Journal of Natural Fibers
ISSN: 1544-0478 (Print) 1544-046X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjnf20
Investigation on Dyeing Performance of Basic and
Reactive Dyes Concerning Jute Fiber Dyeing
M. A. Rahman Bhuiyan, Abu Shaid, M. M. Bashar & P. Sarkar
To cite this article: M. A. Rahman Bhuiyan, Abu Shaid, M. M. Bashar & P. Sarkar (2016)
Investigation on Dyeing Performance of Basic and Reactive Dyes Concerning Jute Fiber Dyeing,
Journal of Natural Fibers, 13:4, 492-501, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2015.1069233
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1069233
Published online: 29 Jul 2016.
Submit your article to this journal
Article views: 4
View related articles
View Crossmark data
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=wjnf20
Download by: [La Trobe University]
Date: 01 August 2016, At: 23:37
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
2016, VOL. 13, NO. 4, 492–501
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1069233
Investigation on Dyeing Performance of Basic and Reactive Dyes
Concerning Jute Fiber Dyeing
M. A. Rahman Bhuiyana, Abu Shaida, M. M. Basharb, and P. Sarkarb
a
Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh;
Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
b
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
This paper includes the investigation on the dyeing performance of reactive
and basic dyestuff regarding jute fiber and discusses their benefits and
shortcomings. Plain woven jute fabric samples of 261 GSM were dyed with
0.5%, 1.0%, and 4.0% shade of basic and reactive dyes. Then the dyeing
performance of both dyestuffs was analyzed. It has been found that exhaustion of basic dye is considerably greater than reactive dye, while this
exhaustion decreases for basic dye and increases for reactive dye with the
increment of respective shade percentages. This phenomenon has also
been verified through the absorption curve, i.e. K/S value of fabric dyed
with both dyestuffs in three different shade percentages. Again strong
covalent bond is formed during the fixation of reactive dye with the
cellulose of jute fiber, and at the same time no strong bond was created
in case of basic dye. Finally the color fastness properties have been assessed
through rubbing and washing. Both the dye classes have shown nearly
similar ratings in case of dry rubbing. However, in case of wet rubbing and
wash fastness to color change and color staining; the samples dyed with
reactive dyes showed superior fastness ratings over the basic dyed samples.
Basic dye; cellulosic fiber;
depth of shade; dyeing
performance; jute fiber;
reactive dye
关键词
碱性染料; 纤维素纤维;
色调深度; 染色性能; 黄
麻纤维; 活性染料
摘要
本文考察黄麻纤维的活性染料和碱性染料的染色性能，并讨论了各自的优
缺点。在本研究中，使用 0.5％、1.0％ 和 4.0％ 色调的碱性燃料和活性染
料对 261 个 GSM 平纹黄麻织物样品进行染色。然后，分析两种染料的染
色性能。研究发现，碱性染料的吸尽比活性染料大得多；而随着各自色调
百分比的增加，碱性染料的吸尽下降，活性染料的吸尽上升。这种现象也
被吸收曲线（即在三个不同色调百分比条件下用这两种染料染色的织物的
K/S值）所证实。研究再次证明，在定影期间活性染料与黄麻纤维的纤维素
能形成强共价键，而在同一时间内使用碱性染料则不会形成强共价键。最
后，本研究通过摩擦和洗涤对色牢度性能进行了评估。这两种染料在干摩
擦条件下表现出大致相同的色牢度。然而，如果考虑涉及到色变和染色的
湿摩擦和洗涤牢度，使用活性染料染色的样品比碱性燃料染色的样品具有
更出色的色牢度。
Introduction
Jute is a natural cellulosic fiber obtained from the bark of jute plant. The main chemical constituent
of jute fiber is α-cellulose along with hemicelluloses and lignin (Lewin 2006). This fiber is popular
due to its bio-degradability, high tensile strength, low extensibility, and better breathability (Bhuiyan
et al. 2013; Ghosh et al. 2004). In recent times, due to the improvement of people’s living standards
and need for environmental protection, the demand of natural biodegradable and eco-friendly fibers
like jute is increasing day by day (Wang et al. 2008).
CONTACT M. A. Rahman Bhuiyan
arahman@duet.ac.bd
Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of
Engineering and Technology, Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/wjnf.
© 2016 Taylor & Francis
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
493
The coloration of jute fiber is carried out with a wide range of dye stuffs, generally used for
cellulosic fibers, such as direct, vat, and reactive dyes, can also be applied on jute fiber. In addition,
jute has a strong affinity for basic dyes, which commonly have little or no dyeing capability for
cotton or rayon fiber (Lewin 2006). These dyes are attractive as textile dyes from the point of view of
the consumer and the designer due to their brilliant shades (Carr 1995). However, the dyeing of jute
with basic dye suffers from several shortcomings. The application of basic dye on the jute fiber is
performed in slightly acidic medium, while it is well known that acid degrades the cellulose (Gohl
and Vilensky 2005). Hence it is more likely that dyeing of jute fiber with basic dye will decrease the
fiber strength. Again the achievable color range with basic dye is not as wide as the reactive dye.
Moreover the jute fiber dyeing with basic dye is complicated and many of the basic dyes are not fast
to acids, alkalis, washing, and particularly to light (Shenai 2000). On the other hand, basic dyeing of
jute fiber has an impressive prevalence for excellent dye exhaustion over other cellulosic fiber dyes
like reactive dyestuff.
Reactive dye is the worldwide acceptable dye for the coloration of cellulosic fibers like cotton, flax,
and rayon due to its ease of applicability, cost, brilliancy of color, and high wet fastness properties
(Houshyar and Amirshahi 2002). However, in spite of being a cellulosic fiber, jute is, in practice, not
dyed with reactive dye. Reactive dyeing of jute is not economical for its high crystallinity and high
degree of orientation (Wang et al. 2010) which hinders high color yield. Again the exhaustion of
reactive dye is low due to presence of comparatively less amount of cellulose (58–63%) in jute fiber1
than cotton (94%) (Cook 2001). Apart from these, poor dye exhaustion leads to higher dye
concentration in dyeing effluent which generates additional environmental hazards.
Current study has investigated the dyeing options of jute fiber with both basic and reactive dye
considering their pros and cons. At one side, the dyeing of jute fiber with basic dye is economical due to
high exhaustion and brilliance of shade. But poor color fastness to washing and rubbing limits its
commercial application on jute fiber. On the other hand, reactive dyeing of jute satisfies the color
fastness requirements while suffers from the unprofitableness due to insufficient exhaustion and
fixation. This paper presents the performance of reactive and basic dye in respect of dye bath
exhaustion, depth of shade, fixation of dye with fiber and fastness of color after dyeing with jute fabric.
Materials and methods
Materials
Scoured, bleached 100% plain hessian jute fabric (261 GSM) was used in all the experiments. The
dyeing of jute fabric was carried out with Reactive dye (Novacron Red FN2BL) form Swiss Colors
Ltd., Bangladesh and Basic dye (Sandocryl Red C-4 G) from Clariant, Bangladesh and used as
received. Auxiliary chemicals like Detergent (Imeron PCLF) and Leveling agent (Drimagen E3 R)
were collected from Clariant, Bangladesh. Glauber salt (Na2SO4·10H2O), Sodium acetate
(CH3COONa), Soda ash (Na2CO3), and Acetic acid (CH3COOH) were brought from Merck,
India, and all of them were of analytical grade. ISO standard soap, without optical brightening
agent for wash fastness testing of dyed fabrics was collected from Jame’s H. Heal & Co Ltd., UK. For
the ease of identification, all the test fabric samples were coded as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Test fabric sample coding.
Test fabric sample type
Fabric dyed with 0.5% Reactive dye
Fabric dyed with 1.0% Reactive dye
Fabric dyed with 4.0% Reactive dye
Fabric dyed with 0.5% Basic dye
Fabric dyed with 1.0% Basic dye
Fabric dyed with 4.0% Basic dye
Code
R1
R2
R3
B1
B2
B3
494
M. A. R. BHUIYAN ET AL.
Equipments
The dyeing of fabric both with reactive and basic dye was performed in Sandolab Infrared lab dyeing
machine from Copower Technology Ltd., Taiwan. The weight of dyes and chemicals during dyeing
was measured by digital electronic balance, Model AV-412 from Transcat, USA. The initial and final
concentrations of dye in the bath were measured by UV-visible spectrophotometer, Model T60 from
PG Instrument UK. The color properties of dyed goods were analyzed by spectrophotometer, Data
color-650 from USA. The analysis on formation of chemical bond between dye and jute fiber was
carried out by FTIR spectrophotometer, IR Affinity-1, from Shimadzu Corporation, Japan. The
fastness properties of dyed jute fabrics i.e. color fastness to washing and rubbing was assessed by
wash fastness tester (Gyrowash, Model: 415/8), rubbing fastness tester (Crock meter, Model: 670)
from Jame’s H. Heal & Co Ltd., UK.
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
Method
Recipe for dyeing
Fabric samples were dyed with reactive dye (Novacron Red FN2BL) and basic dye (Sandocryl Red
C-4 G) at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 4.0% on the weight of fabric (owf) indicating light, medium, and deep
shades, respectively. The weight of the dyes was taken in gram on the weight percentage of fabric;
whereas the auxiliary chemicals were measured in gram per liter (g/L) on the basis of total liquor in
the dyebath. Recipes for both types of dyes are given in Tables 2 and 3.
Dyeing procedure
And 3.0 g (±5%) jute fabric samples were dyed with reactive and basic dye in exhaust dyeing method
using 250 mL stainless steel pot for 60 min at the temperatures 60°C and 100°C, respectively. After
dyeing, both hot and cold wash with soap was performed for reactive dyed fabric. The soaping of
basic dyed fabric was carried out with 2 g/L soap at 50ºC temperature for 15 min. The dyeing
procedures for both reactive and basic dye are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Dyeing performance test
The exhaustion of the dyes by the jute fibers was measured by UV–visible spectrophotometer. The
dye solution of before dyeing was diluted several times and different concentrations were run into
the machine and subsequently λmax of the solutions were measured. After that, the absorbance of the
Table 2. Recipe for dyeing of jute fabric with reactive dye at different shade percentages.
Ingredients
Dyes
Soda ash
Salt
Wetting agent
Leveling agent
M:L*
Sample R1
Sample R2
Sample R3
0.5%
8.0 g/L
20.0 g/L
1.0 g/L
1.0 g/L
1:30
1.0%
12.0 g/L
40.0 g/L
1.0 g/L
1.0 g/L
1:30
4.0%
20.0 g/L
60.0 g/L
1.0 g/L
1.0 g/L
1:30
*Material liquor ratio.
Table 3. Recipe for dyeing of jute fabric with basic dye at different shade percentages.
Ingredients
Dyes
Sodium acetate
Salt
Acetic acid as required
M:L*
*Material liquor ratio.
Sample R1
0.5%
0.5 g/L
10.0 g/L
To control pH 4.5
1:30
Sample R2
1.0%
0.5 g/L
10.0 g/L
To control pH 4.5
1:30
Sample R3
4.0%
0.5 g/L
10.0 g/L
To control pH 4.5
1:30
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
495
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
Figure 1. Dyeing curve of jute fabric with reactive dye.
Figure 2. Dyeing curve of jute fabric with basic dye.
different sample after dyeing was measured and% Exhaustion was calculated according to the
following equation (Broadbent 2001).
% Exhaustion ¼
C0 CS
100
C0
(1)
where C0 and Cs are the initial and final concentrations of dye in the bath, respectively.
The color strength of the dyed jute fabric was measured by Data-color with the setting: illuminant
D65, large area view and CIE 10° standard observer. Each sample was folded twice to give an opaque
view and color. Then the depth of color was analyzed by measuring the K/S values of dyed samples
through Kubelka-Munk equation as follows (Broadbent 2001).
K ð1 RÞ2
¼
(2)
S
2R
where R = reflectance percentage, K = absorption co-efficient, and S = scattering co-efficient of dyes.
This value was derived from the attenuation ratio of light due to absorption and scattering, which
was found based on reflectance.
FTIR spectra of undyed and dyed jute fiber were taken by transmission mode spectra (20 scans,
4 cm−1 resolution) and measured with potassium bromide (KBr) pellets of finely cut and ground jute
fibers to produce disc.
Colorfastness to washing was performed according to ISO 105 C03:1989 by wash fastness tester.
Dyed fabric sample size was maintained 10 cm × 4 cm and the test was carried out at 50:1 liquor
ratio in a 2.0 L wash wheel vessel that was rotated at constant speed 40 ± 2 rpm and at temperature
496
M. A. R. BHUIYAN ET AL.
60ºC. The SDC multifiber DW (Saville 1999) was fixed with the colored fabric to perform color
staining test of dyed fabric during washing. The change and staining of color was assessed by
comparing the untreated fabric with the treated fabric samples with respect to the ratings of color
change and color staining grey scales.
Color fastness to rubbing was assessed according to ISO 105 × 12: 2001 by rubbing fastness tester.
The dyed specimens were rubbed 10 times each in warp and weft direction by using Crockmeter
which has a weighted finger covered with piece of undyed cotton cloth 5 cm × 5 cm. For wet rubbing
the cotton cloth was wetted out before being rubbed on the dyed sample. The cotton rubbing cloth
was then examined for dye which may have been removed and assessed using the grey scales for
staining.
Results and discussions
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
Dyebath exhaustion
Dye exhaustion is defined as the leaving of a dye particle from the dye bath and its migration to the
fiber interior. For a bath of constant volume, this exhaustion can be calculated as the mass of dye
taken up by the material divided by the total initial mass of dye in the bath.
Figure 3 Exhaustion of dye by fabric samples dyed with reactive and basic dye at different shade
percentages.
Figure 3 shows the exhaustion percentage of dyes by the jute fiber from the reactive and basic
dyebaths. It has been seen that the exhaustion of basic dye is much higher than that of reactive dye.
Again, the exhaustion decreases with the increment of shade percentage for basic dye and increases
in case of reactive dye. The higher exhaustion of basic dye by the jute fiber is due to its strong affinity
for this dye (Lewin 2006). Although no clear evidence have been found yet for the affinity of basic
dye to jute fiber, it can be assumed that the presence of lignin in jute fiber offers the additional
affinity. The affinity of basic dye to lignin is due to its acidic nature (Meshitsuka et al. 1982) for the
presence of phenolic group in the structure of lignin.
On the other hand, jute fiber does not absorb reactive dye as much as its basic dye equivalent. It is
well established that reactive dye is substantive to cellulose and the percentage of cellulose in jute
fiber is much lower than other common cellulosic fibers like cotton and flax (Cook 2001; Lewin
2006). Hence jute fiber cannot absorb as much reactive dye as cotton from a similar dye bath.
Figure 3. Exhaustion of dye by fabric samples dyed with reactive and basic dye at different shade percentages.
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
497
Figure 4. The depth of shade i.e. K/S value (at λmax = 530 nm) of jute fabric dyed with reactive and basic dye.
Depth of shade
The depth of color of dyed fabric was analyzed by K/S value. This value numerically represents the
nature of the coloring material layer and an easy way to determine a color as a concentration. The
color concentration decreases as the value for reflectance increases, and vice versa.
The depth of shades, i.e. the K/S values found for all the dyed fabric samples and their absorption
with wavelength details are shown in the Figures 4, 5, and 6. The elevated K/S values of basic dyed
samples due to higher exhaustion show better depth of shade than fabric dyed with reactive dye of
same shade percentage. The K/S value of reactive dyed fabric is about 5.8 at 4% shade whereas it is
16.8 for the fabric dyed with basic dye. The higher K/S value indicates greater dye absorption by the
fabric. However, lower fixation of reactive dye by jute fiber is due to the less amount of cellulose in
the fiber for the formation of covalent bond with the dye (Shore 1995).
Figure 5. Absorption spectra (K/S value vs. wavelength) of jute fabric dyed with basic dye.
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
498
M. A. R. BHUIYAN ET AL.
Figure 6. Absorption spectra (K/S value vs. wavelength) of jute fabric dyed with reactive dye.
Fixation of dye with fiber
The fixation of dye, i.e. formation of chemical bond with fiber was carried out by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This is an analytical technique used to identify mainly organic
materials which provides information about the chemical bonds and molecular structure of a
material. The FTIR spectra of undyed and dyed jute fabric (both basic and reactive dye) are
presented in Figures 7 and 8.
From the Figure 7, it has been found that, the spectrum of both undyed and dyed jute fabrics
(with basic dye) are alike and show almost similar curve. However, in case of dyed fabric the
peaks having strong intensity at 2420.66, 2459.24, 2490.1 cm−1 region indicates the presence of
C-N triple bond stretch or S-H stretch which may be present in dye structure. Figure 7 also
illustrate that, the change in jute fiber is not significant after dyeing with basic dye. This
insignificant change indicates that, very weak bond such as Van der Waals force or few
hydrogen bonds are formed between dye and fiber in the interior. No formation of strong
bond with jute fiber specifies the feeble fixation of dye in fiber matrix. Again the spectrum of
reactive dyed fabric of Figure 8, shows the peaks at 1716.65, 1741.72 cm−1 (functional group
region) indicates the presence of carbonyl group and peaks at 1203.58, 1234.44, 1242.16 cm−1
(finger print region) denote the presence of C-O stretch which signify the formation of covalent
bond between reactive dye and the cellulose of jute fiber. The development of covalent bond
between reactive dye and the cellulose (Shore 1995) of jute fiber indicates strong fixation of dye
with fiber. The reactive system of this dye enables it to react with the hydroxyl groups in
cellulose and to form covalent bond by nucleophilic addition or substitution reaction (Renfrew
1999). Moreover, the broad peak at 3500–3200 cm−1 of dyed fabric samples (both reactive and
basic) is sharper than undyed jute which indicates that the OH groups of cellulose may replace
by dye molecule.
Color fastness properties of dyed fabric
The color fastness to wash and rubbing of the dyed samples were analyzed. Color fastness to wash
was assessed by color change and color staining options with respect to medium cellulosic wash
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
499
B3
B2
B1
105
Undyed jute
%T
97.5
90
82.5
75
67.5
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
60
52.5
45
37.5
30
22.5
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
Figure 7. FT-IR transmission spectrum of undyed and dyed jute fabric (with basic dye) taken by KBr pellet.
(Saville 1999). Rubbing fastness of dyed fabric samples was evaluated in dry and wet condition for
both warp and weft direction.
The fastness ratings (washing and rubbing) of dyed samples are furnished in Tables 4 and 5. The
fabric dyed with basic dye shows lower fastness ratings than reactive dyed fabric in case of both types of
fastness properties. In general, deeper shade shows inferior washing and rubbing fastness than a lighter
one on similar type of fabric. Hence, as a general consequence of achieving deeper shade, the basic dyed
fabric samples have shown lower fastness ratings in comparison to lighter reactive dyed fabric. Again,
the very poor fastness ratings exhibited by basic dye is due to the formation of a very weak bond with
the fabric. However, the creation of strong covalent bond of reactive dye with the cellulose of jute fiber
(Meshitsuka et al. 1982) demonstrated the very good fastness ratings of reactive dyed fabric.
Conclusion
The performance of basic and reactive dyes after dyeing with jute fiber has been investigated. The
detail study demonstrated that, the exhaustion of basic dye by jute fiber is significantly higher than
reactive dye. Again, fabric dyed with basic dye shows higher depth of shade than the equivalently
reactive dyed fabric. However, the fixation of basic dye in jute fiber is very weak due to the formation
of very weak bond. But strong covalent bond between reactive dye and the cellulose of jute fiber
fixed it firmly within the fiber interior. This results in the higher color fastness ratings of reactive
dyed jute fabric than the basic dyed fabric. Basic dye can be extensively used for the dyeing of jute
500
M. A. R. BHUIYAN ET AL.
R3
R2
R1
Undyed jute
97.5
%T
90
82.5
75
67.5
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
60
52.5
45
37.5
30
22.5
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
Figure 8. FT-IR transmission spectrum of undyed and dyed jute fabric (with reactive dye) taken by KBr pellet.
Table 4. Color fastness to washing (color change and color staining) of jute fabric dyed with reactive and basic dye.
Washing fastness
Fabric samples
R1
R2
R3
B1
B2
B3
Color staining
Color change
Diacetate
4/5
4/5
4
1/2
1/2
1
4/5
4
4
1/2
1
1
Cotton
4/5
4
3/4
1/2
1/2
1/2
Nylon
4/5
4
4
1/2
1/2
1/2
Polyester
4/5
4/5
4/5
1/2
1/2
1/2
Acrylic
4/5
4/5
4
1/2
1
1
Wool
4/5
4/5
4
1/2
1/2
1/2
Table 5. Color fastness to rubbing (warp and weft direction) of jute fabric dyed with reactive and basic dye.
Fabric samples
R1
R2
R3
B1
B2
B3
Rubbing fastness (Warp direction)
Dry
5
4/5
4/5
4
3/4
3/4
Wet
4/5
4/5
4
2/3
2
1/2
Rubbing fastness (Weft direction)
Dry
4/5
4/5
4/5
3/4
3
3
Wet
4/5
4/5
4
2/3
2
1/2
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
501
fiber where cost and brilliancy of color is considered. Again reactive dye is applicable for the dyeing
of jute fiber where superior color fastness properties are expected.
Downloaded by [La Trobe University] at 23:37 01 August 2016
References
Bhuiyan, M. R., A. Shaid, M. M. Bashar, P. Haque, and M. A. Hannan. 2013. A novel approach of dyeing jute fiber
with reactive dye after treating with chitosan. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials 3(4):87–91. doi:10.4236/
ojopm.2013.34014.
Broadbent, A. D. 2001. Basic principles of textile coloration. West Yorkshire, United Kingdom: Society of Dyers and
Colorists.
Carr, C. 1995. Chemistry of the textiles industry. Cambridge, United States: The University Press.
Cook, J. G. 2001. Handbook of textile Fibres- Natural fibres I. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing
Limited.
Ghosh, P., A. K. Samanta, and G. Basu. 2004. Effect of selective chemical treatments of jute fibre on textile-related
properties and processibility. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research 29 (1):85–99.
Gohl, E. P. G., and L. D. Vilensky. 2005. Textile science. New Delhi, India: CBS Publishers.
Houshyar, S., and S. H. Amirshahi. 2002. Treatment of cotton with chitosan and its effect on dyeability with reactive
dyes. Iranian Polymer Journal 11:295–302.
Lewin, M. 2006. Handbook of fiber chemistry. New York, United States: CRC Press.
Meshitsuka, G., Z. Z. Lee, J. Nakano, and S. Eda. 1982. Studies on the nature of lignin-carbohydrate bonding. Journal
of Wood Chemistry and Technology 2 (3):251–67. doi:10.1080/02773818208085134.
Renfrew, A. H. M. 1999. Reactive dyes for textile fibres. West Yorkshire, United Kingdom: Society of Dyers and
Colorists.
Saville, B. P. 1999. Physical testing of textiles. New York, United States: CRC Press.
Shenai, V. A. 2000. Chemistry of dyes and principles of dyeing. Mumbai, India: Sevak.
Shore, J. 1995. Cellulosics dyeing. West Yorkshire, United Kingdom: Society of Dyers and Colorists.
Wang, W., B. Xu, Z. Cai, and J. Yu. 2010. Study on chemical modification and dyeing properties of jute fiber. The
Journal of The Textile Institute 101 (7):613–20. doi:10.1080/00405000802638651.
Wang, W. M., Z. S. Cai, and J. Y. Yu. 2008. Study on the chemical modification process of jute fiber. Journal of
Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 3(2):1–11.