Wellness, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention
*Six Dimensions of Health
o Emotional
o Intellectual
o Spiritual
o Occupational
o Social
o Physical
*Five Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
o Physiological
o Safety & Security
o Love & Belonging
o Self-esteem
o Self-actualization
o Self-transcendence
Defining Health Promotion
o Positive approach to living
o Well-being
o Satisfaction
o Enjoyment
o Control over Health
o Positive approach to health improvement
Defining Disease Prevention
o Risk factor reduction
o Arrested progress
o Reduced consequences
o Acitivities that avoid illness
*Three Levels of Prevention
o Primary
o Maintenance of optimal health
o Illness prevention
o Immunizations
o Smoking cessation
o Exercise
o Nutrition
o Environmental controls
o Secondary
o Early diagnosis
o Prompt intervention
o Slowed progression
o Screening procedures
o Dental examinations
o Tertiary
o Return to optimal function
o Prevention of further decline
o Rehabilitative care
o Outreach programs
o End-of-life care
*Effects of Substance Abuse & Addiction on the Body
o Unhealthy choices & behavior patterns
o Smoking
o Alcohol abuse
o Sedentary lifestyle
o Poor eating habits
o Harmful coping mechanisms
Types of Dependence
o Physical dependence
o Nervousness, headaches, depression
o Loss of consciousness, death
o Psychological dependence
o Intense craving, drug-seeking behavior
o Drug-seeking behavior
o Management of Addictions
o Detoxification
o Relapse prevention
o Counseling
o Support groups
o 12-step programs
*Recommended Screenings & Immunizations
o Physical Examinations & Health Screenings
o Provider recommendations for intervals
 Preventive health care
 Early detection
 Immunizations
o For Adults
 At least every 3 to 5 years, up to age 40
 After 40, individual variations
o Dental Examinations
 Examination every 6 months
 Prophylaxis every 6 months
 X-rays every year
o Eye Examination, Vision Test, & Tonometry
 Every 3 to 5 years up to age 40
 Every 2 years after age 40
o Ear Examinations & Audiometry
 Part of a physical examination
 Audiometry
 Prevention strategies
o Testicular Examination
 Age 15 & older
 Once a month
 Warm Bath or shower
 Palpation
 Observation
o Breast Examinations
 Mammograms annually after age 40
 Clinical breast examinations
 Every 3 years before age 40
 Every year after age 40
 Breast self-examinations every month
o Tuberculosis Screening
 Airborne transmission
 No immunization
 Routine Screening
 Skin testing
 Injection technique
 Interpretation of results
o Cardiovascular Examination
 Screenings
 Blood pressure, heart rhythm, cholesterol
 Prevention
 Nutrition, exercise
 Stress management
o Diabetes Mellitus Screening
 Family history
 Screening every 3 years
 Fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL
o Colorectal Examinination
 Endoscopic examinations
 Barium enemas
 Fecal occult blood tests
 Digital rectal examination
o Reproductive Examinations & Screenings
 Papanicolaou (Pap) testing
 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing
o Depression Screening
 Primary care providers
 Depression screening tools
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 Vulnerable populations
Physical Examinations & Health Screenings for Children
 Developmental, musculoskeletal
 Dental, vision, hearing, speech
 Phenylketonuria (PKU), tuberculosis
 Lead poisoning
Immunizations
o Prevention of some bacterial & viral illnesses
o Reduced incidence of infectious diseases
o Self-adherence to current recommendations
o Promotion of client adherence to current recommendations
Imminization Schedules & update
o Immunization schedules
o Guidelines for travelers
o Guidelines for health care workers
o Tracking tools for immunization histories
Active Immunity
o Immunization for various age group
o Artificial active immunity
o Antibody production
Immunizations for Young Children
o Birth through 6 years of age
 Hepatitis A & B
 Rotavirus (RV)
 Diphtheria, Tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTap)
 Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib)
 Inactiveted poliovirus (IPV)
 Pneumococcal (PCV)
 Influenza
 Measles, mumps, & rubella (MMR)
 Varicella
Immunization for Older Children
o Ages 7 through 18 years
 Diphtheria, Tetanus, & acellular pertussis (Tdap) Boosters
 Human papillomavirus (HPV)
 Meningococcal conjugate (MCV4)
 Influenza (yearly)
 Any “missed” vaccines
Immunization for Adults
o Young, middle, older adults
 Influenza (yearly)
 Meningococcal
 Diphtheria, Tetanus every – 10 years
 Pneumococcal
 Hepatitis A & B
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) – young females
Measles, mumps, & rubella (MMR)
Varicella
Herpes zoster (shingles)
*Occupational Safety Measures
o Body Mechanics
o Using your body safely
o The basics of Body Mechanics – Lifting
o Bed height
o Proximity to the client
o Knees flexed
o Use of arms, legs
o Wide base of support
o Low center of gravity
o Needlestick Safety
o Needlestick injury
o Pathogenic transfer
 Hepatitis B
 Hepatitis C
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
o Two- Tiered Precautions – Tier 1
o Standard precautions
 Gloves
 Masks
 Eye protection
 Face shields
 Gowns
o Two- Tiered Precautions – Tier 1
o Evaluate client
o Use additional tier as necessary
o Airborne Precautions
o Small airborne particles
o Private room
o Negative airflow
o High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration
o Mask, respirator
o Specific pathogens
o Droplet Precautions
o Large airborne particles
o Private room or cohorting
o Specific pathogens
o Contact Precautions
o Transmission to body surfaces
o Private room, cohorting
o Gloves, gowns
o Infection Protection
o Infection control
o Disease prevention
 Yourself
 Your contacts
 Your clients
Self-care & Self-care Deprivation
o Hindrances to Optimal Health & wellness
o Hectic pace of life
o Lack of education
o Lack of understanding
o Unhealthy attitudes, behaviors
o The Transtheoretical Model
o Precontemplation
o Contemplation
o Preparation
o The Transtheoretical Model – Part 2
o Action
o Maintenance
o Termination
Health Belief Model
 Perceived susceptibility
 Perceived Seriousness
 Perceived Benefits of taking action
 Barriers to taking action
 Cues to action