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Practice exam 2
Name: _____________________
Class: _____________________
Time permitted: 80 minutes
Section
Number of questions
Marks available
A
Multiple choice
30
30
B
Short answer
7
50
Total
37
80
Marks achieved
Grade: _____________________
Comments:
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Page 2 of 9
Section A Multiple choice (30 marks)
Section A consists of 30 questions, each worth one mark. Each question has only one correct
answer. Circle the correct answer. Attempt all questions. Marks will not be deducted for
incorrect answers. You are advised to spend no more than 30 minutes on this section.
1
Which of the following statements about receptors is correct?
A Mechanoreceptors are found on the tongue and in the ear.
B Chemoreceptors detect pH levels and blood pressure.
C They can be divided into interoceptors and exteroreceptors.
D Pain receptors are all interoreceptors.
2
Which of the following are the main parts of a neuron?
A Axon, dendrite, cell body
B Axon, synapse, cell body
C Cell body, neurotransmitter, receptor
D Cell body, myelin, axon
3
A neurotransmitter:
A causes an action potential by releasing calcium ions.
B causes the release of calcium ions into the synapse.
C is a chemical messenger that is able to diffuse across the synapse.
D is a chemical messenger that causes depolarisation.
4
Which of the following statements about hormones is correct?
A Steroid hormones are synthesised from cholesterol.
B Amine and peptide hormones are synthesised from cholesterol.
C Steroid hormones bind to extracellular receptors.
D Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors.
5
Testosterone is a steroid hormone. Along with other hormones, it only affects
particular cells, called target cells. This is because:
A testosterone can cross the plasma membrane, but it only crosses the
membrane of target cells because they have channels to fit the shape of
testosterone.
B target cells have receptors in the cytosol that can bind with testosterone.
C target cells have the correct receptors on the surface of the plasma
membrane that can bind with testosterone. This then activates a protein
inside the cell.
D target cells have particular genes in their DNA that can recognise and
respond to testosterone.
6
Which of the following is known as the master gland because it affects the
activity of other endocrine glands?
A Hypothalamus
B Thyroid
C Adrenal
D Pituitary
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7
Thermoregulation is an issue for any organism living in a cold environment.
Important mechanisms to conserve heat are:
A high metabolism and panting.
B high use of convection and sweating.
C layers of feathers and down and a small body mass.
D thick fur and a large body mass.
8
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is:
A controlled by the concentration of the end product.
B controlled by an enzyme.
C controlled by the amount of reactants; more reactant reduces the rate of
the reaction.
D controlled by hormones secreted by the nucleus.
9
Which of the following signalling molecules travels the farthest?
A Paracrine
B Endocrine
C Autocrine
D Paracrine and autocrine travel similar distances.
10 Which of the following do not normally have a bacterial flora?
A The back of the mouth
B The skin
C The outer ear canal
D The bladder
11 Which of the following is a characteristic of a virus?
A Apoptosis
B Excretion
C Growth
D Replication
12 A disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans is termed:
A a fomite.
B pandemic.
C epizootic.
D zoonotic.
13 When a cut in the skin occurs and blood vessels are damaged, blood
platelets gather at the site causing a blood clot. As more clotting occurs,
more platelets are attracted to the site. This is an example of:
A homeostasis.
B negative feedback.
C positive feedback.
D clot regulation.
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Page 4 of 9
14 Antibacterial substances are part of the first line of defence. Antibacterial
substances found in the mouth and in tears include:
A lysozomes.
B lipases.
C liposomes.
D lysozymes.
15 Which of the following interferes with viral infection by sending a message to
surrounding cells?
A Macrophages
B Interleukins
C Interferons
D Histamines
16 While Jenny was learning to ride her new bike, she ran into the wall of the
shed and hit her leg, which quickly started to swell. In the early stages of
this inflammatory response, it is expected that:
A histamine will be released.
B arterioles will constrict.
C Tc cells will migrate to the area.
D antibodies will be activated in the area.
17 As part of the immune system, interferons:
A are a type of cytokine that can punch holes in bacterial cell walls.
B are able to target multiple points in the life cycle of a virus, including
preventing replication inside a host cell.
C are produced by B cells as part of the humoral response.
D stimulate innate inflammatory responses in tissues such as epithelial
surfaces.
18 The Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) is a group of genes that code
for MHC proteins on cell membranes. The MHC is important:
A for a T cell to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’.
B when a T cell attacks and lyses viruses in the bloodstream.
C when a T cell attacks and lyses bacteria in the bloodstream.
D for the ability of a macrophage to bind to the surface of a blood vessel.
19 Some people can end up with an allergic response to a particular substance,
known as an allergen. This could be a type of paint, a plant or a food. When
an allergic reaction occurs, most tissue damage occurs due to the production
of:
A pus from the action of neutrophils in the area.
B histamines from mast cells.
C interferons from macrophages.
D complement proteins from monocytes.
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Page 5 of 9
20 Adele contracted influenza during the winter months. The next year in
winter, she came in contact with the influenza virus, but this time she did not
show any symptoms of the disease. This is due to Adele:
A being injected with influenza antibodies when she first contracted
influenza.
B producing and storing memory B cells specific to the influenza strain of
that year.
C producing and storing memory B cells that could respond to any strain of
influenza.
D producing increased numbers of cytotoxic T cells, which destroyed the
virus particles.
21 Two types of cell are able to attack virus infected cells: cytotoxic T cells and
Natural Killer (NK) cells. These cells are different in that:
A Tc cells are part of the innate response; NK cells are part of the adaptive
response.
B Tc cells are part of the adaptive response; NK cells are part of the innate
response.
C Tc cells are lymphocytes; NK cells are not.
D Tc cells are granulocytes; NK cells are not.
22 Vectors are important in the spread of many diseases. It is reasonable to
suggest that:
A vectors are the organisms that cause disease.
B vectors are involved in viral diseases only (bacteria are too large to be
carried by a vector).
C diseases associated with a particular vector are usually restricted to the
geographical area that supports that vector.
D insects are the only organisms that act as vectors.
23 If a wound becomes infected, inflammation will occur. The inflammatory
response would include:
A macrophages and neutrophils exhibiting chemotaxis.
B the bacteria in the wound exhibiting chemotaxis.
C histamines that are released by macrophages causing a fever.
D painful swelling due to increasing numbers of bacteria.
24 If a person had their thymus removed, which of the following cells would no
longer be produced?
A Macrophages
B Mature B cells
C Mature T cells
D Plasma cells
25 The lymphatic system in humans:
A initiates the clotting of blood.
B controls inflammation.
C produces chemical barriers including digestive enzymes.
D includes small bean-shaped structures that filter extracellular fluid.
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Page 6 of 9
26 Active immunity that is artificially acquired comes from:
A a vaccine for tetanus.
B exposure to a pathogen, then recovery.
C an injection of antibodies cultured in a laboratory.
D transfer of antibodies from mother to baby in breast milk.
27 Which of the following would be considered a non-specific defence?
A Production of antibodies
B Tears, saliva and mucous secretions that contain an enzyme
C Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
D Attachment of helper T cells to macrophages
28 Multiple sclerosis is an auto-immune disease that affects the nervous system.
As with most auto-immune diseases, it is more common in females. Autoimmune diseases are caused by:
A decreased production of T lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes failing to recognise ‘non-self’.
C lymphocytes identifying part of the body as an antigen and attacking it.
D decreased production of B and T lymphocytes.
29 Which of the following cells of the immune system is correctly paired to its
function?
A Helper T cells: stimulate B cells to make antibodies
B Natural Killer cells: turn off the immune response by killing other
lymphocytes
C Macrophages: degranulate to release histamine
D Mast cells: present antigen to T cells
30 Fungi are a type of pathogen for plants. Plants protect themselves from
fungal infections by:
A closing their stomata when a fungal infection is detected.
B producing antibodies that can then circulate throughout the plant.
C producing resin that isolates the infection.
D producing phytoalexins that can puncture fungal cell walls.
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Page 7 of 9
Section B Short answer (50 marks)
Section B consists of 7 questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. You are
advised to spend 50 minutes on this section.
1
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a protein that aids in the control of fluid levels
in humans. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the variations in the
concentration of blood. The hypothalamus causes the release of ADH from
the pituitary gland. ADH is carried in the blood to three target tissues: the
distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, the sweat glands, and the
smooth muscles of small blood vessels.
Some of the effects of differing levels of ADH on body functions are shown
below.
Concentration of
ADH (pg/ml)
Output of urine
(litres per day)
Sweat gland
activity
Blood pressure
0.5
3.6
4.7
15.0
1.5
0.5
High
Moderate
Low
Decreased
No change
Increased
a Factors such as vomiting, diarrhoea and cigarette smoking all increase the
secretion of ADH. What effects on urine output, sweating and blood
pressure would you expect with the increase in ADH?
(2 marks)
b Describe another everyday situation that would cause the same effects as
vomiting or diarrhoea.
(1 mark)
c After drinking lots of water, describe and explain the effect on ADH levels
in the blood.
(2 marks)
d Draw a stimulus–response model for water balance in humans. (4 marks)
e The nervous and endocrine systems work together to maintain
homeostasis. Use the table below to describe two ways in which these
systems are different.
(2 marks)
Nervous system
2
Endocrine system
a Freshwater trout are described as ectotherms. What does it mean to be an
ectotherm?
(1 mark)
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Page 8 of 9
b Describe the behaviour of a freshwater trout over 24 hours in a large lake
on a hot summer day.
(2 marks)
c Mammals have various physiological and behavioural adaptations that
assist them to survive in very cold environments. Name a mammal and
describe one physiological adaptation that assists its survival in a cold
environment.
(2 marks)
3
a Diseases can be grouped according to their cause. Many diseases are
caused by pathogens. What is a pathogen?
(1 mark)
b Once infected with a pathogen, there is an incubation period where there
are no symptoms of infection. Describe what is happening in the body
during the incubation period.
(2 marks)
c Describe one similarity and one difference between a virus and a prion.
(2 marks)
d People who are infected with AIDS are highly susceptible to opportunistic
infections such as pneumonia. What is an opportunistic infection?
(2 marks)
4
a Explain the difference between an antigen and an antibody.
(2 marks)
b Which cells produce antibodies?
(1 mark)
c Antibodies are present in a foetus both before and after birth. How does
the foetus acquire its antibodies?
(1 mark)
d Why is it important for a newborn baby to have a supply of antibodies?
(1 mark)
e When a person is given an organ transplant, the recipient’s body
recognises the new tissue as ‘non-self’ and will reject the tissue unless
anti-rejection drugs are administered. Which cells of the immune system
recognise the transplanted organ tissue as ‘non-self’?
(1 mark)
f How do these cells determine whether a particular cell is ‘self’ or ‘non-self’
(when considering transplanted tissue)?
(2 marks)
5
a Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are made up of four
polypeptide chains, arranged in a particular shape. Draw a labelled
diagram of a typical antibody.
(3 marks)
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Page 9 of 9
b Antibodies can lead to the destruction of pathogens in four ways. Name
and describe one of these ways.
(2 marks)
6
a Cyclic AMP is an example of a second messenger. What is the function of a
second messenger?
(1 mark)
b What causes the release of a second messenger (such as cyclic AMP) in a
cell?
(1 mark)
c Explain why a second messenger system is sometimes necessary.
(1 mark)
d Cell signalling can be classified according to the distance a signal travels.
Interleukin is a cytokine used in cell survival, apoptosis and immune
responses. When interleukin is produced it can bind to cell surface
receptors in the same cell that produced it. What type of cell signalling
does this demonstrate?
(1 mark)
7
a Draw a motor neuron. Label the cell body, axon, dendrites, myelin and
axon terminals. Draw the direction that a signal would take if it passed
through the neuron.
(6 marks)
b Describe two features of an action potential.
(2 marks)
c What is the function of myelin?
(1 mark)
d Name a disease that is caused by a breakdown in cell communication.
(1 mark)
End of test
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