BOYLE’S LAW for SCIENCE Grade 10 Quarter 4/ Week 1 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 1 1 FOREWORD The Department of Education through the Bureau of Curriculum Development Curriculum Standards Development Division has crafted the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) to address the needs and demands brought about by the pandemic. This Self-Learning Kit serves as an alternative learning material that discusses the general properties of gases, the scientific postulates as stated in the kinetic molecular theory, and the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature and amount of gas. 2 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: K: describe the scientific postulates of kinetic molecular theory S: perform simple calculations applying principles of Boyle’s Law A: recognize the importance of Boyle’s Law in real-life situation LEARNING COMPETENCY Investigate the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature of gas and amount of gas. (S10MT-IVab-21) I. WHAT HAPPENED Pre-Assessment Directions: Answer the following questions below about volume– pressure relationship and write your answer in your notebook. 1. Who is the Irish scientist who discovered the inverse relationship between volume and pressure at constant amount of gas? 2. Which law states that the volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure if the temperature and amount of gas remains constant? 3. If a fixed amount of gas occupies 3.60 liters at a pressure of 1.00 atm at 25°C. What will be its volume at a pressure of 2.50 atm if the temperature remains constant? 4. A gas occupies 1.56 L at 1.00 atm. What will be the volume of the sameamount of gas if the pressure becomes 3.00 atm? 5. Give one application of Boyle’s Law. 3 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW Gas can be found around us. It is part of our daily living as there are tools which we use that apply some principles governing gas properties. Some of the principal general properties of gases may be listed below: 1. Gases are compressible. 2. Gases fill any container that they occupy. 3. Different gases mix completely. 4. Gases expand in the presence of heat. 5. Gases do not settle in their container. According to the kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gases consist of tiny, discrete molecules, each of which has a mass. In gases, these molecules are relatively far apart with empty spaces between them. This is why gases can easily be compressed. Gas molecules are in constant, rapid, random motion. They move in straight lines until they collide with other molecules, or with the walls of the container. This movement explains the filling of containers by gases and the mixing of gases. The moving gas molecules exert pressure in the container. A given pressure is the resultof the number of such collisions in a unit of time. Gas pressure is increased by the following: 1. Forcing more gas into the container, thereby increasing the number of collisions per unit time 2. Decreasing the volume of gas, thus shortening the average distance between the molecules and eventually increasing the number of collisions per unit time 3. Heating the gas in a closed container, thereby increasing the speed of the molecules and the number of collisions per unit time The speed of the moving molecules is the result of the kinetic energy, and this energy increases by heating the gas and decreases by cooling it. The KMT suggests that the collision of the gas molecules with other molecules or with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic. In effect, collisions take place without loss of energy either through friction or through any other means. Before we proceed in discussing the laws related to properties of gases, take a look at this list below of the scientific postulates of the kinetic molecular theory. 1. A gas consists of very small particles, each of which has a mass. 2. The distances separating gas particles are relatively large. 3. Gas particles are in constant, rapid, and random motion. 4. Collisions of gas particles with each other or with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic. 5. The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends only on the temperature of the gas. Gases have higher kinetic energy at a higher temperature and lower kinetic energy at a lower temperature. 4 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 6. Gas particles exert a force on one another. In other words, the attractive forces between gas particles are so weak that the model assumes them to be zero. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume Source: t.ly/5Z54 Air is all around us consisting of plenty of molecules moving rapidly in all directions. We do not feel the pressure exerted on our body because we experience the same pressure from the air molecules within our body. That is, the pressures are equal. The pressure of the gas is the force it exerts on the wall of its container. On the other hand, volume is the amount of space that a substance or object occupies. Let us try to determine the relationship of the two by looking at the graph below. BOYLE’S LAW (temperature = constant) Source https://tinyurl.com/3sw8xksh The figure above shows a graph of pressure and volume. Kindly note that as the pressure increases the volume of the gas decreases, and as the pressure decreases the volume increases. If there is a decrease in the volume of gas, air molecules will have less space to move. Therefore, molecules will strike the walls of the container more often andwill result to a greater pressure. The relationship between the volume of a given quantity of a gas and its pressure is expressed by Boyle’s Law. This law states that the volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure if the temperature remains constant. Meaning, at constant temperature, if there is an increase in pressure, volume will decrease. If there is an increase in volume, pressure will also decrease. Boyle’s Law is expressed using the equation: P1V 1 = P2V 2 where: P1 = initial pressure V1 = initial volume P2 = final (resulting) pressure V2 = final (resulting)volume 5 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 Robert Boyle, an Irish scientist, discovered the inverse relationship between volume and pressure. Source: t.ly/AZUT The table below shows units for measuring pressure and volume. Units for Measuring Pressure Symbol Unit Atmosphere atm mm Hg torr Pa Millimeter of Mercury Torricelli Pascal Units for Measuring Pressure Unit Units Equivalent to 1atm 1atm 760 mm Hg 760 torr 101 325 Pa (=105 Pa) Atmosphere Milliliter of Mercury Torricelli Pascal Units for Liquid Measurement Unit Symbol mL cm3 L Milliliter Cubic centimeter Liter Since you already have an idea on how volume and pressure are related, letus try to solve a problem involving these two. Sample Problem A. What volume will 500 mL of gas initially at 25° C and 750 mm Hg occupywhen the condition changes to 650 mm Hg at the same temperature? Solution Consider first that the temperature is constant. Therefore, we can use Boyle’s Law. Note also that P1 is 750 mm Hg, V1 is 500 mL, and P2 is 650 mm Hg. Initial Final (Resulting) P2 = 650 mm Hg P1 = 750 mm of Hg V2 = ? V1 = 500 mL 6 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 Then using, P1V 1 = P2V 2 P2V 2 = P1V 1 P2V2 P1V1 = P2 P2 V2 = P1V1 P2 Substituting the given values for initial and final pressure and volume as reflected inthe table above. V2 = 750 mm Hg x 500 ml 650 mm Hg V2 = 576.92 ml ACTIVITY Directions: In your notebook, solve the problem below and show your solution. What volume will 400 mL of argon gas initially at 30° C and 725 mm Hg occupy when the condition changes to 650 mm Hg at the same temperature? There are several applications of Boyle’s Law that greatly helped us especially in the field of medicine. One of the direct applications of Boyle’s Law is seen in a chest respirator. A machine used in the treatment of patients with respiratory difficulties. When the pressure inside the respirator is decreased, the air in the lungs expands, forcing the diaphragm down. When the pressure of the respirator is increased, the volume of air in the lungs is decreased, allowing the diaphragm to move upward again. This alternate increase and decrease in pressure enable the patient to breathe even though he or she cannot control the movement of the diaphragm muscles. Another example of Boyle’s Law is in the use of a sphygmomanometer, a device used to measure blood pressure. When the rubber bulb is squeezed, the volume of air in that bulb is decreased and its pressure is increased. This increased pressure is transmitted to the cuff. 7 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 A picture that shows a patient with Covid-19 being treated with the use of chest respirator. Source: https://tinyurl.com/yckr9u5h Source: Chemistry for the Health Sciences, 8th Edition Georgie I. Sackheim, Dennis D. Lehman A sphygmomanometer, a device used to measure blood pressure. III.WHAT I HAVE LEARNED Directions: Write the letter of your choice in your notebook. 1. A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0 mmHg. What is the volume when the pressure is increased to 60.0 mmHg at constant temperature? a. 9.2 L b. 8.2 L c. 7.2 L d. 10.2 L 2. Which of the following states that the volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure if the temperature remains constant? a. Charles’ Law b. Boyle’s Law c. Kinetic Molecular Theory d. Avogadro’s Law 3. A gas occupies 1.56 L at 1.00 atm. What will be the volume of this gas if the pressure becomes 3.00 atm? a. 0.52 L b. 0.53 L c. 0.54 L d. 0.55 L 4. A gas occupies 11.2 liters at 0.860 atm. What is the pressure if the volume becomes 15.0 L? a. 0.69 atm b. 0.67 atm c. 0.64 atm d. 0.66 atm 5. The following are applications of Boyle's Law except a. syringe c. automobile engine b. medical respirator d. spray nets 8 NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 REFERENCES Science 10 Learner’s Material. Department of Education, n.d. Science 10 Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education, n.d. Soriano, Emil F., et. al. (n.d.) Chemistry for the New Millennium. Adriana Publishing Co., Inc. NegOr_Q4_Science10_SLKWeek1_v2 9 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent NILITA L. RAGAY EdD OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief ROSELA R. ABIERA Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS) ARNOLD R. JUNGCO PSDS – Division Science Coordinator MARICEL S. RASID Librarian II (LRMDS) ELMAR L. CABRERA PDO II (LRMDS) LEONREY L. VAILOCES Writer LEONREY L. VAILOCES Illustrator/Lay-out Artist ALPHA QA TEAM ALLAN Z. ALBERTO SEGUNDINO B. DELES, JR. MANASSES V. JABALDE VERONICA A. RECTO BETA QA TEAM ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA ALLAN Z. ALBERTO EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR. ROWENA R. DINOKOT CHRISTINE A. GARSOLA LESTER C. PABALINAS DISCLAIMER The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division. 10 Pre- Assessment 1. Robert Boyle 2. Boyle’s Law 3. 1.44L 4. 0.52L 5. Syringe, medical respirator, etc. This Self-Learning Kit aims to explain in a simple manner the relationship of volume and pressure. Learners are expected to understand the relationship between volume and pressure, solve related problems, and recognize its importance to our daily living. Post Test 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY About the AUTHOR and LAY-OUT ARTIST This module was written and designed by LEONREY L. VAILOCES, a Secondary School Teacher teaching Science at Demetrio L. Alviola National High School. He is a graduate of Bachelor’s Degree in Secondary Education and has started taking Master of Arts in Science Teaching at Negros Oriental State University. 10 11