuera
son-in-law
daughter-in-law
gemelo/a
esposo
(marido)
viudo
husband
esposa
(mujer)
viuda
wife
POSSESSION:
suegro
suegra
suegros
consuegros
widower
grandfather
grandmother
grandparents
great-grandparents
tío
tía
tíos
tío abuelo
tía abuela
sobrino
sobrina
sobrinos
nephew
niece
niece(s) and
nephew(s)
primo/a
cousin
parientes
relatives
father-in-law
mother-in-law
“in-laws”
in-laws of one’s
son or daughter
widow
English expresses possession by adding ’s to the possessor:
my father’s uncle.
In Spanish you can NEVER do this! You must turn the phrase around
and say: “the uncle OF my father.”
el tío de mi padre
How would you say: my mother’s grandmother
Pedro’s cousins
my brother’s children
uncle
aunt
aunt(s) and
uncle(s)
great-uncle
great-aunt
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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Practice this
vocabulary on
Quizlet.com:
LOS
MIEMBROS
DE LA
FAMILIA
19
Definite Articles:
The next step in describing your family is a very important one: the DEFINITE ARTICLE. In
English the definite articles are just one word: "THE." Just imagine how many times you use
this little word every day. And then imagine how awkward it would sound if you left it out:
“Today [ ]president of [ ]United States met at [ ] White House with [ ]chairman of [ ]judicial
committee.” As you can see, there is nothing like the definite article to keep you from sounding
like Tarzan!
However, as we have already mentioned, Spanish nouns have what is called “gender” (some are
“masculine” and some are “feminine”) and words that describe them must, if possible, “agree
with” (a grammatical expression that means “match”) them in gender. But there is more! All
nouns in Spanish as well as English either refer to a single entity or person (“singular”) or to more
than one (“plural”). This characteristic of nouns is grammatically called “number.” So words
like definite articles have to “agree” with the noun they describe in “gender” and “number”. For
that reason there are four different ways to say “the” in Spanish:
Masculine
Feminine
Sing.
EL padre (THE father)
LA madre (THE mother)
Plural
LOS padres (THE fathers)
LAS madres (THE mothers)
You have probably seen each of these forms in the names of cities or towns in the United States?
Can you give some examples?
Using what you have learned above, provide the correct form of the definite article:
1.
2.
3.
4.
____ tíos
____ prima
____ hijo
____ sobrinas
5. ____ cuñados
6. ____ nieta
7. ____ suegro
8. ____ tías
9. ____ abuela
10. ____ yerno
Expressing Possession:
In order to begin describing our family, we need to learn one more piece of grammar: expressing
possession. In English possession is expressed by adding 's to the end of the noun referring to
the owner. In Spanish this ending is NEVER used! Spanish starts with the thing possessed and
then connects it to the owner by the preposition "de." This is illustrated just below the chart on
the previous page. Go back and take a look at that note.
SELF-CHECK:
Pair up with a classmate to do the Self-Check on the next two pages. One of you will be looking
at Part A and the other at Part B. Ask your partner about the relationship between the pairs of
family members in the left-hand column. In the right hand column, you have the correct answers
so that you can make sure that your partner has answered correctly.
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20
FAMILY - SELF-CHECK - PART A
STUDENT A
Use the Family Tree Chart to answer these questions.
¿Qué relaciones existen entre...?
Julio / Isabel
Julio es el padre de Isabel.
Isabel es la hija de Julio.
Pedro / Isabel
Pedro es el sobrino de Isabel.
Isabel es la tía de Pedro.
Vicente / Jorge
Vicente es el cuñado de Jorge.
Jorge es el cuñado de Vicente.
Miguel / Vicenta
Miguel es el nieto de Vicenta.
Vicenta es la abuela de Miguel.
Paquita / Julia
Paquita es la tía de Julia.
Julia es la sobrina de Paquita.
Juanito / Julia
Juanito es el primo de Julia.
Julia es la prima de Juanito.
Juanito y Julia son primos.
ÁRBOL GENEALÓGICO DE LA FAMILA SÁNCHEZ
Enriqueta
Julio
Carmen
Juanito
Juan
Vicenta
Francisco
Isabel
Vicente
Paquita
Jorge
Pedro
Josefina
Paco
Miguel
Julia
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Fernando
21
FAMILY - SELF-CHECK - PART B
STUDENT B
Use the Family Tree Chart to answer these questions.
¿Qué relaciones existen entre...?
Carmen / Juan
Carmen es la esposa de Juan.
Juan es el esposo de Carmen.
Carmen y Juan / Juanito
Carmen y Juan son los padres de Juanito.
Juanito es el hijo de Carmen y Juan.
Juanito y Pedro / Isabel
Juanito y Pedro son los sobrinos de Isabel.
Isabel es la tía de Juanito y Pedro.
Francisco y Vicenta
Francisco y Vicenta son los abuelos de Josefina y
/ Josefina y Julia
Julia.
Josefina y Julia son las nietas de Francisco y Vicenta.
Fernando y Vicente / Jorge
Fernando y Vicente son los cuñados de Jorge.
Jorge es el cuñado de Fernando y Vicente.
Juan e Isabel / Julio y Enriqueta
Juan e Isabel son los hijos de Julio y Enriqueta.
Julio y Enriqueta son los padres de Juan e Isabel.
ÁRBOL GENEALÓGICO DE LA FAMILA SÁNCHEZ
En
riq
uet
a
Ju
li
o
C
ar
m
e
n
J
u
a
n
it
o
J
u
a
n
P
e
d
r
o
Fr
an
cis
co
I
s
a
b
e
l
V
ic
e
nt
e
M
ig
ue
l
P
a
c
o
Vi
ce
nt
a
J
o
r
g
e
J
u
l
i
a
P
aq
ui
ta
J
o
s
ef
in
a
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Fer
nan
do
22
expressing possession:
the possessive adjectives
In order to describe your family, or someone else’s, you will need to use POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES. In English these are words like my, your, his, her, our, their. Below is a “handy
way” to learn the possessive adjectives in Spanish.
Basically it is a matter of learning four words (unless you are in Spain where there is one more:
vuestro) and one “rule of thumb.” The rule of thumb is that, when the word coming after mi, tu,
nuestro or su ends in an –s, then you must add an –s to the possessives as well (mis, tus, nuestros,
sus). Adding the –s does NOT change the meaning.
***Note that the word su can have several meanings in English. When necessary these can be clarified by
saying, for example: El padre de ella, no el padre de él. (Her father not his father.) No los tíos de ustedes.
Los tíos de ellos. (Not you all’s uncles. Their uncles.)
More information about this topic can be found in
the PUNTOS DE PARTIDA textbook, pp. 77-80.
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23
Using the chart on the previous page, tell how you would express the following
phrases in Spanish:
my brother
my siblings
your cousin
your cousins
our uncle
Use Quizlet to
correct your answers.
CLICK HERE
our aunt
our uncles
our aunts
his nephew
her nephew
their nephew
y'all's nephew
her nephews
his nephews
their nephews
y'all's nephews
Go online to Quizlet.com, for more practice using these adjectives.
Los adjetivos posesivos
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24
DEFINICIONES
Imagine you are talking with someone who only speaks Spanish. Naturally, if you would
ask them what “tío” means, they would not be able to tell you that it means “uncle.” They
would have to define the word in Spanish. See an example of such an exchange below and
then complete the other hypothetical exchanges which follow.
Modelo: ¿Qué significa "tío?"
----Tu "tío" es el hermano de tu padre.
(el hermano de tu madre)
(el padre de tus primos)
1. ¿Qué significa "suegra?"
________________________________________________________________
2. ¿Qué significa "cuñado?"
________________________________________________________________
3. ¿Qué significa "yerno?"
Use Quizlet to
________________________________________________________________
correct your answers.
CLICK HERE
4. ¿Qué significa "abuela?"
________________________________________________________________
5. ¿Qué significa "sobrinos?"
________________________________________________________________
6. ¿Qué significa "primos?"
________________________________________________________________
7. ¿Qué significa "nuera?"
________________________________________________________________
8. ¿Qué significa "nieta?"
________________________________________________________________
Do more practice on Quizlet.com:
Defining Family Members
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25
DESCRIBING FAMILY MEMBERS
To describe what family members look like or what their personality is like, we naturally
need to learn some adjectives and a few other phrases. But before we do that, it is necessary that
we talk just a bit about how to say “is” and “are” in Spanish. In English, these are two of the
forms of the verb, “to be.” English speakers who study Spanish run into a snag at this point.
They don’t get too far before they notice that, to say “is” or “are,” sometimes Spanish uses the
words “es” and “son.” But other times it uses the words “está” and “están.” It almost looks like
there are two verbs in Spanish that mean, “to be.” If Hamlet had studied Spanish, he most
probably would have exclaimed: “To be or to be, that is the question!”
But, actually, that is not the question. In fact, in order to get a true understanding of these
two verbs, it is urgent that, right from the start, you realize that, in the Spanish speaker’s mind,
there is actually only one verb that expresses “being,” And it is the verb, SER. “Es” and “son”
are two forms of this verb.
The other verb that seems to us to express “being” is ESTAR, from which come the
forms “está” and “están.” But you have to come to understand that what seems to be the case,
really isn’t the case. We need to go back a few centuries to find out why...
UN POCO DE HISTORIA (A BIT OF HISTORY)
The Spanish language had its birth when the ancient Romans conquered the Iberian
Peninsula (where modern Spain and Portugal are now located). However, before they arrived
there, the natives, whom the Romans, and later Spaniards, called “los iberos” (Iberians), spoke a
language that didn’t resemble Spanish in the least. Some think that the Basque language (spoken
in a small part of northern Spain and southern France) is a remnant of that ancient tongue.
The Roman conquerors imposed their own language, Latin, onto the Iberians. The
Iberians learned it as best they could...but not perfectly. You could sort of say (a little tongue-incheek) that the so-called “romance languages,” like French, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese and
Spanish, actually started as badly spoken Latin!
Well, the Romans had a verb in their language that meant “to be”: ESSE. Eventually, as
Latin evolved, this verb became ESSERE and (in case you haven’t noticed!) it took just a bit
more “linguistic erosion”---dropping a few letters at the beginning and one vowel at the end—for
this verb to turn into the Spanish verb, SER.
ESSENCE AND STATUS
Even though our own language, English, is not one of the “romance languages” that have
their actual roots in Latin, we did eventually get a lot of derivatives from Latin imports into our
language. The one we got from ESSERE is the English word, “essence.” That’s because the
verb, ESSERE, in Latin, as well as SER in Spanish, describes what something just IS; in other
words, its essence.
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If you take a look at the chart on the next page, you will see that you are given there a list
of adjectives that mostly are used with the verb SER. Basically these are adjectives which answer
one of two questions in English:
1. What does X look like?
2. What is X like?
In Spanish, both of these questions are summed up in one: “¿Cómo es...?” (or “¿Cómo son...?”
when talking about more than one person.) Take a look at this first list of adjectives that are used
with SER and then, when you have finished, we will resume our history lesson...
ACUEDUCTO ROMANO EN LA CIUDAD DE SEGOVIA EN ESPAÑA.
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¿Cómo es [tu padre]?
Adjectives
used with
SER.
[Mi padre] es...
alto
bajo
de talla mediana
gordo
delgado
guapo
feo
bonito
rubio
moreno
grande
pequeño
joven
viejo
calvo
trabajador
perezoso
simpático
antipático
alegre
amable
cariñoso
aburrido
interesante
inteligente
listo
tonto
fiel
extrovertido
introvertido
rico
pobre
soltero
bueno
malo
mayor (que)
menor (que)
más...que
menos...que
What's [your father] like?
[My father] is...
tall
short
medium height
fat
thin
good-looking
ugly
pretty
fair complected
dark complected
large, big
small
young
old
bald
hardworking
lazy
pleasant, friendly
unpleasant, unfriendly
jolly
kind
affectionate
boring
interesting
intelligent
smart
dumb, stupid
faithful, loyal
outgoing
introverted
rich, wealthy
poor
single
good
bad
older (than)
younger (than)
more...than (---er than)
less...than
Practice these on Quizlet.com:
Adjectives Used with SER
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28
UN POCO DE HISTORIA (continued)
Going on with our “history-in-a-nutshell” discussion about the origins of SER and
ESTAR, let’s focus now on this second verb. It actually has no historical relationship to the idea
of “being” and people who speak Spanish in our day are completely astounded when someone
insinuates that both SER and ESTAR mean the same thing!
This is because the Romans had also taken another verb over to the Iberian Peninsula, the
verb STARE. The verb STARE meant “to stand.” However, the Iberians, who were having to
learn Latin as a second language, had a little problem. In their own mother tongue there were no
words that started with a combination of “s” followed by another consonant like “p” or “c” or “t.”
None at all! So, when they tried to pronounce words like STARE, their tongues would get all
kind of twisted and cramped up (maybe that happens to you when you try to roll an “rr” in
Spanish!). The only way they could handle words like these was to insert a vowel sound (“e”)
before the “s” in order to break the combination into two syllables. Thus STARE became ESTARE which eventually became ESTAR. (You might notice that modern day Spanish speakers
inherited both this problem (and this same solution) from their Iberian ancestors. That’s why,
when learning to speak English, they at first tend to say things like: “I have to go to eschool and
estudy. For lunch I had espaghetti at a restaurant on Broad Estreet.”)
When these Iberians-turned-Roman-citizens wanted to ask someone where his house was,
they would ask not, “Where is (es) your house?”, but, “Where stands (está) your house?” And
so it is today in modern Spanish. ESTAR is the verb of choice for telling location.
But the Latin verb STARE also had another form (called a past participle) that we still
use today: STATUS. From that word we also get the English word “state.” When one Iberian
met another Iberian friend on the street, she might ask not, “How is (es) your mother?” but “How
stands (está) your mother?” In other words, “What is her “status” or her “standing” today? Is
she sick or well, tired or excited, etc. ?”
More information about this topic can be found in the
PUNTOS DE PARTIDA textbook, pp. 175-179.
The adjectives that you will find in the list on the next page are all words that describe someone’s
present status. Some describe the status of their health. Others describe the status of their
feelings. Some describe marital status and others describe job status. But since they all describe
status, they are used with the verb from which our word, “status,” derives: ESTAR. Let’s take a
look at the second part of this list now...
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29
¿Cómo está tu padre?
Adjectives
used with
ESTAR.
¿How is your father?
Mi padre está...
aburrido
casado
divorciado
jubilado
cansado
nervioso
preocupado
ocupado
enfermo
molesto
contento
triste
muerto
My father is...
bored
married
divorced
retired
tired
nervous
worried
busy
sick, ill
annoyed, irritated
contented, happy
sad
dead
Practice these on Quizlet.com:
Adjectives Used with ESTAR
There is a little more to this SER/ESTAR problem that we will need to discuss later. But learning
these two lists of adjectives is a good way to start!
DESCRIBING HAIR AND EYES
But before doing that we need to learn a few more expressions that we can use to
describe hair color and eye color. All of these use the verb TIENE (if describing one person) or
TIENEN (if describing more than one person). When you look at the list which follows, the one
thing that will certainly jump out at you is that it seems that Spanish says things backwards! In
Spanish you don’t say that someone has “green eyes” or “red hair.” Instead, you say that they
have “eyes green” and “hair red.” This is because descriptive adjectives almost always come
AFTER the noun in Spanish.
Secondly, when you learn (in Unit two) the words for all the colors in Spanish, you will
discover that a couple of the words in our chart below are only used for hair color. They are
“rubio,” “castaño,” and “canoso.” Of course, even in English the word “blond” is solely a haircolor word. You never watch a traffic light go from green to blond to red, do you? But Spanish
has additional hair-color terms for “brown” and “gray” as well.
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30
Take a few moments to look over the list of phrases for describing hair and eyes. And
just for good measure, we have added some phrases that will allow you to talk about professions
that family members might have or where they might work.
Tiene... He has...
los ojos azules
blue eyes
los ojos verdes
green eyes
los ojos color café
brown eyes
los ojos grises
grey eyes
los ojos grandes
large eyes
los ojos pequeños
small eyes
el pelo castaño
el pelo rubio*
el pelo rojo**
el pelo negro
el pelo blanco
el pelo canoso
el pelo largo
el pelo corto
el pelo rizado
el pelo lacio
brown hair
blond hair
red hair
black hair
white hair
grey hair
long hair
short hair
curly hair
straight hair
*Alternately you
can say: “Mi padre
es rubio .”
**Similarly, you
can
say: “Mi padre
**Alternately
you
es
pelirrojo
(redcan
say: “Mi
padre
headed).”
es pelirrojo .”
**Similarly, you
can say: “Mi padre
es pelirrojo (redheaded).”
Practice these on Quizlet.com:
Eyes and Hair Color
Trabaja en... He works in...
Trabaja para... He works for...
un restaurante a restaurant
una oficina an office
un hospital a hospital
una fábrica a factory
una tienda a store
un supermercado a supermarket
una compañía a company
un banco a bank
Es... He/she is
profesor, -ora a teacher
médico, -a a doctor
abogado, -a a lawyer
policía, mujer policía a policeman, police woman
bombero, -a a firefighter
camarero, -a a waiter
gerente a manager
secretario, -a a secretary
cajero, -a a teller, cashier
dependiente, -a a sales clerk
Practice these on Quizlet.com:
Professions
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31
HOW ADJECTIVES FUNCTION IN SPANISH
Adjectives in Spanish differ from adjectives in English in three ways:
1. Many Spanish adjectives must "agree" or "match" the noun they are describing in GENDER.
That is, if the noun is "masculine," the adjective must be "masculine" as well. If the noun is
"feminine,"so is the adjective. Not all adjectives have different forms for masculine and
feminine gender. Those that do have these two forms are:
a. Adjectives that end in "-o" change to “-a” when describing a feminine noun:
Mi hermano es alto y mi hermana es alta también.
b. Adjectives that end in "-or." In the feminine these end in "-ora."
Mi hermano no es trabajador, pero mi hermana es muy trabajadora.
("Mayor" and "menor" are exceptions to this rule: Mi hermana es mayor que tú. )
c. Many (but not all) adjectives of nationality have both masculine and
feminine forms.
inglés – inglesa (English); alemán - alemana (German)
Adjectives which do not fall into these categories generally have only one form:
Mi hermano es amable y mi hermana es amable también.
2. However, ALL Spanish adjectives must agree with their noun in NUMBER
(singular/plural).
To make an adjective (or a noun) plural you must:
a. Add "-s" if it ends in a vowel.
pequeño - pequeños
fea - feas
grande - grandes
b. Add "-es" if it ends in a consonant.
azul - azules
mayor - mayores
inglés - ingleses
3. Finally, when Spanish descriptive adjectives directly modify a noun, they generally are
placed AFTER the noun:
a large book - un libro grande
blue eyes - ojos azules
long hair - pelo largo
More information about this topic can be found in
the PUNTOS DE PARTIDA textbook, pp. 66-68.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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32
TODO LO CONTRARIO – SELF-CHECK 1
Answer the following questions by saying that the opposite is true. The first two
are done for you as a model. You can correct your other answers using this
Quizlet.com link: Todo lo contrario (Part 1)
¿Tu madre es simpática?
¿Tu primo es delgado?
¿Tus hermanos son rubios?
No, no es simpática. Es antipática.
No, no es delgado. Es gordo.
¿Tu padre es perezoso?
¿Tu abuelo es viejo?
¿José es grande?
¿Tu tía es gorda?
¿Tu hermana es guapa?
¿Tu prima tiene el pelo largo?
¿Tus hermanos son bajos?
¿Tus hermanos son pobres?
¿Tus padres son viejos?
¿Tu hermana es tonta?
¿Tus primos son trabajadores?
¿Tu tía es fea?
¿Tu padre es alto o bajo?
¿Tu padre tiene mucho pelo?
¿Tu hermana es interesante?
¿Tu hermana es menor que tú?
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33
TODO LO CONTRARIO – SELF-CHECK 2
Answer the following questions by providing an adjective which expresses the opposite of the
first adjective. Be sure to use the correct form to agree with the subject. The first item is done
for you as a model. You can correct your other answers using this Quizlet.com link:
Todo lo contrario (Part 2)
Mi padre es alto pero sus hermanas son...
...bajas.
Mi tío es muy antipático pero mi tía es...
Mi gato (= cat) es grande pero mis perros (= dogs) son...
Mi prima es morena pero mis otros primos son...
Juanita es muy lista pero sus hermanos son...
El hermano de María es perezoso, pero nuestra hermana es...
Carlos es pobre pero todos sus parientes son...
Mis sobrinas son bonitas pero mis sobrinos son...
Mis tíos son muy viejos pero tengo una tía muy...
Mis sobrinas no son rubias. Son...
¿Tu tía es trabajadora? ----No, es muy...
Mi madre es muy baja, pero sus hermanos son muy...
Mi padre tiene el pelo corto, pero mi madre tiene el pelo muy…
Mi tío es muy interesante. Pero mi tía es muy...
Mi padre tiene mucho pelo, pero mi abuelo es completamente...
Mi hermano es mayor que yo, pero mi hermana es...
Mi primo es soltero, pero mi prima está...
Mi tío tiene el pelo rizado, pero su esposa tiene el pelo...
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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34
¿SER o ESTAR? - SELF-CHECK 3
Complete the following sentences with the needed form of either SER or ESTAR .
¿Cómo ___ tu padre? ----Muy alto.
¿Cómo ___ tu padre? ----Muy enfermo hoy.
Mi hermano ___ casado. Su esposa ___ muy joven.
Normalmente mi tía ___ muy alegre, pero hoy ___
triste.
Mi abuelo ___ jubilado, pero en casa todo el día
___ muy aburrido.
Mis primos ___ rubios y guapos.
Mi madre normalmente ___ muy optimista pero
últimamente (= lately) ___ muy preocupada.
El profesor Díaz no ___ muy interesante. La verdad
(= truth) es que ____ muy aburrido.
Pedro ___ muy perezoso. Pero hoy ___ muy
ocupado ayudando (= helping) a su madre. ¡Qué
milagro! (= What a miracle!)
Los padres de Felipe ___ divorciados.
Mi abuelo ___ viejo y calvo.
Mis bisabuelos ____ muertos.
Néstor ___ muy trabajador pero hoy ___ muy
cansado.
Mi hermana ___ mayor que yo.
La profesora ___ un poco molesta con sus
estudiantes porque no estudian (= they don’t study)
mucho.
Check your answers in Quizlet.com: ¿SER o ESTAR? – SELF-CHECK 3
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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35
COMPARISONS IN SPANISH
COMPARING UNEQUAL QUALITIES
Sometimes people share the same qualities but in different “degrees.” Maybe both are smart, but
one is “smarter than” the other. In English, when we compare adjectives we usually add the
ending “-er” onto the end. Except, that is, when the the adjective is more than two syllables. For
example, no one would say that someone is “intelligenter” than someone else (even if they are!).
We express this comparison by using the word “more”: He is more intelligent than his brother.
So in English there are two ways to compare unequal qualities. Spanish uses only the second of
these. It always uses the words “más” (= more) or “menos” (= less) and “than” is expressed by
the little multipurpose connector, “que.” Look at the examples below:
a. Mi perro es más listo que tu perro.
(My dog is smarter than your dog.)
b. Mi perro es más inteligente que tu perro.
(My dog is more intelligent than your dog.)
c. Tu perro es menos listo/inteligente que mi perro.
(Your dog is less intelligent than my dog.)
English has a couple of exceptions to the normal pattern for making comparisons. For example,
we never say “gooder” or “badder” in English. We use the irregular forms, “better” and
“worse.”
Likewise, Spanish has special irregular forms to express these words:
“mejor” (= better) and “peor” (= worse)
Spanish also has special words for “older” and “younger”:
older = “mayor”; younger = “menor”
COMPARING EQUAL QUALITIES
Now let’s look at comparisons of equality, that is, what we say when people share equal degrees
of some quality. English uses the couplet, “as...as” to express this:
I am as tall as my brother.
He is as smart as she is.
We are as tired as they are.
Spanish uses “tan” to express the first part of this couplet and “como” for the second:
Soy tan alto como mi hermano.
Él es tan listo como ella.
Estamos tan cansados como ellos.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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36
Let’s try putting all of this into practice. Turn the phrases below into complete sentences in
which you are comparing Pedro and Pablo. The symbol > indicates “more,” the symbol <
stands for less and when Pedro and Pablo are equally smart, tall, etc., the symbol = will be used.
Pedro > alto
Pablo < gordo
Pedro = simpático
Note: Some of
your answers will
use a form of SER
and others a form
of ESTAR.
Pablo > aburrido
Pedro = amable
Pablo > malo en matemáticas
Pedro = pobre
Pablo > nervioso
Pedro < años
Pablo = triste
Pablo > años
Pedro = trabajador
Pablo > bueno en historia
Check you answers on Quizlet.com: Pedro y Pablo
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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37
Comparisons - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español...?
Julio is as tall as his brother.
Marcos is taller than his brother.
Carmen is better in math1 than Ester.
My father is not as bald as my grandfather.
My cousin is older than I (am).
Juanita is as hardworking as you (are).
I am worse in history2 than in Spanish.
Miguel has longer hair than his sister!
My eyes are bluer than yours.
His hair is not as curly as hers.
He is as nervous as a cat3.
I am more bored than an oyster4!
His office is as big as my house5!
My uncle is younger than his wife.
Correct your responses using Quizlet.com: COMPARISONS SELF-CHECK
Extra vocabulary needed for this exercise:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
en matemáticas
en historia
un gato
una ostra (In Spain, to be more bored than an oyster means to be at the height of boredom!)
casa
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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38
LOS NÚMEROS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
cero
uno
dos
tres
cuatro
cinco
seis
siete
ocho
nueve
diez
11
12
13
14
15
once
doce
trece
catorce
quince
16
17
18
19
dieciséis
diecisiete
dieciocho
diecinueve
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
veinte
veintiuno
veintidós
veintitrés
veinticuatro
veinticinco
veintiséis
veintisiete
veintiocho
veintinueve
30
31
32
33
34
treinta
treinta y uno
treinta y dos
treinta y tres
treinta y cuatro
etc.
40 cuarenta
50 cincuenta
60 sesenta
70 setenta
80 ochenta
90 noventa
100 cien
Notes:
1. Uno shortens to "un" when used with a masculine singular noun:
un libro - one book (also "a book")
Uno changes to "una" when used with a feminine singular noun:
una mesa - one table (also "a table")
These same changes occur in the higher numbers ending in "uno":
veintiún libros
21 books
treinta y una mesas
31 tables
cuarenta y un hombres
41 men
cincuenta y una mujeres
51 women
2. Note that "veinte" changes to "veinti-" when combined with other numbers:
veinte, veintiuno, etc.
3. Numbers from 30-90 combine with other numbers with the conjunction "y":
treinta y dos, cuarenta y ocho, sesenta y nueve
PRACTICE THESE NUMBERS ON QUIZLET.COM. CLICK ON THESE LINKS:
Los números 0-30
Un poco de matemáticas
Los números del 31-100
Más problemas de matemáticas
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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39
EDAD / AGE:
In English, we use the word “old” for telling someone’s age, even if it is a newborn baby!
This child is only two days OLD?
In Spanish this apparent oxymoron is avoided by telling how many years (months, days) a person
HAS. To do this, the verb TENER is used:
TENER:
tengo.............I have
tienes............you have
tiene..............he/she has
you (formal) have
tenemos..........we have
tienen..............they have
you (pl.) have
So, in the above example, a Spanish speaker would say: El niño solo tiene dos días.
Do the SELF-CHECK below:
AGE - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
My uncle is 40 years old.
I am 25 years old.
How old is your father?
My cousins are 13 years old.
How old are you?
Their grandfather is 80 years old.
How old are your parents, María?
Our grandparents are 90 years old.
How old is your son, sir?
My twin brothers are 6 years old.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: Expressing Age
Then...
a. Tell how old you are: ____________________________________________________
b. Tell how old someone in your family is:
_______________________________________________________________________
More information about this topic can be found in the PUNTOS DE PARTIDA textbook, pp. 62-63.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
40
LOS VERBOS EN ESPAÑOL: PRIMEROS PASOS
(YOUR FIRST STEPS IN SPANISH VERBS!)
So far you can talk about who your family members are, what they look like, what kind
of personality they have, their health, marital and/or employment status, and how old they are.
Wow! You can already say a lot!! The only thing left is to talk about what they DO. For that,
we need some verbs!
Spanish is all about learning to work with verbs. The verbal system in Spanish (as
well as in other languages that originally came from Latin) is much more complex than the
parallel system in English. In Spanish, a verb can have a seemingly infinite number of “endings”
to tell you who the subject is and whether you are talking about the past, the present, the future, or
some hypothetical situation. In English, a regular verb like “talk” has basically four forms
(“talk,” “talks,” “talked,” and “talking”). With these four forms and a few “helping verbs” you
can use the verb in any situation. To do that with the Spanish equivalent (“hablar”) you need to
learn about sixty different forms! By the time you finish your third semester of Spanish you will
have covered all of these.
But no need to panic! We are going to do this in a very step-by-step fashion. In this unit,
you will only learn three forms that you need in order to describe members of your family. You
will have to wait until Unit Two to learn how to apply these verbs to yourself or to ask someone
else about their activities.
On the chart on the next page, you will see three columns. In the first column, all of the
verbs end in an open vowel (either “-a” or “-e”) and are used when the subject is “he,” “she,” or
a single person or thing.
In the second column all of the verbs end in “n” (either “-an” or “-en”) and are used
when the subject is “they” or more than one person or thing.
In the last column you have the verb form that has no ending for subject. It is called the
“infinitive” and is the default form of a verb (before any endings are added to let you know who
or what is the subject of the verb). As you can see, some infinitives (most, in fact!) end in “-ar.”
Others (the second largest group) end in “-er.” The smallest group ends in “-ir.” (Note that the
verb “to go” is a sort of “hybrid.” Its forms are “va” and “van.” But its infinitive is “ir.”)
The infinitive form is mostly used after another verb. It is often equivalent to the English form
preceded by the word “to” or ending in “-ing.”
Examples: I need to study. We want to eat. They like to dance / dancing.
Go on to the next page, read over each column, and then use the corresponding
Quizlet.com online flash cards to help you learn them:
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
41
ACTIVIDADES
Mi hermano...
(----a)
baila muy bien
dances very well
canta muy mal
sings really bad
cocina muy bien
cooks very well
enseña español
teaches Spanish
escucha música
listens to music
fuma demasiado
smokes too much
estudia mucho
studies hard
habla por teléfono
talks on the phone
llega tarde a clase
arrives late to class
necesita dinero
needs money
toma clases
takes classes
toma mucho café
drinks lots of coffee
toca la guitarra
plays the guitar
juega fútbol
plays soccer
va a la oficina
goes to the office
(----e)
come demasiado
eats too much
corre todos los
días
runs every day
no cree en nada
doesn´t believe in
anything
lee muchos libros
reads lots of books
no hace nada
doesn’t do anything
hace pasteles
makes pastries
Mis hermanos....
(----an)
bailan muy bien
dance very well
cantan muy mal
sing really bad
cocinan muy bien
cook very well
enseñan español
teach Spanish
escuchan música
listen to music
fuman demasiado
smoke too much
estudian mucho
study hard
hablan por teléfono
talk on the phone
llegan tarde a clase
arrive late to class
necesitan dinero
need money
toman clases
take classes
toman mucho café
drink lots of coffee
tocan el piano
play the piano
juegan béisbol
play baseball
van a la oficina
go to the office
(----en)
comen demasiado
eat too much
corren todos los días
run every day
no creen en nada
don´t believe in
anything
leen muchos libros
read lots of books
no hacen nada
don’t do anything
hacen pasteles
make pastries
A mi hermano (no) le gusta... My brother likes...
A mis hermanos (no) les gusta... My brothers like...
(----ar)
bailar... to dance, dancing...
cantar...
to sing, singing...
cocinar...
to cook, cooking...
enseñar...
to teach, teaching...
escuchar...
to listen to, listening to...
fumar...
to smoke, smoking...
estudiar...
to study, studying...
hablar...
to talk, speak, talking, speaking...
llegar...
to arrive, arriving...
necesitar...
to need...
tomar...
to take, taking...
tomar...
to drink, drinking...
tocar...
to play, playing...
jugar...
to play, playing...
ir...
to go, going...
(----er)
comer...
to eat, eating...
correr...
creer...
leer...
to run, running...
to believe, believing...
to read, reading...
hacer...
to do, doing...
hacer...
to make, making...
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
Practice these on
Quizlet.com:
Column 1:
Actividades 1
Column 2:
Actividades 2
Column 3:
Actividades 3
42
ve muchas
películas
watches lots of
movies
ven muchas
películas
watch lots of movies
asiste a clase
attends class
escribe emails
writes emails
vive en Boston
lives in Boston
dice la verdad
tells the truth
asisten a clase
attend class
escriben emails
write emails
viven en Boston
live in Boston
dicen la verdad
tells the truth
ver...
to watch, see, watching, seeing..
(---ir)
asistir...
to attend, attending...
escribir...
to write, writing...
vivir...
to live, living...
decir...
to tell, say, telling, saying...
MUCHAS ACTIVIDADES
In the sentences below, substitute the correct Spanish form of the verb provided in English to
make a complete set of sentences:
A mi hermano le gusta (DANCE). (HE
DANCES) salsa y merengue muy bien. Sus
amigos no (DANCE) tan bien como él (he).
A mi tío le gusta (SING) corridos (Mexican
ballads) en la ducha (shower). Cree que (HE
SINGS) tan bien como los Tigres del Norte.
¡Pero ellos (THEY SING) mucho mejor que
él.
Mis tías (COOK) muy bien. Les gusta
(COOK) comidas (foods) típicas de Ecuador.
Pero una de mis tías (COOKS) comidas
colombianas.
Todos mis profesores (TEACH) bien pero mi
profesor de historia (TEACHES) sus clases
con mucho entusiasmo. Es obvio que le gusta
(TEACH).
Mis primas solo (LISTEN TO) música
moderna pero a mi primo le gusta (LISTEN
TO) música clásica. En la radio (HE
LISTENS TO) la emisora de WOSU
exclusivamente.
En mi familia a nadie (no one) le gusta
(SMOKE). Pero mis amigos (SMOKE)
demasiado. ¿Alguien (anyone) (SMOKE) en
tu familia?
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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43
A mi abuela le gusta (TALK) por teléfono.
(SHE TALKS) mucho con sus amigas. Ella
(she) y sus amigas (TALK) dos o tres horas
(hours).
No es bueno (TO ARRIVE) tarde a clase pero
muchos estudiantes (ARRIVE) tarde con
frecuencia. Excepto Pedro. Él nunca (never)
(ARRIVES) tarde.
Mi padre (PLAYS) el trombón. Mis
hermanos (PLAY) violines. Pero a mi madre
no le gusta (PLAY) instrumentos musicales.
Mi primo (RUNS) muy rápido. Le gusta
(RUN) en el parque. Sus amigos (RUN) con
él.
Mis primos (EAT) mucho. Pero mi prima no
(EATS) practicamente nada. Ella necesita
(TO EAT) más. ¡Es muy delgada!
Mis padres (READ) mucho pero mi hermano
(READS) muy poco. No le gusta (READ).
Mis sobrinos (GO) al parque todos los días
(every day). Pero mi prima no (GOES). No le
gusta (GO) al parque.
Mi prima Rebeca (MAKES) pasteles y sus dos
hermanas (MAKE) pasteles también. Pero a
su otra hermana no le gusta (MAKE) nada.
A Julio le gusta (WATCH) películas de terror.
También (HE WATCHES) muchas películas
de ciencia ficción. Pero sus amigos y él nunca
(WATCH) películas románticas.
Los padres de Miguel (LIVE) en Nueva York.
Pero Miguel (LIVES) en Columbus porque no
le gusta (LIVE) en una ciudad grande (large
city).
Check your responses on Quizlet.com with this link:
MUCHAS ACTIVIDADES
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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44
Actividades de mi familia y mis amigos
Decide which verb from the chart on page 41 completes the meaning of each sentence below
and then fill in the appropriate form of that verb.
1. Mi hermano es muy gordo porque ___________ demasiado.
2. Mis tíos son ateos. No ___________ en Dios.
3. Mi abuelo es de Chicago pero ahora __________ en Columbus.
4. Mis primos _____________ mucha televisión.
5. A mi abuelo le gusta ____________ una pipa, pero no cigarrillos.
6. El hermano de Julia no ___________ a nadie (no one). Es muy desobediente.
7. Nadie ____________ a Tomás porque (because) no ____________ la verdad nunca
(never).
8. Pedro y Pablo no ____________ a su clase y por eso (therefore) tienen notas
(grades) muy malas.
9. Mi padre es profesor. ____________ biología en una universidad.
10. Mi sobrino siempre ______________ a casa a las seis.
11. Por la noche mis primas ________ a una discoteca y __________ salsa.
12. No le gusta __________ fútbol porque no le gusta __________ muy rápido.
13. Mi tía ___________ en la ópera. Su hija _________ clases de música.
14. Por la mañana (in the morning) mi abuela siempre (always) ________ el periódico
(newspaper).
15. Mi tía ____________ muy bien. ___________ comidas (meals) muy deliciosas.
You can check your answers on Quizlet.com:
Actividades de mi familia y amigos
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
45
Una entrevista con verbos
1. ¿Fuman las personas de tu familia? En tu opinion, ¿es bueno o malo fumar.?
2. ¿Cree tu mamá en Dios? ¿Es religiosa?
3. ¿Asisten a la universidad tus amigos? ¿Toman muchas clases?
4. ¿Estudian tus amigos todos los días, o solo a veces? ¿Necesitan estudiar más?
5. ¿Te gusta hablar por teléfono o te gusta hacer "text"?
Me gusta…
6. ¿Necesitan las personas de tu familia más dinero o ya tienen dinero suficiente?
7. ¿Te gusta ir al cine para ver películas (movies) o prefieres mirar películas en la televisión de tu
casa?
Me gusta…
Prefiero….
8. ¿Vive tu familia en Ohio o en otro estado o país (state or country)?
9. ¿Son musicales las personas de tu familia y tus amigos? ¿ Cantan y bailan bien o no?
10. ¿Con qué frecuencia cocinan las personas en tu casa? ¿Cocinan todos los días, o solo a
veces?
11. ¿A las personas de tu familia, les gusta comer la comida rápida (fast food), o por lo general
prefieren comer en casa?
12. En tu opinión ¿es importante llegar a clase a tiempo? ¿Es difícil para ti llegar a tiempo?
Para mí…..
13. ¿Juegan tus amigos al fútbol americano o al tenis o al básquetbol?
14. ¿ Trabaja tu mamá en una oficina o en una tienda o en una fábrica o para una compañía?
15. ¿A tus padres les gusta trabajar? ¿A tus amigos les gusta trabajar?
16. ¿A las personas de tu familia les gusta tomar café por la mañana? ¿Les gusta tomar café todo
el día? ¿Les gusta tomar alcohol por la noche?
(Our thanks go out to Prof. Colleen Barney for sharing this activity with us!)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
46
PALABRAS ÚTILES (USEFUL WORDS)
In all languages there are words that seem small and insignificant, but which are very useful.
Here are a few which you should be sure to learn. Also included are phrases that express how
often or when something takes place.
sí / no yes / no, not
ahora now
hay there is, there are
con frecuencia often
¿hay? is there? are there?
por la mañana, por la in the morning,
tarde, por la noche in the afternoon, at
night
hoy today
a veces sometimes, at times
mañana tomorrow
una vez a la semana once a week
y and
nunca never
o or
siempre always
a to
tarde / temprano late / early
de of; from
todos los días every day
en at, in, on
todo el día all day
pero but
todas las tardes every afternoon
también too, also
toda la tarde all afternoon
aquí here
todas las noches every night
con with
toda la noche all night
más more, plus
porque because
muy very
esto this (thing)
mucho much, a lot
para for
poco little, few
según according to
un poco (de) a little bit (of)
si (no accent mark) if
solo only
ni…ni… neither…nor
casi almost
Practice these
on
Quizlet.com:
Palabras
adicionales
Error/typo reporting, comments,
or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
47
Más actividades
Express the following sentences in Spanish:
My mother talks on the phone all
afternoon.
According to my cousins, my uncle
drinks lots of coffee all day.
My brother arrives late to class
every day.
My sisters take classes at night.
My father-in-law is ill because he
always eats too much.
My nephews and nieces like to play
soccer. They play every afternoon.
My grandfather often says that he
doesn't believe in anything.
Sometimes my parents go to see
movies at night.
Now my sister lives in Cleveland.
There are few people in class today.
She needs to read lots of books for
her class.
My cousin is very lazy. He doesn't
do anything in the morning and does
hardly anything in the afternoon.
My sister-in-law needs lots of
money for her classes.
My cousin likes to sing but her
brothers and sisters don't like how
she sings.
Juan almost always attends class
because he really likes how the
professor teaches.
Check your responses
on Quizlet.com:
Más actividades
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
48
MI FAMILIA
Mi familia es ____________________ (very interesting) y _______________
(large). Mi ___________________ (wife), Guadalupe, ___________ (is from)
México y ________ (her) familia es enorme. Tenemos dos ____________ (children).
El nombre de _____________ (our) _____________ (son) es Miguel y el nombre de
_______________ (our) _______________ (daughter) es Carmen. Miguel es
_______________ (blond) como yo [like me] pero Carmen ______________________
____________ (has brown hair) como ______ (her) madre. Carmen es ___________
(hardworking) pero Miguel es un poco _____________ (lazy), pero
muy _____________ (friendly). Los dos [both] _________ (are) ___________ (thin)
pero Miguel es _______________________ (medium height) y Carmen es un poco
__________ (short). Miguel _________________________________ (has brown
eyes) pero Carmen _______________________________ (has green eyes).
Los _____________ (parents) de Guadalupe, o sea [that is] ____________________
(my in-laws) ______ (are) ____________________ (very old).
___________ (They are)
____________________ (retired). Los dos tienen
_____________________________________ (gray hair).
________________________ (My parents) todavía [still] ______ (are) bastante
[quite] _________________ (young). Mi padre es ______________ (bald). Mi
madre tiene ___________________________________ (blond, curly hair). Él
__________________ (works) en _________________ (a bank). Ella
_________________ (works) para _____________________ (a small company)
en Chicago.
_________(I have) muchos _____________ (relatives).
Tengo un hermano ________________ (older) y ________________
________________________ (a younger sister). Los padres de mi madre, o sea
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______________________________ (my grandparents) maternos, _____ (are)
______________________ (divorced). Mis abuelos paternos __________ (are)
_________________________ (very old) y en este momento ___________ (they are)
_______________________ (sick). Tengo dos _____________________ (brothersin-law). Uno ________ (is) ___________________ (married) y el otro _______ (is)
_____________ (single). Los dos son muy ______________ (rich) pero también muy
_______________________ (boring).
¿Y tu familia...?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ …
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50
Tu familia: una entrevista.
1. En tu familia, ¿quién es tu persona favorita?
En mi familia, mi persona favorita es…..
2. En tu familia, ¿quién es tu persona MENOS favorita?
3. ¿Son las personas de tu familia más o menos inteligentes que tú?
4. En tu familia, ¿quiénes son los miembros más bajos? ¿y los más altos?
5. ¿Tienen las personas de tu familia el pelo lacio o el pelo rizado?
6. En tu familia ¿quién es la persona más simpática? ¿y la más antipática?
7. En tu familia ¿quién es la persona más guapa?
8. ¿Quién es la persona más cómica y divertida de tu familia?
9. ¿Quién es la persona más seria o pesada (a drag) de tu familia?
10. ¿Quién es la persona más joven de tu familia? ¿ Cuántos años tiene?
11. ¿Quién es la persona más vieja de tu familia?
12. ¿Hay más hombres o más mujeres en tu familia extendida (Inclusive
abuelos, primos, tíos, etcétera)?
13. ¿Tienes hijos? ¿Cuántos y cuántos años tienen?
14. ¿Tienes esposo o esposa o eres soltero/a (a single person)?
15. ¿Están tus padres divorciados? ¿Tienes madrastra, padrastro, o hermanastros?
16. ¿Están vivos (alive) o muertos :( tus abuelos?
17. ¿Es importante para ti la familia extendida? Hay muchos parientes cerca de ti (near
you)?
18. ¿Está muy unida (close) tu familia? ¿o no?
(Our thanks go out to Prof. Colleen Barney for sharing this activity with us!)
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51
The following translation exercise will help you put together all that we have covered in
Unit 1. After you are done, check your answers using Quizlet.com:
La familia de Miguel
Our family isn't big, but it isn't small.
My parents' names are Isabel and Vicente.
My father is tall and dark.
My mother is short and blond.
I have one brother and one sister.
My brother's name is Paco.
Paco is 16 years old.
I am only 14.
My sister's name is Julia.
Julia is eleven years old and is very pretty.
Every day my brother and sister attend
school (la escuela).
My mother has a brother, my uncle Juan.
Juan lives in Guadalajara and his wife's name
is Carmen.
My Aunt Carmen is 35 years old.
My uncle is 41 years old.
My uncle and aunt have two kids.
Juanito is very small and thin.
His brother, Pedro, is a bit fat and very lazy.
My cousins are very friendly.
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52
They both play musical instruments.
Their parents work.
Our grandparents' names are Julio and
Enriqueta.
Grandpa Julio is 72 years old.
His wife, my Grandma Enriqueta, is 69 years
old.
Every day my grandparents have coffee in
the morning.
They also buy (comprar) and read the
newspaper.
I have other (otros) grandparents, my father's
parents.
Their names are Francisco and Vicenta.
They live with us.
My father has a brother-in-law whose name
is Jorge.
Jorge is the husband of my father's sister.
Jorge is a teacher and is very smart.
He is from Cuba.
His wife, my aunt Paquita, is very
hardworking.
According to her (ella), her husband needs to
work more in the house.
They only have one child, my cousin
Josefina.
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Josefina is 15 years old.
She is good-looking, blond but a bit silly.
She needs to study more.
Grandpa Francisco and Grandma Vicenta are
my mother's in-laws.
They are very old.
Grandpa Francisco is almost 100 years old.
His wife is 98.
They have four grandchildren.
I am one of them.
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54
ÁRBOL GENEALÓGICO DE LA FAMILIA SÁNCHEZ
Julio
83. Bald,
outgoing,
retired
Smokes too
much. Likes
to read.
Enriqueta
78. Gray, curly hair,
pleasant
plays Bingo. Likes
to bake.
Carmen
Juan
Isabel
58. Long, curly
hair, lazy,
doesn’t do
anything at
home, but likes
to watch lots of
movies.
59.
Tall and
thin, blond
and blueeyed, very
jolly, likes to
sing but
sings very
poorly.
47.
Short and
fat,
affectionate,
always
arrives late,
likes to take
night classes
Juanito
17.
Medium
height,
short hair,
inteligent,
takes too
many classes
and drinks
too much
coffee.
Pedro
24. Thin,
long hair.
always busy,
attends class
every day
and doesn’t
like
to arrive
late.
Miguel
15.
Blond,
grey
eyes,
needs to
study
more!
Likes to
play too
much!
Francisco
93. Blue eyes,
hardworking,
gray hair, plays the
ukulele. Likes to talk
a lot with friends.
Vicente
48. Brown
eyes and
brown hair.
handsome,
friendly,
plays
tennis,
likes to
talk.
Paco
21.
Short,
always ill,
very
introverted.
Doesn’t like
to talk or go
with
friends.
Vicenta
79. Short. Straight
hair, always worried,
eats too much but
doesn’t like to cook.
Paquita
61.
Green eyes
and very
long hair,
always
nervous,
runs every
day and
likes to
listen to
music
Jorge
63.
Ugly,
very
large
eyes,
kind,
drinks
a lot
of
coffee
Julia
11.
Pretty,
long,
straight
hair,
plays the
piano but
doesn’t like
to sing.
Fernando
55.
Red hair,
divorced,
boring,
likes to
read a lot
but doesn’t
believe
anything.
Josefina: 27. Tall, redheaded,
single, sees lots of movies with
friends, writes lots of emails,
but doesn’t like to study too
much.
Pretend that you are one of the members of the Sánchez family. Can you describe all the other members from
“your” perspective. To get an idea how to do this, check out the Quizlet.com link below. In it you will see parts of
this family described, first from Paquita’s perspective and then from Enriqueta’s.
LA FAMILA SÁNCHEZ
Notes:
In this exercise a common Spanish expression is used to talk about each member’s name: Me llamo means: My name is. To tell
what someone else’s name is, se llama is used. For example: Mi esposo se llama Jorge. (My husband’s name is Jorge.) For
more than one person, add an “-n”: Mis sobrinos se llaman Miguel y Paco. (My nephews’ names are Miguel and Paco.)
To talk about yourself, use soy (from ser) or estoy (from estar) to say “I am,” except. of course when talking about your age
(tengo…años). With most other verbs we have studied, substitute –o for the final -a/-e: canta (he/she sings)----canto (I sing);
lee (he/she reads)---leo (I read). A couple of exceptions: veo (I see); voy (I go); hago (I make); me gusta (I like). These and
other forms will be covered in detail in Unit 2.
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55
Unidad 2ª
"MI CASA, TU CASA"
OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this unit you will be able to:
1. Give a general description of your
house/apartment, including:
a. Location
b. Number of floors
c. Exterior
d. Interior
1. Number of rooms
2. Distribution of rooms
2. Describe a room in detail:
a. Mention and describe all objects.
b. Use prepositions to tell location of all objects.
3. Conjugate -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs.
4. Translate from English to Spanish phrases which
contain -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs.
GRAMMAR POINTS COVERED:
1. HAY vs. SER vs. ESTAR
2. Indefinite Articles / Definite vs. Indefinite
Articles
3. Prepositions of place
4. Using “de” to express “made of”
5. Conjugation of Regular Verbs
6. Question Formation
7. Infinitive Complements
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56
INTRODUCTION TO UNIT 2
In Unit 1 we learned how to talk about our families. In this unit we will learn to talk
about our things. The main “thing” that we will “address” here is where you live: your house or
apartment.
Once again we will need to talk a bit about nouns and adjectives. The difference is that,
in this unit, the nouns that we will learn do not have “natural” gender as was the case when
talking about family members. From this point on the “gender issue” will be very arbitrary.
There is no logical reason why the walls of your house are feminine but the floor is masculine or
why, in some countries, the living room (“sala”) is feminine while in other countries it is
masculine (“salón”). It just is that way. So, in some cases you will have to learn some
grammatical clues to help you know if a noun is masculine or feminine. In many cases, however,
it is just a matter of memorizing the gender of each noun.
In order to describe your home, you also need to tell where things are located. To do this,
you must learn the necessary words for describing location. These are called PREPOSITIONS
and include such phrases as “to the right of,” “on top of,” “next to,” “between,” and many more.
You will continue differentiating between the verbs SER and ESTAR, but we will add
one more verb into the mix: HAY. This is a nice, well-behaved verb that only has one form and
it will be very, very useful when you explain what “there is” in your bedroom, for example.
Up until now we have mostly used DEFINITE ARTICLES (= the), but in this unit you
will begin using INDEFINITE ARTICLES (= a, an, some) a lot. For example, describing your
kitchen you would never say: “To the right of the stove there is THE large, white refrigerator.”
Instead, you would say “...there is A large white refrigerator.” After this unit, you should be a pro
at using these!
Finally, a unit in a Spanish class would not be complete without learning something
about verbs. In this unit you will learn how to add endings to verbs so that the subject can be “I,”
“you,” “we,” and “you guys.” And then you will learn lots of question words so that you can use
these new forms to ask for information.
Or did you think that only teachers ask questions?
Well, let’s get started. First off, we need some general vocabulary to describe your
house/apartment:
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57
VOCABULARY FOR THIS UNIT
Since the goal of this unit is for you to be able to describe a house in Spanish, you will need to
learn vocabulary to describe: a) the outside of a house; b) the rooms and floors; c) objects in each
room (kitchen, living room, bedroom, and bathroom); d) prepositions to tell where rooms and
objects are located with respect to each other; e) adjectives to describe the walls, furniture, etc.
By the end of this unit you will have become familiar with the words on the lists below. But
don’t panic! We are going to take this list one section at a time, starting on the very next page...
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58
LA CASA
A.
la casa
el apartamento
el garaje
el césped
el árbol
el primer piso
el segundo piso
el tercer piso
la ventana
la puerta
FUERA DE LA CASA (OUTSIDE)
the house
el jardín (de delante
/ de atrás)
the apartment
las flores
the garage
el desván
the lawn
el porche
the tree
el patio
the first floor
el balcón
the second floor
la parte de delante
the third floor
la parte de atrás
the window
el techo
the door
la chimenea
the (front / back) yard
the flowers
the attic
the porch
the patio
the balcony
the front part
the back part
the roof
the chimney
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – VOCABULARIO: Outside the House
B.
el cuarto / la
habitación
la cocina
el dormitorio
el recibidor
la escalera
el comedor
la pared
DENTRO DE LA CASA (INSIDE)
the room
el sótano
the basement
the kitchen
the bedroom
the foyer
the stairway, stairs
the dining room
the wall
the hallway
the bathroom
the living room
the family room
the office
the floor
el pasillo
el (cuarto de) baño
la sala /el salón
la sala familiar
la oficina
el piso
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – VOCABULARIO: Inside the House
Use the links to Quizlet.com flashcard sets, located after each list, to practice this vocabulary until
you are very familiar with all words. Then go on to the SELF-CHECK exercise on the next
page. In that exercise you will begin using the verb HAY, which means either “there is” or “there
are.”
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House - General Description - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
My house is green.
My house has two floors.
The doors and the windows are large.
The front of the house is white.
The roof is quite high.
There are ten rooms in my house.
The basement is very small.
My yard is very ugly.
The dining room and kitchen are one room.
My apartment is on the third floor.
I live in a small apartment.
My apartment is on the second floor.
It has a balcony in the front and a large
window in the back.
The chimney is very tall.
The tree in my yard is very old.
My lawn is very ugly.
There are three bathrooms in my house.
Check your answers: LA CASA – General Description
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60
¿Y TU CASA?
Now use what you have learned to prepare a short, general description of your own house. Be
sure to tell:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Whether you live in a house or an apartment. (“I live in...” = “Vivo en...)
Give some idea of the size and color of your house.
Give a brief description of the surroundings (yard, flowers, trees, etc.)
Describe some of the exterior features (lots of windows, tall chimney, porch,
patio, etc.)
5. Tell how many floors there are and how many rooms. Tell what rooms there are.
If more than one floor, tell which rooms are on each.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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61
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF A NOUN IS
MASCULINE OR FEMININE?
Okay, so we are now ready to get into some real grammar! Don’t let that word frighten you.
Grammar is just studying how the parts of a language fit together... sort of like building
things with Legos or matching clothing. It’s all about “fit.” One of the basic building blocks of
language is the NOUN.
In English, nouns have two properties: singular and plural. You either have one book (singular)
or many books (plural).
Spanish nouns also have singular and plural forms but they have an additional property.
All Spanish nouns have a GENDER. They are either grammatically masculine or feminine.
It is absolutely essential that you know the gender of any noun you are using in Spanish.
You will see why it is so essential very shortly. Here are some hints to help you identify the
gender of a noun:
1. First of all, as we saw in Unit 1, nouns which refer to beings that are of one sex or the
other are masculine or feminine according to the sex of the being in question.
2. MOST nouns that end in the vowel “o” are masculine.
Examples: apartamento, piso
3. MOST nouns that end in the vowel “a” are feminine.
(A few exceptions are: día (= day), and nouns that look like English words and
that end in “-ma.” For example: problema, programa, drama.)
4. ALL nouns that end in –CIÓN, -SIÓN, or –AD are feminine.
Examples: habitación, decisión, universidad
5. Nouns that end in anything else may be masculine or feminine. So, for these
nouns, you must MEMORIZE what their gender is.
How do you do that?
Ladies and gentlemen, turn the page and let me introduce you to your new best friend:
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE...
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DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES
In English the term definite article is just a fancy way of saying “the.” It is a nice, multipurpose
word. You just stick it in front of any noun and...it works! In Spanish this is a little bit more
complex.
Do you remember how I just told you that it was so “essential” to know the gender of any noun
you decide to use? Well, here’s why! In Spanish a noun is like an anvil sitting in the middle of
the trampoline in your back yard. Nouns are “centers of gravity” and they exert a sort of
attraction on all the objects around them, like the sun with the planets.
What I mean is that, in Spanish, when words like “the” or “this” or “many” or “big” or “baroque”
(which describe the noun) are placed around the noun, they take on its properties. If the noun is
plural, these all become plural. In many cases, if the noun is masculine these descriptive words
also become masculine. And if feminine, feminine.
The definite article is a perfect example. It has different forms according to whether the noun it
refers to is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. Look at the names of the following
American cities that have Spanish names:
El Paso, Texas
La Mesa, California
Los Angeles, California
Las Vegas, Nevada
In the names of these cities you can see the four forms of the Spanish equivalent of “the.”
Masculine singular:
Feminine singular:
EL
Masculine plural:
LOS
LA
Feminine plural:
LAS
All of these words mean “the.” But, hey! What if you don’t want to talk about THE book. You
just want to talk about A book. For that you need the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It, too, has four
forms:
Masculine singular:
Feminine singular:
UN (This form means A, AN.)
UNA (This form means A, AN.)
Masculine plural:
Feminine plural:
UNOS (This form means SOME.)
UNAS (This form means SOME.)
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63
SUMMARY
DEFINITE ARTICLES ("THE")
el árbol - the tree
los árboles - the trees
la flor - the flower
las flores - the flowers
INDEFINITE ARTICLES ("A, AN" / "SOME")
un árbol - a tree
unos árboles - some trees
una flor - a flower
unas flores - some flowers
1. Nouns which refer to beings that have a sex are masculine or feminine
according to the sex of the being in question.
2. MOST nouns that end in the vowel -o are masculine.
3. MOST nouns that end in the vowel -a are feminine.
4. ALL nouns that end in –CIÓN, -SIÓN, or –AD are feminine.
5. Nouns that end in anything else may be masculine or feminine and so for these
nouns you must memorize what their gender is, using the definite article as a
label to help you.
Fill in the definite article:
___ hombre
the man
___ mujer
the woman
___ muchacho
the boy
___ muchacha
the girl
___ padre
the father
___ madre
the mother
___ ciudad
the city
___ pueblo
the town
___ libro
the book
___ clase
the class
___ casa
___ balcón
___ gato
___ perro
___ pelo
___ ojos
___ flor
___ árbol
___ nación
___problema
the house
the balcony
the cat
the dog
the hair
the eyes
the flower
the tree
the nation
the problem
Fill in the indefinite article:
___ hombre
a man
___ mujer
a woman
___ muchacho
a boy
___ muchacha
a girl
___ padre
a father
___ madre
a mother
___ ciudad
a city
___ pueblo
a town
___ libro
a book
___ clase
a class
___ casa
___ balcón
___ gato
___ perro
___ pelo
___ ojos
___ flor
___ árbol
___ nación
___ problema
a house
a balcony
a cat
a dog
a hair
some eyes
a flower
a tree
a nation
a problem
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Change from singular to plural (or vice versa):
un hombre
la casa
la mujer
un balcón
el muchacho
los gatos
una muchacha
unos perros
los padres
el pelo
unas madres
los ojos
una ciudad
la flor
el pueblo
un árbol
unos libros
la nación
la clase
los problemas
Definite and indefinite articles - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
an apartment
the lawn
a window
the yard
some flowers
a bedroom
the roof
a hallway
a room
the chimney
the kitchens
some apartments
the basement
some chimneys
the trees
some windows
the yards
a living room
some rooms
the garages
Check your answers: LA CASA –Definite and Indefinite Articles
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65
LOS CUARTOS (LAS HABITACIONES) / ROOMS
The following four lists contain items that you would typically find in your kitchen, living room,
bedroom, and bathroom. You might have some other items in your home which are not on these
lists. Feel free to ask your instructor how to express them. After each list is a link to a set of
online flash cards for practicing these new words, followed by a SELF-CHECK to help you use
these terms in whole sentences.
C.
el refrigerador
el cubo de basura
el fregadero
la lavadora
el lavaplatos
el microondas
el armario
los armarios
la alfombra
LA COCINA
the refrigerator
el cajón
the garbage can
la estufa (cocina)
the kitchen sink
el horno
the washer
la mesa
the dishwasher
la secadora
the microwave
la silla
the closet, pantry
el piso
the cabinets
el congelador
the rug, mat
las cortinas
the drawer
the stove
the oven
the table
the dryer
the chair
the floor
the freezer
the curtains
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – VOCABULARIO: Kitchen
LA COCINA - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
There is a table and
four chairs in my
kitchen.
The refrigerator is very
old.
There is a door in the
back of the kitchen.
The cabinets are very
large.
The washer is larger
than the dryer.
The rug is on the floor.
There are curtains on
the window.
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66
The garbage can is very
large.
Thecabinets are very
small.
The refrigerator doesn't
have a freezer.
The sink is very large.
The microwave is
white.
The cabinet has two
drawers.
The floor of my kitchen
is black.
My dishwasher is old.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com:
LA CASA – La cocina - Translation
******************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************
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67
D.
la alfombra
la chimenea
las cortinas
el cuadro
el espejo
la estantería
el estante
la lámpara
la librería
EL SALÓN
the rug/carpet
the fireplace
the curtains, drapes
the picture
the mirror
the set of shelves
the shelf
the lamp
the bookcase
(LA SALA)
la mecedora
el mueble
la mesita
la pared
la radio
el estéreo
el sillón
el sofá
el televisor
(la televisión =
la silla
the rocking chair
the piece of furniture
the end/coffee table
the wall
the radio
the stereo
the armchair
the sofa, couch
the T.V. set
T.V. - what you see)
the chair
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA
CASA – VOCABULARIO: Livingroom
EL SALÓN - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
There is a mirror on the
wall.
There is a radio on the
shelf.
The couch is small but the
armchair is large.
There is a picture on the
wall.
The piece of furniture is
very large.
My living room has
carpeting.
There is a rocking chair
and an end table.
There is a bookcase
between (entre) the TV set
and the stereo.
The window has curtains.
The lamp is very pretty.
The pictures on the wall are
ugly.
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E.
la almohada
el armario
la cama
la cómoda
la computadora
EL DORMITORIO
the pillow
el escritorio
the closet, wardrobe
la lámpara
the bed
la manta
the dresser
la mesita
the computer
la papelera
la impresora
el cubre
el cuadro
el espejo
the printer
the bed spread
the picture
the mirror
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com:
el acuario
la sábana
los cajones
la mecedora
the desk
the lamp
the blanket
the night stand
the waste paper
basket
the aquarium
the bed sheet
the drawers
the rocking chair
LA CASA – VOCABULARIO: Bedroom
EL DORMITORIO - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
There is a very pretty picture on the wall
in my bedroom.
There is also a wardrobe with a large
mirror.
Across the room (= Enfrente) there is a
large chest of drawers.
Next to (= Al lado de) the door there is a
yellow waste paper basket.
The printer is next to the computer on the
desk.
The bed has a blue bedspread and white
sheets.
On the shelf of my closet is a large white
blanket.
There is an old aquarium on a small table
next to the desk.
That dresser has three drawers.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – El dormitorio - Translation
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F.
la alfombra
el armario
el botiquín
la bañera
EL CUARTO DE BAÑO
the rug /carpet
el inodoro
the cabinet, closet
el lavabo
the medicine cabinet
el papel higiénico
the bathtub
la papelera
la ducha
la cortina
el espejo
the shower
the (shower) curtain
the mirror
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA
la toalla
el toallero
puertas de cristal
the toilet
the bathroom sink
the toilet paper
the waste paper
basket
the towel
the towel bar
glass doors
CASA – VOCABULARIO: Bathroom
EL CUARTO DE BAÑO - SELF-CHECK 1
¿Cómo se dice en español?
The toilet paper is next to (= al lado de)
the toilet.
There is a towel bar on the wall next to
the sink.
Our shower has glass doors.
The shower curtain is blue and white.
There is a small waste paper basket in
the cabinet under (= debajo de) the sink.
The doors of the shower are made of
glass.
When you enter the bathroom, there is a
sink next to the door.
The rug on the bathroom floor is green.
The shower has a bathtub and a blue
curtain.
The medicine cabinet is on the wall
across from (= enfrente de) the shower.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – El baño - Translation
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TELLING WHERE THINGS ARE LOCATED WITH PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are “function” words that combine with nouns to form phrases that answer
the questions: “how?” (by air, on foot), “when?” (before class, during lunch), and “where?”
(under the table, behind the tree).
In this unit we are going to study the last category, the “prepositions of place,” in order
to be able to describe the location of things in a house. Look at the list below. What do all of the
prepositions below (except for en and entre) all have in common? It is pretty obvious, isn’t it.
They all use the two-letter preposition de to connect up with a noun. Notice that some of the
English equivalents also use of or from. But in Spanish almost ALL of them do. Without the de,
they stop being prepositions (which are always followed by a noun) and become adverbs (which
are never followed by a noun). Note the difference between:
To the right of the door is a chair.
To the right is a chair.
(Preposition, followed by “door.”)
(Adverb with no noun after it.)
Learn the prepositions below using the link to the online set of flashcard in
Quizlet.com.
G.
en
encima (de)
debajo (de)
delante (de)
detrás (de)
en la pared encima
(de)...
entre
PREPOSITIONS
in, on, at
enfrente (de)
on top (of)
al lado (de)
under
cerca (de)
in front (of)
lejos (de)
behind
a la derecha (de)
on the wall above...
a la izquierda (de)
across (from)
beside
near
far (from)
to the right (of)
to the left (of)
between
in the middle (of)
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA
en medio (de)
CASA – VOCABULARIO: Prepositions
Once you have become familiar with these prepositions, you can start using them in sentences.
However, before you do, you need to learn one required short cut. Whenever the word “de” is
followed by the word “el” it always “contracts” into one word: “del.” So, for example, instead
of saying “cerca de el salón,” you must say “cerca del salón,” In the SELF-CHECK on the next
page you will get some practice making this contraction...
More information about this topic can be found in
the PUNTOS DE PARTIDA textbook, pp. 168.
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EL SALÓN - Prepositions - SELF-CHECK 1
Give the opposite of the following statements:
La estantería está cerca de la
chimenea.
El sofá está a la derecha del
sillón.
Hay unas fotos encima de la
mesita.
Hay una alfombra en el piso
delante de la chimenea.
El salón está lejos de la cocina.
La estantería está lejos de la chimenea.
Hay una silla a la izquierda de
la estantería.
Hay un perro debajo de la
mecedora.
La silla está detrás de la puerta.
Hay una silla a la derecha de la estantería.
El libro está encima del sillón.
El libro está debajo del sillón.
El sillón está a la izquierda del
sofá.
La silla está delante de la
mesita.
El comedor está muy cerca de
la cocina.
Hay flores debajo de la mesita.
El sillón está a la derecha del sofá.
La chimenea está muy lejos del
sofá.
La chimenea está muy cerca del sofá.
El sofá está a la izquierda del sillón.
Hay unas fotos debajo de la mesita.
Hay una alfombra en el piso detrás de la chimenea.
El salón está cerca de la cocina.
Hay un perro encima de la mecedora.
La silla está delante de la puerta.
La silla está detrás de la mesita.
El comedor está muy lejos de la cocina.
Hay flores encima de la mesita.
You can also practice this on Quizlet.com:
LA CASA –El salón – Prepositions – Give the Opposite
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EL SALÓN - Prepositions - SELF-CHECK 2
¿Cómo se dice en español?
The couch is across from the
television set.
The living room is next to the dining
room.
There is a rocking chair next to the
window.
There are some photos on the wall
above the couch.
Is your television set to the left of the
fireplace or to the right?
The bookcase is between the
fireplace and the arm chair.
There is a dog under the rocking
chair.
The picture is on the wall above the
arm chair.
There is a rug on the floor in front of
the couch.
Next to the door there is a piece of
furniture.
My living room is between the dining
room and a bathroom.
My rocking chair is across from the
set of shelves.
Below the mirror on the wall there
are some pictures.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com:
LA CASA –El salón – Prepositions - Translation
Get even more practice with prepositions using similar SELF-CHECKs on Quizlet.com using
vocabulary from the other three rooms of the house:
LA CASA –La cocina – Prepositions – Give the Opposite
LA CASA –La cocina – Prepositions - Translation
LA CASA – El dormitorio – Prepositions – Give the Opposite
LA CASA – El dormitorio – Prepositions - Translation
LA CASA – El baño – Prepositions – Give the Opposite
LA CASA – El baño – Prepositions - Translation
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73
USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE YOUR HOUSE
Just as when we learned adjectives to describe people, the adjectives that you are going to
learn in this unit are divided into two groups: adjectives that generally are used with SER and
adjectives that normally are used with ESTAR. Notice that in the first group there are some
“prepositional phrases” which act like adjectives to tell what material something is made of.
These phrases are “fixed.” In other words, they never change to agree with the noun they
describe in gender or number.
Practice the adjectives below using the links to online flashcards in Quizlet.com.
Adjectives
used with
SER
H.
alto
ancho
antiguo
bajo
bonito
corto
estrecho
feo
de madera
de cristal
ADJECTIVES & PHRASES USED WITH "SER"
high, tall
grande
wide
incómodo
very old, antique
largo
low, short (height)
moderno
pretty
nuevo
short (length)
pequeño
narrow
viejo
ugly
cómodo
wooden
de ladrillo
(made of) glass
de plástico
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA
Adjectives
used with
ESTAR
I.
acabado
adornado (con)
cubierto (de)
decorado (con)
desordenado
CASA – VOCABULARIO: Adjectives Used With SER
ADJECTIVES USED WITH "ESTAR"
finished
limpio
decorated (with)
lleno (de)
covered (with)
ordenado
decorated (with)
sucio
messy
vacío
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA
big, large
uncomfortable
long
modern
new
small, little
old
comfortable
(made of) brick
(made of) plastic
clean
full (of)
neat, orderly
dirty
empty
CASA – VOCABULARIO: Adjectives Used With ESTAR
LOS COLORES
A third group of adjectives that we will learn here are the colors. You have already
learned some of them. Now you will learn the rest. Note that in a few cases there is a difference
between the names of a color in Latin America and Spain. You would probably do best to learn
the ones used in Latin America (unless you are planning a trip to Spain!), but both are given so
that you can recognize them.
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You need to know, however, that some colors are expressed as adjectives and can agree
with a noun in gender or number or both. However, others are nouns that refer to the color of
well known objects. For example “café” is a drink, “violeta” and “rosa” (in Spain) are flowers.
For the latter, Latin Americans tend to use the adjective “rosado.” “Color crema” is the color of
cream. “Color vino” is the color of wine (we would say “burgundy”). In fact, you can almost
invent your own color names by putting the word “color” in front of a noun. What do you think
“color carne” is?
Finally, when the color is followed by clarifying terms like “oscuro” or “claro,” the
preceding adjective does NOT change to agree in gender or number. For example, a “red shirt” is
a “camisa roja.” Note the gender agreement. But a “dark red shirt” is a “camisa rojo oscuro.”
Notice how, this time, “rojo” does not change.
Practice the colors below using the link to online flashcards in Quizlet.com.
J.
Adjectives
COLORS
Nouns
amarillo
yellow
color café (L.A.)
anaranjado (L.A.)
orange
marrón (Spain)
azul
blue
naranja (Spain)
blanco
white
rosa (Spain)
gris
grey
violeta
morado
purple
beige
negro
black
color crema
rojo
red
color vino
rosado (L.A.)
pink
(rojo) oscuro
verde
green
(azul) claro
de lunares
polka-dotted
de color liso
de cuadros
plaid
de rayas
brown
brown
orange
pink
violet
beige
cream colored
burgundy
dark (red)
light (blue)
solid-colored
striped
Practice this vocabulary on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – VOCABULARIO: Colors
Once you have worked with the flashcards and have learned these three groups of adjectives, go
on to the the SELF-CHECKS on the following pages. Once again, we are applying what we have
learned to only one room: the living room.
(NOTE: Some of the SELF-CHECKs include the answers. You can use these to practice
with a partner in class or outside of class!)
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EL SALÓN - Adjectives - SELF-CHECK 1
Give the opposite of the following statements:
La casa es nueva.
La casa es vieja.
Mi salón es ancho.
Mi salón es estrecho.
La mecedora es muy antigua.
La mecedora es muy moderna.
Tu salón está muy limpio.
Tu salón está muy sucio.
Las cortinas son muy cortas.
Las cortinas son muy largas.
La estantería está vacía.
La estantería está llena.
El televisor es muy moderno.
El televisor es muy antiguo.
Su librería está ordenada.
Su librería está desordenada.
El techo es muy alto.
El techo es muy bajo.
El sillón es muy grande.
El sillón es muy pequeño.
La lámpara es vieja.
La lámpara es nueva.
La alfombra del salón está sucia.
La alfombra del salón está limpia.
Las ventanas son muy estrechas.
Las ventanas son muy anchas.
La mesita es muy bonita.
La mesita es muy fea.
Los estantes están llenos.
Los estantes están vacíos.
La silla es negra.
La silla es blanca.
You can also practice this on Quizlet.com:
LA CASA –El salón - Adjectives – Give the Opposite
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EL SALÓN - Adjectives - SELF-CHECK 2
¿Cómo se dice en español?
The walls of my living room
are yellow.
The couch is green.
The door is red.
That rug in front of the couch
is blue.
My rocking chair is white.
Our arm chair is light blue.
The end table is made of wood.
The rug is very dirty.
The set of shelves is dark green.
The floor is grey.
The curtains on those windows
are purple.
The other armchair is
burgundy.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: LA CASA –El salón – Adjectives - Translation
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EL SALÓN - Adjective placement - SELF-CHECK
Restate each of the following sentences following the model:
Model: El sillón es grande. ......................Hay un sillón grande en el salón.
El fregadero es nuevo. .................Hay un fregadero nuevo en la cocina.
El sofá es cómodo.
La alfombra es vieja.
Los sillones son
cómodos.
Las cortinas son
nuevas.
La mecedora es de
madera.
El cuadro es muy
bonito.
La chimenea es de
ladrillo.
La mecedora es
antigua.
Las ventanas son
muy anchas.
La silla es incómoda.
Las cortinas son
largas y bonitas.
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: LA CASA – El salón – Adjective Placement
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EL SALÓN - Adjective Placement - SELF-CHECK 2
¿Cómo se dice en español?
a red rug
una alfombra roja
the wooden end table
la mesita de madera
two small chairs
dos sillas pequeñas (dos pequeñas sillas)
the white walls
las paredes blancas
an old rocker
una mecedora vieja
a new lamp
una lámpara nueva
an antique mirror
un espejo antiguo
a tall wooden bookshelf
una librería alta de madera
a new piece of furniture
un mueble nuevo
some long green curtains
unas cortinas largas y verdes
a tall, wide set of shelves
una estantería alta y ancha
a very modern picture
un cuadro muy moderno
a clean, neat living room
un salón limpio y ordenado
an empty shelf
un estante vacío
a messy living room
un salón desordenado
some small, ugly rugs
unas alfombras pequeñas y feas
You can also practice this on Quizlet.com: LA CASA –El salón – Adjective Placement (2)
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For more practice with adjectives, click on the the following Quizlet.com links to use similar
SELF-CHECK exercises which correspond to the other three rooms of the house:
LA COCINA:
LA CASA –La cocina - Adjectives – Give the Opposite
LA CASA –La cocina – Adjectives - Translation
LA CASA –La cocina – Adjective Placement (1)
LA CASA –La cocina – Adjective Placement (2)
EL DORMITORIO:
LA CASA – El dormitorio – Adjectives – Give the Opposite
LA CASA – El dormitorio – Adjectives - Translation
LA CASA – El dormitorio – Adjective Placement (1)
LA CASA – El dormitorio – Adjective Placement (2)
EL BAÑO:
LA CASA – El baño – Adjectives – Give the Opposite
LA CASA – El baño – Adjectives - Translation
LA CASA – El baño – Adjective Placement (1)
LA CASA – El baño – Adjective Placement (2)
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80
to be or to be, that still is the
question!
More about ser vs. estar
In the previous unit a promise was made to you that you would learn more about the elusive verbs
SER and ESTAR. Well, let it never be said that we don’t keep our promises! Here is “the rest of the story”
concerning these verbs. To start off, let’s take a little “pre-test.” Imagine that, on an exam, you had to fill
in blanks with a form of either SER or ESTAR. Which of these two verbs would you use if...
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
...the next word after the blank were “de”?
...the next word after the blank were “en”?
...the next word after the blank were “para”?
...the next word after the blank were a noun?
...the next word after the blank were “con”?
...the next word after the blank were an adjective answering
the question, “What is that person like?”
g. ...the next thing after the blank were a date?
h. ...the next word after the blank were an adjective telling
how someone was feeling?
i. ...the next word after the blank were an adjective describing
what someone looks like?
j. ...the next word after the blank were an adjective ending in
“-ado” ?
SER
SER
SER
SER
SER
ESTAR
ESTAR
ESTAR
ESTAR
ESTAR
SER
SER
ESTAR
ESTAR
SER
ESTAR
SER
ESTAR
SER
ESTAR
2. Some adjectives can go with either SER or ESTAR, but they express different
ideas accordingly.
What is the difference between saying...
a. “María es muy guapa.” and “María está muy guapa!
_________________
___________________
b. “Pedro es aburrido.” and “Pedro está aburrido.”
_________________
___________________
c. “La película es triste.” and “Mi madre está triste.”
_________________
___________________
Okay, we will come back and look at your answers later. For now, turn to the chart on the next page to see
all the forms of these two verbs and a summary of how to use each...
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SER
ESTAR
SOY
I AM
ESTOY
ERES
YOU ARE
ESTÁS
HE, SHE, YOU ARE
IT IS
ES
SOMOS
WE ARE
ESTÁ
ESTAMOS
YOU (Plural) ARE
(Spain only)
SOIS
ESTÁIS
THEY ARE
YOU (Plural) ARE
SON
ESTÁN
USES:
USES:
1. When followed by a predicate noun.
Soy profesor.
Ella es una buena persona.
1. To indicate location:
Juan está en Madrid.
(Juan is in Madrid.)
2. When followed by "de"
---To express possession:
El libro es de Pedro. (The book is Pedro's.)
---To express origin:
Manuel es de México. (Manuel is from Mexico.)
---To express "made of":
La casa es de madera. (The house is made of wood.)
2. With adjectives that denote a state or
condition.
Su casa está muy sucia.
(Their house is very dirty.)
Mi tío está enfermo hoy.
(My uncle is very sick today.)
3. With adverbs that denote condition:
Estoy bien. (I am well)
Juan está mal. (Juan is not well.)
3. When followed by “para.”
Este regalo es para ti. (This gift is for you.)
4. With defining adjectives.
Mi casa es muy grande. (My house is very large.)
Tu tío es muy simpático. (Your uncle is very friendly.)
5. To express generalizations which in English begin with
“it is.”
Es necesario [importante, mejor] estudiar todos los días.
(It’s necessary [important, best] to study every day.)
Es obvio [evidente, cierto] que su casa es muy cara.
(It’s obvious [evident, true] that their house is very
expensive.)
Now go on to the next page for further explanation...
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THE PREDICATE NOUN
After looking at the chart on the previous page, the first question you might have in your
mind is, “What in the world is a PREDICATE NOUN?” This is a great question because the
“predicate noun rule” can help you a ton with distinguishing between the two verbs SER and
ESTAR.
In English, a predicate noun is a noun that comes after some form of the verb “to be” and
which is equivalent to the subject. For example:
John is the president of his class.
(John = president of the class)
Oaks and maples are deciduous trees.
(Oaks and maples = trees)
Stalin was a Russian dictator.
(Stalin = dictator)
I am one very worried person!!
(I = person)
In each of these examples, the underlined word is the PREDICATE NOUN. In Spanish, ONLY
the verb SER can precede a predicate noun. NEVER ESTAR! This is true even if the
predicate noun is modified by an adjective that always goes with the verb ESTAR (such as
“worried” in the last example). For this reason, we could very well call this “the rule that trumps
all other rules.” It is because of this rule that the answers to items d and g on the pre-test are SER.
Once you have the “predicate noun” rule under your belt, you will have to “philosophize”
a lot less about SER or ESTAR. For example, in the sentence: “My brother is a sixth grade
student,” you will not have to scratch your head wondering if that is his present status and should
be used with ESTAR. Since “student” is a predicate noun, it HAS to be used with SER!
SER + DE or PARA
SER is used when followed by DE or PARA because these prepositions usually express some
essential characteristic about the subject. (Remember that in the last unit we talked about the fact
that SER derives from the Latin verb “essere” from which English has gotten the word
“essential.”)
For example, DE can introduce what something is made of:
La casa es de madera.
La chimenea es de ladrillo.
Mi camisa es de algodón.
El juguete es de plástico.
The house is wooden.
The fireplace is (made of) brick.
My shirt is (made of) cotton.
The toy is (made of) plastic.
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DE is also used to express possession:
¿De quién es este chisme?
Es de mi hermano.
Whose is this thingamajig?
It’s my brother’s.
And, finally, DE is often used to express origin:
¿De dónde eres?
Soy de Alabama.
Where are you from?
I’m from Alabama.
Note that, if you are from Alabama, that is your “essence.” It defines you. You
may or may not like the fact that you are from Alabama but, even if you don’t, you are stuck with
it. Even taking the “banjo off your knee” won’t change that! And this is why SER is used with
DE.
SER is used with PARA to define what or whom something is destined for:
Este regalo es para tu madre.
This gift is for your mother.
SER WITH DEFINING ADJECTIVES
In Unit 1, we learned a list of adjectives that answer one of two questions:
What does [X] look like? OR What is [X] like?
Adjectives which answer these questions are DEFINING adjectives because they define the
essential qualities of a person or thing. In this unit, we have a parallel list, but tailored to
household items.
ESTAR WITH ADJECTIVES (OR ADVERBS)
WHICH DENOTE CONDITION
In this unit we also have a list of adjectives that indicate the condition or state of things in
a house. Notice how many of these adjectives end in “-ADO” (acabado, adornado, decorado,
ordenado, desordenado, etc.). Generally adjectives that end in this suffix are used with ESTAR
because they all describe the present “state” (in Spanish, “estado”) of the thing (or person)
described.
ESTAR TO DESCRIBE LOCATION
Recall that in the last unit we learned that ESTAR comes from the Latin word STARE
which meant “to stand.” People speaking in Spanish might ask you about the location of your
house, but they really wouldn’t ask you , “Where IS your house?” Rather, they would ask
“Where STANDS your house?” To do this, they use the verb ESTAR. ESTAR is often followed
by the prepositions of place that we have already studied in this unit:
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Mi casa ESTÁ al lado de un supermercado.
Mi dormitorio ESTÁ en el segundo piso.
La cama ESTÁ a la derecha de una cómoda grande.
************************************************************************
Now, let’s take a look again at the exercise you did at the beginning of this lesson. Here are the
answers:
How did you do? Can you see now why the answers are what they are?
NOW TRY PUTTING INTO PRACTICE ALL THAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT
THESE TWO VERBS. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES WITH THE NECESSARY
FORM OF SER OR ESTAR.
Ella ___ profesora.
Este libro ___ de mi amigo Carlos.
Mis padres ___ en México.
Esta camisa (shirt) ___ para mi padre.
Yo ___ muy cansado.
Luis y Gilberto ___ en Madrid ahora.
Hoy ___ el treinta de septiembre.
Los dos ___ de Cuba.
Ese profesor ___ muy aburrido.
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En la clase de ese profesor yo siempre ___ aburrido.
Este libro ___ muy triste.
Cuando leo ese libro yo ___ triste.
Mi padre siempre ___ ocupado.
___ un hombre muy ocupado.
Mañana ___ martes (Tuesday), ¿no?
El café ___ frío (cold).
La puerta ___ de madera, ¿verdad?
Mis hermanos ___ enfermos hoy.
Esa camisa ___ blanca.
Esa silla ___ de plástico.
Nosotros ___ norteamericanos.
Ellos ___ en Estados Unidos.
Ellos ___ de Estados Unidos.
___ importante leer bien las instrucciones.
No ___ necesario regresar hoy, ¿verdad?
¿Cuándo van a ___ en casa?
Necesitan ___ muy buenos en la casa de los abuelos.
Tengo que ___ allí a las cuatro (at 4:00).
No ___ bien hablar cuando tu madre está hablando (talking).
¿Cómo ___ tu hermano? -----Bastante bien.
¿Cómo ___ tu hermano? -----Alto y delgado.
Check your answers using Quizlet.com: SER vs. ESTAR
How did you do? Please be sure to ask your instructor about any of the answers you missed or
that you didn’t understand. Then go on to the next page where we are going to learn about
another verb that, in English, is translated by the words “is” or “are.”
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86
SER vs. ESTAR vs. HAY
The verb, HAY, is used to mention something’s (or someone’s) existence and is generally
expressed in English by “there is” or “there are.” The nice thing about this verb is that, in the
present tense, there is only one form: hay.
Examples: Hay una lámpara pequeña encima de la mesita.
(There is a small lamp on top of the night stand.)
Hay muchas personas en el supermercado hoy.
(There are many people in the supermarket today.)
So, as you can see, HAY is generally followed by a noun phrase. Let’s take a look at how it
compares with SER and ESTAR:
1. SER is followed by nouns in order to identify things:
Mi dormitorio es un cuarto muy pequeño.
(My bedroom is a very small room.)
El salón es la habitación más grande de la casa. (The living room is the largest room of the
house.)
2. HAY is also followed by nouns, but to show their existence (¨there is / there are¨):
En mi casa hay una cocina muy grande.
Hay dos árboles en mi jardín.
(In my house there is a very large kitchen.)
(There are two trees in my yard.)
NOTE: The verb HAY can be followed (1) directly by a noun or (2) by a noun
preceded by an indefinite article (un, una, etc.) or (3) some adjective
expressing quantity (muchos, pocos, dos, tres, etc.):
(1) Hay flores en mi jardín.
(2) Hay un árbol en mi jardín.
(3) Hay tres dormitorios en mi casa.
HAY can NEVER be followed by a noun which is preceded by a
definite article (el, la, etc.):
It is incorrect to say: **En la cocina hay la nevera, el fregadero, etc.
3. ESTAR can be followed by a noun ONLY under the following conditions:
a. It is being used to show the LOCATION of the object expressed by
the noun.
b. The noun is preceded by a DEFINITE ARTICLE or a POSSESSIVE.
Example: En la cocina están la nevera, el fregadero, etc.
(In the kitchen are the refrigerator, the sink, etc.)
En el segundo piso está mi habitación.
(On the second floor is my room.)
(NOTE: Whenever a form of ESTAR is followed by a noun, that noun is actually the subject of the
sentence. In Spanish, word order is much more flexible than in English and often the subject
may come after the verb. ESTAR is never followed by a predicate noun.)
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87
Use the following SELF-CHECK to test how well you have understood what you have just read:
ESTAR vs. HAY - SELF-CHECK 1
¿HAY or ESTÁ?
En el sótano ____ la sala familiar.
En el jardín _____ muchas flores.
____ cuatro ventanas en el comedor.
Mi oficina ____ en el tercer piso.
En el segundo piso ________ los baños.
En el primer piso _______ un baño.
_____ muchas flores en el jardín.
Las flores ______ en el jardín.
En el sótano ____ mi oficina.
En el sótano ______ una oficina.
Mi dormitorio ____ en el primer piso.
En el primer piso _____ un dormitorio.
____ un dormitorio en el primer piso.
El porche _____ en la parte de atrás.
En la parte de atrás ____ un porche.
_____ tres puertas en mi casa.
La puerta del garaje _____ en la cocina.
En su jardín ____ flores.
En la cocina _____ mi lavadora.
En la cocina _____ una lavadora.
Check your answers: LA CASA –ESTAR vs. HAY (1)
Now go on to the next SELF-CHECK to practice differentiating between HAY and ESTAR:
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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88
LA CASA - Estar/Hay- SELF-CHECK 2
In each pair of items below, the second tells where the first is located. Connect them
by using the correct form of ESTAR or HAY, as appropriate. The first two are done for you.
una chimenea / el salón
Hay una chimenea en el salón. /
En el salón hay una chimenea.
el baño / el segundo piso
El baño está en el segundo piso. /
En el segundo piso está el baño.
cuatro ventanas / el comedor
un porche / la parte de atrás
mi dormitorio / el primer piso
muchas flores / el jardín
la sala familiar / el sótano
un jardín / la parte de atrás
un apartamento / el tercer piso
tres puertas / mi casa
mi oficina / el sótano
una oficina / el sótano
un dormitorio / el primer piso
muchas ventanas / el comedor
el baño / el segundo piso
un baño / el segundo piso
Check your answers: LA CASA –ESTAR vs. HAY (2)
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Now let’s add the verb SER back into the mix in the following two exercises:
LA CASA – Ser / Estar / Hay- SELF-CHECK 3
1. Ustedes ___________ de California, ¿no?
2. ¿Dónde __________, Paco? No te veo. (I don't see you.)
3. (Nosotros) _________ estudiantes de antropología.
4. (Tú )_________ en Columbus ahora (now), pero _______
de Cleveland, ¿no?
5. (Yo) ______ profesor en una universidad donde _______
muchos estudiantes.
6. Ustedes no _________ en la cafetería, ¿verdad?
7. ¿Los libros ________ en la mesa? ----No. No _______
nada en la mesa.
8. _____ muchas personas en el auditorio. Unos _______
estudiantes y una ______ la profesora de la clase.
9. ¿Dónde __________ (nosotros)? ¿Qué ________ este
lugar (place)?
10. Ustedes no ______ profesores, ¿verdad? ¿Por qué (why)
________ en esta oficina?
Correct your responses using Quizlet.com: SER, ESTAR, HAY (3)
******************************************************************************
******************************************************************************
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90
MI APARTAMENTO.
PROVIDE THE APPROPRIATE FORM OF SER, ESTAR OR HAY:
Mi apartamento ________________ en un edificio de cinco pisos. ____________ en el
cuarto piso. _____________ un ascensor y una escalera para llegar allí. Cuando entras
en mi apartamento, (tú) _________ en el salón.
____________ siete habitaciones en
total. La cocina _____________ al lado del dormitorio. ____________ dos dormitorios
y dos baños. Uno de los baños ______________ en el dormitorio principal. Ése
______________ el baño más grande y más completo. El otro baño _________ un
cuarto muy pequeño. _____________ entre el comedor y el segundo dormitorio. En la
cocina no _____________ ni una lavadora ni una secadora. Estas ______________ en
un armario en el pasillo. La secadora _____________ encima de la lavadora. Las dos
máquinas _____________ muy pequeñas. En el salón ___________ un piano.
____________ al lado de una chimenea enorme de piedra. La chimenea ____________
enfrente de la puerta de entrada. Al otro lado de la chimenea _________ el televisor.
En la pared encima del televisor ___________ un cuadro muy bonito. También _______
una foto de mi abuelo. ____________ dos sofás en el salón. Uno de ellos _________
muy grande, el otro más pequeño. Normalmente la casa _____________ muy limpia y
ordenada, pero hoy ___________ un día anormal y ____________ muchas cosas en el
suelo porque mis nietos ______________ en casa. ¡Qué desastre!
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91
MI CASA.
By this time, you should be able to express all of these statements in Spanish. Give it a try!
I live in a house on
Sylvan Avenue in
Columbus.
My house has two floors
and ten rooms.
I live in an apartment on
Town Street in
Columbus.
My apartment is on the
first floor.
My apartment is on the
first (2nd, 3rd) floor.
On the second floor there
are two bedrooms and
two baths.
On the first floor there
are two more bedrooms
and one bathroom.
There is also a kitchen, a
dining room, and a living
room.
The living room is the
largest room of the
house.
In my living room there
is a leather armchair.
It has white walls and
lots of furniture.
In the living room there
is an old, ugly couch.
There is a very long
couch and two red
armchairs.
There are also two green
rugs and an end table.
In the living room we
watch television every
day.
The kitchen is small but
very pretty.
The walls of the kitchen
are yellow.
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The dining room has a
table and six chairs.
My parents' bedroom, on
the first floor, has a very
large bed.
They also have a tall
free-standing closet and a
dresser in their bedroom.
My bedroom is on the
second floor.
My bed is not very big
but it is comfortable.
I have a night stand (=
end table) and a blue
lamp.
The end table is (made)
of wood.
There is also a desk and,
on the desk, is my
computer.
All our bathrooms have a
bath tub and a sink.
In my bathroom there is a
set of shelves with many
towels.
In the bathroom there are
some pretty cotton
towels.
Our house also has a pool
in the yard.
What is your house like?
Check your answers using Quizlet.com: MI CASA
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93
UNA ENTREVISTA: TU CASA
1. ¿Cómo es la casa de tus sueños (tu casa ideal)? ¿Es tradicional o moderna? ¿Es grande o
pequeña? ¿Es nueva o antigua? etc...
2. ¿Dónde está la casa de tus sueños? ¿Está en Ohio, o en otro estado o país (country)?
3. ¿Cómo es tu vivienda actual (current)? ¿Es una casa, un apartamento, o un
condominio? ¿Es nueva o antigua? etc...
4. ¿Es tu barrio (neighborhood) bonito o feo? ¿Es seguro (safe)?
5. ¿Hay un garaje para tu carro en tu vivienda?
6. ¿Hay muchos árboles en tu jardín? ¿Hay más árboles delante o detrás de tu vivienda?
7. ¿Cuántos pisos tiene tu casa?
8. ¿Hay monstruos
o fantasmas
en tu sótano o en el desván (ático)?
9. ¿Qué hay en tu cocina? ¿Come tu familia en la cocina, en el comedor, o en otra parte de la
casa? ¿Comen uds. enfrente de la computadora o televisor a veces (sometimes)?
10. ¿Cuál es tu cuarto preferido?
11. ¿Dónde está tu dormitorio? Está en el segundo piso o en el primer piso? (¿¡¿¡ o en el sótano
con los monstruos y fantasmas?!?!) ¿Está tu dormitorio cerca de o lejos del cuarto del baño?
12. ¿Qué hay en tu dormitorio?
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13. ¿Cuántos cuartos de baño tiene tu casa? ¿Qué hay en tus cuartos de baño?
14. ¿Están tus inodoros limpios o sucios?
15. Por lo general ¿está tu casa limpia y ordenada, o sucia y desordenada?
16. ¿Están muy cómodos los muebles de tu sala? ¿y tu cama?
17. ¿Tiene tu casa mucha luz? ¿Hay muchas ventanas en tu vivienda o es necesario usar
lámparas durante el día?
18. ¿Está tu cama cerca de una ventana?
19. ¿Está tu cómoda a la derecha o la izquierda de tu cama? ¿Y el armario?
20. ¿Qué marca de papel higiénico usa tu familia (Charmin, etc.)? En el baño que más usas
¿está tu papel higiénico a la derecha o a la izquierda del inodoro?
21. ¿Tiene tu ducha puertas de cristal o una cortina?
22. ¿Hay una lavadora y un lavaplatos en tu casa? ¿Dónde están? ¿Usa tu familia el
lavaplatos prefiere usar el fregadero para lavar los platos?
(Our thanks go out to Prof. Colleen Barney for sharing this activity with us!)
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95
CONJUGATING REGULAR –AR, -ER, AND –IR VERBS
In the last unit you were introduced to several common verbs and learned three forms:
1. The form used when the subject is he, she, or a singular noun:
Baila muy bien.
He/she dances very well.
Mi madre baila muy bien.
My mother dances very well.
2. The form used when the subject is they, or a plural noun:
Bailan muy bien.
They dance very well.
Mis padres bailan muy bien.
My parents dance very well.
3. The form used with the verb gusta:
No le gusta estudiar.
Les gusta leer.
A los estudiantes no les
gusta escribir composiciones.
He doesn’t like to study.
They like reading.
Students don’t like to write
compositions.
This last form, which ends in either –AR, -ER, or –IR and which in English is expressed either
with the word “TO” or with the ending “-ING”, is called the INFINITIVE.
The INFINITIVE is the form that you always find in dictionnaries or vocabulary lists. It is the
“default” form of the verb and tells you what kind of endings you will need to use it.
Now let’s take a look at how to make forms with other subjects:
A. FORMING THE “YOU” FORM.
To form the “you” (“TÚ”) form of a verb, just add an “-s” to the “he/she” form:
baila (he/she dances).............................................bailas (you dance)
fuma (he/she smokes)............................................fumas (you smoke)
come (he/she eats).................................................comes (you eat)
lee (he/she reads)...................................................lees (you read)
dice (he/she says)...................................................dices (you say)
hace (he/she makes)...............................................haces (you make)
ve (he/she sees)......................................................ves (you see)
va (he/she goes).....................................................vas (you go)
1. How would you say the following?
You listen
You speak
You attend
You live
You teach
You believe
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
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This same form is used to ask someone if they do something:
¿Bailas bien?
¿Fumas?
¿Vas a la fiesta?
Do you dance well?
Do you smoke?
Are you going to the party?
2. How would you ask someone....
a. ...if they talk on the phone a lot?
b. ...if they sing well?
c. ...if they are taking classes
d. ...if they see lots of movies?
e. ...if they make pastries?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
B. FORMING THE “I” FORM.
To answer the questions we have just asked, you need the “I” (“YO”) form of the verb. To make
that form, just drop the “-as” or “-es” of the “TÚ” form (or the “-a” or “-e” of the he/she
form) and add “-o” in its place:
¿Bailas bien? (Do you dance well?) ............................Sí, bailo bien. (Yes, I dance well.)
¿Fumas? (Do you smoke?)...........................................No, no fumo. (No, I don’t smoke.)
¿Vives en Columbus? (Do live in Columbus?)...........Sí, vivo aquí. (Yes, I live here.)
This works for almost all the verbs you have learned so far. However, a few of the verbs you
learned in Unit 1 are irregular in this form. That is, they do not follow the rule:
I go, I am going.........................................voy
I see...........................................................veo
I make, I am making.................................hago
I say, am saying........................................digo
These forms must just be memorized, the same way you learned a few other irregular “yo” forms
previously (soy, estoy, tengo).
On the next page is a chart of common regular verbs. Some of them you have already learned.
These appear in lighter font. Others are new and must be added to your “repertoire”! These are
listed in bold print.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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97
COMMON REGULAR VERBS
-AR VERBS
-ER VERBS
bailar
buscar
caminar
cantar
cenar
charlar
cocinar
comprar
contestar
desayunar
descansar
desear
echar una siesta
enseñar
entrar (en)
escuchar
estudiar
explicar
firmar
fumar
hablar
llamar
llegar
llevar
mirar
necesitar
pagar
pasar (el tiempo
libre)
pasear
practicar
preguntar
preparar la comida
regresar
tomar
trabajar
usar
visitar
to dance
to look for
to walk
to sing
to eat dinner
to chat
to cook
to buy, shop
to answer
to eat breakfast
to rest
to wish, desire
to take a nap
to teach, show
to enter, go into
to listen to
to study
to explain
to sign
to smoke
to speak, talk
to call
to arrive, get to
to take, wear
to look at, watch
to need
to pay (for)
to spend (free
time)
to stroll, take a walk
to practice
to ask
to prepare the meal
to return
to take (“drink”)
to work
to use
to visit
aprender (a)
beber
comer
correr
creer
deber
leer
meter (en)
vender
to learn (to)
to drink
to eat
to run
to believe, think
to owe; ought to,
should
to read
to put in
to sell
-IR VERBS
abrir
asistir (a )
compartir
decidir
discutir
escribir
recibir
vivir
to open
to attend
to share
to decide
discuss, argue
to write
to receive
to live
Let Quizlet.com help you
learn these verbs:
Regular –AR Verbs
Regular –ER and –IR Verbs
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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98
Present Tense of Regular Verbs - SELF-CHECK 1
¨...Y JUAN TAMBIÉN.¨
Answer each question by saying that you do the activity and that Juan also does.
Follow the model:
¿Trabajas hoy?
---Sí, trabajo y Juan trabaja también.
Are you working today? ---Yes, I’m working and Juan’s working, too.
¿Estudias español?
Sí, estudio español y Juan estudia también.
¿Regresas a casa?
Si, regreso y Juan regresa también.
¿Visitas a tu familia?
¿Charlas con tus amigos por teléfono?
¿Tocas la guitarra bien?
Sí, visito a mi familia y Juan visita a su familia también.
Sí, charlo con mis amigos por teléfono y Juan charla por
teléfono también.
Sí, tomo café con mi amiga y Juan toma café con su amiga
también.
Sí, aprendo mucho español aquí y Juan aprende mucho
español también.
Si, como en casa y Juan come en casa también.
Sí, veo muchas películas y Juan ve muchas películas también.
Sí, escribo a mis amigos y Juan escribe a sus amigos también.
Sí, bebo café de Colombia y Juan bebe café de Colombia
también.
Sí, pago mucho dinero y Juan paga mucho dinero también.
Sí, llevo mi libro a clase y Juan lleva su libro a clase también.
Sí, hablo por teléfono con frecuencia y Juan habla por teléfono
con frecuencia también.
Sí, practico español con mis amigos mexicanos y Juan practica
con sus amigos también.
Sí, toco la guitarra bien y Juan toca la guitarra bien también.
¿Corres en el parque?
Sí, corro en el parque y Juan corre en el parque también.
¿Abres tu libro de español en casa?
Sí, abro mi libro de español en casa y Juan abre su libro en casa
también.
Sí, leo un libro interesante y Juan lee un libro interesante
también.
Sí, veo televisión los sábados por la mañana y Juan ve
televisión los sábados por la mañana también.
Sí, vivo con mis padres y Juan vive con sus padres también.
¿Tomas café con tu amiga?
¿Aprendes mucho español aquí?
¿Comes en casa?
¿Ves muchas películas?
¿Escribes a tus amigos?
¿Bebes café de Colombia?
¿Pagas mucho dinero (money)?
¿Llevas tu libro a clase?
¿Hablas por teléfono con frecuencia?
¿Practicas español con tus amigos mexicanos?
¿Lees un libro (book) interesante?
¿Ves televisión los sábados por la mañana?
¿Vives con tus padres?
You can also practice this in Quizlet.com: “...y Juan también.”
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99
PLURAL VERB FORMS
In Unit 1 you learned how to make one plural verb form, the “they” form, which is made by just
adding an “-n” to the “he/she” form:
baila (he/she dances)..............................................bailan (they dance)
fuma (he/she smokes).............................................fuman (they smoke)
come (he/she eats)..................................................comen (they eat)
lee (he/she reads)....................................................leen (they read)
dice (he/she says)...................................................dicen (they say)
hace (he/she makes)................................................hacen (they make)
ve (he/she sees).......................................................ven (they see)
va (he/she goes)......................................................van (they go)
Now, here is a good “two-for-the-price-of-one” deal! This same form is used with the subject
“USTEDES” which means “YOU (PLURAL)”. In English we often express this by such
expressions as “you guys” or “you all,” etc., depending on where you are from. For the present,
let’s use “you guys” to distinguish between the singular you (“TÚ”) and the plural you
(“USTEDES”).
How would you express the following?
a. you guys shop
____________________________________
b. you guys sell
____________________________________
c. you guys are reading
____________________________________
d. you guys are eating breakfast
____________________________________
e. Do you guys take walks?
____________________________________
f. Do you guys believe?
____________________________________
g. Are you guys arguing?
____________________________________
h. Are you guys looking for a book?
____________________________________
The answer to questions which use the “you guys” (“USTEDES”) form of the verb is always in
the “we” form:
Are you guys looking for a book?
-----Yes, WE are looking for a book about...
To form the “we” (“NOSOTROS”) form of the verb, replace the “-an” of the “USTEDES” form
with the ending “-amos” in –AR verbs:
bailan (you guys dance)............................................ bailamos (we dance)
fuman (you guys smoke)........................................... fumamos (we smoke)
van (you guys go)...................................................... vamos (we go)
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For –ER verbs, replace the “-en” with “-emos”:
comen (you guys eat)...............................................comemos (we eat)
leen (you guys read)................................................. leemos (we read)
hacen (you guys make)............................................. hacemos (we make)
ven (you guys see)..................................................... vemos (we see)
For the first time we see –IR verbs having a different ending than the –ER verbs. So replace the
“-en” in these verbs, not with “-emos,” but with “-imos”
abren (you guys open)...............................................abrimos (we open)
viven (you guys live)................................................. vivimos (we live)
Now let’s go back and do a previous exercise, but this time using the plural forms...
Present Tense of Regular Verbs - SELF-CHECK 2
¨...Y ELLOS TAMBIEN.¨
Answer each question by saying that you (plural) do the activity and they also do it.
Follow the model:
¿Trabajan hoy?
---Sí, trabajamos y ellos trabajan también.
You guys working today? ---Yes, we’re working and they are working, too.
¿Estudian español?
Sí, estudiamos español y ellos estudian español
también.
Si, regresamos a casa y ellos regresan a casa también.
¿Regresan a casa?
¿Visitan a su familia?
¿Charlan con sus amigos por teléfono?
¿Toman café con su amiga?
¿Aprenden mucho español aquí?
¿Comen en casa?
¿Ven muchas películas?
¿Escriben a sus amigos?
¿Beben café de Colombia?
¿Pagan mucho dinero (money)?
¿Llevan su libro a clase?
Sí, visitamos a nuestra familia y ellos visitan a su
familia también.
Sí, charlamos con nuestros amigos por teléfono y
ellos charlan con sus amigos también.
Sí, tomamos café con nuestra amiga y ellos toman
café con su amiga también.
Sí, aprendemos mucho español aquí y ellos aprenden
mucho español también.
Si, comemos en casa y ellos comen en casa también.
Sí, vemos muchas películas y ellos ven muchas
películas también.
Sí, escribimos a nuestros amigos y ellos escriben a sus
amigos también.
Sí, bebemos café de Colombia y ellos beben café de
Colombia también.
Sí, pagamos mucho dinero y ellos pagan mucho
dinero también.
Sí, llevamos nuestro libro a clase y ellos llevan su
libro a clase también.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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101
¿Hablan por teléfono con frecuencia?
¿Practican español con sus amigos
mexicanos?
¿Tocan la guitarra bien?
¿Corren en el parque?
¿Abren su libro de español en casa?
¿Leen un libro interesante?
¿Ven televisión con frecuencia?
¿Viven con sus padres?
Sí, hablamos por teléfono con frecuencia y ellos
hablan por teléfono con frecuencia también.
Sí, practicamos español con nuestros amigos
mexicanos y ellos practican con sus amigos
mexicanos también.
Sí, tocamos la guitarra bien y ellos tocan la guitarra
bien también.
Sí, corremos en el parque y ellos corren en el parque
también.
Sí, abrimos nuestro libro de español en casa y ellos
abren su libro de español en casa también.
Sí, leemos un libro interesante y ellos leen un libro
interesante también.
Sí, vemos televisión con frecuencia y ellos ven
televisión con frecuencia también.
Sí, vivimos con nuestros padres y ellos viven con sus
padres también.
You can also practice this in Quizlet.com: “...y ellos también.”
More information about
conjugating regular –AR,
-ER, and –IR verbs can be found
in PUNTOS DE PARTIDA,
pp. 38-43 and 80-85
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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102
MORE PRACTICE WITH –AR VERBS
A. -AR Verbs - SELF-CHECK 1
¿Cómo se dice en inglés?
caminan
desayunamos
compro
explicas
pregunta
echamos una siesta
descansan
ceno
buscas
miran
firma
llevamos
pasean
contestas
charlo
enseñamos
llega
llaman
escucho
pagas
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: https://quizlet.com/135529761/ar-verbs-self-check-1flash-cards/
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103
B. -AR VERBS - SELF-CHECK 2
STUDENT A
you look for
they are walking
they eat dinner
we are chatting
you buy, shop
he answers
I eat breakfast
she rests
it takes a nap
he teaches
I listen
you explain
he signs
they call
she arrives
it is wearing
he watches
you pay
you guys take a walk
he asks
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: https://quizlet.com/135532173/ar-verbs-self-check-2flash-cards/?new
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104
C. For each blank, identify the appropriate verb from the list below. Then provide the
correct form of that verb required by each statement and/or question.
fumar
comprar
echar
mirar
firmar
desayunar
llamar
llevar
llegar
pasar
preparar
enseñar
buscar
necesitar
contestar
cenar
1. Juan ______________ su tiempo libre en el gimnasio.
2. ---Estoy muy cansado.
---Bueno, tú _____________ descansar más.
3. ¿Cuánto tiempo _____________ tus padres aquí en Columbus?
4. ¿Cuándo ____________ Uds. una siesta normalmente?
5. La profesora pregunta y los estudiantes _________________.
6. No es bueno ___________. El resultado con frecuencia es el cáncer.
7. ¿Qué profesor ____________ tu clase de historia?
8. Algunos (= some) estudiantes siempre (= always) ___________ tarde (= late).
9. Nosotros normalmente _____________ por la mañana (= in the morning) en casa pero
_______________ por la tarde en un restaurante.
10. Ud. necesita _______________ el cheque aquí.
11. Mis padres siempre ________________ ese (= that) programa por la noche.
12. Yo ________________ a mis padres por teléfono todas las noches.
13. Mi hermana y yo _________________ las comidas todos los días.
14. ¿Normalmente ______________ Uds. la comida en Kroger o en Meijer?
15. Necesito ________________ un libro sobre (= about) México en la biblioteca
(= library).
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105
D. Translate the following sentences into Spanish:
1. Are you looking for a large apartment or a small one?
2. My cousins are returning today.
3. We eat dinner in the dining room, but they
eat breakfast in the kitchen.
4. She visits her aunt a lot.
5. Where do you guys work?
6. This semester, I'm taking many classes.
7. My parents pay for my classes.
8. What are you looking at, Mr. García?
9. Where do you usually study, in your bedroom
or in the living room?
10. I usually take a nap on the couch.
11. We eat breakfast in the kitchen.
12. Where do you guys buy your furniture?
13. My mother usually prepares our meals.
14. How do you spend your free time?
15. When they call, we answer!
FOR MORE PRACTICE CONJUGATING –AR VERBS, CLICK ON THIS EXERCISE IN
QUIZLET.COM:
Conjugating verbs that end in -AR
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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106
MORE PRACTICE WITH –ER AND –IR VERBS
A.
-ER/-IR Verbs - SELF-CHECK 1
¿Cómo se dice en inglés?
abren
vendemos
debes
escribe
discuto
comparten
leemos
recibes
meto
viven
debo
abrimos
viven
recibe
lees
decidimos
meten
comparte
escriben
bebo
Check your answers on Quizlet.com:
–ER and –IR Verbs (1)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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107
B. -ER/-IR VERBS - SELF-CHECK 2
STUDENT A
¿Cómo se dice en español?
we live
they need
you (tú) share
I should
she sells
you all write
you (Ud.) decide
he opens
we eat
you all receive
I put in
they should
she drinks
I share
Check your answers on Quizlet.com: –ER and –IR Verbs (2)
FOR MORE PRACTICE CONJUGATING –ER and –IR VERBS, CLICK ON THIS EXERCISE IN
QUIZLET.COM:
Conjugation of –ER and –IR Verbs
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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108
C. -ER / -IR VERBS
For each blank, identify the appropriate verb from the list below. Then provide the correct
form of that verb required by each statement and/or question.
discutir
recibir
compartir
meter
aprender
escribir
creer
asistir
vivir
decidir
deber
leer
vender
beber
correr
abrir
1. Si (= if) estás cansada, María, ________________ descansar más (= more).
2. En la librería (= bookstore) de Columbus State (ellos) ______________ el libro de
texto para esta clase.
3. Nosotros _________________ muchas sugerencias (= suggestions) de los televidentes
(= TV viewers) que (= who) __________________ cartas (= letters).
4. Marcos y su esposa _____________________ mucho porque tienen problemas con su
matrimonio.
5. Isabel es alcohólica. _______________ mucho vino.
6. Todos los días (yo) _______________ el periódico (= newspaper).
7. Soy de Nuevo México pero ahora mi familia y yo ______________en Ohio.
8. Los niños deben ______________ sus juguetes (= toys) y no ser egoístas (= selfish).
9. ¡Necesitas _______________ tu libro y estudiar!
10. ¿En qué armario _________________ Uds. los cereales?
11. En esta clase nosotros ___________________ a hablar español.
12. Uds. van a (= are going to) llegar tarde si no ________________.
13. Los politeístas ________________ en muchos dioses (= gods), los monoteístas en
uno y los ateos en ninguno (= none).
14. Necesitamos ____________________ si (= whether) comer en casa o en un
restaurante.
15. Los buenos estudiantes ___________________ a clase todos los días.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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109
D. REGULAR -ER & -IR VERBS (plus a few -AR ones!)
Translate the following sentences into Spanish:
1. My aunt reads a lot.
2. They sell lots of furniture here.
3. We live in a large white house.
4. Do you write to your grandparents?
5. He opens the refrigerator and looks at the food.
6. We eat and drink with our friends in the kitchen.
7. In history class, we discuss many things (cosas).
8. The teacher answers the students' questions (preguntas).
9. They receive food from their friends.
10. She puts the Coca-Cola into the refrigerator.
11. The children share a bed.
12. I read and you listen.
FOR MORE PRACTICE CONJUGATING –AR, –ER and –IR VERBS, CLICK ON THIS
EXERCISE IN QUIZLET.COM:
Review of Verb Conjugation (-AR,
-ER, and –IR)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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110
ENTREVISTA
Práctica con los verbos regulares y las palabras interrogativas
Take turns asking and answering each question. Each person asks and answers each question-don't skip. (The person who feels LESS comfortable in the activity should ask the question
FIRST.)
To get the most bang for your buck, answer in complete sentences. For example, if your partner
asks, ¿Cantas bien? You could say just, ¡No! or, you can answer ¡No! No canto bien.
Take brief notes as your partner answers. At the end, notice several things you have in common,
and each of you will report at least one thing back to the class. (Using the nosotros form of the
verb!)
1. ¿Por lo general, es difícil para ti llegar a tiempo (on time)? ¿Llegas a tiempo con
frecuencia o llegas tarde a veces (sometimes)?
2. ¿Debemos llegar a tiempo a clase y al trabajo, o no es muy importante?
3. ¿Cuántos días por semana estudias para preparar tus clases? ¿Crees que los
estudiantes de español deben estudiar todos los días o solamente dos o tres días por
semana? (Creo que...)
4. ¿Estudias por la mañana, por la tarde, o por la noche? ¿En qué clases aprendes
más?
5. ¿Cenas con tus amigos en un restaurante o en casa a veces? ¿Desayunas solo/a
(alone) o con otras personas? ¿Qué cereal comes por la mañana? ¿Qué bebes/tomas
por la mañana? ¿café? ¿té? ¿agua? ¿leche? ¿Red Bull?
6. ¿Visitas a tus padres o abuelos o primos con frecuencia? ¿Pasas mucho tiempo con
tus parientes? Cuando vas a la casa de un pariente, ¿llevas un plato (dish) para
compartir con la familia?
7. ¿Te gusta hablar de la política y la religión con tu familia y amigos o prefieres hablar
de temas (topics) más fáciles (easier)? ¿A veces discutes con tu familia por (because
of) la política?
8. ¿A qué hora regresas los viernes y los sábados por la noche?
9. ¿Dónde vives? (Vivo en...) ¿Con quien vives? o ¿vives solo/a?
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111
10. ¿Qué programas de televisión miras durante la semana? Cuando miras la tele,
¿estás normalmente en el sofá, en un sillón, o en la cama?
11. Te gusta pasear por tu barrio o en los parques en tu tiempo libre?
12. ¿Tocas un instrumento musical? ¿Cantas bien? ¿A veces bailas los fines de
semana (on the weekends)? ¿Con quién bailas?
13. ¿Trabajas o solo (only) estudias?
14. ¿Lees libros de ficción o solamente lees libros de texto últimamente (lately)?
15. ¿Te gusta comer en nuestra cafetería? Cuántos días comes en la cafetería de
CSCC?
16. ¿Escribes y recibes más emails o más mensajes de texto?
17. ¿Te gusta correr? ¿Corres a veces? ¿Cuándo corres?
18. Metes tu ropa (clothing) en una cómoda, o la dejas (do you leave it) en una cesta
(basket) en el piso? (Meto.... La dejo en....)
19. ¿Crees que fumar es una buena idea? ¿Fuma unos miembros de tu familia?
¿Fumas tú?
20. 25. En tu opinión, ¿debemos llamar a nuestras madres cada semana (each week)?
Te gusta hablar con tu mamá por teléfono?
21. ¿Debemos compartir nuestro dinero con la gente pobre del mundo (poor people of
the world)?
22. ¿Pasas demasiado (too much) tiempo delante de la computadora o al teléfono?
Debemos pasar menos tiempo delante de la computadora?
23. Te gusta hacer los quehaceres domésticos (chores)? ¿Quién hace los quehaceres
domésticos en tu casa? ¿Haces tu cama todos los días?
24. ¿Quién decide el menú en tu familia? ¿Comparten Uds. esa (that) responsabilidad,
o es la responsabilidad de una persona?
(Our thanks go out to Prof. Colleen Barney for sharing this activity with us!)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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112
USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS TO BE EMPHATIC
Up until now, we have basically used verb endings to tell who the subject of a verb is.
When we see the verb “hablo”, we know that the subject is “I” because the verb ends in “-o”. We
know that the subject of “hablas” is “you” because the verb ends in “-as” and we know that
“hablamos” means “we speak” because the verb ends in “-amos.”
There are, however, words in Spanish for “I”, “you”, “he”, “she”,“we”,“y’all”, and “they”.
These are called “subject pronouns.” Some of them you have already seen. They are:
yo
I
tú or usted*
you (informal) or you (formal)
él
he
ella
she
nosotros(-as)
we (masculine and feminine forms)
ustedes*
you (plural), “y’all”
ellos(-as)
they (masculine and feminine forms)
*Usted and ustedes are often abbreviated in writing as Ud. and Uds.
Most of the time the use of these pronouns is avoided. They are basically used:
1. For emphasis, especially when making comparisons:
Yo estoy casado pero él es soltero.
Tú cantas bien pero ella canta muy mal.
2. For clarification when the reference of the “-a” or “-an” or the “-e” or “-en”
endings is unclear.
Él no vive allí. Ella vive allí.
Ustedes hablan bien. Ellos hablan bien también.
Note that, without the inclusion of the subject pronouns, these sentences
would not make sense.
Make the following sentences more emphatic by providing the correct subject pronoun:
1. _______ toco la guitarra pero _______ tocas el violín.
2. _______ (they) escriben muy bien. _______ escribimos bien también.
3. _______ siempre llegas tarde. _______ (she) siempre llega temprano.
4. _______ (you guys) van todos los días a la universidad pero _______ tengo que
trabajar.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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113
QUESTION FORMATION IN SPANISH
1. "SÍ / NO" QUESTIONS:
These are questions that can simply be answered by "yes" or "no."
There are two options for forming this type of question:
a. The most common way is to preserve the same word order as in
a statement, adding written question marks or, in speaking, raising
the intonation at the end of the question:
Juan vive en Chicago..............................Juan lives in Chicago.
¿Juan vive en Chicago?..........................Does Juan live in Chicago?
b. Another option is to invert the order of the subject and the verb:
¿Vive Juan en Chicago?..........................Does Juan live in Chicago?
2. INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
For this type of question subject-verb inversion is obligatory. Follow the pattern
below:
Question word +Verb+Subject ...
¿Dónde
vive
Juan?
Where does Juan live?
QUESTION WORDS
¿Dónde?
Where?
¿Cuándo?
When?
¿Quién?
Who?
¿A quién?
Whom?
To whom?
¿Con quién
With whom?
¿De quién?
Whose?
¿Cómo?
How?
SOME COMMON ANSWERS
aquí
here
allí
there
en casa
at home
en la biblioteca
in the library
en la librería
in the bookstore
en un restaurante
in a restaurant
por la mañana
in the morning
por la tarde
in the afternoon
por la noche
at night
a mi padre
a mi madre
a mi amigo, -a
con mis padres
con mis amigos
de mi padre
de Carmen
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
(to) my father
(to) my mother
(to) my friend
with my parents
with my friends
114
¿Qué?*
¿Cuál?*
What?
Which + NOUN
Which + VERB
¿Por qué?
Why?
¿Cuánto, -a, -os,
-as?
How much?
How many?
¿Con qué frecuencia?
How often?
porque necesito
dinero.
porque me gusta.
porque me gustan.
because I need
money.
because I like (it).
because I like
(them).
todos los días
todas las noches
de vez en cuando
una vez a la semana
dos veces a la semana
(muy) a menudo
con frecuencia
casi nunca
nunca
every day
every evening
now and then
once a week
twice a week
(very) often
frequently
almost never
never
PRACTICE QUESTION WORDS ON QUIZLET.COM:
Question Words
______________________________________________________________________________
* QUÉ vs. CUÁL
Both qué and cuál can mean either what or which, but they are not interchangeable. Look
at the following table to study the differences:
To express...
What is/are...
(asking for a definition)
What is/are...
(all other cases)
What + any other verb
Which + any other verb
Which + noun
Use...
qué
cuál
qué
cuál
qué
Example:
¿Qué es esto? What is this?
¿Qué es paella? What is paella?
¿Cuál es tu apellido?
What is your last name?
¿Cuál es tu programa favorito?
What is your favorite program?
¿Qué deseas? What do you wish?
¿Cuál deseas? Which do you wish?
¿Qué libro deseas? Which book do you
wish?
More information about this topic can be found in the
PUNTOS DE PARTIDA textbook,
pp. 30 and 45.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
115
QUESTION FORMATION
In each question/answer pair below, first supply the needed question word. Then provide the
verb required for the answer.
1. ---¿ _________________ hermanas tienes?
--- ______________ tres.
2. --- ¿ _________________ comen Uds. en restaurantes?
--- __________________ en restaurantes solo de vez en cuando.
3. --- ¿ _________________ vives?
--- __________________ con mis padres y mi hermano.
4. --- ¿ _________________ cena Ud. normalmente?
--- __________________ normalmente a las cinco.
5. --- ¿ _________________ llamas cuando tienes un problema?
--- __________________ a mi amigo, Pablo.
6. --- ¿ _________________ desayunan Uds. tan temprano (= so early)?
--- __________________ muy temprano porque tenemos clase a las siete.
7. --- ¿ _________________ dinero (= money) llevas encima (= “do ya have on you”)?
--- __________________ solo un par de dólares.
8. --- ¿ _________________ cenas normalmente?
--- __________________ normalmente en casa.
9. --- ¿ _________________ enseña Ud. la clase de Español 3?
--- __________________ Español 3 solo una vez al año.
10. --- ¿ _________________ son Uds?
--- __________________ de Guatemala.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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116
Question Formation - SELF-CHECK 1
Form questions from the following statements, using the cued question words:
Student A:
Student B:
Juan estudia.
Where?
When?
How?
What?
Why?
How much?
¿Dónde estudia Juan?
¿Cuándo estudia Juan?
¿Cómo estudia Juan?
¿Qué estudia Juan?
¿Por qué estudia Juan?
¿Cuánto estudia Juan?
Yo escribo.
What?
How much?
Why?
When?
Where?
How often?
¿Qué escribes?
¿Cuánto escribes?
¿Por qué escribes?
¿Cuándo escribes?
¿Dónde escribes?
¿Con qué frecuencia escribes?
Question Formation - SELF-CHECK 2
This is like Jeopardy. You are given the answers. You must provide the original
question by substituting the underlined words with the appropriate question word.
For example: You are given: "He lives in Texas." You must ask the original question:
"Where does he live?"
Necesito un libro.
Elena trabaja en Kroger.
Nosotros estudiamos por la noche.
Trabajo aquí porque necesito el dinero.
Siempre estudian con sus amigos.
María lleva cuatro libros a clase.
Regresamos a casa a las nueve.
Yo como en casa todos los días.
Pedro habla con su padre.
El profesor de la clase es el Sr. Gómez.
Normalmente leo libros en la biblioteca.
No necesito este (= this) libro, necesito ése.
(= that)
Check your answers using QUIZLET.COM: Jeopardy – Question Words
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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117
FORMING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH
Ask another student the following questions in Spanish:
1. Where do you usually look for books?
2. Where do you buy books for (= para) your classes at CSCC?
3. Where do you normally eat dinner?
4. When do you eat dinner?
5. When do you usually study Spanish?
6. When do you eat breakfast?
7. When do you usually work?
8. Where do you usually watch T.V.?
9. When do you watch T.V.?
10. Who prepares the meals at your house?
11. Who decides when to eat in your house?
12. Whom do you call on the phone every day?
13. Who do you write to often?
14. Who do you usually study with?
15. Who teaches your [math] class (= clase de [matemáticas])?
16. How do you spend your free time?
17. Where does your father work?
18. What class does your professor teach?
19. Why do students need to study?
20. Why do you work?
21. How often do you eat?
22. How often does your professor teach his Spanish classes?
23. How many classes does (s)he teach?
Practice this exercise on
Quizlet.com:
http://quizlet.com/63469429/forming
-questions-in-spanish-flash-cards/
24. How often do you take walks?
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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118
JEOPARDY AGAIN!
Here are the answers. You provide the questions that must have been asked to get each
answer. The underlined word or phrase is what actually answers each question word. The
first on is done for you.
1. Meto (I put) el sofá en el salón.
¿Dónde metes el sofá?
2. Meto el sofá en el salón.
3. Visito a mi madre todos los días.
4. Visito a mi madre todos los días.
5. Necesito cinco libros.
6. Necesito cinco libros.
7. Estudio español con José.
8. Estudio español con José.
9. Mi hermano practica el piano en el salón todos los días a las tres.
10. Mi hermano practica el piano en el salón todos los días a las tres.
11. Mi hermano practica el piano en el salón todos los días a las tres.
12. Mi hermano practica el piano en el salón todos los días a las tres.
13. Mi hermano practica el piano en el salón todos los días a las tres.
Practice this exercise using Quizlet.com: JEOPARDY (2)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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119
INFINITIVES - WHEN DO I USE THEM?
Spanish infinitives, when translated into English, can be expressed in three ways:
1. As a single verb:
HABLAR = SPEAK
2. With the preposition, "to":
HABLAR = TO SPEAK
3. As a verb ending in -ING:
HABLAR = SPEAKING
In the discussion below, you will see examples of each of these translations.
Uses of the infinitive:
1. As a verbal noun (most often as the subject of a sentence):
COMER ES UN GRAN PLACER. - Eating is a great pleasure.
VER ES CREER. - Seeing is believing.
2. After generalization statements consisting of ES + ADJECTIVE:
ES IMPOSIBLE LLEGAR HOY. - It is impossible to arrive today.
ES BUENO PAGAR A TIEMPO. - It is good to pay on time.
3. Directly after a conjugated verb:
NECESITAMOS ESTUDIAR MÁS. - We need to study more.
DEBEMOS LEER EL LIBRO.
- We should read the book.
DESEAN COMER UN SÁNDWICH. - They wish to eat a sandwich.
4. Some verbs require a preposition or other particle between themselves
and the infinitive:
APRENDEN A ESCRIBIR.
- They are learning to write.
INSISTEN EN COMER ALLÍ. - They insist on eating there.
TIENES QUE ESTUDIAR MÁS. - You have to study more.
(These verbs and the required preposition must be memorized.)
5. As the object of a preposition:
ANTES DE LEER...
DESPUÉS DE LLEGAR...
PARA ESCRIBIR BIEN...
AL ENTRAR...
- Before reading...
- After arriving...
- In order to write well..
- Upon entering...
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120
Infinitive Complements - SELF-CHECK
¿Cómo se dice en español?
We need to eat.
They desire to rest.
She decides to
return.
Shouldn't I pay?
Do you wish to buy
the book?
It isn’t possible to
arrive today.
I have to study more.
They are learning to
write.
I insist on paying.
Before signing, he
should read the
paper well.
What do I need to
write?
Where should he
sign?
How do you wish to
pay, sir?
Who needs to drink
water (= agua)?
We decide to go in.
They have to work
more.
We are learning to
speak Spanish.
He insists on
returning.
After eating, I need
to take a nap.
I don’t like to drink
water (= agua)
before speaking in
public.
Correct your responses using Quizlet.com: Infinitive Complements
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121
APENDICES
Appendix 1:
Exercises for the SOUNDS OF SPANISH...............................p. 122
Appendix 2:
Basic Phrases for Getting to Know people................................p. 136
Appendix 3:
ENTREVISTAS VIDEOS..…………………………………...p. 145
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122
APPENDIX 1:
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE EXERCISES
I. VOWELS
a
pasa
papa
papá
mamá
mala
masa
mañana
manzana
patata
tasa
Panamá
Granada
caramba
hasta mañana
banana
casa blanca
acatarrada
ganas
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/135543267/sounds-of-spanish-the-vowel-a-flash-cards/
e
Pepe
pese
bebe
bebé
bese
breve
ese
este
tele
teme
tres
arepa
general
pera
pare
espera
señor
señora
legal
elefante
E.T.
lee
cree
creer
creen
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https://quizlet.com/135545026/sounds-of-spanish-the-vowel-e-flash-cards/?new
i
mi
ti
Ibiza
mina
Inés
minifalda
tímida
así así
diligente
riquísimo
piscina
jinete
Cecilia
historia
bicicleta
difícil
finísima
lindísima
Misisipi
Titicaca
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https://quizlet.com/135546185/sounds-of-spanish-the-vowel-i-flash-cards/?new
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123
o
yo
como
como no
cómodo
con
con carne
son
solo
sonoro
soplón
chocolate
roto
Roma
tonto
tanto
tonta
cosa
caso
color
calor
Teodoro
Toledo
taco
toca
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https://quizlet.com/135547144/sounds-of-spanish-the-vowel-o-flash-cards/?new
u
un
uno
usted
unión
universidad
unificar
único
utilizar
último
Uruguay
mucho
Cuba
busto
dúctil
fundamental
funeral
furioso
gusto
múltiple
pulso
público
puro
rústico
uso
suma
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/135547931/sounds-of-spanish-the-vowel-u-flash-cards/?new
*************************************************************
What characterizes Spanish vowels sounds is that they are always pure. English long vowel
sounds are all “diphthongs,” that is, they are actually two vowel sounds that glide together and
form one syllable. For example, the long “a” in the English word “ate” is actually the
combination of two vowel sounds. If you say it slowly you will here them: “eh”-“eet”. A
Spanish speaker, hearing an English speaker pronounce this word, would conjure up in his mind a
word spelled “eit” because he would hear both of these vowels. And in fact, we actually do have,
in English, a word that is pronounced exactly the same as “ate” but spelled with this diphthong:
“eight.” Likewise, when a Spanish speaker hears the English speaker say “no,” what he actually
hears is “no—ooh” and in his mind would spell it “nou.” That is because a long “o” in English is
actually two vowel sounds: “o-u.” To develop a really great accent in Spanish you need to
practice eliminating the second “glided” vowel and learn to keep your vowels short, crisp, and
pure. Listen to the difference between the pronunciation of the following pairs of English and
Spanish words. Can you note the difference in the vowel sounds?
ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS vs. Spanish vowels:
DAY………..de
SAY…………se
LAY………...le
SUE…………su
KNOW……..no
PAY…………pe
KNEE………ni
BAY…………ve
MAY……….me
KAY…………que
LOWES…….lo
DOSE……….dos
RACE………res
TRACE……...tres
MACE……...mes
COCOA……..coco
Listen to these on Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/135676277
/sounds-of-spanish-englishdiphthongs-vs-pure-spanishvowels-flash-cards/
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124
II. SPANISH DIPHTHONGS
ia
estudia
iglesia
media
liana
piano
Diana
ie
bien
viene
tiene
prefiero
pie
miedo
BUT…
día
melodía
fría
lía / liaron
BUT…
ríe / rieron
píe / pie
io
iu
sitio
curioso
dormitorio
nación
biología
miopía
ciudad
viuda
triunfal
diurno
diurético
BUT
frío / frió
río / rió
lío / lió
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/135686233/sounds-of-spanish-diphthongs-that-start-with-i-flash-cards/
ua
cuando
cual
Juan
cuatro
guapo
continua
/continúa
legua
tregua
ue
nueve
jueves
huevo
luego
rueda
muerto
duerme
huele
Huelva
ui
uo
Luis
cuidado
ruido
Ruiz
Suiza
suicidio
cuota
mutuo
continuo
/ continúo
residuo
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https://quizlet.com/135716151/sounds-of-spanish-diphthongs-that-start-with-u-flash-cards/
ei
The Spanish diphthong, “ei” sounds like the long “a” in English “pain” or “rain.” Note the difference between the sound of this diphthong and the simple vowel, “e” in the following word pairs:
COMPARE:
ei
seis
reino
deidad
peina
con pleito
veinte
e
seso
reno
dedal
pena
completo
vente
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat
what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/135754027/sounds-ofspanish-diphthong-ei-vs-vowel-e-flash-cards/
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125
ai (ay)
hay
mayo
fray
guay
Uruguay
caigo
Haití
paisano
oi (oy)
hoy
doy
voy
soy
traigo
Jamaica
ay ay ay
vaya
oigo
boina
vainilla
caimán
vais
sois
humanoide
Listen to the pronunciation of these
words and repeat what you hear
using the audio features of
Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/135781995/soun
ds-of-spanish-the-diphthongs-ai-oray-oi-or-oy-flash-cards/?new
III. CONSONANTS
ñ
niño
panameño
caña
dueño
leña
maño
/ mano
riña
seña
señor
mañana
cañón
España
otoño
reñir
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https://quizlet.com/135962086/sounds-of-spanish-the-consonant-n-flash-cards/?new
h
hola
Héctor
hora
habitación
hablar
hamburguesa
hemisferio
héroe
higiene
himno
Honduras
honor
humor
humano
hospital
hotel
helicóptero
horizontal
horrible
hispánico
hereditario
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https://quizlet.com/136347506/sounds-of-spanish-the-silent-consonant-h-flash-cards/?new
b/v
valor
vapor
varios
vegetariano
vehículo
baca
vaca
violencia
visita
vitamina
novela
cava
beber
vivir
nuevo
pavo
sabia
savia
abeja
oveja
La vaca va a beber.
Vamos a Venezuela en el verano.
Estéban va a la ventana.
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/136348262/the-sounds-of-spanish-the-twin-consonants-b-and-v-flash-cards/?new
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126
r
1. Flap
cara
pera
oreja
verano
hora
coro
coral
cero
febrero
padre
madre
marzo
brisa
crema
abre
frío
grasa
prosa
magro
toro
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https://quizlet.com/136349078/the-sounds-of-spanish-single-flapped-r-flash-cards/?new
2. Trilled
rosa
Ricardo
río
rancho
ropa
ruta
Rodríguez
revolución
resulta
resumen
racional
radio
rayos X
rosbif
honra
deshonra
Enrique
sonrisa
enriquecer
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https://quizlet.com/136350136/sounds-of-spanish-trilled-r-initial-and-after-n-flash-cards/?new
rr
COMPARE:
coro
corro
coral
corral
pero
perro
vara
barra
ahora
ahorra
caro
carro
cero
cerro
para
parra
Erre con erre, cigarro.
Erre con erre, barril.
Rápido corren los carros,
Los carros del ferrocarril.
Rápido corre el burro.
Rápido corre el perro.
Pero el perro no corre,
Y el burro no corre,
No corren como el zorro.
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/136351025/sounds-of-spanish-flapped-r-vs-trilled-rr-in-the-middle-of-a-wordflash-cards/
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127
l
English
mill
dell
tall
mall
drill
sole
Saul
tool
Spanish
mil
del
tal
mal
dril
sol
sal
tul
English
Spanish
all
al
ell
el
coal
col
capital
capital
hotel
hotel
fossil
fósil
Elvis
Elvis
facile
fácil
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/136354609/sounds-of-spanish-l-at-the-end-of-a-syllable-english-vs-spanish-flashcards/
polo
palo
Alberto
álgebra
aleluya
álamo
alarma
albino
alma
alpaca
alpino
alto
alternativa
el
frutal
rural
corral
chaparral
gel
panel
coronel
túnel
raíl
ágil
ángel
hotel
eternal
col
alcohol
frijol
sol
sal
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https://quizlet.com/136355986/sounds-of-spanish-the-consonant-l-flash-cards/?new
ll
Compare:
lave
lama
loro
polo
vela
llave
llama
lloro
pollo
bella
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https://quizlet.com/136366229/sounds-of-spanish-the-consonant-l-vs-the-consonant-ll-flash-cards/
callo
camello
llamo
rollo
silla
Medellín
amarillo
llorar
mullido
Castilla
follaje
ella
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https://quizlet.com/136366909/sounds-of-spanish-the-consonant-ll-flash-cards/?new
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128
d
"Hard" d:
diez
dos
doctor
donde
cuando
dindón
"Soft" d:
adiós
cada
todo
cuadro
Madrid
verdad
usted
caldo
sueldo
tilde
toldo
vendo
Combined:
adonde
David
dos y diez
Dios / adiós
anda / ada
mundo / mudo
donde / adonde
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https://quizlet.com/136465019/sounds-of-spanish-hard-d-vs-soft-d-flash-cards/?new
s (also "z" in Latin America and southern Spain)
rosa
casa
azul
presidente
mesa
lápiz
posesión
cebra
actriz
visita
Zaragoza
Brasil
razón
zapato
museo
zona
zorro
presente
zulú
zoo
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https://quizlet.com/136467807/sounds-of-spanish-the-consonants-s-and-z-flash-cards/?new
c + e, i OR z (Latin America)
LATIN AMERICA
centro
docena
cereza
trece
cinco
zapato
lápiz
fácil
ciencia
These terms are included in the Quizlet set for the letters “s” and “z” above, since the sound is the same. In Spain this
“c” sounds like the “th” in “thing.”
g + a, o, u, ua, consonant
ganso
González
gato
gorrión
gallo
góndola
garbanzo
goma
gusano
gusto
guapo
Guatemala
globo
grasa
El Greco
glándula
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https://quizlet.com/136475379/sounds-of-spanish-the-hard-g-flash-cards/?new
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129
g + e, i
gente
Gerardo
general
ginecológico
refrigerador
gitano
colegio
mágico
contagio
gimnasio
gelatina
géiser
Jorge
genealogía
Génesis
geometría
gigante
genérico
genial
álgebra
gen
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https://quizlet.com/136479894/sounds-of-spanish-the-soft-g-flash-cards/?new
gue, gui
Miguel
guerrilla
guitarra
Guillermo
pague
llegue
guillotina
guía
sigue
guisado
BUT:
mengüe
pingüino
Frágüel Rock
averigüe
güiro
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https://quizlet.com/136481004/sounds-of-spanish-gue-gui-gue-gui-flash-cards/
j
jefe
Jerónimo
José
Méjico (México)
Tejas (Texas)
jirafa
jovial
jersey
justicia
japonés
prefijo
esponja
salvaje
pasaje
elijo
ajo
consejo
lujoso
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https://quizlet.com/136484076/sounds-of-spanish-the-consonant-j-flash-cards/?new
qu
queso
pequeño
paquete
porque
parque
que
Raquel
aquí
quince
equis
Enrique
chiquito
Quique
Quito
quinquenal
La casa de Quique es pequeña.
Chiquita come queso, pan y mantequilla.
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https://quizlet.com/136485182/sounds-of-spanish-que-qui-flash-cards/?new
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130
p, t, c [k]
ENGLISH
pair
paper
Peru
poor
plan
pay
pass
papa
peak
pastel
SPANISH
perro
papel
Perú
por
plan
pelo
paso
papá
pico
pastel
ENGLISH
too
toad
tardy
telephone
tea
temple
text
tiger
tone
tomato
SPANISH
tú
toda
tarde
teléfono
ti
templo
texto
tigre
tono
tomate
ENGLISH
cone
calm
Kay
key
color
cat
comma
cuckoo
case
coach
SPANISH
con
calma
que
quince
color
catorce
coma
cucú
queso
coche
Listen to the pronunciation of these words and repeat what you hear using the audio features of Quizlet.com:
https://quizlet.com/136486299/sounds-of-spanish-english-p-t-k-vs-spanish-p-t-k-flash-cards/
**********************************************************************
SUMMARY QUESTIONS
A. What is the approximate English equivalent of:
ñ
gue
qu
i
ll
ua
v
ai
d between
z (Latin
vowels
America)
B. What is the difference between:
1. r at the beginning of a word and r in the middle?
2. Spanish p and English p?
3. j and g (before e, i)?
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131
WHEN DO YOU PUT AN ACCENT MARK ON A SPANISH WORD?
HOW DO YOU KNOW WHICH SYLLABLE TO STRESS?
Definitions:
a. STRESS - Every word that is more than one syllable long has
one syllable which is “stressed,” that is, spoken with
more force than the other syllables.
b. ACCENT (MARK) - Some words in Spanish use a written
accent mark (á) to point out which syllable is
stressed.
Rules:
a. STRESS RULES
1. If the word ends in...
...a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)
...the letter “n”
...the letter “s”
...then you STRESS the NEXT-TO-THE-LAST syllable
Think of the way you stress the conjugated forms of a
verb:
traBAjo
(ends in a vowel)
traBAjas
(ends in “s”)
traBAja
(ends in “a”)
trabaJAmos
(ends in “s”)
traBAjan
(ends in “n”)
2. If the word ends in any other consonant, STRESS the
LAST syllable
seÑOR
reLOJ
faculTAD
escuCHAR
verDAD
papEL
estudianTIL
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132
b. ACCENT RULES
1. The main reason for placing an accent on a word is to
show that the word DOES NOT FOLLOW THE STRESS
RULES:
franCÉS - This word ends in “-s” and should follow
Stress Rule #1, but it doesn’t.
LÁpiz - This word ends in a consonant (not “n” or
“s”) and so should follow Stress Rule #2, but
it doesn’t.
mateMÁticas - This word is stressed, not on the nextto-the-last syllable (rule 1) and not on
the last syllable (rule 2), but on the
third syllable back. So it breaks both
rules.
Since all of the above words break one or both of the
rules, an accent mark must be placed over the vowel
of the stressed syllable.
2. A second use of accent marks is to break up a diphthong.
A diphthong is a combination of a “weak vowel” (“i” or
“u”) with a “strong vowel” (“a,” “e,” “o”). Normally the
two vowels blend together to form one syllable. But
sometimes they don’t. In those cases, and accent is
written over the “weak” vowel (“í” or “u”) to show
that it is to be treated as a “strong” vowel.
Compare: Ma-rio/
Ma-RÍ-a
con-ti-nuo /
con-ti-NÚ-o
For this reason there is a written accent on some of the
common words you have studied:
buenos días
biología
3. The third reason for putting a accent mark on a word,
is to distinguish it from another word which is spelled
the same way:
de
dé
(of, from)
(give)
te
té
(you [direct object])
(tea)
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133
si
sí
(if)
(yes)
For this reason all question words bear an
accent mark:
que
(that)
¿qué?
(what?)
quien
¿quién?
(who [relative pronoun])
(who?)
como
¿cómo?
(like, as)
(how?)
PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
WAVING FLAG – David Bisbal
En las calles muchas manos
levantadas, celebrando
una fiesta sin descanso
los paises como hermanos
Canta y une tu voz
grita fuerte que te escuche el sol
el partido ya va a comenzar
todos juntos vamos a ganar
Unidos!
Seremos grandes,
seremos fuertes
somos un pueblo
bandera de libertad
que viene y que va
que viene y que va
que viene y que...
Danos vida
danos fuego
que nos lleve a lo alto
campeones o vencidos
pero unidos a intentarlo...
FIFA World Cup 2010 Official Video - Waving Flag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPp1pMcKGrA
Listen to the song with lyrics and English translation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM__Mu-gKVE
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134
Wanderer, there is no path
Caminante no hay camino
Poem by Antonio Machado. Sung by Joan Manuel Serrat
Todo pasa y todo queda
pero lo nuestro es pasar,
pasar haciendo caminos,
caminos sobre la mar.
Nunca perseguí la gloria,
ni dejar en la memoria
de los hombres mi canción;
yo amo los mundos sutiles,
ingrávidos y gentiles
como pompas de jabón.
Listen to this
song on
Youtube:
https://www.y
outube.com/w
atch?v=2DA3
pRht2MA
Everything goes and everything stays
but our fate is to pass
to pass making a path as we go,
paths over the sea,
I never pursued glory,
or to leave on the memory
of the men,this my song:
I love the subtle worlds,
weightless and gentle
like soap bubbles.
Me gusta verlos pintarse de sol y grana,
volar bajo el cielo azul,
temblar súbitamente y quebrarse...
Nunca perseguí la gloria.
I like to see them paint themselves on sun and
crimson, fly under a blue sky
shudder suddenly, and break...
I never pursued glory.
Caminante son tus huellas el camino y nada más;
caminante, no hay camino se hace camino al andar.
Traveler , your footprints are the path, and nothing
else. Traveler, there is no path. A path is made by
walking.
Al andar se hace camino
y al volver la vista atrás
se ve la senda que nunca
se ha de volver a pisar.
Caminante no hay camino sino estelas en la mar...
Hace algún tiempo en ese lugar
donde hoy los bosques se visten de espinos
se oyó la voz de un poeta gritar
Caminante no hay camino, se hace camino al andar...
Golpe a golpe, verso a verso...
Murió el poeta lejos del hogar
le cubre el polvo de un país vecino.
Al alejarse, le vieron llorar.
"Caminante, no hay camino, se hace camino al
andar..."
Golpe a golpe, verso a verso...
Cuando el jilguero no puede cantar
cuando el poeta es un peregrino,
cuando de nada nos sirve rezar.
Caminante no hay camino, se hace camino al andar.
Golpe a golpe, verso a verso. (3 bises)
A path is made by walking,
and in looking back one sees
the trodden road that never
will be set foot on again.
Traveler, there is no path, but wakes on the sea...
Some time ago on that place
where today the woods dress in brambles
the voice of a poet was heard shouting
¨Traveler, there is no path. A path is made by
walking".
Blow by blow, verse by verse...
The poet died far from home
and is covered by the dust of a neighboring country.
As he went away, he could be heard crying,
"Traveler, there is no path. A path is made by
walking".
Blow by blow, verse by verse...
When the robin can no longer sing,
when the poet is a pilgrim,
when praying is no more of use.
Traveler, there is no path. A path is made by
walking.
Blow by blow, verse by verse (Bis, x3)
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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135
DANCING IN THE RAIN
Ruth Lorenzo, Eurovisión 2014
Luz, yo quiero ver luz
Poder pintar de color un nuevo amanecer
Vivir, amar,
Sentir y saber que
Hoy, puede que no salga el sol
Aunque llueva
Tú y yo sabremos bailar
Nadie nos puede parar
(ENGLISH VERSES)
Deja caer
Deja la lluvia caer
The rain, the rain, the rain
Deja caer
Deja la lluvia caer
The rain, the rain, the rain
The Rain, the rain
Dancing
Dancing
Dancing
Dancing
Deja caer
Deja la lluvia caer
Aunque llueva y nos mojemos
No pararemos de bailar
Keep on dancing in the rain
The rain, the rain
Watch the music video on Youtube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKqgpef2NxI
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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136
APPENDIX 2: BASIC PHRASES FOR GETTING TO KNOW
PEOPLE IN SPANISH
GREETINGS:
Hola..............................................Hello
Buenos días..................................Good morning
Buenas tardes..............................Good afternoon
Buenas noches.............................Good night
Hola, buenas................................Hi (any time of
day)
Note that literally you
say "good days, good
afternoons, good nights."
Note also the endings on
the words.
GETTING PERSONAL INFORMATION:
FORMAL RELATIONSHIP:
INFORMAL RELATIONSHIP:
How are you?
What's up?
¿Cómo estás?
¿QuéWtal?
¿Cómo te llamas?
¿Y tú?
¿Cuál es tu apellido?
¿Cómo se escribe tu apellido?
What's your name?
(How do you call yourself?)
And you?
What is your last
name?
How do you spell
your last name?
¿Cómo está?
----¿Cómo se llama?
¿Y usted? (¿Y Ud.?)
¿Cuál es su apellido?
¿Cómo se escribe su apellido?
ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS
Muy bien,
Very well,
Me llamo...
My name is....
gracias
thanks.
(I call myself...)
Más o menos.
More or less.
Mi apellido es... My last name
is...
Regular
Okay. (So so.)
Se escribe...
It is spelled...
Muy mal.
Very poorly.
No muy bien.
Not very well.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
See the Spanish
alphabet on next
page.
137
EL ALFABETO EN EN ESPAÑOL
Letter
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
ñ
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
Name
a
be de burro
ce
de
e
efe
ge
hache
i
jota
ka
ele
eme
ene
eñe
o
pe
cu
erre
ese
te
u
be de vaca (uve in
Spain)
doble be (uve doble or
doble uve in Spain)
equis
i griega (ye in some
countries)
zeta
Practice the phrases you have
been learning on Quizlet.com:
Informal Greetings
¿Cómo se escribe?
Note:
Until recently, there were two other letters
in ths Spanish alphabet: 11 (pronounced
“elle”) and ch (called “che”).
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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138
INTRODUCTIONS:
FORMAL
INFORMAL
Te presento a (mi
amigo).
Let me introduce (my
friend) to you.
Le presento a (mi amigo).
RESPONSES
Mucho gusto.................................It's a pleasure
Encantado.................................Delighted to meet you.
(Said by a man)
Encantada.................................Delighted to meet you.
(Said by a woman)
Igualmente.................................Likewise
TAKING LEAVE:
Bueno, tengo que ir [a clase]. Mucho gusto (shaking hands).
Well, I have to go [to class]. It's been a pleasure.
Bueno, tengo una clase ahora. Encantado, ¿eh? (shaking hands).
Well, I have a class now. It's been great meeting you.
Nos vemos................................................See ya!
Hasta mañana..........................................See you tomorrow.
Hasta luego...............................................See you later.
Hasta pronto.............................................See you soon.
Hasta la próxima......................................Until the next time
Adiós..........................................................Good-bye
Chao...........................................................Good-bye (informal, Latin America)
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139
POLITE EXPRESSIONS:
señor (Sr.).........................................................................Mr., sir
señora (Sra.).....................................................................Mrs., madame
señorita (Srta.)..................................................................Miss
gracias................................................................................thank you
muchas gracias..................................................................thank you very much
de nada...............................................................................you're welcome
no hay de qué.....................................................................you're welcome
por favor...........................please; excuse me (to get someone's attention)
perdón...............................excuse me (to ask forgiveness or get someone's attention)
con permiso......................excuse me (to ask permission to pass through a
group of people)
Practice the phrases you have been
learning on Quizlet.com:
Informal Introductions
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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140
FINDING OUT WHERE SOMEONE IS FROM:
INFORMAL
FORMAL
¿De dónde eres?
¿Eres (norteamericano/a)?
¿Cuánto tiempo llevas en
los Estados Unidos?
¿Dónde vives?
¿Te gusta vivir aquí?
Where are you from?
Are you American?
¿De dónde es?
¿Es (norteamericano/a)?
How long have you been
in the U.S.? (Literally:
¿Cuánto tiempo lleva en
los Estados Unidos?
How much time are you carrying in
the United States?)
Where do you live?
Do you like living here?
(Literally: To you is it pleasing
to live here?)
¿Dónde vive?
¿Le gusta vivir aquí?
Soy de [Estados Unidos].
Sí, soy [norteamericano].
I am from [the United States].
Yes, I am [American].
Llevo [dos años] aquí.
tres meses
una semana
cuatro días
I have been here for [two years].
three months.
one week
four days
Vivo en [Columbus].
Vivo en la calle [Northridge].
Vivo en la avenida [Maple].
I live in [Columbus].
I live on [Northridge] Street.
I live on [Maple] Avenue.
Sí, me gusta vivir aquí.
No, no me gusta vivir aquí.
Yes, I like living here.
No, I don't like living here.
Practice the phrases you have been
learning on Quizlet.com:
Where are you from?
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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141
Places:
Estados Unidos
Inglaterra
Francia
Irlanda
Escocia
Alemania
Italia
Suecia
Grecia
África
Egipto
Somalia
Rusia
Polonia
China
Japón
India
Canadá
Nationalities:
United States
England
France
Ireland
Scotland
Germany
Italy
Sweden
Greece
Africa
Egypt
Somalia
Russia
Poland
China
Japan
India
Canada
norteamericano, -a
inglés, inglesa
francés, francesa
irlandés, irlandesa
escocés, escocesa
alemán, alemana
italiano, -a
sueco, -a
griego, -a
africano, -a
egipcio, -a
somalí
ruso, -a
polaco, -a
chino, -a
japonés, japonesa
hindú
canadiense
American
English
French
Irish
Scottish
German
Italian
Swedish
Greek
African
Egyptian
Somalian
Russian
Polish
Chinese
Japanese
Indian
Canadian
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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142
Completion.
Fill the blanks in the following dialogs with the appropriate word(s).
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Hola, ________ días. Me llamo Juan Valdés, ¿ __ tú?
Me llamo Julio Iglesias.
_______ gusto, Julio.
_________, Juan.
¿ ____ dónde _____ , Julio?
___________ _____ España, ¿y ______?
___________ _____ Colombia.
¿Cuánto ____________ _____________ en los Estados Unidos?
_____________ dos años ___________.
¿ _______________ vives?
_____________ en Columbus, en la _______________ Broad.
¿ ______ gusta _____________ aquí?
Sí, _____ ______________ vivir aquí, aunque (although) el café que
sirven aquí es horrible.
Bueno, _____________ una reunión (meeting) ahora con mi agente.
_________________________, Juan.
Sí, sí, mucho _______________, Julio.
_________________.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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143
SCHOOL AND WORK
FORMAL
INFORMAL
¿Cuántas clases tienes
este semestre?
¿Cuál es tu clase favorita?
¿Cómo se llama el
profesor (la profesora)?
How many classes do
you have this semester?
What is your favorite
class?
What is the teacher's
name?
¿Cuántas clases tiene
este semestre?
¿Cuál es su clase favorita?
¿Cómo se llama el
profesor (la profesora)?
Do you work?
¿Trabaja?
¿Trabajas?
Where do you work?
¿Dónde trabajas?
¿Te gusta trabajar allí?
Do you like working
there?
¿Dónde trabaja?
¿Le gusta trabajar allí?
Tengo [tres] clases este semestre.
I have [three] classes this semester.
Mi clase favorita es [matemáticas].
My favorite class is [math].
Mi profesor se llama [Sr. García].
My teacher's name is [Mr. García].
Sí, trabajo.
No, no trabajo.
Yes, I do work.
No, I don't work.
Trabajo en [McDonalds].
I work at [McDonalds].
Trabajo para [Nationwide].
I work for [Nationwide].
Soy [profesor].
I am [a teacher].
Sí, me gusta [mucho].
No, no me gusta trabajar allí.
Yes, I like working there [a lot].
No, I don't working there.
Practice the phrases you have been
learning on Quizlet.com:
Talking About School and Work
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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144
Clases:
matemáticas
álgebra
geometría
trigonometría
cálculo
inglés
retórica
literatura
historia
geografía
sicología
sociología
biología
química
física
ciencias (políticas, naturales)
filosofía
arte
música
math
algebra
geometry
trigonometry
calculus
English
speech
literature
history, civilization
geography
psychology
sociology
biology
chemistry
physics
(political, natural) science
philosophy
art
music
A. Completion.
Fill the blanks in the following dialogs with the appropriate word(s).
1
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
¿ _____________ clases ____________ _____ trimestre?
_______________ tres: matemáticas, química e inglés.
¿Cómo ___ llama tu profesor de inglés.
___ ___________ Sr. Williams.
¿ ____________ es ___ clase favorita?
_____________________ porque me ______________ la profesora.
¿Trabajas?
Sí, ___________ _______ Lazarus.
¿Cuánto tiempo _______________ allí?
Llevo ______________ trabajando (working) en Lazarus.
¿Te _________________ trabajar en Lazarus?
Sí, ______ gusta mucho.
B. Interview another student and find out (1) how many classes he/she has;
(2) what classes; (3) names of teachers for each class; (4) if he/she likes
each class; (4) what his/her favorite class is; (5) if he/she works and where;
(6) if he/she likes his/her job.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
145
APPENDIX 3:
ENTREVISTAS VIDEO EXERCISES
SPANISH 1101 UNITS 1-2:
Videos 1-6
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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146
SPANISH 1101 VIDEO 1: CRISTINA SE PRESENTA
A. Listen to Cristina’s introduction and fill in the missing words, using the list below.
Some may be used more than once.
estoy
años
vivo
me
de
se
llamo
en
llama
es
año
soy
---¿Cómo te llamas?
___ _____________ Cristina.
---¿Estás casada1 o soltera2?
_______ casada desde hace3 seis años.
---¿De dónde eres?
________ ____ Madrid…y eso4 ___ la capital de España.
---¿Dónde vives aquí en Estados Unidos?
__________ ___ Hilliard, en el oeste5 ___ Columbus.
---¿Con quién vives?
[Vivo] con mi marido6 que ___ _________ Richard. Y con dos niños7 que
tengo8: un niño y una niña.
---¿Cómo se llaman tus hijos?
El niño ___ _________ Miles y tiene seis años9. Y mi hija ___ ___________
Olivia y tiene dos ________.
1
estar casado/a = to be married
soltero/a = single
3
desde hace = for [a period of time, to tell how long you have been…]
4
eso = that
5
oeste = west ( the other cardinal points on the compass are: el norte, el este y el sur)
6
marido = husband
7
niños, niño, niña = little children, little boy, little girl
8
tengo = I have
9
tiene [ x ] años = is [ x ] years old
2
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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147
---¿Cuánto tiempo llevas10 en Columbus?
En Columbus [llevo] un _________.
---¿Y en Estados Unidos11?
En los Estados Unidos ya [llevo] casi12 seis _______.
B. ¿Y TÚ?
Now use some of the questions that were asked of Cristina to get information about
another student in the class whom you do not know yet. Write down his/her replies.
---¿Cómo te llamas?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Estás casado/casada o soltero/soltera?
_________________________________________________________
---¿De dónde eres?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Dónde vives?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Con quién vives?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Cuánto tiempo llevas en Columbus?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Y en Columbus State?
_________________________________________________________
Now interview a second student…
10
¿Cuánto tiempo llevas en…? – Literally, this means: “How much time are you
carrying in…?” This is how you ask how long someone has been at some place.
The answer is “Llevo [un día, dos años, etc.] en…” (“I am carrying [one day, two years,
etc.] at…”)
11
Estados Unidos = the United States
12
casi = almost
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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148
Now interview a second student:
---¿Cómo te llamas?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Estás casado/casada o soltero/soltera?
_________________________________________________________
---¿De dónde eres?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Dónde vives?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Con quién vives?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Cuánto tiempo llevas en Columbus?
_________________________________________________________
---¿Y en Columbus State?
_________________________________________________________
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
149
SPANISH 1101 VIDEO 2 (GL-01) -GIOVANNA SE PRESENTA
PRELIMINARY NOTES ABOUT TWO COMMON TIME EXPRESSIONS:
1. A common way to express how long you or someone else has been doing
something is with the verb, “LLEVAR,” followed by a time expression and then
by a present participle (-ando, -iendo).
LLEVAR + TIME EXPRESSION + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Llevo
dos años
trabajando en Meijer.
(I have been working in Meijer for two years.)
Marta lleva
dos semanas
pintando su casa.
(Marta has been painting her house for two weeks.)
Llevamos
solo tres meses
viviendo en esta casa.
(We have been living in thishouse for only three months.)
2. Another common way to express this is with “HACE….QUE.”
HACE + TIME EXPRESSION + QUE +
CONJUGATED VERB
Hace
dos años
que
trabajo en Meijer.
(I have been working in Meijer for two years.)
Hace
dos semanas
que
está pintando su casa.
(Marta has been painting her house for two weeks.)
Hace
solo tres meses
que
vivimos en esta casa.
(We have been living in this house for only three months.)
In today’s video, you will encounter both of these expressions…
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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150
A. FILL-IN=THE BLANK
As you watch this video, listen for the missing words and fill them in.
---¿Cuántos años tienes?
Tengo __________________ años.
---¿De dónde eres?
Soy de __________________, Sudamérica.
---¿Y de qué ciudad eres en Perú?
Soy de la ciudad de __________________, capital de Perú.
---¿Cuánto tiempo llevas aquí en los Estados Unidos?
El próximo mes13, en __________________, voy a14 __________________ un
año.
---¿Entonces, en qué año llegaste15 aquí?
__________________ en el año __________________.
---¿Cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo en Columbus?
Once meses. Llevo viviendo __________________ [aquí].
---¿Por qué decidiste16 venir aquí?
En principio17 fue para __________________ a mi hermana que, hace muchos
años no nos veíamos18. Mi hermana __________________ aquí en la
Universidad de Ohio State. Y luego me animé19 a __________________
también. Postulé20. Y ahora estoy __________________ en Columbus State.
13
el próximo mes = next month
voy a… = I am going to…
15
llegaste = did you arrive
16
decidiste = did you decide
17
en prinicipio = at first
18
no nos veíamos = we hadn’t seen each other.
19
me animé = I got up the courage
20
Postulé = I applied
14
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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151
B. PREGUNTAS PERSONALES
Decide how you would answer the following questions. Then go around the room
and ask these to three other students. Write down their names and responses.
1. ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo en Columbus (o el lugar donde vives ahora)?
a.
b.
c.
2. ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas estudiando en Columbus State?
a.
b.
c.
3. ¿Cuántos años vas a cumplir en el día de tu próximo cumpleaños?
a.
b.
c.
4. ¿Vives con tus padres? Si no, ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no vives con tus padres?
a.
b.
c.
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
152
SPANISH 1101 VIDEO 3 (CR-02) - CRISTINA HABLA DE LA FAMILIA
A. Listen to Cristina’s description of her family and fill in the missing words, using the list below.
PRIMERA PARTE:
somos
25
padres
viven
pequeña
de menos
se llama
hermanos
llamamos
tengo
grande
hermana
43
apodo
hermanas
---¿Echas de menos21 a22 tu familia en España? (¿Extrañas23 a tu familia en España?)
Sí, mucho… ¡mucho ______________!
---Describe a tu familia.
Pues…______________…. ______________siete en total. Mi… Tengo dos
______________y cuatro ______________y mis ______________ y todos
______________en España. Y…mi ______________, la más mayor, tiene
______________, y la más ______________, ______________. O sea que24,
todavía25 hay, hay…es una escala26 muy ______________de edades27.
---¿Y cómo se llaman tus hermanos?
Pues28, la mayor…empezando por29 la más mayor… ______________Isabel. Pero en
casa la ______________ Maribel (< María Isabel). Es un ______________30. Y
Anamari (< Ana María), Marielena (< María Elena), Tomás, Cristina---que soy yo31---,
Javier y Nuria María.
21
echas de menos = do you miss?
a – Here this word means nothing in English. But in Spanish it marks the next
word as the direct object of the sentence. It is called the “personal a” because
it always is placed before a direct object that refers to a person or people.
23
extrañas = do you miss? (This verb is more common in Latin America.)
24
o sea que = “in other words”; “let’s just say that”
25
todavía = still
26
escala = range
27
edades = ages
28
Pues = Well…
29
empezando por = starting with
30
apodo = nickname
31
que soy yo = that’s me
22
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
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153
SEGUNDA PARTE:
madre
Por parte de
doce
ninguno
padre
primos
vive
siete
trece
tíos
---¿Y tus abuelos viven?
No, no ______________ninguno32. Y no los conocí33 a ______________. Murieron34
antes de que yo naciera35.
---¿Cuántos primos y tíos tienes?
Por parte de36 mi ______________, tengo dos ______________y solamente tres
______________. ______________mi ______________, ya no me queda ninguno37.
Mi padre…de ______________hermanos…es el único38 que queda ya39. No tengo…
Y tengo por parte de mi padre…quizás40 hay como41 ______________o
______________ primos.
¡Todavía nacen más!42 O sea…ya he perdido la cuenta.43
32
no vive ninguno = none of them are living
no los conocí a ninguno = I never met any of them
34
murieron = they died
35
antes de que yo naciera = before I was born
36
por parte de = on (my mother’s) side
37
ya no me queda ninguno = I no longer have any left
38
el único = the only one
39
que queda ya = who is still around
40
quizás = maybe, perhaps
41
como= like; around
42
Todavía nacen más = More are still being born
43
O sea…la cuenta. = In other words, I have now lost count.
33
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154
TERCERA PARTE:
lee
escribir
blanco
leer
tiene
hombre
pelo
bueno
escribe
Estados Unidos
inteligente
setenta y cinco
está
bien
años
---¿Cómo es tu padre? ¿Puedes44 describirlo?
Eh…tiene ______________ años. Y…no ______________muy bien de salud45 en los
últimos46 ______________. Está bastante lento47. Se mueve48 muy, muy despacio49. Y…es
bajito50 y ya51 ______________el ______________ ______________y mucha barba52. Se
parece53, quizá, a un Santa Claus de aquí, de ______________. Pero, es muy ______________.
Ahora, como54 no está ______________, pues…ya casi55 no ______________, no
______________, pero ha sido56 un ______________ que…siempre le ha gustado57 mucho
______________y ______________. Ha sido58 muy, muy ______________en los
negocios59. Muy…muy inteligente.
44
puedes – can you
muy bien de salud = in very good health
46
últimos = last (few)
47
bastante lento = quite slow
48
se mueve = he moves around
49
despacio = slowly
50
bajito = muy bajo
51
ya = now; already
52
barba = beard
53
se parece a = he resembles, looks like
54
como = as, since
55
casi = almost, hardly
56
ha sido = he has been
57
siempre le ha gustado = he has always liked to
58
ha sido = he has been
59
negocios = business
45
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155
SPANISH 1101 VIDEO 4 (CR-16) - CRISTINA DESCRIBE SU CASA
EN HILLIARD
A. Listen to what Cristina says about her apartment in Hilliard and see if you can
fill in the missing
words.
---Por favor, ¿podrías60 describir el apartamento donde vives aquí?
Aquí, también, vivimos ahora en un _______________, eh, que tiene tres
_______________, un _______________, la mitad61 está acondicionado para
_______________, y la otra _______________es una _______________para la
_______________y la _______________ y trastos62. Y, luego la planta63
_______________tiene una _______________, un…un _______________
chiquitín64, y un _______________de estar o _______________, y en la parte
de arriba65 hay dos _______________ grandes con dos _______________ de
_______________completos. Y, tenemos en la _______________de
_______________, un _______________ pequeñito. Y es una vivienda66
temporal para nosotros.
B. ¿Y TÚ?
¿Cómo es la casa o el apartamento donde tú vives? ¿Es similar al apartamento
de Cristina o diferente?
60
podrías = could you
la mitad = one half
62
trastos = junk, “storage”
63
planta = piso
64
chiquitín = muy pequeño
65
la parte de arriba = the upper part, the “upstairs”
66
vivienda = dwelling, housing
61
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156
SPANISH 1101 VIDEO 5 (CR-17):
CRISTINA HABLA SOBRE DIFERENCIAS ENTRE LAS CASAS DE ESPAÑA Y ESTADOS
UNIDOS.
A. Listen to what Cristina says about differences between houses or apartments in Spain and
the U.S. and see if you can fill in the missing words, using the list below.
difícil
encima
grande
ir
capital
jardín
diferencia
vivo
casi
pequeñas
fácil
vivir
debajo
posible
casa
hay
el vecino
zona
apartamentos
aquí
gente
enfrente
España
ver
tienes
---¿Qué diferencias notas entre las casas o apartamentos aquí y los de España?
Bueno, _______________ la gente67 tiende a68 _______________ en las afueras69.
Entonces, como el país70 es tan _______________, _______________ tanto espacio71,
todo el mundo72, generalmente _______________ la mayoría73 de la gente, eh, poseen
su propia74 _______________ con su _______________. En _______________, no
es _______________. Es muy, es muy caro75, es muy _______________ tener un
terreno76 tan77 grande como el que _______________ aquí. Por lo menos78 en la
_______________ donde yo _______________, en la _______________, en Madrid,
quizás79 en otras zonas de España es más _____________, pero generalmente las
casas son más _______________ porque son _______________.
67
la gente = people
tiende a = tend to
69
las afueras = the outskirts, suburbs
70
país = country, nation
71
tanto espacio = so much space
72
todo el mundo = everyone
73
la mayoría de = most; the majority of
74
propio/a = own
75
caro = expensive
76
terreno = piece of land; lot
77
tan = as
78
por lo menos = at least
79
quizás = perhaps
68
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
157
difícil
encima
grande
ir
capital
jardín
diferencia
vivo
casi
pequeñas
fácil
vivir
debajo
posible
casa
hay
el vecino
zona
apartamentos
aquí
gente
enfrente
España
ver
tienes
Y tienes vecinos80. Hay _______________ que vive _______________ de ti81,
_______________ de ti, y, y, al… _______________. En Estados Unidos, es tu casa y
vives… tu familia. Y _______________, pues, tienes que82 cruzar83 la calle84 para
_______________ a _______________ al vecino. Es una gran _______________.
B. ¿Y TÚ?
En tu opinión, ¿es mejor85 vivir en una casa o en un apartamento? ¿Qué ventajas86 y
desventajas hay en las dos opciones?
80
vecinos = neighbors
ti = you (when after a preposition such as “de” or “a,” etc.)
82
tienes que = you have to
83
cruzar = cross
84
la calle = the street
85
mejor = better
86
ventajas = advantages
81
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)
158
SPANISH 1101 VIDEO 6 (GL-33): GIOVANNA DESCRIBE LA CASA DONDE SE
CRIÓ.
A. Listen to what Giovanna says about the house where she was raised and see if you can fill
in the missing words, using the list below.
tragaluz
cocina
centro
oscuras
sala
garaje
hay
atrás
segundo
habitaciones
durante
habitación
por
pisos
techo
lado
primer
luz
necesario
baños
jardín
tiene
está
comedor
pequeña
¿Puedes describir la casa donde te criaste87?
…La casa donde me crié88… Mi casa tiene dos ____________. En el ____________piso
está la
____________, el ____________, el ____________donde guardamos89 los autos.
____________está la ____________, hay dos ____________, el ____________,
un…tragaluz, por donde entra la luz90, y dos ____________. Luego91 en el
____________piso ____________una sala, un comedor, una cocina más
____________, cuatro habitaciones y un ____________, también.
¿Y qué es un tragaluz?
Un tragaluz es una ____________sin ____________para que pueda entrar92 la
____________y no esté la casa [oscura]93. Hay veces94, eh, hay casas donde están
____________y se necesita prender95 la luz ____________el día. Bueno, no es
____________si se ____________el tragaluz.
87
te criaste = you were raised
me crié = I was raised
89
guardamos = we keep
90
donde entra la luz = where light enters
91
luego = then
92
para que pueda entrar… = so that…can enter
93
y no esté la casa… = and the house won’t be…
94
Hay veces = There are times
95
se necesita prender… = one needs to turn on…
88
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159
¿Entonces, la casa está construida alrededor96 del tragaluz? ¿El tragaluz está en el
centro de la casa?
Exactamente al ____________no está, pero ____________a un ____________y ocupa
un buen espacio. Está como97… recibiendo98 la luz del sol. Sí, está estructurada de esa
manera99, como para que reciba la luz del sol.
¿Es como un patio?
Debe medir aproximadamente de dos, dos ____________tres metros. Sí, es pequeño…
No es muy grande. Solo para que capte la luz y lo…y se pueden poner como adornos
unas plantas, sí.
96
construida alrededor de = built around
Está como… It’s like…
98
recibiendo = receiving
99
de esa manera = in that way
97
Error/typo reporting, comments, or suggestions are welcome and appreciated!
Please contact Daniel Chaney (FR 206 / dchaney@cscc.edu)