PNME 23=7;
S_HM@]]H] E@
@A^@JG@MKI@AUH
Nhribehrb6 Ibrlbrkeb Mbrih
^ks`u, ?3?2
MHAU@ÖEH] S_HL_BIÂUKMH]
•
•
•
Nuaebi`aths mham`ptubks
•
@av`jg`mki`ath (s`ashrkbj, ihthr, mhlaktkvh)
•
@av`jg`mki`ath btkvh
•
@av`jg`mki`ath pbthjýlkmh
@av`jg`mki`ath btkvh
•
E`t`rikabat`s
•
Nbthr`s prhihthr`s
@av`jg`mki`ath pbthjýlkmh
•
•
•
•
Nbthr`s e` rksmh
E`iæamkbs
Eh`aìb e` Sbrdkasha
•
Ibus trbths
•
Kastktumkhabjkzbìíh
•
Mukebehr`s nhribks ` kanhribks
Juth
@A^@JG@MKI@AU
@A^@JG@MKI@AUH
H ” RP@ MHAM@KUH]8
•
]`a`smæamkb
•
_ulbs
•
@av`jg`mki`ath eh mër`orh
•
Gkstýrkb e` vkeb
•
E`lrbebìíh ebs mëjujbs
•
U`rm`krb kebe`
•
S`reb e` i`iýrkb, buekìíh, vksíh
•
Ibkhr mbræamkb bn`tkvb
•
S`reb e` sböe`
•
^uja`rbokjkebe` shmkbj
•
Kambpbmkebe`s bui`atbebs, bsshmkbebs bhs `stkjhs e` vkeb
•
J`atknkmbìíh ihthrb
•
Eklakebe`, r`sp`kth
•
sbo`ehrkb
@A^@JG@MKI@AUH ” NBMUH] @ IKUH]
•
•
•
IKUH
]hihs mhaske`rbehs ‚v`jghs’ b pbrtkr ehs >0 bahs.
IKUH
Rubaeh nmbihs v`jghs, nmbihs ibks `squ`mkehs.
NBMUH
B ibssb iusmujbr t`ae` b ekikaukr mhi h pbssbr eh t`iph.
•
Hs ibks v`jghs síh ka`xév`ks ã iuebaìb ` aíh s` mhas`lu`i IKUH
bebptbr.
•
IKUH
Mhi b mg`lbeb ã v`jgkm`, thrabih-ahs i`ahs btkvhs.
•
NBMUH
B p`reb eb bmukebe` s`ashrkbj ë mhiui mhi h pbssbr eb kebe`.
•
IKUH
B mbpbmkebe` e` bpr`ae`r ekikauk mhi b kebe`.
•
IKUH
@av`jg`m`r sklaknmb r`auamkbr ã sub s`xubjkebe`.
Ibs, bnkabj, h `av`jg`mki`ath aíh trbz jkiktbìð`s8
•
•
@atr` hs iukths ikths ` v`rebe`s shor` `av`jg`mki`ath `stâ b mr`aìb e` qu` `av`jg`m`r
sklaknkmb t`r uib vkeb jkiktbeb ` phumh pj`ab. Kssh aíh ë v`rebe`. H `av`jg`mki`ath sbueâv`j
p`rikt` ibat`r b mbpbmkebe` nuamkhabj eh kaekvéeuh ` h o`i-`stbr `i kebe` bvbaìbeb.
Sbrb kssh, ë pr`mksh ibat`r uib rhtkab e` vkeb sbueâv`j bh jhalh eb vkeb, qu` kamjuk uib
bjki`atbìíh objbam`beb, b prâtkmb r`lujbr e` `x`rmémkhs néskmhs, o`i mhih btkvkebe`s
kat`j`mtubks ` shmkbks. ^bj`
^bj` b p`ab kav`stkr auib rhtkab e` vkeb `qukjkorbeb ` n`jkz pbrb lbrbatkr
uib v`jgkm` ibks trbaqukjb ` mhi sböe`.
H RP@ ]@ @AU@AE@, @AUÍH, SH_ @A^@JG@MKI@AUH8
•
•
H `av`jg`mki`ath e`v` s`r mhipr``aekeh mhih ui prhm`ssh abturbj, ekaïikmh,
prhlr`sskvh ` krr`v`rsév`j qu` bmhipbagb h s`r guibah e`se` h s`u absmki`ath btë ã sub
ihrt`.
@st` ë ui n`aýi`ah p`sshbj ` e` vbrkbokjkebe` kaekvkeubj, hu s`fb qu` vbrkb e` kaekvéeuh
pbrb kaekvéeuh, ` qu` `stâ bsshmkbeh b ui mhafuath e` bjt`rbìð`s okhjýlkmbs, pskmhjýlkmbs
` shmkbks qu` s` prhm`ssbi bh jhalh eh mkmjh vktbj (Fbmho ?32=4 ]`qu`krb, ?323).
H @A^@JG@MKI@AUH AH MHAU@WUH
SH_UPLPÆ]
Btubji`at`, h `av`jg`mki`ath eb phpujbìíh r`pr`s`atb ui ehs prkamkpbks n`aýi`ahs e`ihlrânkmhs `
shmkbks ebs shmk`ebe`s ihe`rabs, mhi ibkhr kamkeæamkb abs shmk`ebe`s kaeustrkbjkzbebs `
e`s`avhjvkebs (]`rvkìh e` @stuehs shor` b Shpujbìíh eh E`pbrtbi`ath @stbtéstkmbs M`asktârkbs
Shpujbìíh, ?33?). Shrtulbj, ã s`i`jgbaìb ehs hutrhs pbés`s eb Pakíh @urhp`kb t`i bpr`s`atbeh ui
bui`ath sklaknkmbtkvh ah aöi`rh e` kehshs, s`aeh h `av`jg`mki`ath eb phpujbìíh mhaske`rbeh mhih
‚ui ehs n`aýi`ahs e`ihlrânkmhs ibks pr`hmupbat`s abs shmk`ebe`s ihe`rabs’ (KA@, ?32?6??). B
shmk`ebe` phrtulu`sb ë btubji`at` mhaske`rbeb mhih uib shmk`ebe` `av`jg`mkeb, s`aeh bs
mbrbmt`réstkmbs e`ihlrânkmbs eb phpujbìíh r`v`jbehrbs eh blrbvbi`ath eh `av`jg`mki`ath eb i`sib
ab öjtkib eëmbeb. @i ?322, Shrtulbj tkagb m`rmb e` 2;% eb phpujbìíh mhi >0 hu ibks bahs e`
kebe`, mhipbrbtkvbi`at` mhi 2>% `i ?332 (KA@, ?32?)
B ekstrkoukìíh eb phpujbìíh phr s`xh ` phr lruph `târkh, e`ihastrb qu`, ahs lruphs ibks
fhv`as pr`ehikabi hs ghi`as, `aqubath ahs lruphs `târkhs ibks v`jghs b t`aeæamkb
kav`rt`-s` pbssbaeh b pr`vbj`m`r bs iujg`r`s, r`pr`s`atbaeh m`rmb e` ?2% eb phpujbìíh
mhipbrbtkvbi`at` mhi 2>% ehs ghi`as (koke`i). H `av`jg`mki`ath eb phpujbìíh ë e`st`
iheh `at`aekeh mhih ui n`aýi`ah n`ikakzbeh (S`rkstb ` S`rkstb, ?32?). Bjëi e`st`s
n`aýi`ahs, tbioëi s` mhastbtb ui eupjh `av`jg`mki`ath eb phpujbìíh, hu s`fb, h
blrbvbi`ath eh nhssh `atr` fhv`as ` kehshs, e`vkeh bh bui`ath eb p`rm`atbl`i eh aöi`rh
kehshs ` ã ekikaukìíh eb p`rm`atbl`i eh aöi`rh e` fhv`as (2>% `i ?332 pbrb 20% `i
?322) (KA@, ?32?).
MHA]@RPÆAMKB] EH @A^@JG@MKI@AUH
E@IHL_ÂNKMH8
S_KAMKS
S_KAMKSBK]
BK] BJU@_BÌÐ@]
BJU@_BÌÐ@] EP_BAU@ H
@A^@JG@MKI@AUH
•
Okhjýlkmbs, Néskmbs ` Nkskhjýlkmbs
•
Sskmhjýlkmbs
•
Mhlaktkvbs
•
]hmkbks
BJU@_BÌÐ@] OKHJÝLKMB]/NK]KHJÝLKMB]
(]@A@]MÆAMKB)
•
•
S`j`6 p`reb e` `jbstkmkebe`, ibkhr s`murb, mhi bpbr`mki`ath e` ibamgbs ` i`ahr
qubatkebe` e` p`jhs. Ubioëi b lhreurb phr obkxh eb p`j` ë i`ahr, e`kxbaeh-b ibks nkab
` ibks prhp`asb b aýehbs a`lrbs, n`rkebs.
Mhiphskìíh mhrphrbj6 ekikaukìíh eb p`rm`atbl`i e` âlub mhrphrbj, ibkhr éaekm` e`
lhreurb4 p`reb eh týaus iusmujbr ” ibkhr rksmh e` qu`ebs4 e`slbst` ýss`h.
•
•
Shsturbj6 ibkhr ‚murvbturb’ eb mhjuab, iheknkmbìíh ` j`atknkmbìíh eb jhmhihìíh.
Ýrlíhs ehs s`atkehs6 ekikaukìíh eb vksíh, pr`soktksih, ekikaukìíh eh hjnbth ` pbjbebr.
Buekìíh i`ahs bpurbeb (pr`sokbmuskb). S`reb e` e`atkìíh.
•
•
•
Mkrmujbìíh sbaluéa`b6 bs brtërkbs t`ae`i b `str`ktbr ` `aeur`m`r, eknkmujtbaeh b mkrmujbìíh e` sbalu` ` bui`ath eb pr`ssíh
brt`rkbj4
Mhrbìíh6 b mbpbmkebe` e` ‚ohio`br’ h sbalu` ekikauk, h qu` phe` mbusbr prhoj`ibs qubaeh `xkst` ibkhr `snhrìh néskmh.
Ubioëi b aév`j pujihabr, b mbpbmkebe` r`spkrbtýrkb ekikauk e`vkeh ï p`reb e` `jbstkmkebe` eb mbkxb thrâmkmb ` ekikaukìíh
eb nhrìb ehs iösmujhs r`spkrbtýrkhs4
Bpbr`jgh ekl`stkvh6 h pïamr`bs prheuz i`ahs kasujkab ” prhp`asíh pbrb ekbo`t`s, ekikaukìíh eb iumhsb eh `stõiblh `
i`ahr boshrìíh e` bjluas autrk`at`s, j`atknkmbìíh eh nuamkhabi`ath kat`stkabj.
•
•
L`akth-urkaârkh6 p`reb e` jéokeh, bjt`rbìð`s ihrnhjýlkmbs ` nkskhjýlkmbs ahs bpbr`jghs r`prheuthr`s ibsmujkah ` n`ikakah.
]kst`ib A`rvhsh M`atrbj6 ekikaukìíh
ekikaukìíh ebs mëjujbs a`urhabks ` eh njuxh sbaluéa`h ah mër`orh. She`râ gbv`r uib r`euìíh
ebs mbpbmkebe`s mhlaktkvbs (i`iýrkb, rbmkhméakh, bpr`aekzbl`i).
BJU@_BÌÐ@] S]KMH]]HMKBK]
•
B r`nhrib ` b mhas`lukat` sbéeh i`rmbeh e` trbobjgh, b
p`reb, b `v`atubj p`reb e` kat`rbìð`s shmkbks, h aíh s`
s`atkr prheutkvh, bjkbeh ãs bjt`rbìð`s qu` tkpkmbi`at`
nbz`i pbrt` eh prhm`ssh e` `av`jg`mki`ath okhjýlkmh,
phe`i e`s`ambe`br ah kehsh s`atki`aths prhnuaehs e`
balöstkb, kas`lurbaìb, i`eh e` `av`jg`m`r. @st` i`eh
qubaeh
b `uij`vbr
e`t`rikabeh
pbtbibr
thrabr-s` `j`vbeh
hos`sskvh
b p`rturobìð`s
eh phe`
nhrh
`ihmkhabj ` pskmhjýlkmh ” L`rbsmhnhokb.
BJU@_BÌÐ@] MHLAKUK^B]
Hs `stuehs e`s`avhjvkehs e`ihastrbi qu` s` btkal` h pkmh e` bptkeð`s mhlaktkvbs phr vhjtb ehs =3 bahs, ibatëi-s` `stâv`ks btë bhs 03->3
bahs, b pbrtkr ebé mhi`ìbi b ekikaukr. B pbrtkr ehs <3 bahs h e`mjéakh ë ibks bm`j`rbeh. U`aeh `i mhatb qu` h lruph eb t`rm`krb kebe` ë
obstbat` g`t`rhlëa
g`t`rhlëa`h,
`h, h e`mjéakh
e`mjéakh eh nuamkhabi`ath
nuamkhabi`ath mhlaktkvh aíh
aíh ë uaknhri`.
uaknhri`.
Ah qu` r`sp`ktb
r`sp`ktb
ã mbpbmkeb
mbpbmkebe`
e`i`asbl`as
e` mhiuakmbr
mhiuakmbr,
, `stb` ibatëi-s`
ib
atëi-s` `stâv`j
`s
tâv`jr`prheuzkr`i
bh jhalh e` ahi`s
theb b vkeb
theb
beujtb.`sp`ménkmhs.
Bp`sbr ebs@i
p`sshbs
kehs
kehsbs
t`r`i ibkhr
eknkmujebe`
`i mhipr``ae`r
jhalbs
mhipj`xbs
` `i
hu t`rihs
t`rihs
e`bseksmursh
ë ibks
r`p`tktkvh.
@vke`amkb-s` uib eknkmujebe` bmr`smkeb ibs tbr`nbs e` rbmkhméakh. Ab r`bjkzbìíh e` tbr`nbs qu` kipjkmbi pjba`br, `x`mutbr ` bvbjkbr, hs kehshs
síh ibks j`aths, mhipbrbtkvbi`at` bhs fhv`as. Hs kehshs síh ibks j`aths ahs bsp`ths p`rm`tkvhs, iaëskmhs, mhlaktkvhs ` abs nuaìð`s ihthrbs.
Bs bptkeð`s vksubks `i r`jbìíh bh `spbìh, hs kehshs tæi eknkmujebe` `i r`mhag`m`r`i ` r`prheuzkr`i nhribs mhipj`xbs hu qu` aíh jg`
s`fbi nbikjkbr`s, ibs ibatæi b mbpbmkebe` e` r`mhag`m`r`i hs julbr`s ` bs mbrbs qu` jg` síh nbikjkbr`s ` e` r`prheuzkr`i nhribs
l`hiëtrkmbs vujlbr`s.
Bs p`sshbs ibks v`jgbs ibatæi b i`sib mbpbmkebe` e` bt`aìíh ehs fhv`as, ah `atbath bpr`s`atbi eknkmujebe`s `i nkjtrbr`i kanhribìíh
hmbskhabj, `i ekvkekr`i b bt`aìíh phr vârkbs tbr`nbs hu e`svkbr`i b bt`aìíh e` ui pbrb hutrh bsp`th.
B kat`jklæamkb ibat`i-s` `stâv`j eurbat` ibkhr pbrt` eb vkeb beujtb. H vhmboujârkh, b mbpbmkebe` e` bm`ssh ã kanhribìíh ` b mhipr``asíh,
tbioëi, aíh síh iukth pr`fuekmbehs mhi h pbssbr ehs bahs.
OKOJKHL_BNKB
•
gttps6//vkv`re`phksehs03.mhi/?325/30/`av`jg`sm`amkb/
•
gttps6//m`ak`.`u/pt/ojhl/l`rbsmhnhokb-hu-h-i`eh-`av`jg`m`r
•
www.katkius.pt