ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
An Interdisciplinary
Monograph Series
Third Edition
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VOLUME II
The Effects of Air Pollution
edited by Arthur C. Stern
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
AIR POLLUTION
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME II
The Effects of Air Pollution
Edited by
Arthur C. Stern
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1977
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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COPYRIGHT © 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Stern, Arthur Cecil.
The effects of air pollution.
(His Air pollution, third edition ; v. 2) (Environmental sciences)
Bibliography:
p.
Includes index.
Air—Pollution.
2.
Air—Pollution—Physiologi1.
cal effect.
Title.
I.
II.
Series: Environmental
sciences.
TD883.S83 1976 voL 2
363.6
77-7189
ISBN 0-12-666602-4
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contents
Lint of Contributors
Preface
Contents of Other Volumes
xi
xiii
xv
Park A EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS
L Effects on the Physical Properties of the Atmosphere
Elmer Robinson
1
I. Introduction
3
II. Mathematical Concepts of Visibility
27
III. Meteorological Aspects of Visibility
IV. Air Pollution Effects on Weather and Atmospheric Conditions 37
60
V. Conclusions
61
References
2. Effects on Economic Materials and Structures
John E. Yocom and James B. Upham
I. Introduction
II. Mechanisms of Deterioration in Polluted Atmospheres
III. Factors that Influence Atmospheric Deterioration . .
IV. Methods of Measuring Atmospheric Deterioration .
V. Materials Damage
VI. Economics of Air Pollution Effects
References
65
• 66
• 67
• 69
74
108
112
vii
viii
CONTENTS
3. Effects on Indoor Air Quality
John E. Yocom, William A. Coté, and Ferris B. Benson
117
I. Introduction
118
II. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality
120
III. Indoor-Outdoor Air Quality Relationships
IV. Effects of Indoor Generation of Pollutants and Other Factors
132
on Indoor Air Quality
153
References
PART B EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
4. Effects on Vegetation: Native, Crops, Forests
Walter W. Heck and C. Stafford Brandt
I. Introduction
II. Air Pollution Effects on Vegetation
III. Factors Affecting the Response of Vegetation to
Air Pollutants
IV. Effects of Air Pollutants on Biomass and Yield . .
V. Dose—Response of Vegetation to Air Pollutants . .
VI. Vegetation as a Biological Monitor for Air Pollutants .
VII. Economic Evaluation of Response
VIII. Vegetation as a Sink for Air Pollutants—Greenbelts .
IX. Reduction of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation . .
References
158
161
176
185
184
203
212
215
218
220
5. Biological Effects of Air Pollutants
David L. Coffin and Herbert E. Stokinger
I. Photochemical Oxidants
II. Ozone
III. Nitrogen Dioxide
IV. Sulfur Oxides
V. Carbon Monoxide
VI. Particulate Material
VII. Interaction of Air Pollutants and Biological Agents
VIII. Real and Synthetic Atmospheres
IX. Air Pollution and Domestic Animals
References
232
233
264
289
305
312
324
336
341
345
6. Organic Particulate Pollutants—Chemical Analysis
and Bioassays for Carcinogenicity
Dietrich Hoffmann and Ernst L. Wynder
I. Introduction
II. Standard Laboratory Conditions
362
364
CL I.11, jv:.j¿iUL 1.iiii1GQNLl'P
ix
CONTENTS
III. Fractionation
IV. Neutral Fraction
V. Acidic Fraction
VI. Basic Fraction
VII. Bioassay
VIII. Outlook
References
365
368
414
418
423
445
445
7. Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
John R. Goldsmith and Lars T. Friberg
I. Introduction
II. Acute Air Pollution Effects and Their Detection . . .
III. Combined Effects of Sulfur Oxides and Black Suspended
Matter
IV. Effects of Gaseous Pollutants
V. Particulate Pollutants and Their Effects
VI. Air Pollution as a Causal Factor in Chronic Disease
References
458
469
483
493
531
553
590
PART C AIR POLLUTION LITERATURE RESOURCES
8. Literature Resources
Peter Halpin
I. State of the Literature
II. Primary Resources
III. Secondary Resources
IV. Tertiary Resources
V. Newsletters
VI. Translations
VII. Audiovisual Materials
VIII. The Information Network
IX. Bibliographies, Directories, and Guides
References
S & ct Index
612
613
649
657
659
659
660
661
661
662
681
Third Edition
AIR POLLUTION
Edited by ARTHUR C. STERN
Volumes in the ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Series
FROM REVIEWS OF THE SECOND EDITION:
"The American literature-in fact, the whole field of air pollution and its control is indeed fortunate
to be in possession of this encyclopedic treatise. Without question, it is the most complete work in
existence at this time .... No worker really interested in air pollution and its control should be
Leonard Greenburg in AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
withouta Copy..
""Amply meets its stated objective, to be the most comprehensive analysis of air pollution available.""
• Byron A Berg in JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE
"
will be of great service to all who are concerned with the many aspects and problems or
-A. Parker in NATURE
mitigation of air pollution. -
Volume I/Air Pollutants, Their Transformation and Transport
1976, 752 pp. / ISBN 0-12-666601-6
THE POLLUTANTS
Leslie A. Chambers, Classification and Extent of Air Pollution Problems. Paul Urone, The Primary Air
Pollutants-Gaseous: Their Occurrence, Sources, and Effects. Morton Corn, Aerosols and the Primary
Air Pollutants--Nonviable Particles: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Effects. Alvin R. Jacobson and
Samuel C. Mor ris, The Primary Air Pollutants--Viable Particulates Their Occurrence, Sources, and
Effects Merril Eisenbud, The Primary Air Pollutants-Radioactive: Their Occurrence, Sources, and
Effects.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
A. J. Haagen•Smit and Lowell G. Wayne, Atmospheric Reactions and Scavenging Processes. D. M.
Whelpdale and R. E. Munn, Global Sources, Sinks, and Transport of Air Pollution.
THE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Raymond C. Wanta and William P. Lowry, The Meteorological Setting for Dispersal of Air Pollutants.
Gordon H. Strom, Transport and Diffusion of Stack Effluents. Warren B. Johnson, Ralph C. Sklarew,
and D. Bruce Turner, Urban Air Quality Simulation Modeling. E. Wendell Hewson, Meteorological
Measurements. Robert A. McCormick and George C. Holzworth, Air Pollution Climatology.
Volume III/Measuring, Monitoring, and Surveillance of Air Pollution
1976, 824 pp. / ISBN 0-12-666603- 2
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Paul M. Glover, Particulate Matter Sampling and Sizing. Philip W. West, Analysis of Inorganic Particulates Walter C. McCrone, Microscopy and Pollution Analysis. H,+rman D. Axelrod and James P. Lodge,
Jr., Sampling and Calibration of Gaseous Pollutants. Aubrey Paul Altschuller, Hydrocarbons and Carbon Oxides Donald F. Adams, Sulfur Compounds Morris Katz, Nitrogen Compounds and Oxidants.
Austin H. Phelps, Odors.
AMBIENT AIR SURVEILLANCE
Robert J. Bryan, Ambient Air Quality Surveillance. Charles W. Gruber and George Jutze, Air Pollution
Effects Surveillance, Harry F. Schulte, Radionuclide Surveillance. Charles E. Zimmer, Air Quality Data
Handling and Analysis Richard D. Cadle, Global Monitoring and Surveillance of Air Pollution.
SOURCE SURVEILLANCE
Harold J. Paulus and Raymond W. Thron, Stack Sampling. John S. Nader, Source Monitoring. William
F. Biller and John Harkins, Measurement, Testing, and Surveillance of Air Pollution from Mobile
Sources James R. Hammerle, Emission Inventory.
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