CONVERSIONS ANGLE CONVERSIONS 1 revolution (rev) = 360 degrees = 2π radians = 400 grads = 400 gons = 6400 mils METRIC CONVERSIONS - PREFIXES LENGTH CONVERSIONS 1 ft = 12 inches 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 yard = 3 ft 1 cm =104 πππππππ 1 mile = 5280 ft 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 nautical mile = 6080.2 ft 1 acre = 43560 ππ‘ 2 1 nautical mile = 1.152 miles 1 meter = 1010 π΄πππ π‘πππ 1 inch = 2.54 cm VOLUME CONVERSIONS 1 π3 = 1000 πππ‘πππ 1 bbl (barrel) = 42 gal 1 gallon (gal) = 3.7854 L 1 drum = 1 dr = 55 gal 1 ππ‘ 3 = 7.481 πππ 1 cavan = 25 gantas 1 gallon = 4 quartz (qt) 1 ganta = 8 chupas = 3 Liters 1 qt = 2 pints MASS AND WEIGHT/FORCE CONVERSIONS 1 kg = 2.205 πππ 1 pond = 1 gram 1 πππ = 7000 grains = 16 oz 1 ton = 1 English ton = 1 short ton = 2000 lbm = 907.03kg # = (other symbol for pound) 1 tonne = 1000 kg = 1 Metric ton = 2205 lb 1 πππ = πππ 1 πππ = 4.449 N = 32.174 poundals = 1 slug – ft/π 2 1 poundal = 1 πππ −ππ‘ π 2 1 kilopond = 1 kilogram 1 long ton = 2240 lb 1 slug = 1 English slug = 32.174 lbm 1 hyl = 1 metric slug = 1.055 slug(English) 1 kip = 1 kilopound = 1000 lb = 1000# 1 N = 105 ππ¦πππ ENERGY AND POWER CONVERSIONS 1 BTU = 778 ft-lb 1 Joule = 107 ππππ 1 BTU = 1055 Joules = 1.055 kJ 1 cal = 4.187 Joules 1 BTU = 252 calories 1 kcal = 4.187 kJ 1 hp = 2545 BTU/hr 1 hp = 550 1 hp = 42.4 BTU/min 1 kW = 3412.2 BTU/hr 1 hp = 746 Watts 1 chu = 1.8 BTU ππ‘−ππ 1 hp = 33000 π ππ‘−ππ πππ 1 ft-lb = 1.356 Joules 1 kwh = 3600 kJ 1 kJ = 1 kPa - π3 1 J = 1 N-m = 1 W – s 1 J = 1 Volt – Coulomb 1 erg = 1 dyne – cm 1 eV (electron volt) = 1.602 x10−19W-s (const 23) 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU ADDITIONAL CONVERSION OF UNITS 1 FOOT = 3 HANDS 1 KNOT = 1.152 MPH 1 SPAN = 9 INCHES 1 BBL = 42 GALLONS 1 FATHOM = 6 FEET 1 DRUM = 55 GALLONS 1 CABLE =120 FATHOMS 1 PECK = 8 QUARTS 1 HECTARE = 100 ARES 1 PACE = 30 INCHES 1 ARE = 100 SQUARE METERS 1 QUINTAL = 100 KILOGRAMS 1 FURLONG = 220 YARDS = 201 METERS 1 SCRUPLE = 20 GRAINS 1 ACRE = 43560 SQ. FT 1 LEAGUE = 3 MILES 1 STERE = 1 CUBIC METER 1 QUARTS = 2 PINTS 1 KIP(KILOPOUND) = 1000 LBS 1 SECTION = 1 SQ. MILES TIME CONVERSIONS 1 minute = 60 seconds 1 DECADE = 10 YEARS 1 hr = 60 minutes 1 SCORE = 20 YEARS 1 hr = 3600 seconds 1 SILVER = 25 YEARS 1 day = 24 hrs 1 GOLDEN = 50 YEARS 1 month = 30 days 1 DIAMOND = 75 YEARS 1 year = 365 days 1 CENTURY = 100 YEARS 1 leap year = 366 days 1 MILLENIUM = 1000 YEARS 1 year = 8760 hours PRESSURE CONVERSIONS ππ 1 atm = 14.7 psi (ππ2 ) 1 atm = 29.921 in Hg (inches mercury) 1 atm = 10.33mπ»2 π(meters of Water) 1 atm = 1.01325 bar 1 atm = 760 mm Hg ( mm of mercury) 1 atm = 760 torr 1 atm = 1.0332 kg/ππ2 1 bar = 100 kPa 1 atm = 101.325 kPa HORSEPOWER CONVERSIONS (ENGLISH) (METRIC) 1 HP = 550 ft-lbf/s 1 Metric HP = 75 kππ − 1 HP = 33, 000 ft-lbf/min 1 Metric HP = 736 W = 0.736 kW 1 HP = 42.4 BTU/min 1 Metric HP = 1 French horse 1 HP = 746 Watts = 0.746kW 1 Metric HP = 1 Chueval Vapuer 1 HP = 1 Arabian horse 1 Metric HP = 1 Pferdestarke 1 HP = 1 mule 1 Metric HP = 1 P.S. (Power of a horse) TEMPERATURE PARTS AND PERCENTAGE π π CONSTANTS DENSITY, SPECIFIC WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY ππ kg ππ€ππ‘ππ = 1000 π3 = 1 Liter = 62.4 lbm/ ππ‘ 3 SG = 1.0 (Water) SG = 1.03 (Seawater) ππ πΎπ€ππ‘ππ (π πππππππ π€πππβπ‘) = 9.81 π3 = 62.4 πππ/ππ‘ 3 SG = 0.80 (Oil) SG = 13.6 (Mercury) ππ πππ ππππ = 1.2 π3 = 0.075 ππ‘ 3 SPECIFIC HEATS For Water: π΅ππ ππ½ πΆπ = πΆπ£ = 1.0 πππβ °π = 4.187 ππ βπΎ Gas Constant R For Air R = 0.287 For Ice: πΆπ = πΆπ£ = 0.5 π΅ππ πππβ °π = 2.094 ππ± ππ−π² = ππ. πππ ππ−πππ πππ −πΉ ππ½ ππ βπΎ For Air: ππ½ π΅ππ πΆπ = 1.005 ππ βπΎ = 0.24 πππβ °π ππ½ π΅ππ πΆπ£ = 0.718 ππ βπΎ = 0.1714 πππβ °π MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) C (Carbon) = 12 π»2 = 1x2 = 2 π2 = 16 x 2 = 32 π2 = 14π₯2 = 28 πΆπ2 = 44 S (Sulfur) = 32 He (Helium) = 4 Ammonia (Nπ»3 ) = 17 Methane (πΆ1 π»4 ) = 16 Water (π»2 O) = 18 Universal Gas Constant πΉπ ππ± πΉπ = 8.314 ππππ −π² ππ−πππ πΉπ = 1545 πππππ −πΉ Specific Heat Ratio k Argon (Ar)= 1.666 Helium (He) = 1.666 Mercury (Hg) = 1.666 Neon (Ne) = 1.666 Air = 1.4 Hydrogen (H2) = 1.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) = 1.399 Nitrogen (N2) = 1.399 Oxygen (O2) = 1.395 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = 1.288 Ammonia (NH3) = 1.304 Methane (πΆ1 π»4 ) = 1.321 LATENT HEAT OF FUSION/VAPORIZATION For Water/Ice/Steam For Water to Ice (Fusion/Freezing) πΏπ = 80 πΆππ π΅ππ = 144 = 335 ππ½/ππ π πππ For Boiling Water (Vaporization) πΏπ£ = 540 πΆππ π΅ππ = 970 = 2257 ππ½/ππ π πππ CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND TRIPLE POINT Critical Temperature of Water: 375°C Triple Point of Water: 0.01°C, 0.6113 kPa GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION g = 32.2 ft/π 2 = 9.81 π/π 2 Universal Gravitational Constant, G G = 6.67× 10−11 π β π2 ππ CALCU: CONSTANT 39 1 Pa – s = 10 poise Mass of earth→ πππππ‘β = 5.98 × 1024 ππ Radius earth→ πππππ‘β = 6400 ππ ππππππ₯ππππ‘πππ¦ HEAT TRANSFER Thermal Conductivity conversion π΅ππ π 1 βπ−ππ‘−β = 1.73 π−πΎ RADIATION: Stefan-Boltzmann Constant π π = 5.67 × 10−8 CALCU: CONSTANT 31 Emissivity π : For Black Body π = 1 π π΅ππ −8 = 0.171 × 10 π2 − πΎ 4 βπ − ππ‘ 2 − π 4 REFRIGERANT CYLINDER COLOR PIPING COLORS Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, E E = 30× 106 ππ π = 207× 103 πππ Modulus of Rigidity of Steel, G G = 12× 106 ππ π or 11.5× 106 ππ π = 83× 103 πππ or 80× 103 πππ SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF STEEL, πΎ πΎ = 0.284 = 7850 πππ ππ3 πππ π3 POISSON’S RATIO OF STEEL, π£ π£ = 0.25 π‘π 0.30 = π’π π 0.30(ππ πππ‘ π π‘ππ‘ππ) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF STEEL, πΌ πΌ = 6.5 × 10−6 /β = 11.7 × 10−6 /β MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF ALUMINUM, E E = 10× 106 ππ π POWER TRANSMITTED