TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
英文寫作、閱讀常用句式
議論文 Argumentative Essay
開首 Opening
背景介紹
1. According to / Based on + (n.) , (根 據 )
Exam ple: According to governm ent statistics, the suicide
rate of Hong Kong has increased in recent years.
Exam ple: Based on newspaper reports, China has the
largest number of smokers in the world.
2. In recent years / Nowadays, + SVO (最 近 幾 年 )
Exam ple: In recent years, the living standard of many Chinese
people has im proved.
Exam ple: Nowadays, many children are spoilt by their parents.
3. A recent report / study / survey +
shows / suggests / reveals / dem onstrates + that +
SVO
(報 導 / 研 究 / 調 查 顯 示 … )
Exam ple: A recent report shows that smartphones have
penetrated our lives.
Exam ple: A recent survey dem onstrates that high property
prices are the most pressing concern of Hong Kong people.
4. (n.) + is no exception (… 也 不 是 例 外 )
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Exam ple: The problem of air pollution exists in many places.
Hong Kong is no exception.
引 起 關 注 /辯 論
1. (n.) + has (have) raised concerns about + (n.)
(引 起 … 的 關 注 )
Exam ple: The incident involving Lam Wai-sze has raised
concerns about the moral standard of our teachers.
Exam ple: The serious traffic accidents in the past few weeks
have raised concerns about the road safety in Hong Kong.
2. n. + is an alarm ing problem (令 人 擔 憂 的 問 題 )
Exam ple: Obesity is an alarm ing problem in our society.
3. n. + has (have) +
caused / sparked +
debate/controversy +
in our society / school / workplace (在 社 會 上 引 起 爭 論 )
Exam ple: The Occupy Central Movement has caused debate
in our society.
Exam ple: The expansion of landfills in Tsueng Kwan O, Tuen
Mun and Ta Ku Ling has sparked controversy in our society.
4. (n.) has becom e a controversial issue in our society
(成 為 社 會 爭 議 的 話 題 )
Exam ple: Homosexuality has becom e a controversial issue
in our society.
5. The / This +
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problem / issue/ phenom enon/ trend +
arises /exists
(問 題 /現 象 /趨 勢 仍 然 存 在 )
Exam ple: The problem of wealth gap arises in every
society.
Exam ple: Traditionally, men have enjoyed superiority over
women. In many parts of the world, this phenom enon still
exists.
Exam ple: Nowadays, more women have chosen to get married
when they are older. This trend also exists in Hong Kong.
擴充開首 Expanding introduction
1. SVO + for two / three reasons
(… 有 兩 /三 個 原 因 ) {在 後 文 一 定 要 提 到 !}
Exam ple: The Chinese government should abolish the one-child
policy for three reasons.
2. There are + two / three /
m any/num erous/several/a lot of/plenty of/a wide
variety of + reasons for /causes of + n. (有 幾 個 /
很多原因)
E xam ple: There are th ree reasons for the declining English
standard of students.
Exam ple: There are several causes of the increasing suicide
rate.
Exam ple: There are a wide variety of reasons for the
increasing popularity of social networking websites.
論點開首 Points
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標題句
1. First of all,/ To start with,/ Firstly,/ To begin with,
+ SVO (首 先 )
Exam ple: First of all, cyber bullying brings about psychological
damage to the victims.
Exam ple: To start with, the development of northeast New
Territories will jeopardize the beautiful natural environment in the
area.
Exam ple: Firstly, participating in extra-curricular activities can
cultivate our team spirit.
2. Secondly,/ In addition,/ Additionally,/
Furtherm ore, / M oreover,/ Besides,/ Also, +
SVO (除 此 以 外 )
Exam ple: In addition, the northeast New Territories
development project will duplicate the tragedy of Tin Shui Wai.
Exam ple: Furtherm ore, extra-curricular activities can release
our pressure.
Exam ple: Besides, the problem of drug abuse has arisen due to
tremendous pressure in school life.
3. Apart from / In addition to + (n.), + SVO (除 了 …
以外)
Exam ple: Apart from psychological effects on the victims,
cyber bullying may convey a wrong message to the bullies that
they do not need to take responsibility for their behavior.
Exam ple: In addition to peer pressure , tremendous
pressure in school life has also contributed to the problem of drug
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abuse.
4. W hat is m ore,/M ore im portantly, … (更 重 要 的 是 )
Exam ple: W hat is m ore, toxic substances have been found in
northeast New Territories and residents moving into the area will
suffer from serious health problems.
Exam ple: M ore im portantly, poor academic results have
disheartened many students and some of them have resorted to
taking drugs to escape from the reality.
6. Concerning / Regarding / with regard to/ As regards /
As for + n., + SVO (就 … 而 論 )
Exam ple: Concerning the bullies, they may think that they do
not need to take responsibility for their behavior.
Exam ple: W ith regard to our studies, obsession with
smartphones will distract us from studying and exacerbate our
academic performance.
Exam ple: As for the host cities, the Olympic Games can
attract millions of tourists and promote economic development.
7. M ost im portant of all,
+ SVO
(最 重 要 的 是 ) {只 能 用 一 次 開 首 !}
Exam ple: M ost im portant of all, addiction to smartphones is
harmful to our health.
擴充論點 Expanding points
寫原因
8. The first (second/ third) +
reason for / cause of + (n.) + is that + SVO
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(第 一 / 二 個 原 因 是 … )
Exam ple: The first reason for the declining English
standard of students is that the government has adopted the
mother-tongue policy since 1998.
Exam ple: The second cause is that many teachers have
abysmal English standard themselves.
{不 重 複 現 實 情 況 時 可 不 用 for/ of… }
9. n. + is a reason for / is one of the reasons for + n.
(… 是 … 的 其 中 一 個 原 因 )
n. + is a cause of / is one of the causes of + n.
(… 是 … 的 其 中 一 個 原 因 )
Exam ple: Parental indulgence is a reason for
over-dependent children.
Exam ple: The lack of precautionary measures was one of the
causes of widespread outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) in 2003.
10.
The reason + why + SVO + is that + SVO (… 的 原
因是…)
Exam ple: The reason why the suicide rate has increased is
that many people suffer from depression.
Exam ple: The reason why social networking websites have
gained popularity is that most people want to achieve a sense of
recognition on the Internet.
11.
n. +
is the root cause of + n. (… 是 … 的 根 本 原 因 )
Exam ple: Wide wealth gap is the root cause of the social
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conflicts nowadays.
12.
n. + engender/ contribute to/ lead to/ result in/
bring about + n. (導 致 )
Exam ple: The lack of communication engenders domestic
violence.
Exam ple: Laziness contributes to failures.
Exam ple: A poor education system leads to slow economic
development.
Exam ple: The blind pursuit of economic growth has resulted
in moral degradation in Chinese society.
Exam ple: Wars bring about homelessness and deaths.
3. n. + result from / stem from + n. (起 源 於 )
Exam ple: The success of Hong Kong results from hard work.
Exam ple: The falling standard of local television programmes
stem s from the lack of com petition .
4. n. + can be / could be +
attributed to/ascribed to/ associated with/
connected with/related to + n. (歸 因 於 / 歸 咎 於 )
Exam ple: The phenomenal achievements of Kobe Bryant can
be attributed to his determination and persistence.
Exam ple: The poor living conditions of Tin Shui Wai could be
ascribed to poor government planning in the early 1990s.
Exam ple: Terrorism can be associated with poor
governance and poverty.
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Exam ple: The lack of creativity of Hong Kong students can be
related to our ossified education system.
好 處 與 壞 處 /影
響
1.
v. + ing/n. + can bring + m any/several/num erous +
advantages/ disadvantages/ benefits/ drawbacks/
pros and cons
(… 可 以 帶 來 很 多 好 處 /壞 處 )
Exam ple: The construction of casinos can bring m any
disadvantages.
Exam ple: Cooperating with property developers to build
subsidized housing can bring several benefits.
Exam ple: Space exploration can bring num erous pros and
cons.
2. One of the advantages/ disadvantages of + v. + ing /
n. is that +
SVO
(其 中 一 個 好 處 /壞 處 是 )
Exam ple: One of the advantages of organizing the
Students’ Association is that we can learn to cooperate with
other people.
3. Another advantage/ disadvantage is that + SVO
(另 一 個 好 處 /壞 處 是 )
Exam ple: Another advantage is that we can improve our
problem-solving skills.
Exam ple: Another disadvantage is that we need to confront
tremendous workload.
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4. + v. + ing / n. + be +
good for/ advantageous to/beneficial
to/conducive to/instrum ental in
+ v. + ing / n. (有 好 處 的 )
Exam ple: Eating vegetables is good for our health.
Exam ple: Developing a sophisticated education system is
advantageous to the sustainable development of a country.
Exam ple: Playing sports is beneficial to our body.
Exam ple: A harmonious family environment is conducive to
the psychological growth of children.
Exam ple: A capable police force is instrum ental in maintaining
law and order of a society.
5. + v. + ing / n. +
im prove /enhance/strengthen/am eliorate + n.
(改 善 )
Exam ple: Debating can im prove our public speaking skills.
Exam ple: Liberal studies can enhance our awareness of
current affairs.
Exam ple: Exercising regularly can strengthen our muscles.
Exam ple: Planting trees can am eliorate the air quality of a
country.
6. On a m ore positive note, + SVO 從 正 面 看
Example: There is no doubt the government has committed many
mistakes since the handover. But on a m ore positive note, it
has made strenuous efforts to stimulate economic development.
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好 處 與 壞 處 /影
響
1. + v. + ing / n.+ be +
harm ful to/detrim ental to/deleterious to/injurious to +
n. (有 壞 處 的 )
Exam ple: Excessive pressure is detrim ental to our mental
health.
Exam ple: The two world wars were deleterious to global
economic development.
Exam ple: Violence and pornography are injurious to
teenagers’ psychological development.
1. harm / endanger / com prom ise / jeopardize/
underm ine
+ v.[+ ing] (危 及 )
Exam ple: Global warming will endanger the habitat of polar
bears.
Exam ple: The surging rents in recent years have
com prom ised the profit of small businesses.
Exam ple: The Occupy Central Movement will jeopardize Hong
Kong’s stability and prosperity.
Exam ple: The declining birth rate will underm ine the
competitiveness of China.
2. hinder / im pede/ ham per (妨 礙 ) + n.
Exam ple: Indecision has hindered the social and economic
development of Hong Kong.
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Exam ple: Overprotection im pedes the mental growth of
children.
Exam ple: The exam-oriented education system in Hong Kong
has ham pered the development of creativity of Hong Kong
children.
3. (v. [+ ing] / n.) is a danger / hazard to n. (帶 來 危
險)
Exam ple: Air pollution is a danger to our health.
Exam ple: Hill fires are a hazard to Australia.
好 處 與 壞 處 /影
4. (n.) + aggravate / exacerbate/ deteriorate + n.
響
(使 惡 化 )
Exam ple: The emergence of the knowledge-based economy
has aggravated the wealth gap in China.
Exam ple: The influx of mainland tourists in recent years has
exacerbated the hostility between Hong Kongers and
mainlanders.
5. has / have / had +
disastrous / catastrophic +
im pact / effects / consequences/ ram ifications /
repercussions +
on + n. / v. + ing (帶 來 災 難 性 的 影 響 )
Exam ple: The 311 earthquake had disastrous im pact on
Japan.
Exam ple: Domestic violence can have catastrophic
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consequences on the victims.
6. … adversely affects (v.) + n. / v. + ing (負 面 影 響 )
Exam ple: Civil wars adversely affect the development of
Africa and the Middle East.
Exam ple: Staying up late adversely affects our health.
7. n. / v. + ing does m ore good than harm 利 多 於 弊
n. / v. + ing does m ore harm than good 弊 多 於 利
Exam ple: Expanding the existing three landfills does m ore
good than harm .
Exam ple: Constructing casinos in Hong Kong does m ore harm
than good.
8. The advantages of n. / v. + ing outweigh the
disadvantages(利 多 於 弊 )
The disadvantages n. / v. + ing outweigh the
advantages(弊 多 於 利 )
Exam ple: The advantages of smartphones outweigh the
disadvantages.
Exam ple: The disadvantages of capital punishment
outweigh the advantages.
解釋論點 Explanation
因果關係
注意:
「 因 為 」和「 所
1. Because / As / Since + SVO, + SVO (因 為 )
SVO + because / as / since + SVO
Exam ple: Because the Chinese University has high-quality
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以 」 不 能 共 存 。 teaching staff and beautiful environment, it attracts many Jupas
applicants every year.
Exam ple: European soccer teams have earned more and more
money as they receive huge broadcasting fees and they are
sponsored by large-scale international corporations.
2. Due to / Owing to / Thanks to / As a result of +
n.,
(因 為 … )
Exam ple: Due to his charm and excellent football skills, C.
Ronaldo has become one of the most popular soccer players in
the world.
Exam ple: Thanks to abundant supply of cheap labour, China
has become the world’s manufacturing powerhouse.
Exam ple: A lot of marine animals have died in recent decades as
a result of deteriorating water pollution.
3. SVO, + so + SVO (所 以 )
Exam ple: Mainland parents are concerned about the food safety
in China, so many of them prefer to buy food in Hong Kong.
Exam ple: Many mainland tourists lack civic awareness, so they
are unpopular in Hong Kong.
4. Therefore, / Hence, / Thus, / As a result, / As a
consequence, + SVO
Exam ple: The problem of drug abuse has worsened.
Therefore, the government should take the initiative to tackle the
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problem.
Exam ple: Public hygiene in India is poor. As a result, infectious
diseases are pervasive.
Exam ple: Moral persuasion has been ineffective, and hence
the government should solve the problem through legislation.
Exam ple: High-quality human resources are indispensable for
the success of Hong Kong, and thus the government should
improve the education system and attract more talents.
轉折關係
1. Although / Though / Even though + SVO, (雖 然 )
注意:
Exam ple: Although the government lacks land to satisfy the
「 雖 然 」和「 但
housing needs of the public, it should not develop the land in
是 」不 能 共 存 。 country parks.
Exam ple: Though mainland tourists have become a nuisance in
our society, we cannot deny that they have stimulated the
economic development of Hong Kong.
Exam ple: The number of traffic accidents has risen sharply even
though the government has organized public campaigns to
encourage road safety.
2. Despite / In spite of + n., + SVO (雖 然 )
Exam ple: Despite Hong Kong’s increasing economic integration
with the China, the relationship between Hong Kong people and
mainlanders has deteriorated.
Exam ple: The government has no intention to adopt small-class
teaching in all secondary schools in Hong Kong in spite of its
advantages.
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3. SVO + However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless,
+ SVO (但 是 )
Exam ple: It is important for parents to take care of their children.
However, parents should not spoil them.
Exam ple: The mother tongue policy can increase students’
understanding of different subjects. Nevertheless, it deprives
their chance of learning more English vocabulary.
Exam ple: Hong Kong is an international city. Nonetheless, it
has never organized such international sports events like the Asian
Games and the Olympic Games.
假設關係
1. Provided that / As long as / So long as + SVO, (只 要 )
Exam ple: Provide that the government allocates more
resources to promote the development of local sports, Hong Kong
athletes will achieve better results in international competitions.
Exam ple: As long as reclamation projects do not dam age the
habitat of marine animals, they are good ways to increase the land
supply in Hong Kong.
Exam ple: Globalization is beneficial for the world so long as
multinational enterprises respect local culture and safeguard the
rights of workers.
2. Even if / Even though + SVO, (即 使 )
Exam ple: Even if the government distributes cash to the poor,
the wealth gap cannot be bridged .
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Exam ple: People will continue to be exploited by unscrupulous
retailers even though the government has implemented new
consumer protection laws.
3. Unless + SVO, + SVO
SVO + unless + SVO
Exam ple: Unless the government passes laws to deter the
paparazzi, they will continue to invade the privacy of celebrities.
Exam ple: People will not restore their confidence of Chinese
food unless its safety is safeguarded.
4. SVO + Otherwise, + SVO
Exam ple: Parents should not force their children to join too many
courses. Otherwise, they will be stressed.
表示目的
1. in order to / so as to / to + v. (為 了 )
{so as to} 不 能 用 在 開 頭 句 !
Exam ple: In order to buy luxury products, some youngsters
engage in activities such as drug trafficking and compensated
dating.
Exam ple: Nowadays, many young people participate in working
holidays so as to relax themselves and broaden their horizons.
2. with a view to / for the sake of + v. + ing (為 了 )
E xam ple: W ith a view to prom oting sports in Hong Kong, the
government should encourage schools to organize more sports
activities.
Exam ple: The government is considering adopting compulsory
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school-based drug testing for the sake of tackling the drug
abuse problem.
3. SVO + in order that / so that + SVO (sbdy
can/could do sthg) (為 了 ) {不 能 用 作 開 頭 !)
Exam ple: Some schools adopted e-learning a few years ago in
order that they could relieve the burden on students’ back.
Exam ple: The government has passed laws so that it can
prevent the ethnic minorities from discrimination.
舉例子 Examples
舉例子
1. For exam ple / For instance, + SVO (例 如 )
Exam ple: Youth unemployment is an acute problem in many
countries. For exam ple, nearly half of the youngsters in Spain
are unemployed.
Exam ple: The food safety in China is alarming. For instance, it
was reported in 2008 that many brands of dairy products were
contaminated with melamine, which is a carcinogenic substance.
2. SVO + such as / like + n. (例 如 )
Exam ple: In recent decades, infectious diseases such as avian
flu and SARS have caused thousands of deaths in the globe.
Exam ple: In view of the nuclear disaster in Japan, more
renewable power resources like solar power and hydro-electric
power should be adopted to generate electricity.
3. SVO, + including + n. (包 括 )
Exam ple: According to employers, the Post-80s have many
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weaknesses, including low working skills, poor time
management and impoliteness.
4. Take + n. as an exam ple (以 … 為 例 子 )
Example: While organizing the Olympic Games can enhance the
international image and promote tourism of a country, it is very
costly. Take Greece as an exam ple. As many economists
argue, the 2004 Olympics in Athens contributed to the economic
crisis in Greece.
一般而言
1. Generally speaking, + SVO
Exam ple: Generally speaking, youngsters are more rebellious
in their puberty.
2. In general, + SVO
Exam ple: In general, prolonged exposure to sunlight increases
the chance of skin cancer.
眾所周知
1. Everyone knows that/ As we all know + SVO
Exam ple: Everyone knows that Hong Kong is a gourmet
paradise.
Exam ple: As we all know, euthanasia is prohibited in most
countries in the world.
2. As everyone knows, + SVO
Exam ple: As everyone knows, declining birth rate will lower
the productivity of a country.
3. It is widely known that + SVO
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Exam ple: It is widely known that space exploration is
beneficial to scientific development . Nevertheless, many people
oppose it because of its high cost.
4.
It is worth rem em bering that + SVO 這 是 值 得 記
住的一點
Example: Undeniably, Britain has bounced back from economic
recession. Nevertheless, it is worth rem em bering that many
people in Britain are still unemployed.
對比論點 Contrast
比較
1. Com pared with + n. , + SVO (與 ...相 比 )
Exam ple: Com pared with their counterparts in the 1960s, the
Chinese nowadays are far wealthier.
Exam ple: Com pared with the old system, the 3+3+4 education
system can better train the logical thinking and critical thinking of
students.
2. On one hand, + SVO. + On the other hand, +
SVO.
(一 方 面 ...另 一 方 面 )
Exam ple: O n one hand, incinerators can reduce the burden on
our landfills. On the other hand, they will exacerbate the air
pollution problem.
比較
3. SVO. + In contrast, + SVO. (相 反 )
Exam ple: The birth rate in many countries like Germany and
Japan has been declining. In contrast, the United States has
maintained a relatively a high birth rate. As a result, its productivity
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will be higher in the years to come.
4. SVO. On the contrary, + SVO. (不 是 ...而 是 )
Exam ple: Heritage preservation will not compromise economic
development. On the contrary, it will stimulate the development
of tourism.
5. In contrary to + n., + SVO (與 預 期 或 理 想 相 反 )
Exam ple: In contrary to their parents’ expectations, many
youngsters are uninterested in studying and working and become
socially withdrawn youths.
6. In the past, + SVO . + Now, / Nowadays, + SVO
(以 前 ... 現 在 … )
Exam ple: In the past, Hong Kong was reputable for its
efficiency. Now, it is hamstrung by ceaseless conflicts in our
society.
7. This is no longer true. / This is no longer the
case. + SVO (現 在 已 經 不 同 了 )
Exam ple: In the past, consumers were often exploited by
unscrupulous retailers. This is no longer true. The consumers
nowadays are more demanding and relentlessly fight for their
rights.
Exam ple: In bygone days, Hong Kongers generally welcomed
mainland tourists. This is no longer the case. Now, they are
disgusted by their uncivilized behavior.
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遞進
1. SVO. + To m ake the m atters worse, + SVO. (更 差
的是)
Exam ple: In Hong Kong, the living environment of many people
is too cramped for pets. To m ake the m atters worse, some
irresponsible owners abuse and abandon their pets.
2. SVO. + W orse still, + SVO. (更 差 的 是 )
Exam ple: In the short term, people with unhealthy diets will
easily be tired. W orse still, their immune system will weaken and
they will become sick frequently.
3. SVO. + Even m ore worrying / alarm ing is that +
SVO. (更 加 令 人 擔 憂 的 是 )
Exam ple: Browsing social-networking websites is
time-consuming. Even m ore worrying is that they will pollute
the mind of teenagers.
Exam ple: The wide wealth gap in the world has resulted in
unequal opportunities for different people. Even m ore alarm ing
is that it has engendered social disturbance and terrorism.
4. SVO. + To add insult to injury, + SVO. (雪 上 加 霜
的是)
Exam ple: The HKDSE is a challenging task for many
sixth-formers. To add insult to injury, the Hong Kong
Examinations and Assessment Authority has frequently altered
the formats of examinations and hence made candidates
rudderless.
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5. SVO. + In som e extrem e cases, + SVO. (在 一 些 極
端的情況)
Exam ple: The lack of sportsmanship is a serious problem in
China. In som e extrem e cases, some soccer players engage
in match-fixing to make financial gains.
6. SVO. + In the worst scenario, / In the worst-case
scenario, + SVO.
(最 壞 情 況 是 )
Exam ple: When students do part-time jobs, their academic
results will decline. In the worst scenario, they may put their life
in jeopardy.
Exam ple: The victims of cyber-bullying will suffer from
depression. In the worst-case scenario, they may commit
suicide.
強調 Emphasis
加強語氣
1. Obviously,/ Apparently,/ Unm istakably,/ Evidently,/
Clearly, + SVO (明 顯 地 )
Exam ple: Obviously, the exam-oriented system has led to the
popularity of tutorial classes in Hong Kong.
Exam ple: Apparently, teenagers’ obsession with high-tech
products like iPhones and iPads is harmful to their eyesight.
Exam ple: Clearly, the government should not outlaw derivative
work on the Internet because it is a channel for people to express
their dissatisfaction.
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2. It is obvious that / It is apparent that /It is clear that/It
is evident that + SVO
(明 顯 的 是 )
Exam ple: It is obvious that hosting the Olympic Games does
more good than harm to a country.
Exam ple: It is apparent that the one-child policy is out of
touch with the reality and should be abolished as soon as
possible.
Exam ple: It is evident that China has blindly pursued
economic development at the expense of environmental
protection.
3. Undoubtedly,/ Indubitably, / Indisputably, /
Unquestionably, + SVO (毫 無 疑 問 )
Exam ple: Undoubtedly, commercialization is conducive to the
development of sports as it can provide incentives for athletes to
maximize their potential and performance.
Exam ple: Indisputably, capital punishment is a necessary evil
in the Chinese society.
Exam ple: Unquestionably, the lack of creativity has
jeopardized the development of the local movie industry.
4. There is no doubt that / It is beyond doubt that + SVO
(毫 無 疑 問 )
Exam ple: There is no doubt that user-friendly functions are
the reason why micro-blogs are so popular in China.
Exam ple: It is beyond doubt that the sound legal system is
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the cornerstone of Hong Kong’s success.
加強語氣
5. Arguably, +
SVO (有 理 由 說 )
Exam ple: Arguably, the implementation of 15-year free
education can enhance the quality of human resources in Hong
Kong.
Exam ple: Arguably, laziness and lack of concentration are the
culprits of many students’ poor academic performance.
6. Surely, / To be sure, + SVO
Exam ple: Surely, standard working hours can result in work-life
balance.
Exam ple: To be sure, the poor courtesy of local people has
tarnished the image of Hong Kong.
反方論點 Counter Argument
據說
1. It is believed that + SVO (很 多 人 相 信 )
Exam ple: It is believed that the Cultural Revolution has resulted in
mutual distrust among Chinese people.
2. It is suggested that + SVO (很 多 人 建 議 )
Exam ple: It is suggested that the government can combat the
light pollution problem through legislation.
3. It is reported that + SVO (據 報 導 指 出 )
Exam ple: It is reported that 80% of the respondents are anxious
about the HKDSE next year.
駁論
1. In fact, / In reality, / Actually, + SVO (事 實 上 )
Exam ple: In fact, the problem of campus drug abuse has been
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getting worse in recent years.
Exam ple: In reality, basic infrastructures, transport network and
social facilities are lacking in the area.
Exam ple: Actually, homosexual marriage has been legalized in
many countries such as Holland and France.
2. The truth is that / The reality is that + SVO (事 實 是 )
Exam ple: The truth is that the language standard of many students
nowadays has declined sharply.
Exam ple: The reality is that the campus of some secondary
schools in Hong Kong has become the breeding ground of drug abuse.
建議 Suggestions
承接
1. As m entioned above, /As I m entioned,/ As I argued, +
SVO (如 前 所 述 )
Exam ple: As m entioned above, over-packaging is wasteful and
detrimental to our environment.
Exam ple: As I m entioned, emotional quotient is as important as
knowledge and IQ.
Exam ple: As I argued, materialism and peer pressure are the root
causes of juvenile delinquency.
2. To tackle/ cure/deal with/ cope with + the problem of + n. ,
(為 了 解 決 … 問 題 )
Exam ple: To tackle the problem of over-packaging, I will put
forward som e suggestions.
Exam ple: To cope with the problem of teenage crimes, I will put
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forward the following recom m endations.
3. To alleviate / relieve + the problem of + n. ,
(為 了 紓 緩 … 問 題 ， 我 會 提 出 以 下 建 議 )
Exam ple: To alleviate the problem of illegal downloading, I will
put forward som e suggestions.
Exam ple: To relieve the problem of aging population, I will put
forward the following recom m endations.
建議
1. I suggest/ advise/ propose/ recom m end that + SVO. (我 提
議)
Exam ple: Firstly, I suggest that the government should pass
laws to regulate light pollution.
Exam ple: First of all, I propose that the government should
provide more practical training courses for the youngsters.
Exam ple: Secondly, I propose that schools can organize more
study tours so that students can learn more about the social and
economic development of China.
Exam ple: Secondly, I recom m end that the police can meet the
representatives from the mass media regularly to address their
concerns.
2. … + it is + (adj.) + for + (n.)
+ to + (v.)
Exam ple: Also, it is advantageous for the organizers to ban
the use of mobile phones in the marathon.
Exam ple: Last but not least, it is im portant for parents to
give their emotional support to socially-withdrawn youths so that they
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can reintegrate into society.
Exam ple: Apparently, it is urgent to toughen laws to punish
irresponsible and pitiless pet owners.
建議
3. (sb.) + plays an im portant / a significant role in + (sth.) (扮
演重要角色)
Exam ple: The government plays an im portant role in the
development of local sports.
Exam ple: Parents play a significant role in developing their
children into responsible and self-reliant individuals.
4.
… + is/are the key / solution + to + .... (… 是 … 的 秘 訣 )
Exam ple: Genuine communication is the key to solving family
conflicts.
Exam ple: Reclamation is the solution to the lack of land.
5. … + is/are the prescription / panacea + for + … (… 是 … 的
藥方)
Exam ple: Standard working hours are the prescription for
excessive workload in Hong Kong.
Exam ple: Promoting sports is the panacea for the obesity problem
in Hong Kong.
建議
6. In the short/long + run/term , ( sb.) + can / should + do +
( sth.) (短 期 來 說 )
Exam ple: In the short run, the government should control the
property prices through special taxes and stamp duties.
Exam ple:
In the long term , the government should provide more
financial assistance for poor children in low-income families to prevent
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inter-generational poverty.
7. (Sb.) + should / need(s) to +
m ake effort/put effort/ do its utm ost / try its best to / strive
+ to … (需 要 作 出 努 力 )
Exam ple: The government should m ake effort to enhance the
working skills of youngsters and lower youth unemployment.
Exam ple: The government should do its utm ost to mitigate air
pollution.
Exam ple: Schools should try its best to prevent students from
going astray.
Exam ple: Different countries should strive to reduce racial
discrimination.
8. (Sb.) + should / need(s) to ensure that / m ake sure that +
SVO (確 保 )
Exam ple: TV channels should ensure that reality shows and reality
shows will not pollute the mind of teenagers.
Exam ple: Parents need to m ake sure that their children can
become independent and solve their problems in the future.
Exam ple: The government should ensure that soccer betting and
horse-racing will not produce a large number of pathological gamblers.
建議
9. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to +
enhance / strengthen / increase + (n.) (加 強 … )
Exam ple: Parents and children need to increase com m unication
to understand each other.
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Exam ple: The government should strengthen law enforcem ent to
combat illegal gambling.
4. By / Through + ( n. / v. (+ ing)) , + ( sb.) + can + do ( sth.) (通
過)
Exam ple: By enhancing personal hygiene, we can improve our
health.
Exam ple: Through preserving natural scenery and cultural heritage,
the governm ent can attract more tourists.
Exam ple: Chinese m ilk producers can improve their image by
strengthening food safety.
Exam ple: Entertainm ent com panies can promote local music
culture through organizing outdoor music festivals.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
書信 Letter
開首 Opening
標題
1. Com plaint about + 名 詞 片 語
(對 … 的 投 訴 )
Exam ple: Com plaint about the services of Peninsula Hotel
Exam ple: Com plaint about the environment at Leader
Restaurant
Exam ple: Com plaint about the arrangement of a study tour
寫作目的
1. I am writing to +
(v.) [express/ com plain/ explain/ request/
notify/
ask about/ inform … ]
(我 寫 作 的 目 的 是 )
Exam ple: I am writing to express m y concerns about (表
達 關 注 ) animal cruelty in Hong Kong.
Exam ple: I am writing to explain (解 釋 ) the reasons for the
popularity of smartphones.
Exam ple: I am writing to analyze (分 析 ) the problem of
waste disposal and provide som e recom m endations (提 供
建 議 ) for the government.
2. I am writing in reply to the letter/ article on + 日
期 about + n. (回 信 )
Exam ple: I am w riting in reply to the article on 4 th June
about the government’s stance on freedom.
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3. In this article (letter), I aim to/ will
+ v. [express/ com plain/ explain/ request/
notify/
ask about/ inform … ]
(在 這 篇 文 章 中 ， 我 的 目 的 是 … ) {語 氣 較 強 }
Exam ple: In this article, I aim to explain the advantages of
building casinos in Hong Kong.
Exam ple: In this letter, I will express my opposition to
build mental hospitals in Shatin.
4. This article (letter) aim s to + v. (這 篇 文 章 的 目
的是…)
Exam ple: This article aim s to introduce the activities of the
Science Club and persuade students to become our members.
Exam ple: This letter aim s to point out that heritage
preservation can co-exist with economic development.
表達不滿
1. I am writing to + com plain about + 名 詞 片 語 + 日 期 、
時間、地點
Exam ple: I am writing to com plain about the mobile phone
that I bought from your shop on August 16, 2012.
2. I am writing to + express m y dissatisfaction with +
名詞片語 + 日期、時間、地點
Exam ple: I am writing to express m y dissatisfaction
with the services provided by Peninsula Hotel.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
表達觀點
1. It is m y belief / conviction that + SVO
(這 是 我 的 信 念 )
(在 寫 完 寫 作 目
Exam ple: It is m y belief that the government should make
的後接著寫)
more efforts to integrate the minorities into society.
Exam ple: It is m y conviction that local athletes can improve
their performance in international events if the government
allocates more resources to train them.
2. From m y point of view /, + SVO (依 我 看 )
{表 達 立 場 }
Exam ple: From m y point of view , the government should
legalize gay marriage.
3. In m y opinion, + SVO (按 照 我 的 看 法 )
{表 達 意 見 }
Exam ple: In m y opinion, exchange trips can enhance the
language and communication skills of students.
4. As far as I am concerned, / As for m e, + SVO
(就 我 而 言 )
Exam ple: As far as I am concerned, the government should
not blindly pursue economic development at the expense of our
valuable heritage.
Exam ple: As for m e, animal abuse should not be tolerated in
a civilized society.
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表達不滿
1. I was extrem ely dissatisfied with your
services.
2. I was totally disappointed/ very annoyed by/
extrem ely angry/ disgusted by + 名 詞 片 語 + 詳
細資料
Exam ple: I am totally disappointed by the way your
staff treated me. (非 常 失 望 )
Exam ple: I am very annoyed by the poor
qualifications of the tutors. (非 常 不 滿 )
Exam ple: I w as extrem ely angry w ith the attitude of
the waiters. (非 常 憤 怒 )
Exam ple: I was disgusted by the poor hygiene in your
restaurant. (表 示 反 感 )
開啟下文投訴
1. I have the following com plaints to m ake. (我 有
以下投訴)
2. The com plaints that I would like to m ake are as
follows. (我 有 以 下 投 訴 )
總結不滿
1. I am not satisfied/ disatisfied with + 名 詞 片 語
Exam ple: I am not satisfied with the quality of the
product.
Exam ple: I am dissatisfied with the attitude of your staff.
2. I m ust say that I have lost confidence in + v. +
ing / 名 詞 片 語
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Exam ple: I must say that I have lost confidence in
buying things in your shop.
提出要求
1. I dem and a full/ partial refund (of + 商 品 ) (要 求
全 額 /部 分 賠 償 )
Exam ple: I demand a full refund of the defective mobile
phone.
Exam ple: I demand a partial refund of the malfunctioning
refrigerator.
2. I dem and your com pany + to replace + 商 品 (要
求公司換貨)
Exam ple: I demand your company to replace the digital
camera.
3. I expect an explanation of the incident. (期 望 得
到事件解釋)
4. I also expect a letter of apology for the
inconvenience caused.
(期 望 收 到 道 歉 信 )
5. I would be grateful if you investigate the m atter
seriously.
(如 果 你 認 真 調 查 事 件 ， 我 會 感 激 。 )
6. I strongly urge you to take im m ediate action to
+ v. 強 烈 敦 促 立 即 行 動
Exam ple: I strongly urge you to take immediate action to
improve the situation.
表達期望
1. I hope such incident will not happen
again. (我 希 望 類 似 事 件 不 再 發 生 )
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2. I hope you can im prove the situation as
soon as possible.
(我 希 望 你 能 盡 快 改 善 情 況 )
3. I hope the governm ent will investigate
the m atter seriously.
(我 希 望 政 府 會 認 真 調 查 事 件 )
4. I hope the governm ent will take prom pt
action against + 商 鋪 .
(我 希 望 政 府 對 … 迅 速 採 取 行 動 )
Exam ple: I hope the government will take prompt action
against the unscrupulous drug store.
總結 Conclusion
總結
1. In conclusion, / To conclude, + SVO (總 括 來 說 )
Exam ple: In conclusion, indulgence and comfortable lifestyle
have made many children over-dependent.
Exam ple: To conclude, early university admission is harmful to
child prodigies because this will deprive them of their childhood and
bring great pressure to them.
2. In sum , / To sum up, + SVO (總 括 來 說 )
Exam ple: To sum up, copyright infringement will lower the
incentives of composers to create new songs and engender
economic losses.
3. All in all, + SVO (從 各 方 面 來
Exam ple: All in all, the street stalls in Mong Kok do more good
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敘述事件
1.
to can
m y let
observation,
+ SVO 根
據我
的 觀and
察
thanAccording
harm as they
youngsters showcase
their
talent
Exam
According
to m y observation, many students in my
attract ple:
tourists
from the world.
school are preoccupied with social networking websites like
Facebook
and +Instagram..
4. In short,
SVO (簡 而 言 之 )
Exam ple: In short, cyber bullying will result in lasting
2.
W hile + SVO
, + S
(v.)[+ing]
+ O
psychological
damage
on+the
victims and
compromise social
SVO + while + S + (v.)[+ing] + O
harmony.
(正 當 … )
Exam
1: W/hile
I was/ need(s)
sleepingto
last
night, my
neighbor was
5. (sb)ple
+ can
should
/ strike
a balance
playing
mahjong
between
n. / v.loudly.
+ ing
and
n. / v. + ing
(在 兩 者 間 取 得 平
Exam
ple 2: With the widespread use of the Internet, some
衡)
teenagers
users online
while a
they
are browsing
the
Exam ple:bully
The other
government
can strike
balance
between
Internet.
combating drug abuse and protecting students’ privacy.
3. After/ Before + v. + ing , + SVO 之 後
SVO + after/ before + v. + ing
Exam ple: After assaulting her husband, the woman escaped
from the flat.
Exam ple: The man did not show any signs of mental illnesses
before assaulting the woman.
4. Before + n. , + SVO 之 前
故事 Story
SVO + before + n.
Exam ple: Before the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, Hongkongers’ awareness of personal
hygiene was weak.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
5. (v.) + ing/ (v.)[轉 adj. form ] + O, + SVO 做 完 … 之 後 ， 然
後…
Exam ple: Graduating from universities, most students lack
relevant working skills and experience.
Exam ple: Killing her son, the mentally-ill woman plunged to her
death.
Exam ple: Disappointed by their results, many students feel
helpless and hopeless.
6. n. + find that / found that + SVO 發 現
Exam ple: I often find that the passengers in MTR trains are
obsessed with their smartphones and ignore the needs of the
elderly.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
演講辭 Speech
開首 Opening
Greeting
1.
Good m orning, everyone.
(打 招 呼 )
2.
Good afternoon, principal, teachers, parents and
schoolm ates.
! 記得看清楚聽
3.
眾是誰!
Good evening, honourable guests, ladies and
gentlem en,
Self-introduction
1.
I am 姓 名 , + 職 位 + of 組 織 名 稱
(自 我 介 紹 )
Exam ple: I am Chris Wong, the president of the Students’
Union.
2.
On behalf of + 組 織 名 稱 , I … … .. (代 表 組 織 演 講 )
Exam ple: On behalf of the English Society, I am going to
introduce the upcoming activities in the next three months.
3.
I am honoured to + v. (我 很 榮 幸 … )
It is m y honour to + v
It is m y pleasure to + v.
Exam ple: I am honoured to have the chance to speak in front
of you all.
Exam ple: It is my honour to deliver this graduation speech on
behalf of all the graduates.
Aim of the speech
1.
I would like to take this opportunity to + share
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
(演講目的)
with you + … (我 想 藉 這 次 機 會 跟 你 們 分 享 … )
Exam ple: I would like to take this opportunity to share with
you the advantages of being a volunteer.
2.
I would like to rem ind you + 名 詞
I would like to rem ind you + that + SVO
Exam ple: I would like to remind you the advantages of
regular exercise.
Example: I would like to remind you that you can enjoy a lot
of benefits by joining our club.
正文 Content
可以用議論文的論點開首方法!!
Body of the
1.
speech
(演 講 內 文 )
Let’s start with + 名 詞 + 詳 細 資 料 (不 如 我 們
以…開始)
Exam ple: Let’s start with the activities we organize.
2.
Also,/ Besides,/ M oreover,/ Furtherm ore,/ Apart
from that, SVO (其 次 )
Exam ple: Moreover, you can become a happier and better
person by becoming a volunteer.
Exam ple: Apart from that, we can polish our language
skills.
3.
As som e of you m ay know, + SVO (你 們 當 中 有 些
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
人可能知道…)
Exam ple: As some of you may know, I am an active
volunteer.
4.
For m ost of you, + SVO (對 於 你 們 大 多 數 人 來 說 )
Exam ple: For most of you, English is difficult to master.
5.
活 動 + will be held/ organized + at 地 點 + in/on
日 期 (舉 辦 活 動 )
Exam ple: An English debating contest will be held in July.
9.
It is a golden opportunity for you to + v. … 對 你
來說是黃金機會
Exam ple: It is a golden opportunity for you to improve your
English.
Transition
6.
(轉 換 話 題 )
I would like to spend tim e to + v. (我 想 花 時 間 … )
Exam ple: I would like to spend time to talk about
the harm of lacking exercise.
7.
Let’s m ove on to another topic. (讓 我 們 談 另 一 個
話題)
End of the speech
(演 講 結 束 )
1.
I would like to end m y speech with + 名 詞 +詳
細 資 料 (我 想 以 … 結 束 演 講 )
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
Exam ple: I would like to end my speech with the
importance of English in our life.
2.
Before ending m y speech, I would like to + v. (演
講結束前，我想…)
Example: Before ending my speech, I would like to
remind you that we have a moral responsibility to
help the underprivileged.
3.
I hope that all of you will + v. (我 希 望 你 們 所 有 人
都 會 ...)
Exam ple: I hope that all of you will realize the importance of
regular exercise.
4.
I believe you can learn a lot by + v. + ing (我 相
信你通過…會學到很多東西)
Exam ple: I believe you can learn a lot by joining the English
Club.
5.
Please seize this opportunity to + v. (把 握 機
會…)
Exam ple: Please seize this opportunity to join our club.
6.
Don’t hesitate. Com e and join us now. (不 要 猶
豫，加入我們)
7.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
8.
W e look forward to seeing you in the com ing
events. (我 們 期 待 你 參 加 以 後 的 活 動 )
9.
I wish you + 名 詞 片 語 (我 祝 願 你 們 … )
Exam ple: I wish you every success in the future.
Exam ple: I wish you all a fruitful life and a rewarding future.
End of the speech
8.
(演 講 結 束 )
This is all I want to say. Thank you. (演 講 到 此 為
止，謝謝)
9.
This is all for the speech today. Thank you very
m uch. (演 講 到 此 為 止 ， 謝 謝 )
10. That’s the end of m y speech. Thank you very
m uch. (演 講 到 此 為 止 ， 謝 謝 )
其他實用句式
一、
… + is/ are + the + (v.) / the most + (v.) + 名詞 + (that) +
(pronoun) + have ever + seen (known/ heard/ had/ read...)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
二、
Nothing is + more + (v.) / (v.) + er than to + (v.) (沒有甚麼比…更重要)
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
三、
It is universally acknowledged that + … （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
六、There is no doubt that + … （毫無疑問的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
七、An advantage of … is that + 句子 （...的優點是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create any pollution.
八、The reason why + … + is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
十、(Adj.) + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, (subj.) +(v.) （雖然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
十二、By + (v.) +ing , … can … （借著...，..能夠..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
十三、… + enable + Object（受詞）+ to + V （..使..能夠..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
十四、On no account can we + (v.) （我們絕對不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
We must on no account miss the chance.
十五、It is time + (subj.) + (v.) 過去式 （該是...的時候了）
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic
problems.
十六、Those who … （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + (v.) （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing
sports.
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的）
It is obvious that + 句子 （明顯的）
It is apparent that + 句子 （顯然的）
例句：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
二十一、For the past + 時間，S + 現在完成式...（ 過去...年來，...一直...）
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the
examination.
過去兩年來，我一直忙著準備考試。
二十三、It pays to + (v.) + … （...是值得的。）
例句：It pays to help others.
幫助別人是值得的。
二十四、be based on （以...為基礎）
例句：The progress of the society is based on harmony.
社會的進步是以和諧為
基礎的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遺餘力的）
例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （讓...明白...事）
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
二十七、be closely related to … （與...息息相關）
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做運動與健康息息相關。
二十八、Get into the habit of + (v.) +ing （養成...的習慣）
例句: We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不滿意）
例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
三十二、Have a great influence on … （對...有很大的影響）
例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
三十四、Pose a great threat to … （對...造成一大威脅）
例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
三十五、do one‘s utmost to + … （盡全力去...）
例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
倒裝句 Inversions
1. Only through… … .. can (sb.) + (v.) + (sth.) (只 有 通 過 … 才 能 … )
Norm al form : Through increasing its expenditures on education, the government
can burnish the competitiveness of Hong Kong.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
Inversion form: Only through increasing the expenditures on education can the
governm ent burnish the competitiveness of Hong Kong.
2. Under no circum stances should (sb.) + (v.) + (sth.) (任 何 情 況 都 不 應 該
做)
Normal form: The government should impose the goods and services tax under no
circumstances.
Inversion form : Under no circumstances should the government impose the
goods and services tax.
3. Hardly can (pron.) + (v.) + … (幾 乎 不 能 )
Norm al form : Students can hardly chill out when preparing for the HKDSE.
Inversion form : Hardly can students chill out when preparing for the HKDSE.
4. At no tim e will (sb.) + (v.) + … (… 永 遠 不 會 做 … 的 事 )
Norm al form : The central government will agree to the implementation of universal
suffrage in Hong Kong at no time.
Inversion form : At no tim e will the central governm ent agree to the
implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kong.
5. Never do (pron.) + (v.) + … (某 人 永 遠 不 會 做 … )
Norm al form : We never read Biology textbooks.
Inversion form : Never do we read Biology textbooks.
6. The + 比 較 級 adj. + SVO , the 比 較 級 adj. + SVO
Norm al form : When you study harder, you will get better results
Inversion form : The harder you study, the better results you will get.
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
Norm al form : If teenagers do more exercise, they will become healthier.
Inversion form : The m ore exercise teenagers do, the healthier they will
become.
7. Only when + SVO, + can + (sb.) + v. (只 有 到 … 時 候 ， 才 會 … )
Norm al form : Only when the Japanese government encourages more
married women to rejoin the labour force, Japan can raise its
productivity.
Inversion form : Only when the Japanese government encourages more
married women to rejoin the labour force can Japan raise its productivity.
8. However + (adj.) + (sth.) + is/are/was/were… , + SVO (無 論 怎 樣 艱 巨 …
也會)
(adj.) + though + (sth.) + is/are/was/were… , + SVO (無 論 怎 樣 努 力 … 也 )
Norm al form : Although the HKDSE is form idable, every sixth-former should
work strenuously.
Inversion form : However form idable the HKDSE is, every sixth-former
should work strenuously.
Norm al form : Although the rescue workers tired hard, they could not save
the coal miners.
Inversion form : Hard though the rescue workers tried, they could not
save the coal miners.
9. Scarcely had (sb.) + v. [Past perfect tense] + when + (sb.) + v. (不 久
後…便…)
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TutorDuck – Essential English Notes (Writing) – Sentence Pattern
No sooner had + ( sb.) + v. [Past perfect tense] + than + (sb.) + v.
(不 久 後 … 便 … )
Inversion form : Scarcely had the prisoners finished their lunch when
they were ordered to work again.
Inversion form : Soon after the prisoners had finished their lunch, they
were ordered to work again.
Norm al form : Soon after he had arrived, he fainted.
Inversion form : No sooner had he arrived than he fainted.
10. W ithout + n. , + SVO (如 果 沒 有 … ， 就 會 … )
Had it not been for + n. , + SVO (如 果 沒 有 … ， 就 會 … )
Norm al form : W ithout the assistance by the United States, China would
have been defeated by Japan in the Second World War.
Inversion form : Had it not been for the assistance by the United States,
China would have been defeated by Japan in the Second World War.
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