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OUR HOPE
FOR
HERITAGE AT
SECONDARY
EDUCATION
2019 1ST EDITION
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AUTHORS
CHINYAMAKOBVU.S
Master in Business Administration (Z.O.U)
Bsc Hons in Local Governance Studies (M. S.U)
B.A in International Relations (Leeds University) Open learning London
Post Graduate Diploma in Strategic Planning (U.Z)
Post Graduate Diploma in Education (Z.O U)
NYIKADZINO.D
Master of Education in Teacher Education (U.Z)
Bachelor of Education (EAPPS) (Z.O.U)
Certificate in Education (U.Z)
Diploma in Personnel Management (IPMZ)
COVER DESIGN:
T. Ndhlovu
Layout:
M. Kanyere
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CHAPTER I
ICTs and Socialization (Nyikadzino and Rupiya; 2016)
What is ICT?
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology or Technologies.
It refers to a wide range of information and communications tools, that is, devices, applications and
services associated with the collection, storage, manipulation, accessing, sharing and communication
of data and information in electronic/digital forms.
It includes computers, tablets, television, radio, mobile devices, video-conferencing, management
information systems, and transactional applications of many kinds, network connections, satellite
communications and other platforms or tools that transmit or receive information electronically in a
digital form.
Against this background, ICTs in Education include a wide variety of special purpose devices and
applications that support and enhance teaching and learning processes. Such devices and applications
include but are not limited to the following: computers, e-tablets, computer projectors, smart boards,
digital textbooks, e-libraries, network access, virtual digital laboratories, video gaming-learning
systems, adaptive technologies to meet the needs of students with special needs and digitally-based
distance learning systems.
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Interactive ICTs (e.g., the Internet, the mobile phone)
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Traditional ICTs (e.g., the television, the radio)
Socialization:
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ICTs bring the outside world into every house, classroom, or church, which was the sphere of
influence of traditional socialization structures.
ICTs are potent agents of socialization and have the potential to increase socialization.
ICTs create important implications about how people live, work and play.
ICTs assist in helping people learn society‘s rules or how to fit into society.
Users relied on ICTs (television, the radio) for news, political information as well as
entertainment to understand society.
Children sometimes learn how to socialize with the world from ICTs.
Interactive ICTs (e.g., the Internet, the mobile phone) enable users to seek information on
how to socialize through the ICTs and also integrated and practiced their social life with the
ICTs.
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The mobile phone has become an essential part of daily social life for its users.
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The mobile phone increased social interaction and intensified family ties.
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Teens use the mobile phone to negotiate their social life with their parents at home.
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Traditional ICTs (e.g., the television, the radio) perform a central integrative function.
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Traditional ICTs give examples by drawing attention to what is acceptable and not acceptable
within the dominant norms and values of community.
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Social learning, the major educational impact of television viewing, may teach people about
society and about themselves.
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Children learn through and model behaviour from the television.
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Heavy television viewing cultivates people‘s perceptions of the world that was consistent
with television‘s portrayals.
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ICTs (e.g., the television) have become the source of socialization and everyday information
for their users.
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Traditional ICTs‘ activities have been observed to promote adaptation of immigrants to host
cultures.
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ICTs such as the Internet, e-mail and the phone helped international people to socialize with
family back home.
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Various reasons, such as convenience, mobility, safety, networking, and identity were found
to explain why the mobile phone has become one of the favourite ICTs by its users.
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Students are addicted to the mobile phone to connect with their social networks.
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Friends and relatives depend on the device to keep in touch more frequently.
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Many youths are now addicted to their mobile phone.
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When mobile phone users lose their mobile phones, young users feel frustrated, angry and
isolated.
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The mobile phone insures its users a strong control of their social networks.
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The mobile phone is used to explore (e.g., making new friends; creating new communities)
and to enhance (e.g., keeping touch with old friends and family members) as well as to isolate
(e.g., disconnect themselves from others) people‘s social network.
 Electronic media
Electronic media these are media produced electronically for instance through internet, Google,
Facebook, radio, television, Whatsapp and Twitter
Computers, Radio, Television and projectors
Role of ICT in Socialisation
 To improve class effectiveness and communication
 Television-------- This is a system for converting visual images (with sound) into electric
signals, transmitting then by radio or other means, and displaying them electronically on a
screen
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Capture learners‘ attention through visual approaches
projected media capture and sustain students‘ curiosity and attention throughout their lessons
Video conference allows learners of different societies to communicate
Facebook promote dress code diffusion from different cultures
Language improvement ,like English or use of modern slang
promote learners collaboration and participation
 promotes both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to leaners
Effects of ICTs in socialization
Causes Culture erosion
Promote Cyber crime
Facebook addiction
Used to spread hate and discrimination
Used by terrorist to spread propaganda
Hacking and manipulation for monetary gains
Promote false sense of beauty as it misrepresents ideas on what should be regarded as beautiful
Abuse through pornography watching
CHAPTER II
TYPES OF MARRIAGES (Muzadzi k and Chinyamakobvu. S; 2018)
MONOGAMY AND POLYGAMY
-The type and function of marriage vary from culture to culture, and can change over time.
-In general they are two types of marriages which are the civil and religious.
Define monogamy
Mono – means one.
Gamy – means spouse
This means monogamy is being in a relationship with only one partner of different sexual orientation
for a period of time for the rest of your life.
Advantages
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Fidelity security
Approval from society
Financial peace
Lowered risk of STD‘s
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 Family control by fathers is firm
 Minimal transmission of HIV and AIDS
 Reduction of orphans
 Reduction of street kids
 Reduce high crime rate (due to school drop outs)
 Very minimal domestic violence cases
Disadvantages
 Overprotection of children
 Change of sexual compatibility
 Boredom and unhappiness with one person
 Cheating due to dissatisfaction
 High divorce rates
 Child abuse
 Limited exchange of good ideas from different spouses
 Labour is limited especially in rural set up
Define polygamy.
Poly…..more than one
Gamy……spouse
It is defined as the practice of men in the society having several wives at the same time.
4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of polygamy.
Advantages
 Lowers divorce rates
 Freedom of choice
 Contingence planning
 Variety of helpers
 Quenches men‘s desires
 Maximum labour force
 Fusion of different ideas in family
Disadvantages
 Degrading of women to slaves
 Tension disagreements and jealousy within the family.
 Exploitation of women sexual needs.
 Strong contest foe love.
 Greed and envy
 Absence of father and children bonding time.
 Children‘s emotional and psychological development is affected.
 Mistrusts and fights cause fights leading to poor environment for correct upbringing of
children.
 Killing
 Increase of street kids
 Poor financial support
INDIGENOUS WAYS OF MARRIAGE
What is Marriage?
 This is a union of two or more people which creates a family tie.
 There homosexual and heterosexual marriages
 In African communities union justified is between a male and female who would therefore
become husband and wife
 Homosexual unions are taking place today but usually in European countries
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 One‘s failure to get married makes a lot of people worried and that particular person who
would still be single is considered as someone who is not yet complete.
 They will be suspicions of being bewitched thus some would start to seek for assistance
(Kuroorerwa kana kurooreswa chikwambo) in shona
 In case of divorce the man is supposed to give (gupuro) to the wife as a token that he is no
longer interested in her
 This is because marriage is not something which should be taken lightly since it has great
value of marriage
Role of Aunts
 Aunt refers to brother‘s sister or father‘s
 Their authority even exceed that of their brothers
 The shona tradition holds that ,it is the sister‘s wealth (cattle ) that is used by the brother to
marry his wife as such her decision matters most in family affairs
 They nurture daughters
 In many occasions they hold final decision
 Teaches her brother‘s daughter good behaviour
 Prepare better marriage between her brother‘s child and the other person
 Approve the relationship of their nieces
 Prepare their nieces for marriage (teach what men like or dislike) e.g cleanliness from bathing
to the whole house
 Intervene in the love affairs of her nephew (kupereka/kupururudza) ceremonies.
 Aunt would solve disputes in brother‘s relationship or marriage
(a) MUSENGABERE/KIDNAPING
-involves kidnapping the targeted girl.
-The man identifies the targeted girl he wants to marry.
-he does not communicate with the girl.
-the man is assisted by assistants to catch the girl.
-the girl is caught when she goes fetching firewood or water.
-even when the girl screams, the boy won‘t let her go.
-when they arrived home, they organise for a marriage.
-It ensured that every man who cannot talk to woman have their woman
-it brought communities together
-It encourage that in community there were no social outcasts
-Incidences of sexual immorality are unheard
NB: This practice was abandoned because it denies the rights of the girl to choose her own
partner. It is called rape.
b) SELF IMPOSITION (KUGANHA)
Define self imposing
Place advantages and disadvantages of self imposing
c) PLEDGING (KUZVARIRA)
Define Pledging
Place advantages and disadvantages of pledging
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d) VOLUNTEERING (UTEMA UGARIRI)
Define volunteering
This occur when the groom would not have money to pay for lobola
Thus when he truly want marry the woman and the woman is willing to be married with her consent
The practice were derived from the shona proverb ―a poor man is a human being‖ (murombo munhu)
The bride‘s parents were not supposed to refuse because the two were in need of starting their own
families.
The parents would give the groom a period to work in their household before given the wife
During working days the two will live as siblings until the man finish the work , if became rude he
would work for nothing
Place advantages and disadvantages of volunteering
e) ELOPEMENT (KUTIZISA)
An informal way in which a man takes a woman to be his wife without paying bride price
Elopement took place when the man impregnates the girl before marriage
This could happen when the man is poor and cannot be able to pay the bride price and would not be
willing to work for the bride. Eloping took place at night so that parents of the girl may not know
about it
Sometimes aunt will know and even accompany the girl
Aunt will be the one to inform the parents; however Christianity is now opposing this as part of
fornication
The man would send a token (tsvakira kuno) to parents of a woman noticing them he is the one living
with her
After this the daughter would be free to visit her parents whilst arrangements of paying bride price.
f) INHERITANCE (CHIGADZAMAPFIHWA)
Define Inheritance marriage
Place advantages and disadvantages of inheritance
g) KUGARA OR KUGARWA NHAKA
h) FORMAL MARRIAGE/KUKUUMBIRA
 This is a continuation which starts from courtship
 The way which most parents and women want most
 This do no involve force but one‘s consent and when the two agree ,when the man is ready to
marry.
 Both will invite each to one‘s house to see family member (kuonekera) before paying lobola
after introductions the formally the bride price/roora will be paid
 Bride price is of great importance using mediator (sadombo/munyai)
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 People who accompany mediator is the uncles (mother‘s brother and father‘s young or elder
brother) and father‘s best friend (sahwira)
QN Explain why kidnapping / abduction (Musengabere) and traditional inheritance has
been abandoned?
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Abuse of girls
Violation of women‘s rights
It‘s a rape by nature
Spread of STI‘s
Early marriages
Divorces
High rate of orphans
Increase in street kids
CONTEMPORARY MARRIAGES
 Zimbabwe has a pluralistic marriage system.
 It is one of the countries where choices of the type of marriage are wide and varying.
 One can choose to co-habit (kuchaya mapoto), to get married in an unregistered
customary law union, to be in a registered customary marriage, or to be in a registered
civil marriage
 In Zimbabwe, namely civil marriage (Chapter 5:11), registered customary marriage
and unregistered customary marriage
The prerogative to choose the type of marriage one wants to enter into predominantly lies
with the male partner. Consequently, the advantages of being in one type of marriage as
compared to another are enjoyed by the male, while the negative consequences mainly affect
the female partner
White wedding Marriage (Civil)
 A modern white marriage ceremony in which the bride (wife) and bridegroom
(husband) are married in church
 It involves a bride in a long white gown walking down the aisle on the arm of her
father, the husband–to-be waiting for his bride at the front of the church with the
pastor
 There is repetition of the ancient vows (to love, to honour from this day forward, in
sickness and in health, for richer, for poorer till death do us part) and an exchange of
rings and a kiss
Co-habitation (kuchaya mapoto)
 Is another form of a marriage whereby a man and a woman live together in a marriage
like arrangement without legal obligations and responsibilities of a formal marriage
 No payment of a bride price or wedding has been done.
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 Cohabitation is common in following situations: partners who live together before
marriage so it is time to know each other, students who are in college, partners who
are not yet stable to be married, partners who have no resources to get married,
divorcees who feel it is not necessary to remarry but want to stay together or widow
and widower who decide to stay together.
 In Zimbabwe cohabitation is not encouraged but society tolerates it grudgingly
depending on circumstances of each case.
“Small houses”
 A phenomenon which has become prevalent in Zimbabwe.
 This is whereby a married man has a mistress which he takes care of with or
without the knowledge of the wife.
 He may even have children with the mistress. The visits to the other woman are
kept secret but constant. The name small house derived from a polygamous
situation whereby the first wife is referred to as ―big house‖.
CIVIL MARRIAGES
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Under Zimbabwean law, this marriage is provided for in the Marriages Act [Chapter
5:11] 23, formerly known as Chapter 37.
Such a marriage can be presided over by a legally designated marriage officer, who
can be a religious minister such as a priest or pastor, or by a marriage officer at the
Magistrates Court.
- Marrying a second wife or husband is strictly prohibited under this marriage
regime, and anyone who does so will be committing the crime of bigamy.
Bigamy is punishable by a prison sentence of just one year or a fine or both.
Civil marriages are governed by general law.
Once a person is married under this act he or she can not marry another person unless
there is a divorce or death of the other partner.
Civil marriages are registered at the High Court.
The advantages of a civil marriage
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It gives the best protection to spouses within the marriage.
There is no legal discrimination against women and girls with respect to inheritance
rights, the surviving spouse and the children of a deceased person are the major
beneficiaries. (It is no longer the eldest son).
The matrimonial home – that is, the home which the spouses acquired during the
subsistence of their marriage remains with the surviving spouse.
Ordinarily guardianship of children born during the marriage is vested in the father
who exercises this right in consultation with the mother.
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In the event of death of one spouse, parental authority and guardianship rights over
their children remain with the surviving spouse.
Where the parents get divorced after a civil marriage, custody is determined in the
best interests of the child.
In practice, guardianship and custody is commonly vested with the mother unless the
court determines it is in the best interests of the child not to do so, and vests those
rights in the father.
CUSTOMARY MARRIAGES
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Customary marriages are traditional unions.
Customary marriages are governed by customary law
They are sometimes registered or can remain informal.
A registered customary marriage prescribed under the Customary Marriages Act
[Chapter 5:07], formerly known as Chapter 231, or in vernacular ‗muchato
wekwamudzviti.‘ Such a marriage allows a man to marry more than one wife.
A man in such a marriage is not obliged under any law to notify (inform) his wife of
his intention to marry a second wife.
Neither does he have an obligation to request the consent of his first wife or other
wives before marrying other women.
An unregistered customary law union.
This type of marriage is limited to the cultural practice of the payment of bride price
(roora/lobola) by the man to the woman‘s family.
For an unregistered customary law union, once the lobola process is done, then the
two are considered married and can live together.
A very large number of marriages in Zimbabwe are in terms of unregistered
customary law unions.
Under the unregistered customary marriage, a man can marry as many wives as he
wishes.
All customary marriages whether registered or unregistered, are valid for the purpose
of inheritance except that if a person contracts a registered or unregistered customary
law marriage when he is already married to someone else under the Marriage Act
[Chapter 5:11] the customary marriage will not be valid.
Payment of damages (dhemeji in Shona and idemeji in Ndebele), a traditional token
of acknowledgement of responsibility, as well as an apology from a man who believes
that he has impregnated a woman outside wedlock.
Customary rites of divorce ordinarily observed through the payment of
money/livestock known as gupuro.
Disadvantage - Under the unregistered customary marriage there is no documentary proof to
prove that the two are/were married.
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CHAPTER III
INDIGENOUS WISE SAYINGS
Chinyamakobvu et al (2018)
Chinyamakobvu et al (2018) posited that indigenous proverbs are something we need to preserve for
the future Zimbabwe. He further claims it‘s really sad that we (Zimbabweans) have reduced the
importance of our indigenous proverbs to something we need to claim in order to pass our Ordinary
and Advanced level exams. Like all other proverbs, our indigenous proverbs are rich sources of
wisdom that are very much applicable in our day to day living (Ibid ; 2018). Not only are these
proverbs relevant to our day to day living, they are easy to understand (no need to crack your head),
which is not much of a shocker because they were created for us. The author of this paper also put a
link at the end of the article, for those who want to acquaint themselves with the meanings of these
and other Shona proverbs and for those who might want to help their kids with their Shona homework
every once in a while.
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Nzombe huru yakabva mukurerwa.
Ndamba kuudzwa akaonekwa nembonje pahuma.
Gudo kuipa kuipa haro asi haridye chakafa choga.
Rina manyanga hariputirwe.
Imbwa nyoro ndidzo tsengi dzamatowo.
Zvikoni zvikoni mimba haibve negosoro.
Aiva madziva ava mazambuko.
Chaitemura chave kuseva.
Kuvhunduka chati kwatara hunge uine katurikwa.
Seka urema wafa.
Zizi kuswera muhuku hunzi ndava hukuwo.
Itsitsi dzei tsvimborume kubvisa chana chemvana madzihwa?
Charova sei chando kukwidza hamba mumuti?
Natsa kwawabva kwaunoenda husiku.
Murombo haarove chinenguwo.
Mbeva zhinji hadzinj marise.
Rume rimwe harikombi churu.
Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda.
Rugare tange nhamo.
Mwana asingacheme anofira mumubereko.
For meanings to these and other proverbs check out I believe that our languages are important in
defining who we are as Zimbabweans lets embrace them…lets preserve them lets be Zimbabwean
(Chinyamakobvu et al 2018) something free for the taking and without consequence.
Here‘s a list of African proverbs from around the continent. Some are known to come from
specific tribes, ethnic groups, or countries and others have an unknown source and are listed
simply as ―African proverbs.‖ Have a read and pluck out some ancestral insight from the
motherland to carry with you today.
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 A bird that flies off the earth and lands on an anthill is still on the ground. — Igbo proverb
 He that beats the drum for the mad man to dance is no better than the mad man himself. —
African proverb
 Where water is the boss there the land must obey. — African proverb
 No matter how beautiful and well crafted a coffin might look, it will not make anyone wish
for death. — African proverb
 When the shepherd comes home in peace, the milk is sweet. — Ethiopian proverb
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A spider‘s cobweb isn‘t only its sleeping spring but also its food trap. — African proverb
If you do not have patience you cannot make beer. — Ovambo proverb
He who runs after good fortune runs away from peace. — African proverb
Teeth do not see poverty. — Masai proverb
You have little power over what‘s not yours. — Zimbabwean proverb
If you pick up one end of the stick you also pick up the other. — Ethiopian proverb
Better little than too little. — Cameroonian proverb
You must attend to your business with the vendor in the market, and not to the noise of the
market. — Beninese proverb
 When you befriend a chief remember that he sits on a rope. — Ugandan proverb
The night has ears. — Masai proverb
 The child you sired hasn‘t sired you. — Somali proverb
 A doctor who invoked a storm on his people cannot prevent his house from
destruction. — Nigerian proverb
 An intelligent enemy is better than a stupid friend. — Senegalese proverb
 The young bird does not crow until it hears the old ones. — Tswana proverb
 If you carry the egg basket do not dance. — Ambede proverb
 The food which is prepared has no master. — Malagasy proverb
 . The child you sired hasn‘t sired you. — Somali proverb
 A doctor who invoked a storm on his people cannot prevent his house from
destruction. — Nigerian proverb
 An intelligent enemy is better than a stupid friend. — Senegalese proverb
 The young bird does not crow until it hears the old ones. — Tswana proverb
 If you carry the egg basket do not dance. — Ambede proverb
 The food which is prepared has no master. — Malagasy proverb
 The worlds of the elders do not lock all the doors; they leave the right door open. —
Zambian proverb
 Even the best cooking pot will not produce food. — African proverb
 The child of a rat is a rat. — Malagasy proverb
 Where you will sit when you are old shows where you stood in youth. — Yoruba
proverb
 He who is unable to dance says that the yard is stony. — Masai proverb
 You cannot name a child that is not born. — African proverb
 Do a good deed and throw it into the sea. — Egyptian proverb
 When the roots of a tree begin to decay, it spreads death to the branches. — Nigerian
proverb
 Slander by the stream will be heard by the frogs.
 A child is a child of everyone.
 Even the lion, the king of the forest, protects himself against flies.
 Birds sing not because they have answers but because they have songs. — African
proverb
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 If your only tool is a hammer, you will see every problem as a nail. — Gambian
proverb
 When you show the moon to a child, it sees only your finger. — Zambian proverb
 It is crooked wood that shows the best sculptor. — African proverb
 One who bathes willingly with cold water doesn‘t feel the cold. — Fipa proverb
 Earth is the queen of beds. — Namibian proverb
 Be a mountain or lean on one. — Somali proverb
 A flea can trouble a lion more than a lion can trouble a flea. — Kenyan proverb
 Wisdom is like a baobab tree; no one individual can embrace it. — Ewe proverb
 The death of an elderly man is like a burning library. — Ivorian proverb
 Anger and madness are brothers. — African proverb
 Do not follow a person who is running away. — Kenyan proverb
 An orphaned calf licks its own back. — Kenyan proverb
 Even as the archer loves the arrow that flies, so too he loves the bow that remains
constant in his hands. — Nigerian proverb
 He who burns down his house knows why ashes cost a fortune. — African proverb
 If you are building a house and a nail breaks, do you stop building or do you change
the nail? — Rwandan proverb
 You cannot build a house for last year‘s summer. — Ethiopian proverb
 We desire to bequeath two things to our children; the first one is roots, the other one is
wings. — Sudanese proverb
The previous book places more focus on several Proverbs, Riddles, idioms, folktales, sayings,
poems, expressions in details (find Chinyamakobvu 2018 First version)
The significance of proverbs in the indigenous societies
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African proverbs offer wisdom in just one sentence.
They give insight into African cultures.
They convey truth, wisdom, discovery of ideas as well as life lessons.
The African proverbs help to demystify the belief that African people are barbaric and
uneducated
 When proverbs are translated it is easy to see the intelligence, philosophy and life
experiences African people possess.
 Many African proverbs are strongly tied to the earth and animals conveying lessons of
life and learning through daily procedures.
 Proverbs comment on human behaviour, human predicaments, human conflicts and
resolutions and human aspirations.
The functions of wise sayings in indigenous societies
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The African wise sayings characterise the African culture, tradition and wisdom of the
African ancestors.
They contain ancestral truths and messages handed from one generation to another.
The African wise sayings act as moral sanctions.
The wise sayings help to educate one of the religious belief systems.
Wise sayings are meant to avoid immediate danger, injury, embarrassment or any
other unpleasant consequence.
They are used to inculcate truths, reprimand violators of the code of conduct.
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CHAPTER IV
INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES
(Chinyamakobvu and Muringai; 2019)
Types of Indigenous Religious Practices
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Rain-making ceremony (Mkwerera /ukucela izulu)
Funerals
Inheritance (kugara nhaka)
Death rites settling ceremony (kurova guva)
Death rites settling ceremony (kurova guva)
 Done a year after burial but can take place earlier or later
 In zezuru culture the ceremony is done in the month of August (Nyamavhuvhu)
 Reason based is that in August usually the work is very limited unlike November to February
which is a farming season
 This is done for those who died and left behind children
 The event is not performed for those who die single
 At the ceremony a bull (bhuru remusha) was killed `is the deceased is a male and a cow if
person was a female
 People feasted and drank the ritual beer in commemoration of the returning spirit.
 Ceremony done to call back spirit of the dead (kudana mudzimu)
 Purification of ancestors (kuchenura mudzimu
Rain-making ceremony (Mkwerera /ukucela izulu)
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A preparation for farming season
Ceremony conducted before the onset of the rain season , around September
Ask for the rain to the ancestors
Traditional beer is brewed using clay pots
Rain Spirit mediums known as mhondoro dzemvura in shona lead the ceremony
Elderly women who are past the age of sexual activity also played the brewing part
Beer is brewed for seven days
Prayers or rituals to ask for rain are conducted under sacred shrines or muchakata tree
National ceremonies are done in Matopos at Njelele and Matonjeni area, Mt Nyangani in
Nyanga.
 Red millet and finger millet is used to prepare beer.
 Normally when the ceremony is conducted rains will start falling no one was allowed to seek
shelter.
Funerals
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These are ceremonies accorded so much value and importance among indigenous people
A time characterised by intense mourning and grieving
Families and communities work together contribute monetary or food support called (chema)
Funerals that are considered mysterious and unusual or suspected to be a result of murder or
witchcraft
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 Because of this they end up consulted from spirit mediums or N‘anga (Kurova Gata system)
ask the cause of death
 Everyone dies will be given decent burials except those died through suicide or child died
during birth
 When a national hero died the flag is dropped halfway to signal time for national mourning.
Bira/Umbuyiso
 An official ,all night ceremony in which family members come together to call upon a
familiar ancestor for help
 During the Bira the family is served with ritual beer
 A mbira band usually provides entertainment
 Usually the play drums in kitchen hut. Drums traditionally arouse the spirits (Fridays)
 Family members and those in post –menstrual period go to the grave site and plead with the
spirits as they pour beer, come home playing and dancing (Saturday)
 At home, relatives line up and a goat ,possessed by the spirit (mbudzi yeshungu) is brought to
the relatives as they pour beer on it using gourd (mukombe)
 If it shakes off the beer the beer one pour the beer is said to be the one the spirit choose
 The one chosen will then sit (reed mat) rukukwe , when possesses the spirit the same goat will
be slaughtered but is not seasoned by salt
 Outsiders are given their part eat outside homestead
 People will then disperse (Sunday)
Importance of all community gatherings and Ritual Ceremonies
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Ensure unity amongst members (nhimbe)
Increase food production (nhimbe or Zunde ramambo ,mukwerera)
Promote peace and teamwork
Promote local development
Ensure food security
Uphold of culture and heritage
Respect of the elders
Avoid dependency syndrome
Promote family idea sharing
Reduce stress and internal fights (using mbira and drums drink together)
Promote sense of belongingness and identity
Support community cooperation
Helping the need , orphans ,widows and disabled
Give leaders total control of their subjects
Talent identification (dancing and singing)
Threats/Challenges to community gathering and ritual ceremonies
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Abuse of young women and girls (Nhaka ceremony)
Internal fights (Kurova gata)
Forced labour (Zunde ramambo)
Lack of agricultural inputs (zunderamambo)
Lack of control to his people
Shortage of land
Bias and corruption on distribution of food
Existence of Christianity
Importance of funeral gatherings in Zimbabwe
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Unity amongst the community
Cooperation
Dedicated to the nation
Identity formation
Socialisation
Community organisation (death of heroes)
Fusion of ideas
The different religious practices
 Rainmaking ceremonies
 Visiting traditional healers
 Exorcism
 Traditional puberty rituals
 Death rituals
 Visiting traditional healers
 Owning sacred objects
Identify different forms of spirits.
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Ministering spirits –‗‘ Masvikiro’’ theses testify to human beings of the existence of
―vadzimu or Musikavanhu.’’
Evil spirits/ unclean spirits – demons
Fire spirits
Familiar spirits – spirits consulted by witches and psychics.
Female spirits
Marine spirit (Svikiro remumvura)
Hunting spirit (Shavi rekuvhima)
Rainmaking ceremony (zvikiro remvura)
CHAPTER V
ZIMBABWEAN AND FOREIGN NORMS AND VALUES (Muzadzi 2019)
a) Zimbabwe languages
Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Sign
language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa
What are Norms?
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Norms means standards of behaviour
Norms exist in various forms (unwritten form)
Norms are informal standards of behaviour originates as a results of communication
A guide to how people around a community interact ; how decision are made , how
conclusion are arrived at
 They correct individuals‘ correct behaviour and the right mental ability assist to do work
What are Values??
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 These are statements and standards which address what is important in order to achieve
objectives and certain mission.
 This means values are not actionable.
b.) Religion, traditional beliefs and myths
Cosmological beliefs, Christianity and Islam
c.) Customs, culture, values and ethics
Cultural education, principles of Ubuntu and promotion of extended families
d.) Dress design
Decent dressing accepted by our value system with Flora and Fauna designs.
e.) Heritage, monuments and preservation
Restoration and promotion of cultural identity
f.) Settlement
Houses of stones
g.) Food
Staple food – maize and traditional dishes such as zviyo and Mhunga
h.) Education
Reinforcement of traditional values, morals, collectivism constituting of unhu, ubuntu
i.) Health issues
Promotion of traditional medicine through Zinatha traditional medicine through Zinatha
traditional healers
j.) Culture and Gender
Gender policy in order to achieve a cultural supportive society which respects the rights and
status of women
k.) Traditional and cultural institution
We have cultural institutions in the country such as family, community and chieftaincy.
l.) Culture and Environment
Totems and preservation
Foreign norms and values
a.) Religion
Christianity – Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church. There is also secular humanism and
rationalism with questioning of religion
b.) Music
Musical instruments are violin, piano, saxophone, trombone and they listen to pop, rock and
hip hop
c.) Painting and Photography
Motion pictures, sculptures and painting
d.) Dance and performing arts
Ballet and ballroom dance
e.) Ideology
Democracy, human rights, rule of law, presidentiarism, constitutionalism and
parliamentarianism
f.) Health issue
Use of doctors, scans, surgeries
g.) Education
For the purpose of social mobility
NORMS AND VALUES AT WORKPLACE
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 Norms at workplaces help the organisation to keep moving
 Norms help org to attain its goals
 Values try to create a character in an employee which would be suitable for that particular job
Core Values at work
Clear accountability; Teamwork; Respect; growth oriented; research development.
Examples of Norms and Values
 Responsibility (fulfill the given tasks at work)
 Accountability (answerable to any situation at work, being responsible in effective
undertaking of tasks)
 Respect (respect every individual in and out of workplace) to avoid tension at work
 Integrity (adhering to ethical codes) one has to be trustworthy and honest
 Transparency (a state of clearness or openness) to build trust
 Commitment (fully engaged or bound to task at workplace) a committed employee
understand better org goals
 Teamwork
 Innovation
 Professionalism
 Integrity (state of being honest bound by moral principle
Importance of norms and values
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High productivity
Avoid Corruption
Promote good behaviour
Reduce high crime rate
Promote unite and peace
Tension in companies/labour disputes is reduced
Attainment of personal or organizational goals
High quality working conditions
THREATS TO INDIGENOUS CULTURE
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Single parenting
ICT tools
Technology
Modern music
Globalisation – foreign media, western myth, dressing, cultural imperialism,
privatisation
Urbanisation
Modernisation/ industrialisation
Men and women in marriage (Nyikadzino; 2017)
The roles of men and women in marriage
Roles of women in marriage
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A woman should bear children in the family.
Women have the role to teach children African values, norms and beliefs. A woman
should be a helper to the husband.
Women have the role to love their husbands.
Men‘s needs should be number one priority for wives.
The wife should care for those who need her, provide for her family, protect them
and share her strength with others.
The wife should model daughters, give attention to each child, valuing each child as
individuals who are wonderfully different and provide spiritual training, cultural
opportunities and cooking food for the family.
Women should respect their husbands.
CHAPTER VI
INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE
AUTHORS (S. Chakaipa , Bhosha and Chinyamakobvu .S)
The political, social and economic gains of independence
Political
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Blacks got into the corridors of power.
Enfranchising of blacks.
Integration of the army.
Political pluralism : ZUM, ZANU NDONGA
Unity accord
Creation of executive presidency
Adoption of socialism as the countries ideology.
Social
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Education
Health
Social welfare facilities
Cooperatives
Legislation- legal age majorities
Economic
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Subsidies on basic commodities
Infrastructural development
Government shares in strategic industries
Resettlements of peasants
Minimum wages Act
Training of Manpower – ZIMDEF
Agricultural expansion
Oriented markets were taken to the people- GMB
Analyse the challenges faced by the government after 1980.
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Economic challenges
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Tremendous rural urban migration
Burdens in delivering national objectives such as health services, education and shelter.
Successive droughts from 1983,1992,1997 and 2002.
Closing of industries and farms
Prices of commodities fell on the international market.
Brain drain
Political challenges
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Escalation of dissidents
Suspension from the British commonwealth
Foreign exchange shortages
Unfamiliar policies
Social challenges
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HIV / AIDS pandemic
High unemployment
Poverty
Rising of food prices
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES
Local government in Zimbabwe is influenced by its historical past, that is, the fact that Zimbabwe is a former
British colony. At independence in 1980, Zimbabwe inherited a system of local government that was sharply
divided along racial lines. The system consisted of, on one hand, Rural Councils and Urban Councils for the
white settler population, and African Councils for the majority and politically repressed black population on the
other.
Urban local authorities
This urban local government which was developing before independence excluded Africans in urban
governance process. Successive pieces of legislation continued to deny Africans a say in the management of
cities and towns. Some attempt to include the growing African urban population in urban local government was
made through the setting up of Advisory Boards. As the name suggests, these could only advise white officers
on the concerns of Africans in the townships. (Chakaipa;2010)
After independence, significant changes took place. The African townships became part of the urban councils
and Africans could now vote and be voted in as councillors and mayors. The Urban Councils Act Chapter 214
was repealed in 1995 and replaced by the Urban Councils Act Chapter 29:15 which brought in Executive
Mayors who were elected by the whole town ( Chinyamakobvu; 2014).
The organization of Urban Councils
Urban Councils are organized in a hierarchy which is based mainly on their size and functions.
Hierarchy of Urban Councils in Zimbabwe
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Level 1
Cities
Bulawayo
Gweru
Harare
Kadoma
Kwekwe
Masvingo
Mutare
Level 2
Municipalities
Bindura
Chegutu
Chinhoyi
Chitungwiza
Gwanda
Kariba
Marondera
Redcliff
Victoria Falls
Level 3
Town Councils
Beitbridge
Chipinge
Chiredzi
Gokwe
Karoi
Norton
Plumtree
Rusape
Shurugwi
Zvishavane
Level 4
Local Boards
Chirundu
Epworth
Hwange
Lupane
Ruwa
Total
7
9
10
5
31
Local boards have Chairpersons and Secretaries as heads of the policy making body and management
respectively while Mayors and Town Clerks have the same responsibilities in municipalities and cities.
Municipalities and City Councils own land within their boundaries and they can dispose of this land to
prospective developers and generate revenue. (Bhosha and Chinyamakobvu ;2018)
Institutional arrangements
Institutions of Local Government
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Provincial Council
Urban
Rural District
Traditional leaders
WDCOs
VDCOs / NEDCOs
Ward Assemblies
Village Assemblies
Functions of urban/Metropolitan local authorities
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Create by laws
Ensure provision of water
Building operations.
Provide facilities for training, education and research
Sponsor conferences, seminars for urban growth and development.
Levy rates and taxes and raise revenue.
Conservation of natural resources.
Cultivation and farming.
Roads, bridges, dams, etc.
Effluent or refuse removal and treatment.
Hospitals and clinics.
Libraries, museums, theatres, public halls, botanical and zoological gardens.
Advertising hoardings.
Conduct of liquor undertakings (the Liquor Act [Chapter 14:14] and the Traditional Beer Act
[Chapter 14:26], with the approval of the Minister, to hold any licences or permits in terms of those Acts
and to engage in any activity authorized by such licences or permits
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Maintain local stadiums
Functions of Rural local authorities
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Acquisition, maintenance, development and disposal of property.
Provision of Recreational facilities.
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Conservation of natural resources.
Clearing of land.
Provision of Slaughter-houses.
Roads, bridges, dams, etc.
Provision of Parking spaces.
Provision of Drains, sewers and sewerage works.
Provision of Effluent or refuse removal and treatment.
Provision of Hospitals, clinics and health services.
Provision of Educational institutions.
Provision of Libraries, museums, theatres, public halls, botanical and zoological
THE ROLE OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN GOVERNANCE
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To provide and manage, on land under the control of the council, parks and other facilities for
recreation, swimming or other sports, bathing, camping and caravanning and to do all things
necessary or desirable in connection with the provision or operation of such facilities,
including the provision of premises for the sale of food and drink.
To plant, cultivate, trim or remove trees and shrubs on land under the control of the council
and to trim or remove roots or branches which interfere with or are likely to interfere with any
water main, electricity line, public or private drain or other works of the council.
To take measures for the conservation or improvement of natural resources
To provide for the fencing of public or common land and for the maintenance and repair of
such fences
To permit the grazing of stock on land under the control of the council.
To provide services for the improvement of agriculture, forestry, viticulture,
Horticulture and livestock
Provide and maintain dipping tanks, fencing, outspans, stock pens and watering points
To provide markets for the sale of agricultural and other produce, and carry on the business of
dealing with agricultural
Structure of rural local government
District Administrator
(Their power comes directly from central government)
Councilors
(Their authority derives from local popular election)
Traditional leadership
(Their authority emerges from custom and history)
Rural local governance Challenges
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Poor service delivery
Maladministration
Abuse of public funds
Abuse of authority or office
Fraudulent dealings
Corrupt tendencies
Urban councils Challenges
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Over centralisation
Narrow revenue base
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Dual Governance structures
Dysfunctional development structures
Securitisation of local governance
Politicisation of government structures
Questionable calibre of elected leaders.
Incapacity to deliver services and facilitate development
THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE
Identify and describe different systems of government.
a.) Autocracy
This is a system of governance where power is concentrated in the hands of one person who
has absolute power.
b.) Monarchical government
Monarchs have an autocratic system of governance. There will be a family which will be
called royalty representing national identity.
c.) Aristocratic system
This is a form of governance that places power in the hands of a small privileged ruling class.
This is also called oligarchy. The group which have powerful or influential people have the
privilege to decide changes in the society as ordinary people are not allowed to decide.
d.) Democracy
In this system all the people participate in the decision making process. This government is
chosen by election as all people vote despite their religion, race and persons wealth.
Compare democracy and autocracy.
Democracy versus Autocracy
Comparison
Democracy
Element
Autocracy
Meaning of
Term
Government
Power and authority from people
Self authority
The people
Give the
Government power and strength
One individual or group holds all power and
decides for the people. The majority are not
consulted in decision making.
Freedom and
rights
The rights and freedoms of people
are created by constitution and
bylaws.
USA
England
Italy
Polland
Use a constitution- a document which
describes how a government is
organised.
People vote for the leader who they
want.
Peoples freedom is limited in cases of expression,
press censorship and suppression of opponent.
Countries that
uphold
the
ideology
Costitution
Assumption to
leadership
Source: Muzadzi .K
Cuba
Iran
Venezuala
China
The leaders make decisions that suit their needs.
Through inheritance, coups and succession.
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CHAPTER VII
Structures and functions of central government: (Chinyamakobvu; 2014)
11. Identify pillars of central government.
 Executive
 Legislature
 Judiciary
13. Discuss the functions of the executive.
The president is responsible for :
 Summoning the national assembly, the senate, or parliament to an extraordinary
sitting to conduct special business.
 Deploying defence forces.
 Appointing ambassadors and diplomats
 Assenting and signing bills.
 Referring a Bill to the constitutional court.
 Calling elections in terms of this constitution.
The Cabinet is responsible for :
 Directing operations of government.
 Advising the president.
 Developing and implementing national policy.
 Conducting government business in parliament.
14. Discuss the functions of the legislature.
 To amend the constitution in accordance with section 328
 To make laws for the peace, order, and good governance of Zimbabwe.
Parties involved
 Parliament – Senate and National Assembly
 To protect the constitution.
 To protect democratic governance in Zimbabwe.
15. Discuss the functions of the judiciary.
The courts comprise of
a.) The Constitutional court
b.) The Supreme Court
c.) The High Court
d.) The Labour Court
e.) The Administrative Court
f.) The Magistrates Court
g.) The Customary Law Courts
h.) other courts established by the or under an Act of Parliament.
Functions of the Judiciary
 To promote and facilitate the independence and accountability of the judiciary.
 To promote the effective, efficient and transparent administration of justice in
Zimbabwe.
 Employ and discipline persons employed in all the courts.
 Advising the government on any matter relating to the judiciary and the
administration of justice.
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Government as a social provider
1. Identify social services provided by the government.
 Education
 Health
 Shelter
 Police services
 Fire service
 Job training
 Policy research
. Explain the importance of social services by the government.
Education
Role of government
 Formulation of policies appropriate to the national ideology.
 Build schools
 Provide materials such as books and furniture
 Provide vocational and professional education which is a form of investment in the human capital
which cause economic productivity of human being.

Shelter
Role of government
 to construct low income urban housing policy to cater for the poor majority.
 Legislation favour the right adequate housing for everyone including the poor.
 Government guard against profiteers especially in market oriented housing provision.
 The Zimbabwean government established funding instruments such as national housing fund and
housing guarantee to finance housing development for the low income groups.
 Ministry of lands and Agriculture have allocated land to the ministry of Housing for housing
development.
Health
Role of government
Under the public health bill, the role of the government is to provide for conditions for improvement of the
health, quality of life and health care for all people in Zimbabwe.
 Compulsory immunisation of children
 Prevention and control of non communicable diseases.
 To ensure that the country has the highest possible level of health and quality of life for all
citizens.
Zimbabwe as a member of regional and international organisations.
1. Identify regional and international organisations to which Zimbabwe is a member.
SADC
 This is a regional economic community comprising of 15 member states, Angola, DRC, Lesotho,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia
and Zimbabwe
COMESA
 The member states of COMESA are Burundi, Comoros, DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritria, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Sudan, Swaziland, Seychelles, Uganda,
Zambia and Zimbabwe.
NAM
 The non aligned countries struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism and all
forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination and interference.
UN
AU
2. Describe the importance of Zimbabwe membering in regional and international organisations.
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Zimbabwe‟s benefit as a member of regional and international organisation.
SADC
Economic benefits are :
 Increased market size
 Improved intra- region trade
 Investment flows
 Increased transfer of technology and experience.
Political benefits are:
Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation
 This protocol intends to foster regional security and defence cooperation, peace, political stability and
conflict management.
COMESA
 Zimbabwe benefits sustainable growth and development through harmonised marketing structures.
 Development in all fields of economic activity and joint adoption of macroeconomic policies and
programmes to raise the standard of living of its people.

Foreign cross border and joint promotion of research adoption of science and technology for
development.
 Peace, security, stability which enhance economic development.

Strengthened relations between the common market and the rest of the world.
AU
 Zimbabwe is united with other African countries.
 The sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of Zimbabwe is defended.
 AU donates drugs to combat malaria and the AIDS epidemic to Zimbabwe.
 It also deal with economic issues such as improving the standard of living of millions of
impoverished Zimbabweans.
 It deals with ecological issues such as dealing with recurring famines and desertification.
NAM
 National independence, sovereignty , territorial integrity and security.
 Support from other aligned countries on the struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination and interference.
 The non aligned movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its
existence including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements
in various locations.
UN
 It maintains worldwide peace and security.
 It promotes human rights.
 It foster social and economic development.
 It protect the environment.
 It provide humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disasters and armed conflict.
It fosters cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
international problems
NATIONAL HERITAGE (Mukanya; 2017)
Heritage sites
1. Identify liberation war heritage sites in Neighbouring countries.
a.) Mulungushi camp
This camp is located in the centra province of Zambia in Kapiri Mposhi. This was an old Zambia military
training camp and was passed to Zimbabwe so it remains a liberation site as it forms a part of the county‘s
guerrilla war.
b.)Freedom camp
This camp is located in Chikumbi. Many Liberation war fighters and refugees were buried at mass graves after
being massacred by Rhodesian forces during the liberation struggle.
c.)Mkushi girls camp
This camp is located in luano district.
d.) St Mary‟s cemetery
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At St Mary‘s in Kabwe there are 21 graves of Zambian Police Force officers who died during a raid by Smith
soldiers while helping the Zimbabweans.
Liberation war heritage sites in Mozambique
The Zanla forces were hosted by Mozambique.
a.)Chimoio camp
b.) Nyadzonya
Liberation war heritage sites in Tanzania.
a.) Morogoro with Zanla forces
b.) Eringa with zipra forces
The importance of liberation war heritage sites in neighbouring countries
1. Sacred / Religious Value
 The sites are an important sector of culture in terms of social identity and sustenance .The African
belief is that the liberation war heroes who died in the struggle to end colonial expression becomes an
ancestor so they mediate to Nyadenga.
 Acknowledgements of such sites help the returning of the war dead and the resettling of their spirits.
 Commemorating of heritage sites helps in national ritual events to the ancestors to cleanse the nations
troubling legacies of violence and other issues such as drought, food shortages, economic and political
crisis.
2. Political and National value
 They help to acknowledge and appreciate the role played neighbouring countries in the attainment of
independence of Zimbabwe.
 They are also an acknowledgement of the importance of liberation movements to the process to the
process of decolonisation of the continent.
3. Economic Value
 Liberation war heritage sites have a great economic value as they attract several tourists. The UNESCO
objectives are that countries across Africa have to establish Cinemas, archives, museums and libraries
with information of liberation war heritage.
4. Educational value
 The educational value pertains to the amount and quality of information that can be imparted on the
learner of Zimbabwe through understanding their cultural heritage.
 They help to restore and popularise academics, students and tourists to the liberation history of the
country.
 These museums have artefacts and pictures that help tell the liberation war history of Zanla and Zipra.
5. Scientific value
 The scientific value is brought up by professionals such as engineers, geologist, architects and
archaeologists. Archaeologists dig information of the liberation war which is beneficial to the
education value.
6. Aesthetic value
 The aesthetic value counts the architectural designs of sites, their rarity, size which is more
synonymous with the economic value.
7. Social value
Heritage sites take on the commemorative function of post conflict reconciliation.
World Heritage sites
International organisations which deals with Heritage Sites
1. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
2. International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
3. Africa Charter of International Council on Monuments and Sites (AFRICOM)
4. International Council on Museums (ICCM)
Out of 890 sites worldwide Africa has 116. Zimbabwe has three landmarks which have been elected by the
UNESCO as having cultural, historical, scientific value which are Great Zimbabwe, Matopo hills and Victoria
Falls.
The importance of world heritage sites
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The heritage sites are living monuments and record of certain happening which connect us to our past
which proves the existence of our ancestors.
Heritage sites are great for economics ie tourism.The conservation of heritage sites has proven to be the
thriving place of entrepreneurship. Renovating of the sites has shown increases in property values.
The sites are important for humanity and they hold cultural and physical significance as they are
legacies from our past.
Heritage sites aim to promote cooperation among nations from around the world. Zambia and
Zimbabwe are brought together with Victoria falls which is at the border of the two countries.
They increase employment opportunities and income for local communities and better management.
We construct our identities from stories, objects and buildings that conjure up our ancestors past, their
glories and tragedies.
Heritage sites like the Great Zimbabwe ruins makes people in Zimbabwe to regain a sense of pride and
identity eroded by oppressive regimes, colonialism and poverty.
Foreign objects found at Great Zimbabwe ruins and Khami ruins are an outstanding material
manifestation of cultural fusion and harmonisation.
 Local artisans can learn traditional building technologies and the skills needed to produce quality
construction material.
 Great Zimbabwe ruins and Khami ruins contains evidence for an important interchange of human
values that led to far reaching cultural and social changes in southern Africa.
National Schools Pledge
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The importance of the national Schools Pledge.
It teaches patriotism and total commitment.
It reminds us of the respect we owe to the living war veterans and those who died in the quest to
remove the bondage of colonialism.
It reminds us of the national flag.
It reminds us of our rich natural resources which needs to be exploited by us as we are the inheritors.
It teaches us cultural heritage preservation.
It introduces values of hard work and honesty in every Zimbabwean.
Relate the national schools pledge to the National Flag and Anthem.
Zimbabweans believe in God.
The red colour on the flag, a stanza in the national anthem show that we owe respect to all those who
struggled for the attainment of the country‘s independence.
Green colour and yellow colour show the richness of the countrys‘ natural resources which we should
exploit sustainably.
We should work hard to develop our country, „‟ ASANTE SANA‟‟
We pray for hardworking and leaders who have respect for human value.
Natural resources (Kuvarega; 2014)
Government efforts to improve access to natural resources by the individual people since 1980
a.) Intensive land Ressetlement 1980-96
Model A Scheme
Settler families were allocated residential stands about 5 hectares of land.
Model B Scheme
This involved the formation of cooperatives to manage purchased farms on a collective basis using irrigation or
infrastructure for specialised agricultural enterprise.
Model C Scheme
This patterned on a nucleus estate concept with a core commercial estate. These schemes were introduced in
order to involve small produces directly in more complex and technically demanding farm enterprises such as
tobacco.
Model D Schemes
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These were intended for low rainfall natural regions 4 and 5 for the use of ranches for grazing by communal
counties. This model was later modified and renamed the Three tier Scheme.
Achievements of the Intensive Resettlement Programme
 The government had purchased up to 2,9 million hectors of land by 1994/5 for the resettlement
program. There was an addition of 0,6 million hectors which was state land and some from donors and
farms acquired as derelict. This means 3,5 million hectors was acquired for resettlement.
 By May 1989 about 48 000 families had been resettled and 4000 being given stands.
 By September 1996 a total of 71 000 households had been resettled
And 200 00 had benefited from the acquisition of additional grazing land.
 Model A schemes benefited 66 000 households on 3 million hectors.
 Model B benefitted 4 200 households on 165 000 hectors.
 Model C benefited 800 household on 17 000 hectors of land.
 Model D schemes provided 20 000 households in region 4 and 5 with 2 500 hectors of grazing land.
Model A Scheme
This involved a village as a nucleus with individual arable holdings and communal grazing within the village
boundaries. Settler families were allocated residential stands about 5 hectares of land.
Model B Scheme
This involved the formation of cooperatives to manage purchased farms on a collective basis using irrigation or
infrastructure for specialised agricultural enterprise.
Model C Scheme
This patterned on a nucleus estate concept with a core commercial estate. These schemes were introduced in
order to involve small produces directly in more complex and technically demanding farm enterprises such as
tobacco.
Model D Schemes
These were intended for low rainfall natural regions 4 and 5 for the use of ranches for grazing by communal
counties. This model was later modified and renamed the Three tier Scheme.
Achievements of the Intensive Resettlement Programme
 The government had purchased up to 2,9 million hectors of land by 1994/5 for the resettlement
program. There was an addition of 0,6 million hectors which was state land and some from donors and
farms acquired as derelict. This means 3,5 million hectors was acquired for resettlement.
 By May 1989 about 48 000 families had been resettled and 4000 being given stands.
 By September 1996 a total of 71 000 households had been resettled
And 200 00 had benefited from the acquisition of additional grazing land.
 Model A schemes benefited 66 000 households on 3 million hectors.
 Model B benefitted 4 200 households on 165 000 hectors.
 Model C benefited 800 household on 17 000 hectors of land.
 Model D schemes provided 20 000 households in region 4 and 5 with 2 500 hectors of grazing land.
b.) Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act
Section 3 (4) prescribes that ‗‘ Endeavouring and secure that at least 51% of the shares of every public company
and any other business shall be owned by indigenous Zimbabweans.
Effects of Indigenisation
a.) Loss of investment
The policy affected big international companies such as Standard Charted, Nestle and British American
Tobacco. The economists blamed the law for low foreign direct investment in the country.
NB Foreign investment is vital for the development of any economy as they bring foreign capital to the country
and allow Zimbabwe business expansion into other countries.
b.) Mismanagement and corruption
This has stalled any form of political or economic growth in Zimbabwe and in Africa.
c.) Fundamentally retrogressive
Indigenisation policies impede economic growth. This policy rewards people for doing no work and adding no
value to the economy. The policy does not encourage the healthy competition required to construct a vibrant
economy.
d.) Loss of jobs
Affirmative Action Group treasurer Mr Mashava noted that at least 20 000 people had lost jobs in Bulawayo due
to company closures linked to their disgruntlement with the indigenisation programme.
Agricultural land
The constitution sets out fundamental human rights and freedoms which contain rights to agricultural land.
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Its establishment is critical for promoting equitable access to land for local communities.
NB Politicians have multiple farms and land while the poor remain not having access to fertile
agricultural land.
Mines and Minerals Act
This act have granted mine claims to those indigenous people who have applied for them.
Protected areas
Private conservancies and individual wildlife farms are run by private individuals and collectively
conservancies.The communal Forest Produce Act 19.04 of 1987 says forests can be managed jointly with local
communities through community forests associations. A good example is Mafungautsi forest in Gokwe South
District under chief Njelele where the forest commission and local communities jointly manage the indigenous
forest.
ZIM-ASSET
The Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation brings out a sense of hope in the
recovery of Zimbabwe economy.
The four stratergic clusters in the Zim-asset are :
a.) food , security and nutrition
b.) social services
c.) poverty eradication, infrastructure development and utilities
d.) value addition and beneficiation.
Zim-asset have brought about opportunities for indigenous people to form their companies with the support of
the government especially on the supply of raw material, private security services and other services that can be
sourced locally.
Constitution of Zimbabwe (Madhikeni ;L 2018)
1. Outline the major provisions of the Lancaster House Constitution
In the opening speech Mr J N Nkomo raised the following questions which he insisted that they should be
understood then a solution was needed.
1. Will the people of Zimbabwe be really sovereign and be able to exercise their sovereign authority?
2. Whose army shall defend Zimbabwe and its people?
NB It should be noted that 60% of the present white army are mercenaries.
3. Whose police force shall protect the people of Zimbabwe ?
4.What type of administration and judiciary shall serve the people of our country ?
5. Will any ethnic, religious , tribal or other group be able to hold the rest of the people of Zimbabwe
Hostage ?
6.How do we create a situation for the holding of free and fair elections ?
7. Whose laws will govern such elections ?
8. In particular, apart from the British supervision and the commonwealth observers, who will
administer the elections and ensure the safety of the voters and the candidate ?
9. What will be the future of the peoples land ?
1. The executive
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A parliamentary democratic system was to be used to choose the President
( This is how Canaan Sodindo Banana became the first president of Zimbabwe )
 The executive power was vested in the president provided on the advice of the executive council and
the prime minister.
2. Parliament
 20 % of the seats in parliament were reserved for whites for at least 7 years.
3. Defence forces
 Under the ceasefire Zanu and Zapu guerrillas were to be supervised by General Peter Walls and this
was the army to protect the people during the forthcoming elections.
4. Land reform
Mr R G Mugabe delayed to sign the constitution because of disgruntlements with the land issue. He once vowed
that , ‗‘ Non of the white exploiters will be allowed to keep an acre‘‘, and was dissuaded by a promise from UK
that they will raise money for long term land reform.
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Both parties were pressured to wait for 10 years before instituting land reform. The British and American
governments offered to pay white farmers for land sold so as to aid reconciliation under the willing buyer
willing seller principle.
4. Judiciary
 A person will not be qualified to be appointed a judge of the High Court unless he is or has been for not
less than seven years qualified to practice as an advocate in Zimbabwe or in a country in which the
common law is Roman – Dutch.
These requirements of qualification period were not attainable by blacks.
5. Citizenship
 Provisions will be included which permits citizens of Zimbabwe to retain their citizenship of other
states.
This promoted dual citizenship.
6. Elections
 On the pre independence arrangement the British Government proposed that the administration of
Rhodesia during the election should be entrusted to the authority of the British Government.
b.) Outline the reasons for the enactment of a new constitution.
 The 1980 constitution was a result of the Lancaster House Negotiation.
 It was a negotiated settlement so the will of the people was not represented.
 It was mostly representing the interests of the British settlers who were still n the country.
 Issues of land sovereignty and war veterans were not completely addressed.
 There was need for a people driven constitution which addressed their needs.
Constitutional amendments since 1980
Year
Prescription of change
1981
Reduced the qualification period of lawyers to the judiciary and senate legal committee so as to make these
various offices accessible to black lawyers.
1981
Created a separate supreme court from the high court and also specified Qualification period of judges making
this more attainable to blacks.
1983
Afforded parliament the power to abolish dual citizenship.
1984
Reconstituted the judicial service commission to give the president more control over it.
1985
Allowed the appointment of provincial governors by the president.
1987
Ended the separate roll for whites
1987
Created an executive presidency and abolished the office of prime minister.
1989
Abolished the senate making way for chamber parliament.
1990
Terminated land provision for willing buyer willing seller in favour of fair compensation.
1990
Created a second vice presidency.
1993
Reorganised the prison, public services and armed services reducing their independence.
1993
Reversed a supreme court judgment on death sentence and stated that delayed execution did not amount to
human rights abuse.
1996
Reversed a supreme court judgement on women marrying foreign men. Such spouses no longer became
automatic citizens.
1998
 Changed government financial year from 1st July start date to 1st January start date.
2000
Land provision transferred responsibility for compensation from Zimbabwe Government.
2005
 Reintroduced Senate as the upper house in parliament.
 Government nationalised white owned farms.
 Imposed travel bans on traitors.
2007
2009
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Harmonised presidential, parliamentary and local authorities elections.
Changed the composition
Of the senate and the house of assembly.
Established Human Rights Commission.
Paved way for the implementation of power sharing agreement which includes the Post of the Prime
Ministers.
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c.) Assess the importance of a home grown constitution.
 It includes views and will of the people of Zimbabwe across the country.
 The parliament gives a majority vote.
 The people vote again on the referendum exercise to acknowledge their satisfaction.
 It destroys most of the colonial ills and attachments.
Rights and Responsibilities
Entitlements of men and women in indigenous societies
Outline the entitlements of men and women in the indigenous society.
Men
 Lobola – cattle, Jackets
 Fathers field
 Tools
Women
 Mothers field
 Bride price
 Kitchen
The significance of the entitlements
Men
a.) Fathers field : So that the father may grow crops on his own so that on harvest time he would sell the produce
and buy beer not using the family‘s food.
b.) Bride price – The father is given a beast as an acknowledgement of his authority.
c.) Tools – the father is entitled to tools like axes and spears which he would use when hunting and cutting
firewood.
Women
a.) Mothers field – so that the mother may grow crops of her own so that on harvest time she would sell and by
kitchen utensils.
b.) Bride price :
 Mafukidza dumbu – this amount is given to the mother thanking her for carrying her daughter in her
womb.
 Mombe yeumai – this cow is a thanksgiving item to the mother for the love she has shown her
daughter from birth to marriage.
 Mombe yeumanda – this cow is also an acknowledgement to the mother for instilling good behaviour
to her daughter because she would have been married a virgin.
c.) Kitchen – to avoid differences between the mother in law and the daughter in law.
Gender Equity and Equality in contemporary Zimbabwe.
4. Define gender equality and equity.
Gender Equality.
This means that women and men, girls and boys enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protection.
Gender equity
This means fairness of treatment for women and men according to their respective needs. The treatment will be
in terms of rights, benefits, obligation and opportunities.
5. Analyse gender roles and discrimination
Gender roles
 In the African context gender roles are centred on conceptions ferminity and masculinity although there
are exceptions and variations.
 In the traditional context males learn to manipulate their physical and social environment through
physical strength while girls learn to present themselves as objects to be viewed and their procreation
roles of caring for the baby.
Gender discrimination
 This is a common civil rights violation that takes many forms such harassment, pregnancy
discrimination and unequal pay for women who do the same jobs as men.
6. Identify international conventions on gender equity and equality.
a.) Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
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b.) International Labour Organisation (ILO)
c.) Millenium Development Goals
d.) United Nations Charter
e.) 1995 Beijing Platform for action
f.) sustainable development goals
7. Identify types of Gender based Violence.
 Obscene gesture
 Human Trafficking
 Teen dating violence
 Stalking
 Physical Torture
 Sexual assault
8. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of advocates.
Pressure groups : Msasa, Padare, Constitution
Voluntary Community Activities
9. Identify areas that require voluntary community intervention.
 Refuse collection
 Community education on diseases
 Anti drugs campaign
 Constitution dissemination
 Capacity building
Topic 8 : Production, Distribution of Goods and services.
1. Identify factors of production.
Land
Labour
Entrepreneurship / Enterprise
Capital
Knowledge
2. Describe the importance of the factors of production.
a.) Land
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These are raw materials in the production process
b.) Labour
 Labour resources are very significant on the factors of production because it leads to employment
creation, innovativeness and creativity.
c.) Capital
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Capital helps efficient and fast production of goods.
d.) Entrepreneurship / Enterprise
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Entrepreneurs are very important engines of economic growth.
e.) Knowledge
 In order to formulate the strength, weaknesses and threats in the production process evaluation need to
be done by monitoring and evaluation experts as well as auditors.
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3. Examine the factors hindering access to factors of production.
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Corruption
Abuse of office
Bottleneck education
Sanctions
Depletion of resources
Factors inhibiting production
4. State and analyse the factors inhibiting production.
 Supplies
 Technology
 Human relation theories
 Lack of capital
 Ongoing maintenance
 Natural disasters
 Corruption
 Sanctions
 Influx of cheap foreign goods
5. Identify solutions to enhance production.
 International relations
 Manpower development
 Bonding workers
 Loans
 Early warning systems and contingence plans
 Import legislation
Enterprise skills and Employment creation
6. Explain how enterprise skills contribute to the growth of the economy.
Music, art, sport, dance, pottery, theatre, filming, basketry, weaving
Conservation and preservation of resources
7. Identify legislation and institutions responsible for conservation and preservation of resources.
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Zimbabwe women wildlife rangers.
Natural Resources Act
Communal Areas Management Programme For Indigenous Resources. (CAMPFIRE)
Parks and Wildlife Act
Ministry of Lands and Water Development
The Zambezi Action plan
Rural electrification Program