“ELECTRIC VEHICLE A FUTURE PROJECTION”
A
Report
On
Project Based Learning
Submitted to
SAGE University, Bhopal
For the partial fulfilment of
Master of Business Administration
Semester-II (2021-22)
Submitted By:
Guided By:
MR. PRADEEP REDDY
1. Aman Dongare
2. Aniket Yadav
3. Ayushi Sahu
4. Sonali Gajbhiye
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
School of Management, SAGE University, Bhopal
Sahara Bypass Road, Katara Hills, Extension, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462022
DECLARATION
We, Aman Dongare, Aniket Yadav, Ayushi Sahu, Sonali Gajbhiye student of School of
Management, SAGE University, Bhopal (M.P.) Do hereby declare that Project Based Learning
study entitled “ELECTRONIC VEHICLE A FUTURE PROJECTION” is an original work
and has not been submitted anywhere else.
Date:
Place: Bhopal
1. Aman Dongare
2. Aniket Yadav
3. Ayushi Sahu
4. Sonali Gajbhiye
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the efforts of ours, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement
and guidelines of many others.
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the
successful completion of this project.
We would like to show our appreciation to MR. PRADEEP REDDY for his support. We would
also like to thank MR. ADITYA VYAS for sharing his knowledge. We feel grateful to our
project guide MR. PRADEEP REDDY. Without their encouragement and guidance this project
would not have been materialized.
We are grateful for their constant support and help.
Date:
Place: Bhopal
1. Aman Donagre
2. Aniket Yadav
3. Ayushi Sahu
4. Sonali Gajbhiye
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aman Dongare, Aniket Yadav, Ayushi Sahu, Sonali Gajbhiye had done
project work on the research methodology on " Electronic Vehicle a Future Projection” under
the guidance of MR.PRADEEP REDDY.
Towards the fulfilment of the award of “Electronic Vehicle a Future Projection".
Date:
Signature:
MR. PRADEEP REDDY
1. Aman Dongare
2. Aniket Yadav
3. Ayushi Sahu
4. Sonali Gajbhiye
(Research guide)
TABLE OF CONTENT
s
S.
No.
Titles
1.
Topic
2.
Introduction
3.
Review of literature
4.
Rationale of the study
5.
Objective of the study
6.
Research methodology
7.
Research implications
8.
Annexure(sample questionnaire)
9.
Reference
Page
No.
0
1
5
6-8
9
10
11
12-14
15
TOPIC OF THE RESEARCH: Electric Vehicle a Future Projection
During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation
infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an electric transportation
infrastructure. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that the electricity
they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear
power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power, and wind power or any
combination of those.
An electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric
motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist, those that
are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity
originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical
generator, such as an internal combustion engine (a hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel
cell. Electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trains, electric lorries, electric aeroplanes,
electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters and electric spacecraft. Proposals exist for
electric tanks, diesel submarines operating on battery power are, for the duration of the battery
run, electric submarines, and some of the lighter UAVs are electrically-powered.
Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among
the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of
operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal combustion
engine (ICE) is the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles but electric power has
remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines a conventional (usually fossil fuel-powered) power train with
some form of electric propulsion. Common examples include hybrid electric cars such as the
Toyota Prius. The Chevrolet Volt is an example of a production Extended Range Plug-In Electric
Vehicle.
1
INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicles are the future." With the right amount of functionality, they are eco-friendly,
and hence it is an excellent choice for people. Today, Tesla, Mercedes Benz, Audi, Hyundai,
Mahindra, Chevrolet, BMW, and Renault are manufacturing ground-breaking electric vehicles.
But do we know about the history of electric vehicles? If not, let us understand where and when
these vehicles came into the picture.
The Advent of Electric Vehicles: From Electric Carriage to Electric Cars
Talking about the typical invention of electric cars, the credit goes to many people. In 1828
Anyos Jedlik invented an electric motor, and, using his motor, he created the small electric car.
Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also developed a crude electric
carriage.
In 1996, the first electric vehicle was a three-wheeler, invented by Scooter's India Pvt Ltd, and it
was named VIKRAM SAFA. Approximately 400 vehicles were made and sold. In 2000, BHEL
developed an eighteen-seater electric bus, which became popular too. Then approx. 200 electric
vans were made and ran in Delhi. But it did not do that well in the market as it required a high
cost for the battery and its low life.
Electric vehicles came into existence in the 19th century. Earlier, they did not do that well in the
market because of its high cost, low speed, and short-range. So initially, the demand declined
worldwide. However, they have been used for transportation and public transport, especially as
rail vehicles.
As the concern for the environment increased in the 21st century, gas-powered vehicles emit a
lot of smoke and are incredibly harmful to the atmosphere.
2
Therefore, the interest in electric vehicles increased too. Electric cars were popular among those
who used them in the city where their short-range did not prove a disadvantage. Another reason
that gave it a boom was that there was no requirement to change the gears, making it an easy
option. It did not have vibration sounds or any sound. It did not require a manual start, which
was also a plus point.
Due to a lack of power infrastructure, acceptance of electric vehicles was hampered. In a bid to
overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles and the lack of recharging
infrastructure, an exchangeable battery service was first proposed in 1896.
In 2007, Hero cycles, in partnership with UK-based ULTRA Motor, launched a series of bikes.
These electric bikes became popular among other companies named Electrotherm India, TVS
Motor, Hero electric, etc. They are also manufacturing and selling their products. Furthermore, in
2017 Etrio raised over 3 million in funds from HNIs and set out to transform existing fuelpowered commercial vehicles into electric variants, thus benchmarking efficient and eco-friendly
transportation.
The significant popularity of electric rickshaws dominated the entire market. In 2016-17 about
500000 e-rickshaws were sold in India. It served as an excellent help for the population to
commute daily. The primary use of these rickshaws is in Delhi NCR currently. The government
is now rapidly targeting majorly polluted cities to increase the use of electric vehicles. A scheme
called FAME, i.e., "Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in
India”, is being launched where a subsidy is being given to 11 cities for launching electric buses,
taxis, and e-rickshaws. The targeted cities include Ahmedabad, Delhi, Bangalore, Jaipur,
Mumbai, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Indore, and Kolkata, plus two cities – Jammu and Guwahati
under a particular category.
3
Types Of Batteries Used In Electric Vehicles & Their Parameters
The electric car industry is growing almost every day, with new consumers, as well as
manufacturers, being a part of this market.
View Photos
Highlights



Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used electric car batteries.
Hybrid nickel-metal batteries are only used for hybrid cars yet.
SLA or Lead-Acid batteries have a life span of only 3 years.
In the last couple of years, almost every industry has seen some kind of innovative
technology revolutionize it. Similarly, in the automobile industry, this change was
brought about by battery-powered cars.
Considering the pollution caused by conventionally powered cars, this industry did not
take long to adapt to the changes brought by electric motors. Over time, quite a few types
of batteries have been used for electric cars, Lithium-ion being the most common one.
Here mentioned are a few characteristic traits of each type of battery used in an electric
car.
Lithium-ion Battery
This is the most widely used electric car battery in the industry. You might already be
familiar with it because smaller versions of this are used in portable devices like mobile
phones and even laptops. However, the ones used in cars are much bigger and have a
higher capacity, often being referred to as traction battery packs.
Lithium-ion batteries have an immensely high power-to-weight ratio, making the cars
highly energy efficient. The battery performs quite better than others at high temperatures
as well. This is mainly used due to its energy per weight ratio, which is an important
consideration in electric car batteries.
4
In other words, the smaller the weight of the battery, the further the car can drive on a
single charge. The battery also has a low self-discharge level, meaning it is better able to
maintain its charge when compared to the other alternatives. In addition to that, most
components of the Li-ion batteries can get recycled. This is a bonus for electric cars since
they are made with the main motive of saving the environment. These are mainly used in
PHEV and BEV cars.
Parameters

Mass energy Density: 100-180 Wh/kg

Volume Energy density: 200-300 Wh/L

Power Density: 1000-1500 W/kg

Self-Discharge rate: 1-5% per month
Hybrid Nickel-Metal (NIMH) battery
Another variant of electric cars is hybrid cars which contain both battery-powered and
fuel-powered engines. These are the cars that mainly use NIMH batteries, but these
batteries are also compatible with BEV cars. These kinds of batteries do not require any
outer power source to charge.
The charging of the battery mainly depends on the regenerative braking, speed, and
wheels of the car. When compared to Li-ion batteries, NIMH batteries have a better life
cycle and are safer in case of intolerant use.
5
However, these batteries have a higher self-discharge rate, are much more expensive, and
generate considerable amounts of heat in high temperatures, which is quite common in a
car.
These few shortcomings make NIMH a lesser chosen option for a car whose batteries
need to be charged from an outer source. This is also the main reason these batteries are
used in hybrid cars.
Parameters

Mass energy Density: 40-120 Wh/kg

Volume Energy density: 140-400 Wh/L

Power Density: 300-1000 W/kg

Self-Discharge Rate: ~30% per month
Lead-Acid Battery
SLA or lead-acid is one of the oldest kinds of rechargeable batteries. When compared to
NIMH or lithium batteries, these are a lot heavier and lose capacity eventually. However,
the main reason automobile companies still use it is its cheap pricing. In addition to that,
since they have been used for the longest time, the technology around the fitting and
using the batteries more effectively has also evolved, which makes for a better end
product. Nevertheless, SLA batteries are not yet found in consumer electric vehicles,
although there are a few projects under development. The main use for this kind of
battery is as a secondary storage system for commercial vehicles. Another good thing
about these kinds of batteries is that they are recyclable.
6
Parameters

Mass energy Density:30-40 Wh/kg

Volume Energy density:60-75 Wh/L

Power Density:180 W/kg

Self-Discharge rate:3-20% per month
These are some of the most commonly used electric car batteries that you should have an
idea about. While it is not very necessary to know what kind of battery your fuel-powered
car has, since electric cars run on batteries, this decision becomes important.
The electric vehicle industry is still growing and has a long way to go. This only makes
room for the numerous innovations and experiments that are taking place in this field. If
you are planning to be a part of this industry, the information present in this article can
come in quite handy.
7
GOVERNMENTS ROLE IN PROMOTING E-VEHICLES
To assist the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the country, the central government has
announced a number of promotional measures in the previous ten years, including tax incentives
for electric vehicle owners, public EV charging infrastructure development, and so on.
The Central government offers sops under the national FAME-II scheme, and providing further
impetus to the transition are individual state EV policies, which make EVs even more affordable.
However, each state has its own criteria for electric vehicle subsidies, which means the benefits
are more significant in some regions, bringing EVs closer to being an accessible option for massmarket buyers.
1. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles
(FAME) – I and II:
FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles, is currently
India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility. It was launched by DHI in 2015.
Currently in its 2nd phase of implementation, FAME-II is being implemented for a period of 3
years, eff. 1st April 2019 with a budget allocation of 10,000 Cr which includes a spillover from
FAME-I of Rs 366 Cr. The incentives offered in the scheme are:
S.No
Total Approximate Incentives
Approximate Size of
Battery
1
Two Wheeler: Rs 15000/- per kWh upto 40% of
the cost of vehicles
Two Wheeler: 2 kWh
2
Three Wheeler: Rs 10000/- per kWh
Three Wheeler: 5 kWh
3
Four Wheeler : Rs 10000/- per kWh
Four Wheeler: 15 kWh
4
E Buses: Rs 20000/- per kWh
E Buses: 250 kWh
5
E Trucks: Rs 20000/- per kWh
The Department of Heavy Industries has also sanctioned 2636 charging stations in 62 cities
across 24 States/UTs under FAME India scheme phase II.
8
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF EVs
Due to efficiency of electric engines as compared to combustion engines, even when the electricity used
to charge electric vehicles comes from a CO2-emitting source, such as a coal- or gas-fired powered plant,
the net CO2 production from an electric car is typically one-half to one-third of that from a comparable
combustion vehicle.
Electric vehicles release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated. In addition, it is
generally easier to build pollution-control systems into centralised power stations than retrofit enormous
numbers of cars.
Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine vehicle, whether it
is at rest or in motion. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe CO2 or pollutants such as NOx, NMHC, CO and
PM at the point of use.
Electric motors don't require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful for submarines.
While electric and hybrid cars have reduced tailpipe carbon emissions, the energy they consume is
sometimes produced by means that have environmental impacts. For example, the majority of electricity
produced in the United States comes from fossil fuels (coal and natural gas), so use of an electric vehicle
in the United States would not be completely carbon neutral. Electric and hybrid cars can help decrease
energy use and pollution, with local no pollution at all being generated by electric vehicles, and may
someday use only renewable resources, but the choice that would have the lowest negative environmental
impact would be a lifestyle change in favour of walking, biking, use of public transit or telecommuting.
Governments may invest in research and development of electric cars with the intention of reducing the
impact on the environment, where they could instead develop pedestrian-friendly communities or electric
mass transit.
9
BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Along with the economic benefit of having to rely less on foreign oil, as consumers utilize more
electric vehicles, there will be less need to use gasoline-powered vehicles which in turn will
cause less greenhouse gas emissions. While burning coal at electric power plants is not that much
better than burning oil, the electricity generated for electric vehicles can also come from power
plants fuelled by other energy sources that are much cleaner than oil and coal: hydro power,
nuclear, geothermal, solar power and wind power. Companies in the private sector have begun
giving their employees incentives to take advantage of solar technology by subsidizing solar
panels in the roofs of their employees’ homes to make clean energy. As these technologies
improve, the emissions associated with generating electricity for electric vehicles will be further
reduced.
Furthermore, electric vehicles will become even ‘cleaner’ as more electricity is generated by
renewable sources of energy. National data from 2013-2015 show a declining percentage of
electricity generated by coal power and an increasing in renewable sources, such as wind and
solar which suggests that emissions from operating electric vehicles are most likely to keep
falling. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, in a grid that is composed of 80%
renewable electricity, the manufacturing of an all-electric vehicle will result in an over 25%
reduction in manufacturing’s emissions and an 84% reduction in emissions from driving,
resulting to an overall emissions reduction of more than 60%.
10
LIMITATIONS OF EV’s
This section summarizes a few of the related limitations and concerns relating to electric vehicles
and their associated technologies which are likely to hamper consumers' interest towards them.
Current battery life and battery cost is one of them. With current battery life, as mentioned in
previous sections, averaging around 8 years or 100,000 miles and its high average price
amounting typically to 25% of the vehicle’s total cost and coupled with the fact that gasolinepowered vehicles are getting better and better fuel economy ratings, the average consumer is less
likely to explore the option of electric vehicles as they might seem less cost effective. Adding to
this, comes the worry of a significant portion of consumers who fear that the range of the EV’s
battery is short and might ‘die’ leaving them stranded in an uncomfortable scenario, what is
known as ‘range anxiety’.
Moreover, climate temperature conditions, driving faster, carrying loads and battery’s age could
further reduce the vehicle’s driving age. The owner of a Chevy Volt (a plug-in hybrid electric
car), says that in very cold days (around 35 Fahrenheit degree or under) she would get 26 miles
or maybe lower from the battery, while in spring season she can get approximately 50 miles in
electric range. In addition, she observes that extra energy is needed to be spent to keep her car’s
interior warm, and as there is no engine, the outside of the car remains very, very cold. Under
very cold weather the car will use power to keep the battery warm enough. She further notes that
when the battery is running low the user can feel the vehicle’s response to be more sluggish.
11
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Despite the advantages of adopting EVs like lowering air pollution, reducing dependence on
petroleum imports, decreasing traffic congestion, the stakeholders are not motivated to adopt
EVs due to costs and investment risks (Agaton et al., 2019). The lack of variations in EVmodels
is also suppressing the purchase intention as consumers are not able to view or test drive to make
the decision (Kumar and Alok, 2020). Other reasons which are discouraging consumers to adopt
EVs are limited availability of models, high purchase price in comparison to conventional
models, limited driving range, poor battery performance and lack of charging stations (Pietrzak
and Pietrzak, 2020). These are few points due to that most countries are still using conventional
vehicles and contributing to environmental degradation. Although previous research has
discussed about EVs, but these are failing to provide a comprehensive overview of successful
EVs. Therefore, a multi-dimensional study is needed for EVs which can minimize the
dependence on energy requirement, petroleum fuels, maximize safe and reliable transport
services.
The adoption of adequate policies and technologies can lead to the domestication of EVs
(Ingeborgrud and Ryghaug, 2019). The policymakers should analyze the traffic condition, travel
patterns, consumers’ preferences, and regulatory requirements to work on regional policy
interventions (Kumar and Alok, 2020). The government should promote EVs by giving financial
incentives and launching subsidy schemes to the consumers (Agaton et al., 2019). The EVs
awareness programs and zero-emission mandate can enhance the adoption of EVs. The
government should invest in multi-model transportation infrastructure, freight operations, freight
linkage, and electrification, parking spaces, and public charging infrastructure (Kontou and
Miles, 2015).
12
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

. To know about our e-vehicle services and customer satisfaction

It is baneficial for customer or not and why it's becoming trend now a days

To know whether it is cost saving or not according to our customers and why it is

convinent
Our study for baneficial for future projectionsAnd for those who are interested for
purchasing of e vehicle
.
ieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based
energy resources by the year 2030. Therefore, electric vehicles are the way forward for Indian
transport, and we must switch to them now.
13
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To know about the e-vehicles and weather they are safe for consumers or not.

To know about, what people think about e-vehicles and how many consumers are
satisfied.

To know why electric vehicles couldn’t get enough consumer attraction.

To study the current threats which are responsible for slow growth of electric/ hybrid
vehicles.

To study the current expectations of consumers with respect to electric/ hybrid vehicles,
this will lead to its potential for future.

To study the maximum price consumer can afford for buying an electric/ hybrid vehicles.
14
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The main purpose behind the study was to meet the wants and needs of the consumers and
provide valuable information regarding Electric/Hybrid Vehicle. Also to know whether the
consumers
Primary data
The first hand data was collected by us through various sources. Sources of primary data are the
sampling units chosen.
Sampling technique
For selecting required respondents simple random sampling technique was used.
Tools and techniques
Tools for collecting primary data
Interview method
A Questionnaire of 17 Questions was prepared for which appropriate options were made
available for respondents to select from. The questionnaire was created with the help of Google
Form which was in a format of Electronic Survey Form.
Observation
It was easy for respondent to fill up the questionnaire and submit it online, the result of which
was saving of time and reach maximum respondents.
Secondary data
These are second hand readymade data collected by some other agency but not by the researcher.
Source could be internal or external records. Secondary data gives the detailed information
about the company. The main detail about when the company was started, where the company
was started, first etc. the secondary data gives all information which is unavailable in primary
data.
15
RESEARCH IMPLICATION
We have seen massive changes, particularly in terms of technology, but also in terms of people’s
attitude towards cars’ environmental impacts and other mobility solutions, from the first electric
car established in 1837 up to the present time. Although the electric vehicle market is currently a
lucrative goal for companies and start-ups in India, several obstacles still remain to be addressed
in order for EVs to be ready for mass adoption. High-cost barriers include, for example,
manufacturing electric vehicles domestically.
Similarly, battery manufacturing is essentially a costly venture. The Indian Government must
concentrate its energies on promoting technological disruption to resolve these challenges. The
government would also need to provide enhanced tax incentives and subsidies to potential car
owners and suppliers in order to quicker adoption of EVs.
16
ANNEXURE
Sample Questionnaire
Study on e-vehicles
Email
Your profession:





Student
Housewife
Retired
Self employed
Job
Other
Gender


Male
Female
1. Do you have any vehicle?


Yes
No
2. Is it a



Two wheeler
Three wheeler
Four wheeler
3. Is most of your daily travelling in city on highway or mixed?



City
Highway
Mixed
17
4. Let us know the mode of transportation and approx. Distance travelled





Own vehicle<10km
Taxi/auto rickshaw<15km
Public bus<20km
Train
Other
5. Have you heard about electric vehicle?


Yes
No
6. Would you be interested in owning electric vehicle?



Yes
No
Can’t say
7. If yes how much would you expect to be the price of electric vehicle/ hybrid vehicle for 2,3,4
wheelers?
8. What is preventing you from purchasing an electric vehicle?






I plan to buy soon
Present cost is too high
Vehicles available don’t have enough range on a single charge to meet the needs
Need more information about the technology before making a purchase
Difficult to set up charging in building/ home
Other issues
9. Would you like to know more about electric/ hybrid vehicle?



Yes
No
Maybe
10. If yes from which source?





Television ads
Magazine
Websites
Blogs
Newspaper ads
18
11. Where would you prefer to charge your electric vehicle if you were to buy one in the future



At home
At work
Using public charging facilities
12. What should be the range of e-vehicles when they are fully charged?




Less than 100km
Less than100-150km
Less than150-200km
Other
13. What should be the expected maximum speed of an electric vehicle?



Up to 80kmph
150kmph
Other
14. How much premium would you pay for additional development or manufacturing cost of
infrastructure?





25000
50000
75000
100000
Other
15. Are you satisfied with services of electric vehicles?



Yes
No
Maybe
16. It is quite heavy in weightage form?


Yes
No
17. Give your valuable feedback in your words
19
References
Agaton, C.B., Guno, C.S., Villanueva, R.O., Villanueva, R.O., 2019. Diesel or electric jeepney?
A case study of transport investment in the Philippines using the real options approach.
World Electric Vehicle Journal 10 (3), 51. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/wevj10030051.
Ingeborgrud, L., Ryghaug, M., 2019. The role of practical, cognitive, and symbolic factors in the
successful implementation of battery electric vehicles in Norway. Transport. Res. Pol.
Pract. 130, 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.045.
Kontou, A., Miles, J., 2015. Electric buses: lessons to be learnt from the Milton Keynes
demonstration project. Procedia Eng. 118, 1137–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
proeng.2015.08.455.
Kumar, R.R., Alok, K., 2020. Adoption of electric vehicle: a literature review and prospects for
sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 253, 119911 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2019.119911.
20