Light Current
CH: 12
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12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 What is the meaning of light current systems?
Is a discipline of the Electrical Engineering systems that operate and
function using low current signal with extra low voltage. Low Current
System subtitle covers multiple specialized systems in the field of
Electronics Systems Engineering, such as:
 Fire Alarm Detection System
 Sound systems
 Nurse call system
 Data networks systems
 Telephone systems
 MATV system
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Closed Circuit Television System CCTV system
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12.1.2 Our light current LEGEND:
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12.2 Fire Alarm system
Introduction
A fire alarm system consists of various electronic devices that
work together to detect and notify people of a fire or other
emergency. Over the years, fire alarm systems have become
increasingly sophisticated, so we have put together a guide to help
you understand all the components of a fire detection alarm
system and get the most out of this essential technology.
A Brief History of Fire Alarm Systems
Alarm systems have evolved considerably since Francis
Robbins Upton, a Thomas Edison associate, patented the first
automatic alarm system in 1890. Twelve years later, in England,
George Andrew Darby developed the first heat and smoke
detection systems, and in 1965, battery-powered smoke alarms
first appeared. Since the 1980s, building codes have required
the installation and use of battery-powered smoke alarms.
How Do Fire Alarm Systems Work?
A fire alarm system’s chief purpose is to detect fires and quickly
notify both the occupants of the building and emergency services
from a centrally controlled and monitored location. These
systems also monitor themselves, identifying the location and
origin of the alarms and sensing problems with connections and
wiring that might prevent the system from working properly.
Essentially, fire detection systems have four primary functions.
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Detection
Alerts
Monitoring
Controlling
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These highly advanced systems use a network of appliances,
devices and control panels to perform these four functions. To
help you better understand the workings of an alarm system,
we’ll discuss each component in detail below.
Components of an Alarm System:
A fire alarm system consists of many components, including:
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Fire alarm control panel
Initiation devices
Pull stations.
Smoke detectors
Duct detectors
Heat detectors
Beam detectors
Air aspirating or air sampling smoke detectors
Water flow switches
Tamper switches
Notification devices
Audible devices
Strobes
Strobes/Horns
Dialers or communicators
NAC power supplies
Multi-sensor detector
Below we are going to explain what each component does.
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1. Fire Alarm Control Panel
The fire alarm control panel, commonly abbreviated as FACU, is
the system’s “brain.” It receives messages from the initiating
devices, also known as inputs, and performs functions by using
control, monitor and isolating modules.
Types of modules:
1. Monitor Module: Addressable input modules by which we can
observe system only. For example, observing water level in tank
associated with firefighting.
2. Control Module: Addressable input modules by which we can observe
system and control it by disconnecting some devices in case of
occurring of fire. For example, disconnecting AC when fire occur.
3. Fault Insulator Module: Isolator module to disconnect the affected
area of a loop when a short circuit occur. -Connection of all modules is
in the same zone(loop) with detectors and manual call point.
Functions performed by modules:
 Turning on notifications: Upon receiving signals from the inputs,
the FACU will turn on the necessary notification
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devices, also known as outputs. It alerts people in the vicinity that
an issue has occurred.
 Elevator recall: The FACU also recalls elevators, which eliminates
the possibility of an elevator delivering people to a flame- or smokefilled area.
 HVAC system shutdown: If they detect smoke in an air duct,
many fire alarm systems will shut the air handling unit down, thus
preventing smoke from spreading to other parts of the building.
 Notifying alarm monitoring center: The FACU will also alert a
remote alarm monitoring station, which, in turn, will notify
emergency services.
Minimizing False Alarms
A poorly designed or installed fire alarm system that doesn’t get routine
maintenance, testing and inspection will likely go off even when there’s
no genuine danger. Frequent false alarms will cause people to take
them less seriously. When hearing a fire alarm, many people assume
it’s no cause for concern unless they also smell smoke or see flames.
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To minimize the incidence of false alarms, the fire alarm industry has
pushed for proper system design, installation, testing, maintenance and
inspection.
Types of Fire Alarm Panels
A fire alarm panel can be one of four types.
 Conventional Fire Alarm Systems
In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, physical cabling is used to
interconnect several call points and detectors, the signals from which
are wired back to the main control unit.
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Call points and detectors are arranged in “Zones” to simplify locating
the cause of the alarm, this is important for both the fire brigade and
general building management.
Each zone is indicated at the Fire Alarm Control Panel either with
an indicator lamp, a text display or in some cases both.
It makes sense that the more we can divide a building into zones, the
more accurate locating the alarm trigger will be.
The Control Panel is wired to a minimum of two sounder circuits which
could contain bells, electronic sounders or other audible fire alarm
devices.
It is these devices which sound the alarm when triggered.
 Addressable:
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Addressable panels monitor all alarm components individually. Each
device comes with a distinct, separate address, which allows the panel
to know their status, such as whether it’s functioning normally, in alarm
or in trouble. For instance, addressable systems allow those working
at a hotel’s front desk to know the exact location of the event by looking
at the alarm panel display.
How to work:
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The digital fire alarm system wraps through a wire around the
building with each detector having its own address. - This system
may contain one or more rings depending on the size of the system
and design requirements. - Its control panel reports each detector
separately.
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Each detector has a unique address on the control panel, making
it able to display the signal at the specified location. It’s clear that
this help to quickly determine the location of the accident and that
is why the fire system entitled digital is the natural choice of large
buildings and system that requires more complexities.
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Addressable FACP in our project:
 Non-addressable:
This type of system puts all initiating devices in zones, meaning
users physically have to check each device in that zone to find
the one in alarm. For instance, if you have a non-addressable
system and the alarm goes off, it would tell you something like
“Alarm Zone 3, Fourth Floor.”
Most property owners and managers prefer addressable
systems, as they let you know the specific location of the alarm
and assess the situation much more quickly. Some fire alarm
panels can also notify remote alarm monitoring stations, which
can then contact emergency services. Most state laws do not
allow the panels to directly contact fire departments.
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 Intelligent Fire Alarm Systems
However, in our next type of System, which is an Intelligent Fire
Alarm system, each detector effectively incorporates its own
computer which evaluates the environment around it and
communicates to the Control Panel whether there is a fire, fault
or the detector head needs cleaning.
Essentially Intelligent Systems are far more complex and
incorporate far more facilities than Conventional or Addressable
Systems. Their primary purpose is to help prevent the
occurrence of false alarms.
 Wireless Fire Alarm Systems
The final type of system we will consider is the Wireless Fire Alarm
System.
These are an effective alternative to traditional wired fire alarm
systems for all applications. They utilize secure, license-free radio
communications to interconnect the sensors and devices with the
controllers.
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It is a simple concept, which provides many unique benefits and is
a full intelligent fire detection system without the need for cabling.
In this article, we have learned that Fire Alarm systems are fitted in
many buildings we encounter every day and that they are used to
warn people within the building of an emergency fire-related
situation.
The Three States of a Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm panels continuously monitor and indicate the state of the fire
alarm system. For the majority of systems, there are three possible
states.
 Normal: “Normal” means that all appliances, devices, circuitry
and wiring are functioning correctly and that there are no active
alarms.
 Alarm: This status indicates an active alarm.
 Trouble: If an open or short wiring develops in the circuits that
connect the initiating devices and the fire alarm panel, or if the
system’s phone line connection isn’t working, the system will go
into a “trouble” state, which the control panel will display.
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2. Initiation Devices
Initiation devices initiate alarms, and, just like alarm panels, they can be
either addressable or non-addressable. Some initiation devices, like
water flow switches, are traditionally non-addressable, but connect with
addressable modules. The switches can have specific addresses that
let the communicate with addressable systems.
There are many types of initiation devices. In addition to water flow
switches, initiation devices can also be:
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Pull stations.
Duct detectors
Smoke detectors
Beam detectors
Heat detectors
Tamper switches
Air aspirating detectors
3. Pull Stations
A pull station is probably the fire alarm system component you’re most
familiar with. It’s a manually operated device that initiates an alarm
signal when someone pulls its handle. While smoke may take a few
minutes to reach a smoke detector, you can activate a pull station within
just a few seconds of a fire or other emergency, which allows for a
quicker evacuation and faster reaction times by the fire department. Pull
stations are available in various sizes and shapes and can come with
protective covers upon request.
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4. Smoke Detectors
A smoke detector is a device that initiates an alarm signal when it senses
smoke. There are two classifications of these devices, depending on the
type of sensor they use to detect smoke particles.
 Ionization detectors: These detectors contain tiny traces of
radioactive material between two electrically charged plates.
Ions flow between these two charged plates, but smoke
particles disrupt this. If this happens, the smoke detector goes
off.
 Photoelectric detectors: Photoelectric detectors emit LED
light beams in their detection chamber. When smoke particles
come into this chamber, they scatter the beam of light,
deflecting part of it on the detector’s photoelectric sensor. When
the sensor detects this light, the alarm goes off.
5. Duct Detectors
Duct detectors are smoke detectors installed in air conditioning and
heating ducts. They shut air handling units down, preventing smoke from
traveling all over the building via the air ducts.
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6. Heat Detectors
Heat detectors are fire detection devices equipped with sensors that
respond to heat. Two main kinds of heat detectors are available.
 Rate-of-rise heat detectors: This type of heat detector will
respond if the temperature increases at a rate that exceeds a
specified value.
 Fixed temperature heat detectors: Fixed temperature heat
detectors will respond when their operating elements reach or
exceed a predetermined temperature. There are two types of
fixed temperature detectors: linear detectors, which monitor
the temperature throughout an area, and spot detectors,
which monitor the temperature in one specific location.
7. Beam Detectors
This kind of smoke detector projects a beam of light across the area it’s
protecting. If smoke crosses the path of the beam, the detector will
respond.
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8. Air Aspirating or Air Sampling Smoke Detectors
This type of detector uses tubes to deliver air or smoke to a
central detector equipped with a sensor that can detect minute
changes to the air’s chemical composition. These detectors are
usually highly sensitive.
9. Water Flow Switches
Water flow switches use paddles located inside
water-filled piping that will respond if water flows.
On sprinkler systems, their design allows them to
work if water is flowing from only one sprinkler.
10. Tamper Switches
A tamper switch is a supervisory initiating device that operates if
someone moves its valve from its regular position.
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11. Notification Devices
These devices send a visual or audible
notification to alert a building’s occupants
to evacuate.
12. Audible Devices
Audible devices include sirens, bells and horns.
13. Strobes
Strobes send notifications by flashing a light.
14. Strobes/Horns
These devices send notifications by flashing a light and blaring a siren
to alert people to respond.
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15. Dialers or Communicators
Some fire alarm systems have internal or external dialers used to
contact monitoring centers or alarm receiving stations. Communicators
can use radio signals, phone lines or an internet connection to maintain
contact. Panels may have built-in dialers or communicators.
16. NAC Power Supplies
Today’s systems require many notification devices, which need extra
power supplies, known as notification power supplies, or NAC power
supplies. You can find these by the main panel or distributed around
the building as needed.
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17. Multi-Sensor Detectors
The Multi-sensor detectors combine inputs from both
optical and heat sensors and process them using a
sophisticated algorithm built into the detector circuitry.
When polled by the control panel the detector returns
a value based on the combined responses from both
the optical and heat sensors. They are designed to be
sensitive to a wide range of fires.
18. Carbon Detectors
Carbon monoxide detectors sound an alarm when they sense a certain
amount of carbon monoxide over time. Different sensors set off
different types of alerts.
 Biomimetic sensor: a gel changes color when it absorbs carbon
monoxide, and this color change triggers the alarm.
 Metal oxide semiconductor: When the silica chip’s circuitry
detects carbon monoxide, it lowers the electrical resistance, and
this change triggers the alarm.
 Electrochemical sensor: Electrodes in a chemical solution
sense changes in electrical currents when they come into contact
with carbon monoxide, and this change triggers the alarm.
Once the alarm sounds, the carbon monoxide detector must be in a
carbon monoxide-free environment to silence the siren.
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Detectors Spacing Method:
Sample from our project design:
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Fire Alarm system Design in our project:
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12.3 Telephone network
Introduction
Telephone communication is a system involving the telephone
instruments and network of switched transmission circuit that enables
any telephone line to be connected quickly to other line. These are used
exclusively for internal inter communication without exchange and the
telephone station are connected directly together via lines In many
building, it is necessary to have a system of calling staff which are on
duty in staff room to link with other rooms in the building. This can be
found for example, in hotels, hospitals and old people homes. All such
systems can be arranged electrically and form part of the electrical
services in a building. Some buildings have an internal telephone system
switch which may consist of extensions to the public telephone or may
be an entirely separate installation. Here again the essential matter for
the electrical service designer is to be agree the outlet positions with his
customer and to arrange for them to be linked to each other by (conduit
or trunking).
The technology of a telephone communication system:
 The first element is a telephone instrument itself, or any
other form of apparatus that is attached to the telephone
line.
 The second element is involved with the various
techniques used to signal and control the operation of the
vast communication network. The communication
network itself involves the switching equipment that
connects communication circuits formed by a variety of
transmission media.
 The last two elements are transmission and switching.
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Telephone system main components:
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Main Distribution Frame (MDF).
Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).
Battery and charger.
Telephone sets
Telephone Terminal Cabinets (TTC) & boxes.
Telephone outlets.
Complete work and wiring installation.
1- Main Distribution Frame (MDF):
A Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is a signal distribution frame or cable
rack used in telephony to interconnect and manage telecommunication
wiring between itself and any number of intermediate distribution
frames and cabling from the telephony network it supports.
 The MDF is a termination point within the local Telephone
exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local
loops are connected by jumper wires at the MDF.
 All copper pairs supplying services through user telephone lines
are terminated at the MDF and distributed through the MDF to
equipment within the local Exchange.
 Like other distribution frames the MDF provides flexibility in
assigning facilities, at lower cost and higher capacity than a patch
panel.
 Distribution frames are essential to the delivery of
telecommunications services. They provide a scalable means by
which services can be delivered to individual subscribers without
requiring major cabling installations or changes.
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 In addition, by serving as a termination point for all copper pairs
going to subscriber locations, they are an ideal location for test
access into the last mile, allowing service providers to monitor
and manage their entire physical copper infrastructure. Finally,
distribution frames often serve as a demarcation point between
different carriers' domains. As a result, they provide a simple
means by which multiple service providers can work together in
a deregulated environment while maintaining independent
network infrastructures.
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2- Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).
PABX stands for “private automatic branch exchanger”. It’s a
telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as
opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates
for many businesses or for the general public. PABX is designed so
that it full fills the following functions:
 Some branches can take access to external lines directly.
 Some branches can take access to external lines through the
telephonist.
 Some branches are internal only.
3- Telephone Terminal Cabinets (TTC) & boxes.
TTC stands for “Telephone Terminal Cabinet”. Telephone cabinet is
used in telephone networks of large buildings like hotels, companies,
organizations, etc. as a termination of outlets for connection of
telephone sets. One is used for connections of wall mounted type
telephones & the other for connection of desk type & fax type.
Telephone Terminal Wall Cabinet Specifications:
1. Generally, inside terminal room are preferred. This allows for
access to power for telephone equipment. With engineering
approval wall Cabinets are acceptable for buildings less than
20,000 square feet with external mounted SRP power cabinets.
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2. If power is provided in an inside terminal room Saddleback will
collocate with them. Sun West Engineering, Inc. MPOP-09604808
cabinet is the only one approved by Saddleback Communications
engineering. Other cabinets may be used but must be approved
prior to installation.
3. An area 8’ in front of the cabinet must be kept clear for technician
access.
4. One isolated 20 Amp breaker circuit is extended to plywood
backboard inside the cabinet is to be provided.
5. One insulated copper wire terminated at the main power service
panel ground bus bar at one end and the other end terminated on
a suitable buss bar located on the left side of the cabinet near the
splice compartment is to be provided.
6. All access handles to accommodate a padlock.
7. A maximum on four three foot radius 90-degree bends are allowed
in each pulling section.
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4- Telephone outlets.
It is a metallic box imbedded inside
the wall arid inside it parts for
connection of two lines.
5- Work and wiring installation.
1. All connections must be according to the specifications.
2. All telephone connections must be totally isolated from other
electrical connections.
3. For each telephone socket there are 2 pairs of lines, one is the
main and the other is a backup to the main.
4. Telephone lines must be isolated using plastic, of minimum
diameter 0.6 mm.
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Types of telephone system cables:
Telephone wire and cable has generally been grouped into three
categories:
 Fiber.
 Copper.
 Hybrid (composed).
1. Telephone cable is usually classified according to its location of
use.
2. Cable used outdoors between the telephone company central
office and the building (outside cable) or sometimes called
(black) cable.
3. Wire or cable used indoor, e.g., inside homes and commercial
building is referred to as (premises distribution wiring) or more
simply as inside cable.
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Sample of telephone system design from our project:
Telephone system single line diagram:
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12.4 Sound system
Introduction
Noise and sound often mean the same thing; when they differ, a noise
is an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise is an
undesirable component that obscures a signal. What is noise and what
is signal depends on your point of view. Humans perceive sound by
the sense of hearing. By sound, we commonly mean the vibrations that
travel through air and can be heard by humans. However, scientists
and engineers use a wider definition of sound that includes low and
high frequency vibrations in air that cannot be heard, and vibrations
that travel through all forms of matter, gases, liquids and solids. The
matter that supports the sound is called the medium. Sound
propagates as waves of alternating pressure, causing local regions of
compression and rarefaction. Particles in the medium are displaced by
the wave and oscillate.
The scientific study of sound is called acoustics. Distributed audio
systems can be as small or large as you need them to be. Larger scale
systems often require more involved wiring schemes and heavy-duty
construction. Professional contractors are sometimes required for
those types of installations. Distributed audio systems must be
designed to suit individual needs. In order to determine what
equipment will be necessary to create a system, you must first
determine the requirements of the installation.
Basic types of distributed audio systems:
 Background
 Foreground
 A combination of the two
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Quiet office buildings and recreation centers generally require soft
background music, with the ability to page. This is an example of a
background system.
Nightclubs, performance venues, and loud restaurants need the ability
to turn up the volume, and thus require a foreground system. Basically,
a background system is restricted to only 170 Light Load Chapter 10
Chapter 6 providing low volume levels. A foreground system has the
ability to provide louder volumes. Health clubs commonly require loud
background music in the treadmill area, and quiet ambient music in the
yoga room, and perhaps even promotional material looping in the
reception area. They also need the ability to page members and
trainers throughout the gym. This is an example of having the need for
a combination of the two types of systems.
Factors of distributed audio systems:
 Frequency response: The range of human hearing is about 2020,000 Hz. A frequency response specification tells you what
portion of that range a speaker can play. A speaker with a
frequency response of 50-20,000 Hz handles a wider range and
offers deeper bass than a speaker with a frequency response of
65-20,000 Hz.
 Power handling: A speaker's recommended power specification
usually tells you at least the maximum amplifier power the
speaker can handle — often minimum power handling info is
included as well. A speaker with recommended power of 20-100
watts is well-suited to a 100-watt RMS receiver, for example.
 Efficiency: A speaker's efficiency, or sensitivity, rating indicates
how effectively it uses the power sent to it by your amplifier. A
speaker with a rating of 87 dB needs a lot more power to play as
loudly as a speaker with a rating of 91 db.
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Types of speakers:
1- Indoor Speakers:
We Have two types of Indoor Speakers In-Wall and In-Ceiling where
they are finding their way into thousands of hotels, and it is easy to
see why. They're finally good enough for people who want really
enjoyable audio, and discreet enough for folks who want to enjoy
music without having to see their speakers.
 An in-wall speaker works essentially the same way as a
regular speaker. However, instead of being inside a cabinet, it
is mounted in a frame and set into the wall. It actually uses the
wall cavity as a large cabinet, giving you more bass than you
might get from a stand-alone speaker of the same size.
 An in-ceiling speaker works essentially the same way, except
that — you guessed it — it's placed in a ceiling. (In-ceiling
speakers tend to be round). Almost all in-wall and in-ceiling
speakers have pain table grilles, so you can really camouflage
them in your walls or ceiling!
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Appropriate Placing of Speakers for Multi-Room Audio:
With a carefully designed multi-room audio system, you can turn on
your tunes throughout your home. Whether you are entertaining
guests, doing work around the house, or just relaxing, multi-room audio
is a great way to enjoy music wherever and whenever you please.
Which rooms do you want music in?
The first step in designing your own multi-room audio system is to take
a close look at how you live in each room of your home. Make a list of
the rooms where you spend the most time. Then try to classify the type
of listening you'll do in each room.
1- Critical Listening
In which rooms will you (at least occasionally) sit in one spot, facing
the speakers, and really concentrate on the music? The family
room? The home theater room? In critical listening rooms, you
orient the speakers toward the prime listening seats.
2- Entertainment
Listening Think of all the rooms in which you and your family or
guests gather to read, talk, work, cook or play. In most of these
situations, you play music at low volumes, but you may want to turn
it up occasionally. You don't sit in one spot, nor do your guests. The
speakers go where they can best spread the stereo sound
throughout the room.
3- Background Listening
Classify rooms you just pass through or spend small amounts of
time in such as hallways, bathrooms and the laundry room as
background listening.
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Speaker placement for critical listening Place
Place the left and right speakers an equal distance from your prime
listening seat, so that the tweeters are at ear level while seated. If
you're installing speakers in a wall that's 10 feet from your chair, place
them no more than 10 feet apart from each other and no less than 5
feet apart. If the speakers are placed too close together or too far apart
from one another, you will not hear a proper stereo effect. Floorstanding and bookshelf speakers obviously give you more flexibility in
this area than in-wall speakers, since you can adjust their positioning
to test where they sound best.
Sometimes the layout of a room makes it impossible to place inwall,
on-wall or floor-standing speakers for critical listening. In such cases,
a good option is to choose a high-grade set of inceiling speakers.
Ideally, these speakers should have pivoting tweeters, which allow you
to direct the relatively unidirectional high frequencies toward your
prime listening seats for optimal sound.
Another consideration: When a speaker is placed in a corner, its bass
output is reinforced by your room acoustics. You hear more bass, but
not necessarily good, tight bass. This so-called "boundary effect" can
make the bass sound "loose" or "boomy" Always place your speakers
at least one foot away from a corner or a wall/ceiling boundary.
Speaker placement for entertainment listening
In rooms you move around in or frequently entertain in, speaker
placement designed for critical listening won't work well. The music will
be too loud in one area and too soft in another. By employing three or
four speakers in a room, or by judiciously using a combination of direct
and reflected sound, you create a sound field that is relatively even.
You will hear some degree of stereo effect regardless of where you are
in the room.
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Ceiling speakers are a great choice for entertainment listening,
because they provide the most even dispersion of sound throughout a
room. However, should the wall offer an easier installation or a better
match with your décor, place the speakers at least 6 feet off the floor.
Both in-wall and in-ceiling speakers should also be placed at least 2
feet away from corners to keep the reflected sound in balance with the
direct sound.
When a room is long and narrow, L-shaped, or larger than 300 square
feet, consider using more than two speakers. They should be wired in
alternating channels, to provide a decent stereo effect in as many
areas as possible.
Ceiling speaker placement:
a) Diagonal placement gives good coverage in a typical rectangular
room of 300 square feet or less.
b) Use of three or more speakers in a large or L-shaped room.
c) In a narrow room, place the speakers in the middle at either end.
In this example, stereo-input speakers would be a good choice.
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2- Outdoor Speakers:
The great outdoors presents a different listening environment than
your typical room. Inside your home, there are walls to reinforce
low-frequency response and reflect and contain sound.
Outside, of course, it is wide open, and there's usually much more
background noise — wind, traffic, barking dogs, and even crickets.
Below, we'll discuss a few things to take into consideration when
shopping for outdoor speakers.
Outdoor speakers placement:
Here are a few placement tips that should increase the
performance of any outdoor speaker you buy:
 The higher you mount your speakers, the greater the sound
projection, and the farther away you will get good sound.
 Placing your speakers near a wall or other solid surface
improves bass output.
 If it is necessary to mount one or both speakers in an
exposed location, make sure you choose speakers that are
rated for extreme conditions. Also, when mounting the
speakers, tilt the speakers so the cones face slightly down
for drainage.
Experiment with placement before permanently mounting the
speakers. Place the speakers in a likely location, and walk around to
determine how well the sound travels throughout the listening area.
Once you are satisfied, it's time to mount the speakers.
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Mounting outdoor speakers
After determining the ideal spot for your speakers, it's time to mount
them. Most of the outdoor speakers we carry include mounting
brackets, and you'll want to follow the included instructions to make
sure they are properly secured.
We have found that it is best to mount your speakers to a solid wood
or masonry surface. We do not recommend attaching your speakers
directly to aluminum or cedar sidings; they may not be strong enough
to support the weight of your speakers.
Powering speakers
After choosing the suitable speaker in the suitable placing you must
then choose the amplifier and mixer to supply power to these speakers,
depending on the number of speakers in use, and the overall power
requirements of those speakers, multiple amplifiers or a multi-channel
amplifier may be necessary. If you want to have different audio playing
in different zones, like the fitness club described earlier, you’re going
to need an amplifier with multiple zone controls.
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Amplifier & Mixer:
Sample of sound system design from our project:
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Sound system single line diagram:
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12.5 Data system
Introduction
In the past the communication system was very difficult. Then
telegraph and telephones were invented and communication becomes
easier in the last century the computers appeared it was a revolution
that made the whole world a small village. A computer network allows
sharing of resources and information among devices connected to the
network.
Types of networks
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that
enables the computer to communicate with another computer and
share their resources, data, and applications.
A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer
network is mainly of three types:
1. LAN (Local Area Network).
2. WAN (Wide Area Network).
3. Wireless LANs and WANs.
1- LAN (Local Area Network)
 Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each
other in a small area such as building, office.
 LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers
through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial
cable, etc.
 It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as
hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
 The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
Network.
 Local Area Network provides higher security.
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2- WAN (Wide Area Network)
 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or countries.
 A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
 A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it
spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line,
fiber optic cable or satellite links.
 The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
 A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business,
government, and education.
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Examples Of Wide Area Network:
 Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region
or country.
 Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet
services to the customers in hundreds of cities by connecting
their home with fiber.
 Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects
the 44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone
leased line provided by the telecom company.
3- Wireless LANs:
Wi-Fi networks can be configured in two different ways:
 "Ad hoc" mode allows wireless devices to communicate in peerto-peer mode with each other.
 "Infrastructure" mode allows wireless devices to communicate
with a central node that in turn can communicate with wired
nodes on that LAN. Most LANs require infrastructure mode to
access the Internet, a local printer, or other wired services,
whereas ad hoc mode supports only basic file sharing between
wireless devices.
Data network components
1- Router is a device that interconnects two or more computer
networks.
A router allows connectivity to one or more computers, helping create
a network. For home users, these are particularly useful for taking a
single broadband internet account, and spreading it to at least two or
more computers. Standard routers require the internet connection from
a standalone modem, but modem routers are increasing in popularity,
which can be plugged into any broadband-enabled phone line,
reducing cable clutter, and only taking up one power socket. In the
telecoms industry, the backbone of the internet is formed by industrial
routers. They work rather like telephone exchanges, passing data
between network segments to form a connection. Each router has a
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configuration table, or routing table, containing information on which
connections lead to certain groups of addresses, which connections
have priority for usage, and rules for handling different kinds of traffic.
A typical home/office router has a very small routing table, but the big
routers that handle the main internet traffic can have huge complicated
routing tables. Each time a router receives a packer of data it will
attempt to send it along the best possible route to its destination, based
on its routing table. If that connection is not currently available, it will
send it along the next best route. In this way, the routers that form the
internet can reconfigure the paths packages take to work around any
problems with the network. The rules for handling traffic are an
important part of internet security.
A home/office router may have rules limiting how computers outside
the network can connect to computers inside the network, as well as
preventing private network traffic from spilling into the outside world.
Many home routers include additional security features - they scan and
filter all traffic that passes through them, usually through an integrated
firewall in the hardware. Some may carry out other useful roles such
as acting as a print server.
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2- Switch That it connects devices to allow them to act as a single
segment. It may be 8 or 16 or 24 port.
A switch is sometimes called an
'intelligent hub', and now that they are no
longer significantly more expensive than
hubs they have almost replaced them
entirely. A switch does the same
as a hub, in that it connects devices to allow them to act as a single
segment. However, it does not automatically send traffic to every other
port. Each time a frame of data comes into the switch, it saves the
physical address (MAC address) and the port it came from in its MAC
address table. It then checks the destination MAC address in the table,
and if it recognizes it is ends the frame to the appropriate port. If it is
not in the table, or the address is a broadcast address (intended for
every machine on the local network), then it does the same as a hub
and sends the frame through every port except the originating port.
Hubs and switches are commonly used in businesses to divide up the
local network into a number of subnets. For example, if the creative
team are frequently exchanging large files across the network, their
traffic will slow down the network for other users. Two switches can be
used, with the creative team's computers being connected to form one
network while everyone else's computers are connected to form
another. The two switches can then be connected to the router which
sits between the internal network and the internet. The creative team's
traffic is only seen by the computers on that network, but if they need
to connect to a computer on the other network the data is sent through
the router in the middle.
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3- Wires The most commonly cables used are Category 5 (or
CAT5) it comes with 4 pairs of wires inside (that is 8 wires total).
It is necessary to mention that there is also a cable out there
called CAT 3 which will NOT work with the faster networks these
days. CAT5 allows communications to be at least 10 times faster
than that of CAT3.
Rules should be taken into account:
1. The length of wire from the switch to the computer cannot be
greater than 100 meters.
2. Do not allow sharp bends in the wire.
3. Do not run your network wire closely along any voltage wires.
4. The cables must be carefully treated during installation because
it consists of pairs copper conductors of small cross section
areas.
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4- Patch panel If you want to set up a wired network that includes
multiple wall ports in various rooms, a patch panel in a central
location can provide a simple, neat and easy-to-manage
solution. So what is a patch panel you ask? A patch panel is
essentially an array of ports on one panel. Each port connects,
via a patch cable, to another port located elsewhere in your
building.
How Do Patch Panels Work?
Patch panels bundle multiple network ports together to connect
incoming and outgoing lines — including those for local area networks,
electronics, electrical systems and communications. When patch
panels are part of a LAN, they can connect computers to other
computers and to outside lines. Those lines, in turn, allow LANs to
connect to wide area networks or to the Internet. To arrange circuits
using a patch panel, you simply plug and unplug the appropriate patch
cords. Troubleshooting problems are simplified with patch panels since
they provide a single location for all input jacks. They’re frequently
used in industries that require extensive sound equipment because
they work well for connecting a variety of devices.
Managing the Tangle
The primary advantage of using patch panels, also known as patch
bays, is improved organization and easier management of your wired
network. For most newer patch panel designs, the main focus is on
cable management. By using a front-access patch panel, for instance,
you can get to all your cables and terminations easily. Front-access
panels work especially well in tight spaces. For businesses, patch
panels are often around found in areas that house telecommunications
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equipment and they play a central role in network functionality. By
centralizing cables in one place, patch panels make it easy for network
administrators to move, add or change complex network architectures.
In a business environment, patch panels are the smart way to quickly
transfer communications lines from office to another.
Copper or Fiber?
Patch panels can be part of networks with either fiber or copper
cabling. While fiber is much faster than copper, networking
professionals disagree on whether the materials show significant
performance differences in patch panels. The primary role of the
panels is to direct signal traffic rather than move signal at a required
speed. There’s no question, however, that fiber panels cost more. All
patch panels are subject to the same standards that provide signal and
speed performance ratings for other network components.
It’s All About the Ports
Ports are a component of patch panels because they provide physical
entry and exit points for data. Most patch panels have either 24 or 48
ports. However, panels can include 96 ports, and some specialty
versions reach 336 or more. The number of ports on a panel is not
subject to physical limit other than the room to place them. However,
panels include modules with eight ports because it’s easier to perform
replacements and maintenance on smaller groupings. When a
malfunction occurs, smaller groups of ports mean fewer wires to
connect to a new module.
Using Patch Panels
If you can wire an Ethernet jack, you can wire a patch panel. You’ll
simply need to repeat the sequence multiple times for your various
ports. A patch panel with eight ports should suffice for most home
networks, but it’s easy to expand when you need more capacity.
Panels with eight to 24 ports are readily available, and you can make
use of multiple panels together to create a larger one. If you’re putting
together a home or business network, can you get the job done without
patch panels? Certainly, since patch panels serve more as a
convenience than necessity. But by incorporating a patch panel you
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can expect better cable management and easier fixes when a network
component inevitably breaks down.
5- Cable management rack: In order to maintain the regulation of
the cables during the conduction within the conductor, a regulator
is used for the passage of the wires and uses 1 for each patch
panel.
6- RACK: It is the structure in which the contents are installed or by
cab and are characterized by cab width & height The RAC 42U
is often used for the main building track and 18: 22U for the subrigs in the rotors according to the number of appliances used.
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Sample of data system design from our project:
Data system single line diagram:
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12.6 Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV)
What are CCTV systems?
Televisions systems are now one of the most indispensable information
and communications means in our daily life, and are used in aide range
of applications, including standard television broadcasts.
An open-circuit system refers to a system that is targeted at an indefinite
number of people, as in television broadcasts. Closed-circuit systems, on
the other hand, are designed to provide video to specified viewers. One
closed-circuit system that is primarily designed for surveillance purposes
is generally called a closed-circuit television or CCTV system. CCTV is
used in a wide variety of applications which include security, disaster
prevention, energy and manpower saving, sales promotion and
information services, production management, industrial measurement,
medical care, education and military fields.
The aim of the CCTV system is broadly classified into the
following categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Security (Crime Prevention)
Safety (Disaster Prevention)
Manpower Savings
Customer Service
Other Applications
How CCTV works?
Camera is analogous to the human eye and light passing through its
lens is changed into an electric signal by means of a charge-coupled
device (CCD) or other image sensors that correspond to the eye’s
retina. The electric signal is output to a monitor via electrical circuitry.
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Main elements of CCTV:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Camera
Power supply systems
Multiplexer
Digital Video Recorder [DVR]
Monitor
Cables
Types of cameras used in CCTV systems:
CCTV cameras are available in various shapes including cylindrical,
box, dome and combination dome types, each appropriate for specific
applications and purposes.
 Fixed camera:
1. Cylindrical and Box Types
Either a cylindrical or a rectangular outperform can be selected
depending on the size and design of the installation space.
2. Dome Type
The camera is covered with a dome that conceals it from casual
view. Both the horizontal (pan) and vertical (tilt) orientation of
the camera can be adjusted. Most models come equipped with
a built-in 2X manual zoom lens.
 Movable camera:
Combination Dome Types (PTZ -Motorized)
Camera, motorized pan/tilt head and motorized zoom lens are
integrated into a single unit, operated by using a remote control.
The camera case is sealed to provide excellent protection
against dust and moisture and helps to reduce noise (including
the noise generated by camera rotation).
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 IP camera
These cameras, both hardwired and wireless, transmit images
over the Internet, often compressing the bandwidth so as not to
overwhelm the web. IP cameras are easier to install than analog
cameras because they do not require a separate cable run or
power boost to send images over a longer distance.
 Indoor
Indoor CCTV cameras are ideal for residential, retail and office
use. Available in fixed or PTZ models, indoor cameras can be
discreet or visible depending on placement and design. Most
indoor CCTV cameras aren’t as hazard resistant as their outdoor
counterparts, but some are designed to be durable against
tampering, vandalism, moisture and dust. Many indoor CCTV
cameras feature day/night functionality for surveillance in
complete darkness.
 Outdoor
Outdoor CCTV cameras are encased in weatherproof housing to
protect components from wind, moisture, dust and other
hazards. IP66 and IP67- rated housings offer the utmost
protection from harsh weather and corrosion. In some cases,
outdoor cameras are strong enough to withstand tampering
attempts and extreme temperatures. Outdoor cameras can also
be used in hazardous indoor environments, such as warehouses
and laboratories. Many outdoor CCTV cameras have day/night
functionality, making them ideal for around the clock
surveillance.
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Power supply systems
 AC-Mains System
Power is supplied to the camera via the AC mains. Since the AC mains
is also used to power many other pieces of equipment besides the
camera, it may be a lower- cost option (depending on the conditions)
.(220 v-ac / 24v-ac)
 12V DC System
Power is supplied to the camera via a 12V DC power supply. Since
12V DC power supplies are usually used for sensor systems as well,
cameras can be integrated with the set achieve relatively inexpensive
systems. One drawback of such power supplies is that their directcurrent power source does not allow them to be used for video signal
synchronization and because of the voltage drop in long cable.
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Multiplexer
Multiplexer To add more flexibility to the system if the system is going
to have more than one camera. The multiplexer offers a variety of
different options. The multiplexers come with different setups but often
they have the ability to connect at least four cameras as input channels.
Digital videorecorder (DVR)
The DVR offers high technology and many functions. The most
common way to connect the camera to the DVR is via a network cable.
The great thing with the DVR is that the images are stored on a hard
drive.
Cable
Cables of CCTV are from copper (Two pair of size 2x0.8mm2 shielded
and twisted).
For distance more than 750m it is better to use fibrotic cable. CCTV
panel located at security man room.
Fed from 220 V & 50 HZ AC Power Supply.
Monitor
The monitor displays the images that are captured by camera.
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Control keyboard
can control high speed dome cameras, slow dome camera ,zoom
camera.
In our Project
We used ceiling mounted fixed camera at some places: EX.
Single Line Diagram of CCTV System:
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12.7 MATV SYSTEM
Introduction:
MATV stands for Master Antenna Television.
MATV systems allow multiple receivers (TV & FM) to receive signals from
a single (Master) antenna, as opposed to individual antennas for each
receiver. MATV systems are separated into two portions, the ‘Head End’
and the ‘Distribution System’. When these two portions are planned and
engineered using suitable MATV equipment and the appropriate
installation techniques, signals will be distributed without loss of signal
quality.
Main component of MATV System:






The MATV Head End Unit.
Amplifiers.
Tap offs.
Splitters.
Cables.
TV sockets.
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► The MATV Head End Unit:
The Head End of a MATV system usually consists of an antenna which
receives broadcast signals, processing equipment to filter the signals and
a distribution amplifier to amplify the signals to compensate for distribution
losses. Antennas, amplifiers, taps, filters and attenuators are used in this
portion of the system.
► Amplifiers:
Amplifiers increase the strength of signals received to a level greater than
the losses in the distribution system.
The amplifier gain determines the level of signal increase, which should
be high enough to provide an acceptable signal level to all televisions in
the system.
► Tap offs:
Taps divide a small portion of the signal on the trunk line to tap lines.
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► Splitters:
Splitters divide the signal from a trunk line into equal portions to the
outputs.
► Cables:
Video cabling should be cabled with RG-6, quad shield, 75-Ohm coaxial
cable. Coaxial cable is a concentric transmission line. It consists of a
central conductor, a dielectric medium (such as polyethylene) which fixes
the spacing between the central conductor and an outer shield (such as
copper braid or aluminum foil) and a weatherproof outer jacket (usually
PVC).
► TV sockets:
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Single Line Diagram of MATV System:-
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12.8 NURSE CALL SYSTEM
Introduction:
Call and communication systems – also known as (Nurse Call
Systems) are designed especially to help people in emergency
situations, to save lives and to prevent dangers. The complexity of
these systems ranges from simple call functionality to complex
systems which are oriented to the requirements of modern care
services.
Nurse call systems are call systems with the help of which persons can
be summoned or sought or information can be forwarded. Typical for
these systems is a variable degree of danger that can occur for the
caller or other party if calls are not indicated as the result of a
malfunction or malfunctions are not recognized in time.
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These requirements often exist in:








Hospitals
Homes for the elderly and senior citizens
Retirement homes
care institutions
Forensic clinics
Prisons
Homes for the disabled
Accessible toilets for the disabled in public Facilities
Call systems are independent systems. They possess their own supply
or transmission network, independently of third-party systems, that
must be controlled and monitored by the devices of the call system
themselves.
Call system devices may carry out telecommunications, media
technology and information technology functions, in order to be able to
offer the user (e.g. the patient) a complete, easy-to-use and perfectly
matched service package. These functions are, for instance, light
control, radio reception, remote control of TV equipment, multi-media,
telephone connection and debt collection functions.
The system must be protected by means of secure cut-off points
against the transmission of impermissible higher voltages and must be
functionally completely independent of third-party systems that are
attached to the call system. The exchange of data with other security
and communication systems may only take place via interfaces that
are certified by the manufacturer of the call system.
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Main components of the system:
► Control unit:
It is the central element in the system, which
connect the patient nurses station and be dealt
with by the nurse, which consists of a group of
button.
► Annunciator/Control Panel:
Emergency signals are identified at the annunciator/control panel by a
rapid flashing of the associated station indicator LED, call LED and
emergency LED, in addition to a rapid pulsating tone. Routine calls are
indicated by the steady illumination of the station selector LED, call LED,
and a slow pulsating tone. The tone may be canceled for routine calls by
depressing the tone on/off button.
► Bedroom Station:
A call is registered at the nurse station, corridor light
and corridor zone light (if installed) when the call
cord button is used, or if the call cord is accidentally
removed from the jack on the panel. The station
includes a call-placed indicator that lights when a
call is placed and a cancel button mounted on an
attractive.
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► Call Cords:
are oxygen safe call cords certified safe for use by
all patients receiving oxygen therapy. These
waterproof and impact resistant call cords have
completely sealed push buttons.
► Emergency Station:
Emergency Station is for use in any location where activation of an
emergency signal is required. All electronic components are mounted on
a circuit board.
The specially designed and mounted LED is completely sealed in plastic.
► Code Station:
Code Station is used to operate all system code signals (except
supervised code blue applications). It may be used independently or
connected with other call stations. Placing a code call is accomplished
by pulling the slide switch located at the center of the panel to the down
position. Returning the slideswitch to the up position cancels the call.
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► Duty Station:
Duty Station provides an indication of incoming calls in work areas away
from the nurse call master station. Normal calls are indicated both visibly
by steady illumination of the solid-state LED light, and audibly by a slow
pulsating tone.
Emergency calls take precedence and are indicated by flashing of the
LED light and a rapid pulsating tone. A tone-off switch permits silencing
of the tone signal for routine level calls only.
► Emergency switch:
may be used as an emergency switch or as a staffassist
emergency call switch. The large mushroom style
button is easily activated, so that calls may be placed
using an elbow, shoulder, etc., when using the hands is
inconvenient or inappropriate. Calls are cancelled by
turning the mushroom-style button Clockwise.
► Corridor Zone Light:
Corridor Zone Light provides visual indication of calls when used with a
nurse call system, emergency call system, or similar applications.
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Nurse call system cables:
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Example for THIRD floor from SLD:
Our project legend for nurse call
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system single line diagram:
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