• Condition monitoring of ball and roller bearings using
the patented SPM method (Shock Pulse Method)
• Vibration monitoring
• Machinery alignment
• Maintenance instruments
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A complete approach to condition monitoring
• Engineering
support
• Customer service
• Training
• Software
• Planning
• Installation
• Instrument
use
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DOWNTIME
CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
TIME BASED MAINTENANCE
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE
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Work
Time
1
Many breakdowns - little planning
2
Introduction Predictive Maintenance
3
Few breakdowns - planning
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Causes of machine failure
• 50% Bearing problems
• 20% Misalignment
• 20% Unbalance
• 10% Other reasons
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5000 h
50 000 h
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Causes of bearing failure
• 40% Lubrication
• 30% Vibration
• 20% Installation faults
• 10% Fatigue failure
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Lubrication
Bearing Installation
Machine
Alignment
Bearing
Damage
Operating Condition
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STATIC AND
DYNAMIC
LOAD
PRELOAD
ALIGNMENT
LUBRICANT
SUPPLY
LUBRICANT
TEMPERATURE
GEOMETRIC
QUALITY OF
BEARING
HOUSE & SHAFT
BEARING
GEOMETRIC
QUALITY
TOTAL LOAD
ROLLING
VELOCITY
LUBRICANT FILM
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Bearing condition
Machine vibration
Rotational speed
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Shock Pulse Method
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Vibration
10 - 1000 Hz
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Instrument operation,
Input data
and
Output results
Instrument operation
• Input data required for Analyser:
1. Norm No. (10 - 58)
2. Type No. (1 - 8)
: Calculated by instrument after giving
bearing number and RPM
: Depends upon bearing geometry.
3. Comp. No. (-30 - +30)
: To calibrate the measuring point
location
4. Accumulation No. (1 – 9) : To define the instrument measuring
cycle time
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Instrument operation
• Input data required for Tester:
1. Shaft diameter (Bearing inner diameter, Maximum 1999mm)
2. Rotational speed of bearing (RPM, 10 – 19999 RPM)
3. dBi – Decibel initial value is calculated by the instrument after
giving shaft diameter and RPM input. (-9 to 40)
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Output results from the instrument
1. Normalized results
- Needs certain input data to
evaluate the bearing
condition.
2. Un Normalized results
- No need of any data input.
Instrument displays the
absolute shock pulse
magnitude in decibel scale
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Output results
• Normalized results - Analyser:
1. Code
: A/B/C/D or E2/E3/E5
2. Lub No.
: 0 – 40 Indicates lubricant film thickness
3. Cond No. : 20 – 65 Indicates severity of bearing damage
4. LR
: Lower occurrence rate, Decibel shock value of the
shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 45 pulses per
second. (-19 to 99 dBsv.)
5. HR
: Higher occurrence rate, Decibel shock value of the
shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 1000 pulses per
second. (-19 to 99 dBsv.)
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Output results
• Normalized results - Tester:
1. dBm
dBm
2. dBc
: Decibel maximum value, Decibel shock value of the
shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 5 pulses per
second. (-9 to 60 dBN)
= dBsv – dBi
: Decibel carpet value, Decibel shock value of the
shock pulses whose occurrence rate is 300 pulses per
second. (-9 to 60 dBN)
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Output results
• -Un Normalized result
1. Analyser: Only LR and HR values are displayed when “0”
NORM NO. input is given to the instrument. These
values can be trended to evaluate the bearing condition.
2. Tester
: Only decibel shock values are displayed when “--”
dBi input is given to the instrument. These values can
be trended to evaluate the bearing condition.
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Evaluation
Of
Shock Pulse Readings
Three steps in evaluation
of readings
• Trending
• Comparing
• Normalising
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•
Three steps in evaluation
of readings
Trending
1. Collect SPM & VIB readings over a period of time.
2. Plot the graphs and see the variation.
•
Comparing
1. Compare readings of similar machines.
2. Compare SPM readings with VIB readings and analyze.
• Normalizing
1. Establish own limits after hands on experience on the same
machine
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Pressure variation translated into shock pulse pattern
The filtered transducer signal reflects
the pressure variation in the
contact area.
When the oil film in the bearing is
thick, the shock pulse level is
low, without distinctive peaks.
The level increases when the oilfilm is
reduced, but there are still no
distinctive peaks.
Damage causes strong
irregular intervals.
pulses at
One can liken the three shock pulse
patterns to the vibrations felt in
a car while driving on a) a
smooth road surface, b) a rough
road surface, c) a road full of
potholes.
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Shock pulse pattern of a good bearing
Good Bearing :
Code : A (Green Zone)
Lub No : 1 – 40
1.
2.
3.
4.
Low LR and HR values
LR – HR = dB
dB value is ideal 4 – 8 dB
Trend shows no variation or
minor change in LR/HR
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Shock pulse pattern of a Poor lubricated bearing
Poor Lubricated Bearing :
Code : B (Yellow Zone)
Lub No : 0 or 1
Cond : 20 to 30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
High HR values, close to LR
LR – HR = dB
dB value is < 4 dB
Trend shows gradual increase
in HR reading.
Increase in bearing temperature
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Shock pulse pattern of a damaged bearing
Damaged Bearing :
Code
: C or D (Yellow or Red)
Cond No. : 30 to 65
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
High LR values, Distinctive peak
in shock pulse pattern.
LR – HR = dB
dB value is > 10dB
Trend shows gradual increase
in LR reading.
Increase in bearing temperature
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ERROR CODES - E2 / E3 /
Error Codes
1. E2 – External disturbance like cavitation, scraping of loose parts,
gear noise, steam screaming, rubbing etc.
2. E3 – Signal low.
3. E5 – Norm No. too low. Norm No. should be more than 18 to
obtain evaluated results with probe.
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1
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2
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3A
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3B
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4
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5
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6
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Scraping
coupling
Bearing
Replacement
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VIBRAMETER
ISO 2372
KLASSE 3
4.8
mm/s
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Small
force
Weak
foundation
Large
force
Stiff
foundation
Structural
looseness
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Frequency
Hz
Displacement
mm
Acceleration
m / s2
Velocity
mm / s
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Limits
Class
II
Class
III
Class
IV
Class
V
II
Medium size machines without special foundations
III
Large machines on rigid foundations
IV
Large machines on soft foundations
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ISO 2372
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
Limits
1 Step
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Breakdown
Vibration severity
+ 4 steps
+ 3 steps
Vibration
measurement
(Shutdown)
Effect repaires
Report dangerous increase
Plan major
overhaul
+ 2 steps
Report large increase
Inspection,
minor repairs
+ 1 step
Normal
Report change
Routine
maintenance
(lubrication, etc.)
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Maintenance
activities
77
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Speed measurement
RPM, optical:
Distance max. 0.6 m
Speed reading
RPM
3650 rpm
Reflecting
tape
RPM, contact center:
Hold against shaft center
Peripheral, contact wheel:
Multiply reading by wheel factor
TAD-12
0.1 m/min.
TAD-13
0.1 yd./min.
TAD-17
0.5 ft./min.
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PC
COMMUNICATION
TIME
VERSION
SETUP
T-500.01
GUIDE ROLL 01 TS
1st drying
SPM
001
BEARING TEST
dBm 15
dBc 4
dBi 9
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VIBRAMETER
ISO 2372
CLASS 2
2.5
mm/s
81
LR/HR
TYPE 3
Mean diameter dm
TYPE
RPM
COMP
LR
HR
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SPM measurement - Analyzer
Basic data 1, Analyzer
Evaluation frame,
depending on
TYPE
Bearing data
NORM 18
ACC
TYPE
1
TLT
COMP
4
3
on
Basic data 2, Analyzer
Bearing data
NORM -ISO xx100
TYPE 3
rpm
COMP 4
Dm 87 mm
COMP = Compensation
Condition:
red
- bad, CODE D
yellow - caution, CODE B, C
green - good, CODE A
LR/HR reading
SPM
CODE
LUB
COND
B
4
--
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LR
HR
3
27
23
83
Shock Pulse Method
Good bearing
Dry running
Damaged bearing
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Vibration severity
Machine class 1 to 6
according to ISO (VDI, BS)
Vibration severity
VIB
ISO 10816
Class 2
2.76
mm
/s
Change class
Limits Class
Class
Class
Class
Condition:
red
yellow
green
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PC
COMMUNICATION
TIME
VERSION
SETUP
T-500.01
GUIDE ROLL 01 TS
1st drying
SPM
001
BEARING TEST
dBm 15
dBc 4
dBi 9
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VIBRAMETER
ISO 2372
CLASS 2
2.5
mm/s
86
TACHOMETER
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PEG 38
LEV
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BEARING TEST
EARPHONE
VOLUME 5
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Peak indicator
Earphone
dBn
Altered shock level
Earphone display
SPM
SPM
Probe
dBm 43
dBc 26
(38)
dBi 26
Earphone
Level 69 dBsv
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Vibration severity
Machine class 1 to 6
according to ISO (VDI, BS)
Vibration severity
VIB
ISO 10816
Class 2
2.76
mm
/s
Change class
Limits Class
Class
Class
Class
Condition:
red
yellow
green
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SPM
VIB
RPM
Route
Input data
Readings
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SPM measurement - Tester
TLT = Transducer line test
19 and more
good
15 - 18
acceptable
below 15
unacceptable
Basic data, Tester
Bearing data
TLT On
3000 rpm
90 dmm
dBi
Normalized measuring scale
dBsv - dBi = dBn
26
dBm/dBc display
dBs
v
SPM
TLT
dBm
dBc
dBn
20
16
9
dBi
26
dBm
dBc
dBi
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Tester & Analyzer
dBm / dBc
TESTER
LR / HR
ANALYZER
same signal
at
different levels
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Lubrication
Bearing Installation
Machine
Alignment
Bearing
Damage
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Shock Pulse Method
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Bearing life
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