Name: Aullya Mayandzru
Class: 6BD
Nim: 061930901809
UTS Cross Culture
Topic 1 (Introduction)
Cross cultural understanding simply refers to the basic ability of people to recognize,
interpret and correctly react to people, incidences or situations that are open to
misunderstanding due to cultural differences.
Culture is more than just manners. It is also the way we speak. In some cultures,
people may speak in a way that North Americans think is too loud. They may also be very
emotional in the way they speak, or they may stand very close together to talk. It is perfectly
normal for the people of that culture, but we might think they are yelling at us or crowding
us. They, on the other hand, may think we are not very interested in talking to them.
Unfortunately, people often think their own way is the right way. Thinking that
someone else is wrong or disrespectful because they do not follow our customs and beliefs
leads to cross-cultural misunderstanding.
Cross-cultural understanding is more than realizing another culture is different from
ours. The way to cross-cultural understanding is to learn to recognize individual differences
and gain an appreciation, respect and knowledge of other cultures that are different from our
own. If you put on a pair of sunglasses with pink lenses, everything will take on a rosecoloured tint. If the lenses are green, then the world will take on a green tint. Our culture acts
as a lens through which we look at the world. We have a “tinted” view of the world so it
looks more like what we already know. This acts as a filter, straining out the other’s point of
view and enhancing our own.
Cultural filters can get in the way of understanding people from other cultures
because they appear different. We cannot get rid of our cultural filters but we can be openminded about cultural differences. We can set aside our biases. This is more than just
realizing that another culture is different from ours. Cross-cultural understanding means
learning to value other cultures and respect their views. This comes when people move from
thinking that “different” means “wrong,” to thinking that there might be another way, to
being tolerant and accepting.
Source: https://tc2.ca/uploads/backgroundbriefs/BBCrossCulturalUnderstanding.pdf
http://tugasanakkampus000.blogspot.com/2016/12/cross-cultural-understanding.html
https://isi-dps.ac.id/artikel/cross-cultural-understanding-in-languagelearning/#:~:text=language%20is%20from.,Cross%20cultural%20understanding%20simply%20refers%20to%20the%20basic%20ability
%20of,misunderstanding%20due%20to%20cultural%20differences.
Topic 2 (Verbal Pattern)
Verbal communication is communication that uses words, both spoken and written.
Some important elements in verbal communication, namely language and words.
According to Bennett (2015), Americans are very direct communicators. They tend to
convey their entire message verbally, paying little attention to body language. People are
expected to ‘get to the point’. This doesn’t mean that politeness is ignored in communication,
but sometimes Americans become deprived of some nuances of communication (such as
disparaging) in conversation or certain types of humour (for example, subtle sarcasm or
ironic remarks).
Verbal communication involves preferred language and dialects, contextual use of the
language, preferred greetings, voice volume and tone, health literacy, and the need for
interpretation and translation.
Source: https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125963431.pdf
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-69332-3_14
Topic 3 (Nonverbal Communication)
Nonverbal communication is communication in which the message is packaged in
nonverbal form, without words, more of an expression (Kusumawati, 2016). Mulyana (2006)
also stated that every country and nation will have different communication patterns, both
verbal and non-verbal. This happens because of cultural differences between each other.
Besides Communication and Language, aspects of cultural differences that enter into
nonverbal communication according to Mulyana (2016) include Clothing and Appearance,
Food and Eating Habits, Time and Time Awareness and Values and Norms. According to
Lewis (2016), there are several nonverbal patterns that stick to American culture.
Source: https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/125963431.pdf
https://repository.uhn.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/5566/ISI%20BUKU%20%20CCU.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Topic 4 (Personal Relationship)
Personal relationship means an ongoing romantic or intimate personal relationship
that can include, but is not limited to, dating, living together or being a partner or significant
other. This definition applies regardless of gender, gender identification, or sexual orientation
of the individuals in the relationship.
1. circles of friends
The people in your social circle are the friends with whom you socialize – you know, hang
out and do fun things. ... They may include your family members, friends and professional
colleagues – those who you trust most. Now, talking in circles does not mean you are talking
with people in your circles
2. mobility and friendship
Kinship relationships thus are in fact an important source of support for the mobile.
Nevertheless, this is not to say that social mobility has no influence on kinship relationships
at all. Their data showed that as upward mobility is usually accompanied by geographic
mobility, the mobile tend to have less interaction with kin due to physical separation. In
addition, as a consequence of choice as well as constraint, they have “the least contact with
kin in their leisure activities,” whether their kin live nearby or far away
3. instant friendships
instant friendship” is also likely to reflect a physiological predilection for certain people.
There are even more extreme examples of biology directing our bonding behaviors: In a crisis
or other stressful situation, for example, friendships and social bonds are especially quick to
form, whether because we've opened up to other passengers in a stalled elevator or surveyed
the damage of a devastating storm together. People instinctively let down their guard and
seek out support when facing unexpected and life-threatening challenges.
4. In friendship, we love to spend time with one another and share everything we can. ...
We develop intriguing feelings amongst ourselves which we love to cherish and do
not let it go down. A friend finds an aide and confidant in a person whom he calls his
best buddy.
5. Intercultural communication offers the ability to deal across cultures, which is
increasingly important, as the world gets smaller. ... Being able to deal with this
cultural difference peacefully, never mind creatively and innovatively, is becoming a
survival issue to thrive in a global world as a global leader.
Source: https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/personal-relationship
Topic 5 (Family Values)
Family values are thing that are many times passed down from generation to generation, and
they play a monumental role in how your child learns and grows. Defining this time will help
you to understand what is important and what it means when you are talking about issues
such as family time, play time, and other larger issues such as spiritually and the beliefs that
you wish your child to grow up with.
The dictionary defines a value as "a principle, standard or quality considered worth while or
desirable." The definition of family is "two or more people who share goals and values, have
long-term commitments to one another and usually reside in the same dwelling. "The
difference in family structures can result in a difference in family values. For example, a
cohabitant couple with no children may have a different value structure than a husband and
wife with three children. Values change as the structure of a family changes, and ideals also
change with the times and with geography; a family that moves to another state often sees
some shift in their ideals. In family values are rules or ideals that, as a family, we agree to
live by and stay true to. The list of essential family values would be a mile long no doubt and
the top 10 lists for each family would be as unique as the one that came up with it.
Having strong well defined family values helps solidify the foundation for a strong,
tightknit family. When cultivated long enough this closeness provides a soft place to fall
when life doesn’t go according to plan. Strong and consistent family values are important in
building trust and confidence in each family member.
Source:
https://www.academia.edu/5252702/Cross_Culture_Understanding_FAMILY_VALUES
Topic 6 (Educational Attitudes)
Education attitude (affective) is closely related to one's own values. The attitude is a
reflection of a shared value. Therefore, educational attitude is basically educational value.
Value is a concept that is in the human mind that is hidden, is not in the empirical world. Values
associated with one's view of good and bad, beautiful and not beautiful, worthy and unworthy,
unfair and unjust, and so forth. One's views about all it does is intangible, we just might be able
to tell from the behavior in question. Therefore the value is essentially the standards of conduct,
measure or criterion that determines a person of good and bad, beautiful and not beautiful,
worthy and unworthy, and so forth, so that the standards which will color the person's
behavior. Thus, the value of education is basically the process of planting a value to the learner
is expected therefore that students can behave in accordance with the views he thinks is right
and does not conflict with the norms in force.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Gulo (2005) concluded on the following values:
Values can not be taught but it is known from her appearance.
Affective domain development in value can not be separated from the cognitive and
psychomotor aspects.
Problem the value is emotional problems and therefore subject to change, evolve, so it could
be developed.
The development of values or moral did not happen at once, but through certain stages.
Source: https://handiqa97.blogspot.com/2016/10/education-ettitude-cross-cultural.html?m=1
Topic 7 (Work Values)
Work values, in particular, are an important part of cross-cultural understanding in
that they are themselves measures of cultural dimensions, and also have strong implications
for many areas of management, from employee motivation to organizational communication.
Work values can be defined as those qualities that people desire from their work
(Ben-Shem & Avi-Itzhak, 1991) which reflect a correspondence between a need and
satisfaction (Abboushi, 1990). Super (1973) defines work values as goals that one seeks to
attain to satisfy a need. Dose (1997) defines work values as “evaluative standards relating to
work or the work environment by which individuals discuss what is ‘right’ or assess the
importance of preferences” (p. 228). She further divides work values between two
dimensions: (1) those that have a moral element and (2) the degree of consensus regarding
the importance and desirability of particular values.
The study of work values was first undertaken in order to explain differences in
employee performance and motivation (Hoppe, 1990). Much early research into work values
was incorporated into early needs theories of motivation such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs and Herzberg’s distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic needs (Hofstede, 1980;
Hoppe, 1990). These theories hold as their basic premise the idea that individuals are
motivated to resolve unmet needs (Levy, 2003).
Early cross-cultural studies of work values tended to focus on replicating the needs
theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McClelland in countries outside of the United States
(Hofstede, 1980; Hoppe, 1990). The limitations of applying these American theories in other
cultures soon became clear (Hofstede, 1980; Hoppe, 1990; Ronen & Shenkar, 1985).
Hofstede (1980) clearly showed that variances in work values influenced the applicability of
American motivational, leadership, and organizational theories elsewhere. Additionally, in
reviewing existing literature, Ronen & Shenkar (1985) found that needs, values, and work
goals varied significantly and consistently between cultures, despite the use of different
instruments, methods, and samples. Thus, it became clear that a local culture’s specific needs,
values, and work goals should be taken into account before applying any particular
management theory (Hoppe, 1990).
In the last few decades, several new models for testing differences in work values
have emerged. Although the subject of some criticism, Hostede’s model of intercultural
research has become the most commonly used and replicated.
Source:
https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/46584#:~:text=Work%20values%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20ar
e,employee%20motivation%20to%20organizational%20communication.