Group 1 – Team Butterfly Reporters: Abegail Pagmanua Cheilo Quiñones Irah Joy Tambagan Judy Echupas Leah Cumayas Princess Bullifer Alyza Porras Deo Bura-ay Joshua Dan Cortez Kent Kamal Michael Axer Abubacar Rialyn Cabaya Chapter 1 "Communication in the Twenty- First Century" Chapter Objectives: By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Have a thorough understanding of communication models and processes; 2. Understand the importance of ethics in communication and academic writing; and 3. Discover how the English language spread throughout the world, and appreciate the differences between Standard English, World Englishes, and Philippine English. Before – Reading Questions 1. Why is communication important to you? 2. Why is communication important to society? 3. Why do you think communication skills are considered to be essential in being good citizens? Lesson 1: Communication Models Introduction : "The art of communication is the language of leadership." (James Humes) What is communication? What is communication? “A symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed” in his 1992 book “Communication as Culture,” - James Carey, Media critic and Theorist According to Denis Mcquail and Sven Windahl (2013), in their book Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications, “ a model seeks to show the main elements of any structure or process and the relationship between these elements:. It helps in explaining by providing in a simplified way information which would otherwise be complicated or ambiguous.” (2) First Communication Model Aristotle’s Model of Communication The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5 B.C. In this model, Aristotle explains that speakers should adjust their messages according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular effect. Second Communication Model The Shannon-Weaver model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, this often called “Telephone Model”, since it was developed because of the technology of the telephone and the experience of “noise” coming from the switchboard. Third Communication Model Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication In this model, pay attention to the role of the interpreter. Encoding and decoding are not automatic processes both go through the filter of the interpreter. The Last Model is Eugene’s Stages of Oral Communication According to White, it is possible to begin at any of the stages outlined in his model. People are under the mistaken impression that when we communicate, we usually start with thinking, but that is not necessarily the case. Lesson 2: Communication Ethics According to US National Communication Association (NCA 1999) discusses this in their Credo for Communication stating that… “Ethical Communication “ is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels and media. In their Credo, there are four ethical principles of communication that are especially relevant for students today. 1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty , and reason as essentials to the integrity of communication. ( NCA 1999) 2. Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision- making fundamental to a civil society. ( NCA 1999) 3. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion , and violence and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. ( NCA 1999) 4. Accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others. ( NCA 1999) Lesson 3: Communication and Globalization Globalization Globalization has affected us in numerous ways: -Airfare has become cheaper. -Many Filipinos have decided to work or live abroad -The free trade of goods and services all over the world has brought multinational companies and foreign investors to our shores. -Because of all of these factors, it is imperative to be aware of the differences between our culture and the rest of the world’s culture. -The world seems to be shrinking continually because of the advent of the internet. -One can communicate internationally in a matter of seconds. -One can read about different cultures. -One should know the difference between the kind of English that we write and speak and the kind of Englishes that exist outside of the Philippines. World Englishes -David Crystal (2003) begins the first chapter of the book, English as a Global Language with the assertion that English is, in fact; the global language. -After giving various examples to support this statement, he questions the assertion by asking, “What does it mean to say that a language is global?”(Crystal, 2003) -There are many World Englishes, sometimes it is referred to as “varieties of English” used in the world. -All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to the communication needs of its speakers, but not equal in prestige. African American English (AAE) -Is an example of a social variety of English that is being used by many (but not all) African Americans in different regions of the USA. -There are certain features such as ‘gdropping’ in words like readin’ (reading), walkin’ (walking), and singin’ (singing) are stigmatized. Ruanni Tupas and Rabdy (2015) -Are some scholars that that uses the term “unequal Englishes” to focus discussions of “the unequal ways and situations in which Englishes are arranged, configured, and contested”. British English and American English - Two most well-known varieties of English with those of the colonial superpowers. -It could also be that English may have been brought to that country as a language of conquest by English-colonizers-as in South Africa, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. English is also studied as foreign language in some non- English speaking countries, such as Holland and Yugoslavia, as mentioned earlier by McCrum, and in Korea and Japan. -In the Philippine English as well, has its unique and idiosyncratic usages, an example of this are; -“Comfort room”, is a Philippine term for “washroom” -“Toilet”, or “lavatory” Matthew Sutherland -Who writes about Philippine English from Englishman’s perspective talks about the expression “for a while”, which he says baffles foreigners because the expression does not exist outside of the Philippines. -Sutherland notes that “for a while” is frequently used in the Philippines on the telephone, whereas in the UK, the more typical expression would be “hold on”, or “hang on”(quoted in Aguilar, 2004). The UK’s equivalent, he says, is “just a second” or just a moment” (quoted in Aguilar, 2004). -Sutherland also notes that” Every English speaking nation has it’s own set of English and idioms; English is equally indiosyncratic in, say, India, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, or Singapore.” In fact Sutherland says “ The many version of English spoken around the globe merely serve to make English an even richer tongue.” -In the context of academic and professional writing to follow a standard. This standard advocates the use of a consistent spelling and punctuation system. It also avoid colloquial and informational usages. -The label for this variety Standard English or depending on a region – Standard American English, Standard British English, or Standard Philippine English. This is defined as a consisting of “ the conventional vocabulary and usage of educated speakers and writers of English” (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998). -Standard English “ does not include slang , vulgarism, regionalism, and other constrictions that are considered unorthodox by those seeking a language acceptable to a general audience” (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998). Culturally sensitive and Bias-Free Language Culturally sensitive -Important as awareness of the existence of the world English is that of practicing Cultural sensitivity. -means to be aware that cultural differences and similarities between people exist. Bias-Free Language -Academic and Profesisonal writings are characterized by Bias-Free Language. -Student,scholar, Professional and Anyone wishing to maintain harmonious Communicative relations. -Should be careful in using words and phrases that don not discriminate against particular Groups. 1.Race and ethnicity -Racism is a form Discrimination against a person or persons of a Different race. -Race is an emotionally charged topic, it is Best to tread to carefully with the language used and to refer to race. Gender and Sexual Orientation -Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. -One should favor gender- neutral words or phrases over gender-biased words. Ex. Rather than “man-made”, one can say “manufactured”, “synthetic”, or “artificial”. Neutral Words should also be chosen over words with “man” and “woman” in job titles and description. Ex: “Chairperson” in place of “Chairman” “Flight Attendant” in place of “Stewardess” “Labor” in place of “Man Power” One should also avoid sexist terms like “woman lawyer” and “male nurse” and simply use “lawyer” and “nurse”. -Pronouns may be also gender-biased. Ex: When the masculine “he” pronoun is used as a generic one for both genders. Gender-Biased Pronoun can be avoided by the following: a. Dropping pronouns that signify gender and restating the sentence. B. Changing to plural construction. C. Replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with “one” or “you” Social Class -Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of their social class. An example of language with bias against class is the American term “ white trash” which is not only a racial but a classical one that refers to a white people, usually from the rural Southern United States, coming from a lower social class inside the white population. There are examples from Philippine culture as well, in the informal terms “conyo” and “jologs” both derogatory terms referring to class. The second, now perhaps replaced by the term “jejemon,” as used in reference to an idiosyncratic spelling or writing style, is used to describe persons who look poor and out of style. 4. Age Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups. The capabilities of younger people should also not be underestimated on the basis o their age. 5.Disabilities Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness. Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to be synonymous. A disability that may result from arthritis is difficulty in walking ,or walking unevenly and haltingly. People who limp may be handicapped by having to climb stairs in building with no elevators. Synthesis-These general guiding principles are helpful but not always apt. -It emphasized that research necessary to become aware of trends and debates in this and other areas. This ends our report Thank you!
