T.L.E
Technology and Livelihood Education
Drafting
Electricity
Carpentry
Electronics
Masonry
Cosmetology
Plumbing
Foods
Entrepreneurship
Drafting
Drafting


The process of drawing to communicate ideas and
instructions to others.
Most manufactured products and all major buildings were
first created on drawing boards
Drafting Equipment

T square –instrument used in drawing horizontal lines. It
is also used in guiding triangles when drawing vertical
lines.
Drafting Equipment

Triangle – a three sided ruler which has typically two
equal sides meeting at 900.

30 x 60 and
45 x 45 degrees.

Drafting Equipment

Divider - is used to create equal distances, transfer
measurements and spacing points or lines
Drafting Equipment

Masking tape - material used for fastening the drawing
paper on the drawing table.
Drafting Equipment

Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the rest of
the drawing when clearing up smudges, unnecessary
pencil lines and other erasures.
Drafting Equipment

Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite, commonly called lead which is
used in drawing lines. (9H, 8H, 7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, and
6B)
Drafting

Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of pencil,
paper and eraser only.
Drafting

Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes of objects
completely and exactly with the aid of drawing
instruments and by the use of orthographic projection.
Drafting

Technical Drawing – used to show the material, dimension
(Width, Height, Depth) and shape of a product.
Drafting

Orthographic Drawing– representing the exact shape of an
object into 2 or more views on planes, generally at right angle
or 90 degrees.
Drafting

Isometric drawing – the object is represented by three sides
seen at one time. It is made with a 30 x 60 degrees triangle.
Drafting

Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would appear in a
photograph. It shows more than one side of the object.
Lettering (Free Hand)


Lettering is usually done freehand
Either one of these two styles may be made;


vertically or inclined.
Italics is 67.5 degrees
Lettering (Free Hand)

A good height of lettering for dimension and notes on a
working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.
Lettering (Free Hand)




For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an inch is
recommended.
All titles should be lettered with capital letters.
When only capital letters are used, the beginning letter of
each sentence is often made higher than the remaining letters.
When lower case letters are used, capitals are used in the
beginning letter at the start of a sentence, and for proper
names,
Lettering (Guidelines)




[1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase letters
and for ascender.
[2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base lines, used
to determine the height of the lower case letters.
[3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or stand.
[4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that
extend downward known as descender.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Day
Drafting (Kinds of Letters)

Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform width
elements
ABCDEF abcdef

Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made up of
thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef

Text – elements are made with style C or D speedball
pens. Old English, church text.
ABCDEF abcdef
Drafting (Lines)







[1]Dimension line - used to indicate the measurement of objects which
are represented by dark solid lines.
[2]Extension line – fine line used to show clearly the dimension limits.
[3]Center line – light broken lines used in circles, sometimes as
extension line
[4]Leader line – line leading from a dimension value, or explanatory note
to the feature on the drawing. An arrowhead is used in pointing end but
not in note end.
[5]Long break – a limiting line used to limit the length of elongated
object.
[6]Invisible line - a series of light dash line that represents parts of a
drawing that are not seen.
Border line - is considered as the darkest lines that surround a drawing
usually in rectangular shape
Drafting (Lines)
[5
]
[2
]
[1
]
3’’
[3
]
[4]
[6]
[1]Dimension line
[2]Extension line
[3]Center line
[4]Leader line
[5]Long break
[6]Invisible line
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)


It presents the object in 3 views, FV (Front View), TV (Top View) and RSV
(Right Side View).
Three axes are needed to perform isometric drawing, the vertical axis, left
300 axis and right 300 axis (a=1200 , b=1200 , c=1200 )
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)


The drawing that has equal measure.
The BOX method is the starting point of isometric drawings.
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)


Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so that
three faces are viewed simultaneously
Oblique Drawing

a pictorial drawing having one side parallel to the picture
plane. It maybe drawn at any convenient angle.
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)

Types of Oblique drawing


Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true length or
size (Actual representation)
Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The front is actual
size, while the depth of top and right side are drawn one half
to the actual
Drating (Pictorial Drawing)

Perspective Drawing – the most realistic, the object is
drawn as it seen by the naked eye.


One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
Two points drawing
VP
Drafting (Perspective)
Sample Question 1
b




A.) Perspective
B.) Isometric
C.) Orthographic
D.) Technical
c
a
Sample Question 2

This is a kind of letter in lettering where letters have strokes
(accented), or made up of thick and thin elements

ABCDEF abcdef
 A.) Gothic
 B.) Roman
 C.) Text
 D.) Old English
Sample Question 3

This is a series of light dash line that represents parts of a
drawing that are not seen.
 A.) Dimension Line
 B.) Leader Line
 C.) Invisible Line
 D.) Center Line
Carpentry
Carpentry

Carpentry is the term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting, and assembling
related materials in the construction of boats, bridges and
piers, or any other structure made from construction
materials.
Carpentry (Woods)

Woods Are by-product of trees which are used for
carpentry projects.
Carpentry (Types of Woods)






Lumber - woods that came from trees, either softwood or
hardwood.
Yard Lumber – prepared lumber for variety of uses. Select and
common
Softwood – it comes from the evergreen or needle bearing
trees. These are called conifers because many of them bear
cones.
Hardwood – it comes from broad leafed (deciduous) trees
that shed their leaves at the end of the season.
Select grade – is lumber of good appearance that can take
different finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
Common grade – it is suitable for rough carpentry. It is not of
finishing quality. (eg. Coco Lumber)
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)



Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close to the
bark
Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is made up
of accumulated dead cells.
Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the inner part
of the wood and the bark.
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)



[a] Sapwood
[b] Heartwood
[c] Cambium layer
Carpentry (Parts of a Wood)

Layers
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the wood
along the grain like small crack or split
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has been exposed
when the log is cut.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains resinous
materials. (usually attracts ants)
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Stain – discoloration of the wood surface
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Shake – separation between the annual growth rings.
Carpentry (Lumber Defects)

Defects
Carpentry (Quality of wood)
 S2S – planed or smooth on two sides
 S4S – planed or smooth on four sides
Carpentry (Unit of Measurement of wood)

The unit of measure for lumber is “board foot”.
 (T”


x W” x L’ )/ 12
How many board feet are there in 7 pieces of 2” x 4”
x 12’ lumber?
56 bd. ft.
Carpentry (Wood Preparation)

Seasoning – the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.




Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in open air
Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the used of oven to dry wood
Treated – Use of Chemical compound before seasoning
The approximate moisture content of drying hardwood
for home furniture is

20 % for softwood, 6-12 % for hardwood
Carpentry (Finishing)

Scraper is tool made of steel. It is used to produce a
very smooth surface.
Carpentry (Finishing)

Wood Fillers - this are
used to eliminate deep cuts
and holes in your finished
project, so that surface can
be made even and smooth.
Carpentry (Finishing)

Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut, mahogany
and natural color.
Carpentry (Finishing)

Shellac - a finishing material came from gums
substance of insects.
Carpentry (Finishing)

Varnish - a finishing
material when applied
produces high glossy
finish to a project. It
came in different forms,
from gum, linseed oil,
resin, turpentine and or
chemical drier.
Carpentry (Joints)

Joinery is the process of putting the work together.
Carpentry (Joints)

Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to the surface or edge of
other piece.
Carpentry (Joints)

Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45 degrees and joined forming
right angle.
Carpentry (Joints)

Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and chairs. (“Kaltas”)
Carpentry (Joints)

Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest joint used for quality chairs,
tables and benches. (Force Fitting)
Carpentry (Joints)

Dado - is a groove that runs on board and receives the end or edge of the
second board. (“TnG”)
Carpentry (Joints)

Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for making frames to hold glass in
constructing drawers and other cabinetwork.
Carpentry (Tools)
Carpentry (Common Tools)
•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled in a fixed casing and
retracts automatically by spring.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Knife is used when you know that the marks will disappear.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Try Square - is use for testing the squareness of two surfaces.
Woodworking tool used to mark a line at 90 degrees to the
edge of the wood or finding "square".
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and marking the thickness and
width of stock.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out any angle.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for drilling and boring holes.
Carpentry (Common Tools)
Dividers are used for dividing space equally, transferring measurements and
scribing arcs and circles.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)
Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be
performed in it.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)
Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for clamping
parts together when assembling projects.
Carpentry (Holding Tools)
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape of the
teeth is similar to knife blades.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the bench
and the vise.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Hack saw – is used to cut metal.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)
Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.
Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)
Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of wood and
for smoothing surfaces
Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)
Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges
Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)
Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of woods.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)
Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)
Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)
Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is used in
boring holes with small diameter.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)
Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)
Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with wooden
handles.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)
Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is
used in metal work
Carpentry (Holding Tools)

Vise is used for holding a work of piece to allow work to be performed in it.

Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces, edge to edge and for clamping parts
together when assembling projects.

Brace – it is used for holding auger bits, fastener bits and other tools with
rectangular shape shanks.
Carpentry (Cutting Tools)







Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large and round timber.
Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the grain.
Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across the grain. The shape of the
teeth is similar to knife blades.
Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate work both on the bench and
the vise.
Hack saw – is used to cut metal.
Coping saw – used in cutting irregular shapes.
Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in a wood.
Carpentry (Smoothening Tools)



Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or width of a piece of wood and
for smoothing surfaces
Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and concave edges.
Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting edge and carving of woods.
Carpentry (Boring Tools)




Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in woods.
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks.
Drill – a set of twist drills used for drilling both metal and wood.
Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box wood handle. It is used in
boring holes with small diameter.
Carpentry (Driving Tools)



Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in driving chisels with wooden
handles.
Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling nails.
Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at the back of the hammer. It is
used in metal work.
Carpentry (Roofs)




Gable Roof. This roof has two roof slopes that meet at the center (ridge),
forming a gable. It is the most common roof because it is simple,
economical, and may be used on any type of structure.
Hip Roof. This roof has four sides or slopes running upward toward the
center of the building to create a ridge (or peak)
Lean-To or Shed Roof. This roof used where hasty or temporary
construction is needed and where sheds or additions to buildings are
erected.
Valley Roof. This roof is framed of two intersection hip or gable roofs. The
two roofs meet at a valley.
Sample Question 1

What computational formula is used to compute for the
measurement of wood in board feet?
 A.) (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
 B.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
 C.) (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
 D.) (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Sample Question 2

How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he purchase 14 pieces of
2x2x10 of lumber and the prices per board foot is Php 12.50?
Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33
 A.) Php 41.66
 B.) Php 583.33
 C.) Php 46.66
 D.) Php 653.33
Total Amount = (3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs ) x Php12.50
Total Amount = (46.66 Bd.ft) x Php 12.50
Total Amount = Php 583.33
Sample Question 3

What kind of joint in carpentry is illustrated below?
 A.) Mortise & Tenon
 B.) Dovetail
 C.) Milter joint
 D.) Dado
Masonry
Masonry


Masonry is the art of building with stone, bricks, concrete
blocks or similar materials.
It is the building of structures from individual units laid in
and bound together by mortar.
Masonry (Basics)




Concrete – the artificial stone as a result of mixing sand,
cement, gravel and water.
Mortar – mixture of cement, sand and water used for
binding stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.
Plaster – mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and
hardened to produce smooth surface.
Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance.
Masonry (Basics)

Cement – a bonding agent that reacts with water to
form a hard stone-like substance.

Two types of Cement
 Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
 Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
Masonry (Tools)

Roughing up tools

Plumb bob is used in guiding the vertical position in laying
bricks
Masonry (Tools)

Water and Tube Level – use to establish level marks in
laying out masonry works
Masonry (Tools)

Crandall – tool with pointed steel pikes used for
dressing concrete.
Masonry (Tools)

Bolster – tool similar with chisel including its services
Masonry (Tools)

Spade – basic construction tool used in mixing concrete.
Masonry (Tools)

Float – tool with handle at the back usually made of
wood.
Masonry (Tools)

Trowel – flat tool used for applying, spreading and shaping
plaster or mortar to produce smooth finish.
Masonry (Common Materials)





CHB - is the most widely used masonry material for construction
works.
Bricks – are manufactured from clay and other materials processed
into workable consistency and molded to standard sizes.
Ashlars – carefully worked and joined stone blocks laid in parallel
horizontal courses.
Rubble stone – irregular stones with good face for wall surface.
Aggregates - the material that is bound together into a
conglomerated mass by cement and water to form concrete, mortar
or plaster.


Fine – sand
Coarse – crushed rocks, gravel .
Masonry (Mixing Proportion)







Cement
Sand
Gravel
AA – 1
:
1½
:
3
A– 1
:
2
:
4
B– 1
:
2½
:
5
C– 1
:
3
:
6
For Handmixing
½ kg of water + 1 kg of cement + 2 kg of sand + 2.5 – 3
kg of gravel
Masonry (Strength of Concrete)








Correct proportion of the ingredients
Quality of the materials
Proper methods of mixing
Proper placement or depositing of the concrete inside
the form
Adequate protection during the period of curing
Finding the Quantity of Cement, Sand and Gravel
It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B or C)
Find the volume
Masonry (Strength of Concrete)










One cubic feet of gravel is equal to 95% of the volume of
concrete
Cement is equal to
cubic feet of gravel
quantity of gravel in the proportion
Sand is equal to
cubic feet of gravel
2
Volume = T” x L’ x W’
Example: 5” x 10’ x 20’
5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.
Masonry (Strength of Concrete)







How many bags of cement, sand and gravel are needed
for the construction of a concrete flooring with 5 inches
thick and dimensions of 10 x 20 feet of class B concrete
mixture?
class B – 1 : 2.5 : 5
Volume = 5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.
83.33 x 95% = 79.16 cu.ft. of gravel
79.16 / 5 = 15.83 bags of cement
79.16 / 2 = 39.58 cu.ft. of sand
Values in Red are constant (Based on Mixing prop)
Masonry (Strength of Concrete)




A floor 15 feet by 20 feet is to be concreted with 4
inches thick. The proportion is Class A. Find the number
of cement, sand and gravel in cu.ft.
Cement = 23.75 bags
Sand
= 47.5 cu.ft.
Gravel
= 95 cu.ft.
Masonry (CHB Quantity)




Find the area of the wall (sq. m.)
The area to 12.5 (given no. of HBs per sq. m.
with ½ “ thick mortar )
Ex. 3m x 8m = 24 sq. m. x 12.5 = 300
How many CHBs are needed for the construction of 8
meters high and 8 meters long fence?
Plumbing
Plumbing (RA 1378)



Plumbing is the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures
and other apparatus to convey and supply water in
buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water in a
safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way.
Plumbing designs and installations are governed by a set
of rules prescribed by the National Plumbing Code.
Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the "Plumbing
Law".
Plumbing (Purpose of the Code)


Establish standards that will protect the health of the
community. Faulty plumbing is a serious health hazard.
With the increasing standardization of equipment and
materials, plumbing codes in different areas of the country
are tending more and more toward uniformity,.
Plumbing (Basic Terms)







Fixture – any of the fixed plumbing items in a household such as lavatories,
showers, bath tubs, etc.
Sewer – an underground tunnel that carries off the drainage and water
matter from a house.
Fittings – are piece of apparatus, equipment or furnishing used for pipe
installations.
Drainage – includes all piping within the public or private premises that
conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid wastes.
Vent pipe – facilitate ventilation to avoid siphonage or backflow of the
water seal.
Soil pipe – pipes that convey waste coming from water closet (toilet).
Waste pipe – conveys waste from various fixtures other than water closet.


Solid waste – from water closet (toilet)
Liquid waste - from various fixture
Plumbing (Basic Terms)

Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to facilitate troubleshooting in
case of stoppage of flow
Plumbing (Basic Terms)




Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack
or stack vent extended full size above the roof.
Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above the roof
if the roof is used other than protection from the elements of weather.
The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were those installed at 2% slope. 2 cm
per 1 meter length, a 3 meters pipe will have inclination of 3x2=6 cm.
The house drain shall be provided with adequate number of cleanouts to
facilitate troubleshooting or cleaning in case of stoppage or flow. Every 20
m space
Plumbing (Types of Pipe)

Rigid type




Flexible type




Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Polyethylene (PE)
Polybuthylene (PB)
Copper pipe – used in installing hot water supply
PVC pipes quickly installed using solvent cementing.
Plumbing (The Septic Tank)









Septic Tank – is is the receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharge
from the house sewer.
An ideal size of septic tank is 1.3 cu.m, for 6 family members
A very large tank is not advisable because the bacterial activities would be retarded.
Bacteriological Processes
Sedimentation process - decomposition in the upper portion of the tank (with
the scum)
Anaerobic decomposition –decompo-sition of the sludge at the bottom of the
tank.
Sludge – a semi-liquid substance accumulated at the bottom of the septic tank.
Scum – a floating substance at the septic tank.
The minimum distance required between the septic tank and residence is ten feet
(10’)

The minimum distance required between the well and septic tank is seventy-five feet
(75’)
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Pipe wrench – used in turning soft iron pipes and
fittings with rounded surface.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Wrench – is used to tighten or loosen hexagonal fittings.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Pipe vise – used in holding pipes for cutting and
threading.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Threader – tools used in making teeth on pipes
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Tube cutter – or pipe cutter used for thinner pipes and
tubes.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Hacksaw – a fine tooth saw with blade held under
tension in a frame, used for cutting metals or plastics.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

P-trap – a device designed to seal a liquid or prevent the back
passage of air without affecting the flow of the sewage through
it.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Nipple – a short pipe with small opening which provides way
for liquid to pass through the pipe. It has a male thread on each
end and is used for extension from fitting.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Bushing - fittings that can be inserted into one pipe and allow
you to screw another (smaller pipe) pipe into it.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Coupling – a fitting device used to connect two shafts
together at their ends.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Union – like coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and
convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance. “Union
Patente”
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Plug – cap end, designed to insert into the end of tube to end
the flow of water.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Cap – similar to plug, it covers the end of a pipe.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Elbows – ¼ bend, 45 degrees and 90 degrees, to change
direction
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Reducer – used to connect smaller pipe from a larger pipe.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Tee
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Fittings

Wye
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Valves

Gate valve – it is used to permit or prevent the flow of
water.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Valves

Check valve – a device which allows liquid to flow through it
in only one direction. It is often used in some types of pumps –
inlet and outlet ball check valves.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Valves

Inlet valve – it is used to control the pressure of the flow of
water.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Valves

Flush valve – device
located at the bottom
of the tank for flushing
water closets.
Plumbing (Tools and Materials)

Valves

Float valve – used in filling water tanks, avoiding overflow and
backflow of water.
Sample Question 1

The Plumbing Law is also known as?
 A.) RA7077
 B.) RA6442
 C.) RA 1387
 D.) RA 1378
Sample Question 2

If the ideal size of a septic tank for a 6 Family members is 1.3
cu. m, what size will it take to have a family member of 9?
cu.m/fm = (1.3 cu.m/ 6)
Cu.m/fm=0.216
Septic size = cu.m/fm x N
 A.) 1.93 cu. m
 B.) 1.96 cu. m
 C.) 1.92 cu. m
 D.) 1.95 cu. m
Septic size = 0.216 x 9
Septic size = 1.95 cu.m
Sample Question 3

Plumbing material that is used to connect smaller pipe from a
larger pipe.
 A.) Tee
 B.) Union
 C.) Reducer
 D.) Elbow
Electricity
Electricity



Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the
existence of charged particles (such as electrons &
protons). Either statically on an accumulation of charge of
dynamically a current
Current Directional flow of electric charge
Insulator vs. Conductor
Electricity (Sources)

Biomass – all solid materials from plants and animals which
energy may be extracted.

Advantages of Biomass Energy





Disadvantages of Biomass Energy





Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Can produce energy on-demand
Energy is easily stored
Low energy return on investment
High air pollution emissions
Very high water and land requirements
High occupational hazards
Geothermal Energy – heat energy of the earth.
Electricity (Sources)














Hydropower – force of moving water from rivers and water reservoirs.
Advantages of Hydropower
Very high return on energy investment
Very low greenhouse gas & air pollution emissions
Inexpensive once dam is built
Disadvantages of Hydropower
Very high land requirements
Extremely high impacts to land and water habitat
Best sites are already developed or off-limits
Disastrous impacts in case of dam failure
Ocean Power – energy from the currents and waves.
Marine Currents
Two-way currents – caused by ocean tides.
One-way currents – ocean water flowing like rivers.
Electricity (Sources)













Solar Energy – heat energy provided by the sun
Advantages of Solar Energy
Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Very low air pollution emissions
Very low water requirements
Modular, low-profile, low-maintenance
Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Intermittent energy source
High land requirements
Expensive
Manufacture involves some toxics
Electricity (Sources)












Wind Power – energy from the force of the wind.
Advantages of Wind Power
Renewable energy source
Very low greenhouse gas emissions
Very low air pollution emissions
Very low water requirements
Very safe for workers and public
Disadvantage of Wind Power
Intermittent energy source
Limited to windy areas
Potentially high hazard to birds
Moderate land requirements
Electricity (Sources)












Coal Energy – energy derived from burning coals, a rock mostly
made of carbon element.
Advantages of Coal Energy
Inexpensive
Abundant
Low land requirements
Can produce energy on-demand
Disadvantages of Coal Energy
Non-renewable energy source
Very high greenhouse gas emissions
Very high air pollution emissions
High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine drainage
Highly hazardous occupation
Electricity (Sources)












Nuclear Energy – energy trapped inside the atom, the same with the
principle of producing energy by heat.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy
Low greenhouse gas emissions
Low air pollution emissions
Low land requirements for power plants (though not for waste storage)
Can produce energy on-demand
Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
Non-renewable energy source
High water requirements
Relatively expensive
Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
Serious accident would be disastrous
Electricity (Sources)

Natural Gas – energy from methane, a combination of
hydrogen and carbon, formed when organic matters are
trapped beneath the sedimentary layers of the earth.
Electricity (Types of Current)






Alternating Current (AC) - the flow of electrons changes
alternately. It goes positive, and then it goes negative, and so
on as a cycle.
It reverses direction 120 times per second, or 60 cycles per
second – called 60 hertz power.
Direct Current (DC) - the flow of electron in a conductor
is only in one direction.
It flows from negative pole, through a device, and on the
positive pole.
Sources:
Chemical battery , Electronic power supply, and Mechanical
Generator
Electricity (Types of Electricity)



Static Electricity – electricity at rest, the buildup of
electric charge on the surface of objects.
Electricity produced by friction
Dynamic Electricity – the flow of electric charge, also
known as electric current. It also known as electricity in
motion.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)

Circuit is the complete flow of current through a
conductor or path from the source to the load and
back to the source. It is the continuous flow of current.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)

Source – it provides electrical power to the circuit. Ex.
Cell or battery, generators.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)

Load – electrical device (appliances) connected to the
circuit that consumes electricity or power.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)

Control/Switch – a device that turns the current ON
and OFF.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)

Path – a conductor composed of 2 or more lines that
provide passage for the current from the source to the
load.
Electricity (Electric Symbols)

QUANTITY
UNIT

Electron Current
Ampere

Applied Voltage Volt

Circuit Resistance
Ohm
R
George Ohm
R=E/I

Power
Watt
P
James Watt
P=IxE
V or E
SYMBOL
PROPONENT
FORMULA
I or A
Andre Ampere
I=E/R
Allesandro Volta
V= IxR
Electricity (Types of Circuit)

Series Circuit

Loads are connected end to end along the path of current in a single closed loop.

Current is the same throughout the circuit (Itotal = Il=I2=I3….)

Voltage is equal to the sum of individual voltage drops in a circuit.

(Vtotal = Vl+V2+V3….)

Resistance in series is equal to the sum of individual resistances

(Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)
Electricity (Types of Circuit)

Series Circuit

(Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)

RT=R1+R2+R3

RT=10+10+20

RT=40Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)


Parallel Circuit
Loads are connected side by side across the path of the current.










Current in each branch is independent from each other, when branch or load opens, the
other load will still function.
Current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.
(Itotal = Il+I2+I3….)
Voltage drop across each load is the same. (Vtotal = Vl=V2=V3….)
Resistance is found by this formula:
1
----------------------1
1
1
--+ --- + --R1
R2
R3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)

Parallel Circuit

Resistance is found by this formula: (Product over sum)

RT= (R1)(R2)
R1 + R2


RT= (10) (20)
10 + 20




RT=
200
30
RT= 66.66Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)


Series and Parallel Circuit
Combination of series and parallel connection in one circuit.
Electricity (Ohms Law)



OHM’S LAW
George Simoun Ohm – discovered the
relationships of voltage, current and resistance in a
circuit.
Current is directly proportional to voltage


Increase in voltage will result to increase in current
Current is inversely proportional to resistance

Increase in resistance will result to a decrease in current
Electricity (Basic Computation)

QUANTITY
UNIT
SYMBOL
FORMULA

Electron Current
Ampere

Applied Voltage Volt

Circuit Resistance
Ohm
R
R =V / I

Power
Watt
P
P = I xV
I or A
V or E
I =V / R
V= IxR
Electricity (Ohms Law)
Electricity (Ampere “I”)

Ampere is represented as “I”

Voltage is represented as “V”

Resistance is Represented as “R”

How to determine the Ampere required for a voltage of 12V and a resistance of 1o
ohms.

I =V / R

I= 12 /10

I=1.2

The Ampere required is 1.2A
Electricity (Voltage “V”)

Ampere is represented as “I”

Voltage is represented as “V”

Resistance is Represented as “R”

How to determine the Voltage required for a current of 2A and a resistance of 14
ohms.

V=I x R

V= 2 x 14

V=28

The Voltage required is 28V
Electricity (Resistance “R”)

Ampere is represented as “I”

Voltage is represented as “V”

Resistance is Represented as “R”

How to determine the Resistance of the circuit for a current of 2A and a Voltage of
24V.

R=V/I

R= 24 x 2

R=12

The Resistance is 12Ohms
Electricity (Power “P”)

Ampere is represented as “I”

Voltage is represented as “V”

Power is Represented as “P”

How to determine the Power (Watts) for a current of 30A and a Voltage of 220V.

P=V x I

P= 220 x 30

P=6600

The Power or watts is 6600W
Electricity (Trick of the trade)
V
I
P
R
I
V
Electricity (Circuit Protection)

Breaker – an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect electrical
circuit caused by overload or short circuit.

(Fuse operates once, must be replaced. Breaker can be reset to resume normal
operation).

20 amp – for convenience outlets (general purpose)

15 amp – for lighting fixtures

30 amp – for heavy duty appliance outlets (SPO) such as ref and aircon.

60 amp - for main breaker
Electricity (Circuit Conditions)

Overload – when the total current flowing in the circuit is more than the capacity
of the conductor.

Short Circuit – when insulated conductors from line 1 and line 2 of a circuit come
into contact with each other without passing any load, or when the resistance of
the load becomes unnecessary low.

This is dangerous because it creates a very high flow of current which produces
unusual heat and may cause fire.

Grounded circuit = when one uninsulated conductor touches the metal part of an
appliance. It causes voltage drain, and electrocution when touch by uninsulated individual.

Open circuit = when the flow of the current is incomplete. When circuit is switched off.

Closed circuit = when the flow of current is complete.When circuit is switched on.
Electricity (Basic requirements in electrical house
wiring)

Prepare a house wiring plan in accordance with the safety standards of the PEC
 PEC – Philippine Electrical Code or NEC – National Electrical Code
 Philippine Association of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers (PAMEE)

Determine the load and compute for the expected power and current
consumption.

Identify the service point where electricity will come from

Determine the number of outlets per branch and their specifications

Determine the sizes of the receptacles, tubes and panels

Determine the sizes and ampacity of wires, cables and circuit protectors.

3 watts per square foot – for general purpose circuit (lighting and receptacles) or
24watts per 1 sq. m for lighting, 100 watts per outlet

A nominal value of 1500 watts for each 20- ampere small appliances and laundry
circuit.

Plus major appliances, (5000 watts for aircon) then get the total load.
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good
Wiring )

Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the power.

(Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the circuit you will be working on in your service
panel)

Prepare and study the wiring diagram.This will help you understand the
basic principles of good wiring.

Electrical wires are color coded to prevent wiring errors.

Black is HOT wire

White is Neutral wire

Green is Ground wire

Red is second HOT wire

Yellow is Traveller wire
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good
Wiring )

Always use appropriate size of wires

Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)

Measured in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge)

# 14 AWG (2.0mm2) – for lighting fixtures

# 12 AWG (3.5mm2) – for convenience outlets

# 10 or 8 AWG (5.5 to 8.5mm2)– for service entrance
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good
Wiring )

Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good
Wiring )

Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size decreases)
Electricity (Test Instruments )

Ohm meter – test for resistance

Ammeter – test for current

Voltmeter – test for voltage

Multimeter/ VOM
Electricity (Word Problem)

15 ohm and 13 ohm resistor is connected in series and will be called “X”.
Another is a 23 ohms and 5 ohms is connected in parallel which will be
called “Y”. What will be the total current of the whole circuit if “X” and “Y”
is connected in parallel and the voltage is 24V?
Electricity (Word Problem)

A 4 Ohm resistor is connected in parallel to 3 series connected resistors
of 4, 3 and 5 Ohms, what will be the voltage of the circuit if the Current is
8.3A?
Electricity (Word Problem)

A 3 resistors is connected in parallel namely 3.7, 9.4 and 12.7 Ohms is
connected in a series to a 2 parallel connected resistors of 11.6 and and
7.3 Ohms, what will be the voltage of the circuit if the Current is 12.3A?
Electronics
Electronics

Electronics – refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons) through nonmetal
conductors (mainly semiconductors).

The flow of charge through various materials and devices such as, semiconductors,
resistors, inductors, capacitors, and vacuum tubes.
Electronics

Electronic components -It refers to any physical entity in an electronic system
whose intention is to affect the electrons in a desired manner consistent with the
intended function of the electronic system

Electronic circuit – composed of different components that are classified as
active and passive components.

Passive – components that do not generate voltage but controls the current in a circuit.

Ex. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.

Active – components that can generate, amplify and even control voltage and current in a
circuit.

Ex. Diode, transistor, integrated circuits (IC), etc.
Electronics

Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good insulators

Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric current.

Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the voltage.
It is non-polarized.

Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in
an electric field.

Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete flow
of current.

Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move freely

Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.

Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.
Electronics

Semiconductors – a group that are neither good conductors nor good insulators

Inductors – the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric current.

Resistor – a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the voltage.
It is polarized.

Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in
an electric field.

Electrical Circuit – a network that has a closed loop, allowing the complete flow
of current.

Conductors – are metals and other substances where electrons can move freely

Insulators – substances where electrons cannot move freely.

Transformer – is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage.
Electronics (Tools)

Electric Drill and Drill Bits - in the range of 1/8 inch to 1/2 inch will come in
handy when you need to drill holes.

Soldering Iron - a 20 Watt to 30 Watt soldering iron with tips of 1/8 inch to 1/2
inch can be used for soldering of through hole components.

Disordering Pump - A pump aids in the removal of the liquid solder.

Wire stripper - is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it is
used to connect to another wire.

Long nose Pliers – a 4-inch long nose pliers used to hold components that have
short leads that need to be soldered onto the PCB.

Side-Cutting Pliers - 4-inch side cutting pliers used to trim off excess component
leads on the printed circuit board and to cut wires before being used.

Small tweezers - is used to hold small components.

Allen Wrench - set is used to unscrew or screw Allen type of screws.

Philips/Flat Head Screwdrivers

Socket wrench - sets that include nut drivers, hex drivers.
Electronics (Tools)

Maintenance

Tinning – the process of cleaning and applying a thin coat of solder on the tip of
the pre-heat soldering iron.

Flux – chemical cleaning agent, The purpose of flux is to clean oxides from metal
surfaces to ensure a clean bond in soldering.

Maintenance Tips of Electronic Tools

Ensure that the tools are used only for their intended purposes.

Keep them lubricated with a light film of oil to inhibit rust.

Keep the tools clean and sharp; keep the soldering tips clean and well tinned.

Ensure that proper uses of the tools are always adhered to by following the instructions of
using the tools.
Electronics (Components)

Electronic Components

It is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete form, intended to be
connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an
electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or
oscillator).
Electronics (Capacitors)

Capacitor

is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric.

It stores and discharge electrical energy.

The voltage rating found in a capacitor is called working voltage.

The rating is expressed in capacitance; the unit of measurement in capacitance is
farad.

– invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745)
Electronics (Capacitors)

Types of Capacitor

Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)

Tantalum Capacitor

Ceramic Capacitor

Polystyrene Film Capacitor

Mica Capacitor

Metalized Polyester Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

Trimmer Capacitor
Electronics (Diodes)

It converts AC to DC.

It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.

They are called rectifiers

It is polarized, the terminals are anode (positive) and cathode (negative)

Forward biased – when current is applied to the cathode (negative), it permits the flow
of current. (ON switch)

Reverse biased – when current is applied to the anode (positive), it will not permit the
flow of current. (OFF switch)

Zener diode – used as voltage reference, connected across a circuit where
regulated voltage is required; acts as a regulator

Light emitting diode (LED) – it acts like rectifier diode except that is usually
intended to indicate flow of current.

Photo diode – a diode which is sensitive to light; a light sensitive diode.
Electronics (Transistors)

Is an active semiconductor device having 3 electrodes. It could perform a variety of
applications such as switch, amplifier, and rectifier.

The terminals of a transistor are base, collector and emitter.

BASE - which is the lead responsible for activating the transistor.

COLLECTOR - which is the positive lead.

EMITTER - which is the negative lead.

Kinds of Transistor

NPN – arrow pointing outward;

PNP – arrow pointing inward.


The arrow points where negative is; supply is connected to the emitter and collector.
Electronics (Resistors)

Is a device that opposes the flow of electric current, it lowers the voltage.

The simplest components in any circuit. Their job is to restrict the flow of electrons
and reduce the current or voltage flowing by converting electrical energy into heat.

Variable resistors (also known as potentiometers) have a dial control on them so
they change the amount of resistance when you turn them.
Electronics (Resistors)
Electronics (Resistors)
What are those Pretty Colors on the Resistors?
Typically, a resistor will have 4 color bands on them which represent the
resistance values of the resistor. Each color of the “Resistor Color Code”
represents a numeric value:
A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the value
and tolerance of the resistor?
Yellow = 4;Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%
Electronics (Resistors)
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
A resistor is color coded with Yellow-Violet-Black-Gold. What is the value
and tolerance of the resistor?
Yellow = 4;Violet = 7; Black = 1;
47x1 = 47 ohms, +- 5%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
---1
0
1
1
10
---+- 1%
Red
2
2
100
+- 2%
Orange
3
3
1,000
+- 3%
Yellow
4
4
10,000
+- 4%
Green
5
5
100,000
Blue
6
6
1,000,000
Violet
7
7
10,000,000
Gray
8
8
108
White
9
9
109
Gold
----
----
0.1
+- 5%
Silver
----
----
0.01
+- 10%
No color
----
----
20
+- 20%

2
4
x 10 = 240Ohms
+-5%
Let’s Try

Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well

Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Let’s Try
Color
1st Significant figure
2nd Significant figure
Multiplier
Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
No color
---1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
----------
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
108
109
0.1
0.01
20
---+- 1%
+- 2%
+- 3%
+- 4%
+- 5%
+- 10%
+- 20%
Electronics (Circuit Board)

Breadboard

Temporary, no soldering required

This is a way of making a temporary circuit, for testing purposes or to try out an idea.

No soldering is required and all the components can be re-used afterwards.

It is easy to change connections and replace components
Electronics (Circuit Board)

Strip board

Permanent, soldered

Strip board has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The strips are 0.1" (2.54mm) apart
and there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm).

Strip board requires no special preparation other than cutting to size. It can be cut with a
junior hacksaw, or simply snap it along the lines of holes by putting it over the edge of a bench
or table and pushing hard.
Electronics (Circuit Board)

Printed Circuit Board

Permanent, soldered

Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components are
placed.
Credit to the owner of this Power point from
my respective review center, CBRC.