Micro Anki

Define Microbiology [...]Define Microbiology  A branch of biology which studies microscopic organisms or life too small to be seen without magnification Mycology is the study of [...]Mycology is the study of Fungi Which scientist did NOT make the connection between the processes and microorganisms? [...]Which scientist did NOT make the connection between the processes and microorganisms? Van Leeuwenhoek What did Van leeuwenhoek establish with a microscope? [...]What did Van leeuwenhoek establish with a microscope?  Some forms of Life are NOT visible without use of microscope Who came up with the spontaneous generation theory?  and What is the spontaneous generation theory [...]Who came up with the spontaneous generation theory?  and What is the spontaneous generation theory  Van leeuwonhoek and Some forms of life can arise from non living matter What did Lazzaro Spallazani discover about microorganisms? [...]What did Lazzaro Spallazani discover about microorganisms?  Found that a bolling broth can kill and sterlise microorganisms In what way could microorganisms settle in a broth according to Lazzaro Spallazani? [...]In what way could microorganisms settle in a broth according to Lazzaro Spallazani?  If the broth was exposed to air Which theory was disproved by Louis Pasteur and How? [...]Which theory was disproved by Louis Pasteur and How? Spontaneous Generation theory by Van leeuwenhoek through the swan neck experiment What method was developed by Louis pasteur?[...]What method was developed by Louis pasteur? Pasteurisation What theory did Louis Pastuer demonstrate?[...]What theory did Louis Pastuer demonstrate? Germ Theory Which scientist was the 1st to prove microorganisms cause disease?[...]Which scientist was the 1st to prove microorganisms cause disease? Robert Koch Who established Kochs Postulates and what was the criteria established [...]Who established Kochs Postulates and what was the criteria established  Robert Koch and the criteria was that there is a casual link between diseae and microbe Which 2 theories were introduced by willougby miller?[...]Which 2 theories were introduced by willougby miller? Chemoparasitic theory and Focal Infection theory What does the focal infection theory suggest?[...]What does the focal infection theory suggest? Introduced by Paul Keyes and they consisted of Host, microorganisms, caries and Diet Who introduced the triad of Keyes and what did they consist of?[...]Who introduced the triad of Keyes and what did they consist of? Introduced by Paul Keyes and they consisted of Host, microorganisms, caries and Diet Define Taxonomy[...]Define Taxonomy The science of organising and classifying and naming organisms Who introduced the taxanomic hierachy?[...]Who introduced the taxanomic hierachy? Carl von Linne What does the Binominal nomenclature consist of and give an example of this?[...]What does the Binominal nomenclature consist of and give an example of this? Consists of a Genus and Species ie. Staphylococcus aureus List 3 uses of microorganisms used for human consumption? [...]List 3 uses of microorganisms used for human consumption?  Biotech, Bioremediation and Genetic engineering What are the 2 most common diseases of the oral cavity?[...]What are the 2 most common diseases of the oral cavity? Dental caries and periodontal diseaes What type of organisms are Bacteria?[...]What type of organisms are Bacteria?Prokaryotic What is the difference between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms? [...]What is the difference between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?  Prokeryotic have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles How do prokaryotic organism replicate? [...]How do prokaryotic organism replicate? Through Binary fission What ribosome type is usually found in prokaryotes? [...]What ribosome type is usually found in prokaryotes?  Small (70s) ribosomes What 2 structures are associated with the External structure of bacteria?[...]What 2 structures are associated with the External structure of bacteria? Motility and Attachment of genetic info What are the 3 charecteristics of Flagella? [...]What are the 3 charecteristics of Flagella?  - They are organelles of locomotion - They are composed of lagellin - They have a rotating motion What are the 3 parts that make up the flagella?[...]What are the 3 parts that make up the flagella? Hook,filament and basal body How many rings of flagella are found in Gram Negative bacteria and where are they found? [...]How many rings of flagella are found in Gram Negative bacteria and where are they found?  2 pairs the outer found on the cell wall and the inner on the plasma membrane How many pairs of rings of flagella are found in Gram positve bacteria?[...]How many pairs of rings of flagella are found in Gram positve bacteria? 1 pair on the inner membrane The arrangement of Flagella includes [...]The arrangement of Flagella includes Mono,Lopo,Peri,Amphy and atri What gram bacteria are pilli present in[...]What gram bacteria are pilli present inGram Negative What process is pilli involved in?[...]What process is pilli involved in? Conjugation process Which Gram bacteria are Fimbrae present in?[...]Which Gram bacteria are Fimbrae present in? Both Gram + and - What 2 components make up the Glycocalyx?[...]What 2 components make up the Glycocalyx? Polysaccharide and polypeptide When the number of polypeptide is greater than the number of polysaccharide which glycocalyx layer forms?[...]When the number of polypeptide is greater than the number of polysaccharide which glycocalyx layer forms? Capsule When the number of polypeptide is Less than the number of polysaccharide which glycocalyx layer forms?[...]When the number of polypeptide is Less than the number of polysaccharide which glycocalyx layer forms? Slime layer What are some of the the charecteristics of the Baterial capsule?- Virulence factor  - Adhesion - Source of Nutrients - Prevents Cell from Dehydration and nutrient loss - Protects cell from bacteriophage What 3 components make up the outer layer of Gram - Bacteria? [...]What 3 components make up the outer layer of Gram - Bacteria?  Antigen, Lipid A and Core Oligosaccharide Which 2 bacteria do NOT have a cell wall? [...]Which 2 bacteria do NOT have a cell wall? Mycoplasm and Mycobacteria What are the 3 Functions of the Cell Membrane?[...]What are the 3 Functions of the Cell Membrane? Selective permeability, Excrete Hydrolytic enzyme and initiation of cell wall synthesis Review Function of Bacterian Cell Wall [...]"Review Function of Bacterian Cell Wall <img src=""paste-d76406806c8cef498f09874b3bd562c6142e99fc.jpg"">- " What are the 2 important charecterisitcs of Extrachromasomal DNA (plasmids)? [...]What are the 2 important charecterisitcs of Extrachromasomal DNA (plasmids)?  Independantly replicates and NOT essential for cell survival What 3 forms can inclusion bodies be found in?[...]What 3 forms can inclusion bodies be found in? Vacuoles, Crystals or Storage bodies How can inclusion bodies be stored in for reserve? [...]How can inclusion bodies be stored in for reserve? as insoluble cytoplasmic granules At what point do inclusion bodies accumulate?[...]At what point do inclusion bodies accumulate? When the cell is growing in the prescence of excess nutrients Do all bacteria have the ability to form endospores?[...]Do all bacteria have the ability to form endospores? No What are the 3 ways in which endospores can form?[...]What are the 3 ways in which endospores can form? Under stressful condtions, when they are highly resistant and germinate to form new vegitative cells Which gram bacteria do endospores form in?[...]Which gram bacteria do endospores form in? Gram Positive The Lag phase of the bacterial growth curve is when? [...]The Lag phase of the bacterial growth curve is when? Bacteria ACCLIMITISE to environment and switch on enzymes and adjust to temperature and conditions (same no of bacteria adjust to temp) The Log phase is when?[...]The Log phase is when?Bacteria divide EXPONETIALLY (Replication of DNA and growth) The Stationary phase is when?[...]The Stationary phase is when?Essential Material are limited and built up of toxic metabolite stops growth.  Rate of bacterial growth=rate of bacterial cell death The Decline phase is? [...]The Decline phase is? Number of viable cells decrease due to lack of nutrients What are the 3 Factors of Bacterial Classification?[...]What are the 3 Factors of Bacterial Classification? Shape,staining and O2 growth requirements What is the Leifson stain used for?[...]What is the Leifson stain used for? Viewing of Flagella What is the schaffer-fulton stain used to identify? [...]What is the schaffer-fulton stain used to identify? Endospores What is the negative stain used to identify?[...]What is the negative stain used to identify?Bacterial Capsules Obligate aerobes require?[...]Obligate aerobes require? O2 ONLY Faculatative Anaerobes require?[...]Faculatative Anaerobes require?Both but prefer O2 Obligate Anaerobe require?[...]Obligate Anaerobe require?No O2 Microaerophiles require?[...]Microaerophiles require? O2 but at LOW conc Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Transformation explain this method? [...]Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Transformation explain this method? Undergoes cell lysis and releases DNA fragments which are uptaken and integrated in the new cell Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Transduction explain this method?[...]Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Transduction explain this method? Use of bacteriophages which infect bacterial cell and use them as host to make more viruses which infect recipient cell and integrates its DNA to donor cell Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Conjugtion explain this method?[...]Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Conjugtion explain this method? Uses a pilus to transfer content and is similar to sexual reproduction Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Transposition explain this method and what affect can it have? [...]Genetic Transfer uses 4 mechanisms of which one is Transposition explain this method and what affect can it have? Essentially jumping genes and can have either beneficial or harmful changes Are all Bacteria pathogens?[...]Are all Bacteria pathogens? No What are the 3 Factors of Virulence?[...]What are the 3 Factors of Virulence? - Infective dose Virulence of pathogen and innate and adaptive immunity What are the 2 main sites of entry of microbes?[...]What are the 2 main sites of entry of microbes? Mucosal surface within body or epithelial surface of outer body What 2 factors contribute to bacterial adhesion?[...]What 2 factors contribute to bacterial adhesion? A receptor and adhesin Which gram bacteria can produce exotoxin and what is the exception?[...]Which gram bacteria can produce exotoxin and what is the exception? All Gram - and + of which all gram positive can except listeria monocytogenes which produces endotoxins What factor allows Gram Negative bacteria to produce endotoxins aswell?[...]What factor allows Gram Negative bacteria to produce endotoxins aswell? Due to LPS section What are the 3 main aspects that virulence factors help bacteria with?[...]What are the 3 main aspects that virulence factors help bacteria with? Invade host, cause disease and evade host defence Name 2 types of pyrogenic exotoxins?[...]Name 2 types of pyrogenic exotoxins?S,aureus and S.pyogenes Name a tissue damaging exotoxin?[...]Name a tissue damaging exotoxin?S.pneumoniae What type of pathogen is the Streptococcus sp?[...]What type of pathogen is the Streptococcus sp? Oppertunistic/primary What are the 3 classifications of the Streptococcus species?[...]What are the 3 classifications of the Streptococcus species?Alpha, Beta and Gamma Alpha haemolysis is?[...]Alpha haemolysis is? When an indistinct green zone of partial destruction of cells appears Beta Haemolysis is?[...]Beta Haemolysis is?Complete lysis of RBC and shows a clear, colourless zone Gamma Haemolysis shows?[...]Gamma Haemolysis shows? No Lysis and no change What is the classification of streptococcus sp based on?[...]What is the classification of streptococcus sp based on? Based on the Antigenic Properties such as the lancefield grouping Which streptococcus sp is the most commone cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis?[...]Which streptococcus sp is the most commone cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis? Viridans streptococci What type of Haemolysis is Viridans streptococci?[...]What type of Haemolysis is Viridans streptococci? Alpha What are the 4 subgroups of Viridans streptococci?[...]What are the 4 subgroups of Viridans streptococci? Oralis,mutans milleri and salivarius Out of the 4 subgroups of Viridans streptococci which causes dental caries?[...]Out of the 4 subgroups of Viridans streptococci which causes dental caries? Mutans What are some of the general diseases cause by the Viridans streptococci group?[...]What are some of the general diseases cause by the Viridans streptococci group? Plaque, Tooth decay and gingivtitis What diseases does streptococcus pyogenes cause?[...]What diseases does streptococcus pyogenes cause? Pharyngitis, Scarlet Fever and Acute Rheumatic fever What type of Haemolysis does S.Pneumoniae show?[...]What type of Haemolysis does S.Pneumoniae show? Alpha What type of pathogen is Pneumoniae?[...]What type of pathogen is Pneumoniae? Oppertunistic pathogen of the nasopharynx What diseases can Pneumoniae cause?[...]What diseases can Pneumoniae cause? Classic pneumoniae and mennigitis in children and adults Which streptococcus sp is the leading cause of pnemonia, sepsis and menningtis in children?[...]Which streptococcus sp is the leading cause of pnemonia, sepsis and menningtis in children? Agalactiae How is the Staphylococcus sp arranged?[...]How is the Staphylococcus sp arranged?Irregular clusters What enzyme is produced by staphylococcus sp?[...]What enzyme is produced by staphylococcus sp?Coagulase What are the 3 main types of Staphylococcus sp?[...]What are the 3 main types of Staphylococcus sp? Aureus,Epidermis and saphrophyticus Out of the 3 main Staphylococcus sp which 2 are isolated from the oral cavity but can cause disease anywhere in the body?[...]Out of the 3 main Staphylococcus sp which 2 are isolated from the oral cavity but can cause disease anywhere in the body? Aureus and Epidermis Out of the 3 main Staphylococcus sp which is involved in urinary tract infections?[...]Out of the 3 main Staphylococcus sp which is involved in urinary tract infections? Saphrophyticus What type of infections does S.aureus produce?[...]What type of infections does S.aureus produce? Primary pyrogenic infections What is the main point regarding the bacillus genus?[...]What is the main point regarding the bacillus genus? It is a biological indicator for steam sterelisation Where is the Corynbacterium sp usually isolated from and what can it form?[...]Where is the Corynbacterium sp usually isolated from and what can it form? Usually isolated from dental plaque and can form intracellular hydroxyapatite crystals What type of lytic is shown by the lactobacillus genus?[...]What type of lytic is shown by the lactobacillus genus? Is both saccharolytic and proteolytic Which diseases is lactobacillus associated with?[...]Which diseases is lactobacillus associated with?Endocarditis, Septacemiae and Abcess How do the chronic disease of Actinomyces genus usually develope?[...]How do the chronic disease of Actinomyces genus usually develope? Is usually slow and progressive Where does the actinomyces genus usually reside in?[...]Where does the actinomyces genus usually reside in? Dental plaque and gingival crevices What type of disease in Actinomycosis?[...]What type of disease in Actinomycosis? Oppertunistic endogenous disease What other diseae is caused by Actinomyces?[...]What other diseae is caused by Actinomyces? Lumpy jaw What is the habitat of Rothia Genus?[...]What is the habitat of Rothia Genus?Normal inhabitant of the mouth What are the most common infections associated with the Rothia Genus?[...]What are the most common infections associated with the Rothia Genus? Endocarditis What type of toxins are produced by Clostridium?[...]What type of toxins are produced by Clostridium?Potent exotoxins which is responsible for symptoms of diseaes Where is Propinobacterum located and does it have any link to the production of dental caries or periodontal disease?[...]Where is Propinobacterum located and does it have any link to the production of dental caries or periodontal disease? Usually located in Dental Plaque and Has NO relavance Where is the Habitat of the Neisseria Genus usually associated with?[...]Where is the Habitat of the Neisseria Genus usually associated with? Normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract What are the 2 main disease associated with Nesseria?[...]What are the 2 main disease associated with Nesseria? Mennigitis and Gonorohea Where is veilonella usually found?[...]Where is veilonella usually found?Widely present in the oral cavity What is veilonella usually associated with?[...]What is veilonella usually associated with? Anticaries effect What type of Pathogen is Moraxella and what is significant about this bacteria with regards to the respiratory tract?[...]What type of Pathogen is Moraxella and what is significant about this bacteria with regards to the respiratory tract?It is an oppertunistic pathogen and is the 3rd most important pathogen of the upper respiratory tract What is produced by Bordatella? [...]What is produced by Bordatella? Paryoxymal cough or pertuissis How is Legionella usually transmitted?[...]How is Legionella usually transmitted?Through inhalation of contaminated water and aerosols What can Legionella lead to?[...]What can Legionella lead to?Severe Pneumoniae Where does camplyobacter usuallly reside in AND what is it related to?[...]Where does camplyobacter usuallly reside in AND what is it related to? Gingival sulcus and plaque and is related to gingivitis What is produced by Bordatella??[...]What is produced by Bordatella??Periodontitis What type of pathogen is Aggrebacter?[...]What type of pathogen is Aggrebacter?A primary periodontopathogen Where is Aggregibacter located [...]Where is Aggregibacter located In the Gingival sulcus What type of parasites are viruses generally?[...]What type of parasites are viruses generally?Obligate Intracellular What type of parasites are Viruses?[...]What type of parasites are Viruses?Obligate intracellular What type of parasites are Viruses?[...]What type of parasites are Viruses?Obligate intracellular parasites Do Viruses have a cell wall?[...]Do Viruses have a cell wall?No Are Viruses Acellular?[...]Are Viruses Acellular?Yes What is a virion?[...]What is a virion?A fully formed virus able to establish a infection Are envelopes found in all viruses?[...]Are envelopes found in all viruses?No Are matrix protein enzymes found in all viruses?[...]Are matrix protein enzymes found in all viruses?No Do All viruses have Capsids?[...]Do All viruses have Capsids?Yes What are the 3 main structure types of Viruses?[...]"What are the 3 main structure types of Viruses?Helical, Icosahedral and Complex <img src=""paste-ad56f9061f251979d1f44dc1d1f1b69ca3399089.jpg"">" What is a type of Complex virus and how is it usually identified?[...]What is a type of Complex virus and how is it usually identified?Pox virus and has a lack of a typical capsid What is a bacteriophage?[...]What is a bacteriophage?A virus that can infect and replicate within bacterial cells Can a viral genome contain both DNA and RNA?[...]Can a viral genome contain both DNA and RNA?No it must be either DNA or RNA What are some of the features of DNA?[...]What are some of the features of DNA?It is double stranded circular or linear For RNA, if it is ready for immediate translation it is which sense?[...]For RNA, if it is ready for immediate translation it is which sense?Positive For RNA, if it is needed to be converted to its proper form it is?[...]For RNA, if it is needed to be converted to its proper form it is?Negative sense The Adsorption stage of viral replication includes?[...]The Adsorption stage of viral replication includes?Specific interaction between binding protein on virus and host cell membrane The Penetration stage uses 2 methods to enter the host cell? [...]The Penetration stage uses 2 methods to enter the host cell? Endocytosis and Fusion The Uncoating stage of viral replication includes?[...]The Uncoating stage of viral replication includes? Capsid removed to releaes naked viral nucleic acid Synthesis of DNA virus occurs in the? [...]Synthesis of DNA virus occurs in the? nucleus Synthesis of RNA virus occurs in [...]Synthesis of RNA virus occurs in cytoplasm What enzyme is used in Viral Replication?[...]What enzyme is used in Viral Replication?RNA polymerase If the template is Negative sense what are the following steps?[...]If the template is Negative sense what are the following steps?The use of viral RNA polymerase is used to convert it to a positve sense "<img src=""paste-163a92deda365f5272f2c685915c7194eb7cc00c.jpg"">[...]""<img src=""paste-163a92deda365f5272f2c685915c7194eb7cc00c.jpg""> " What are some of the methods of Diagnosis of Viral Infections?"<img src=""paste-11a53373f282c15beda9ebff3a99c9fba71adf28.jpg"">" Which Family does the Parovirus belong to? [...]Which Family does the Parovirus belong to? Paraviridae What is the route of transmission of the Parovirus?[...]What is the route of transmission of the Parovirus?Respiratory Droplets What are some of the clinical manifestaions of the Parovirus? [...]What are some of the clinical manifestaions of the Parovirus? Slapped cheek syndrome and may cause fetal loss What family does the papillomavirus belong to? [...]What family does the papillomavirus belong to? Papovaviridae What are the 3 virulence factors associated with Papilomavirus? [...] What are the 3 virulence factors associated with Papilomavirus? The capsid is resisitant to inactivation, Persistent virus and possibility of asymptomatic carriers  What are some of the clinical manifestations of the Papillomavirus?[...]What are some of the clinical manifestations of the Papillomavirus? Skin warts and verruca What family does the Adenovirus belong to? [...]What family does the Adenovirus belong to? Adenoviridae family How long does the Adenovirus usually last?[...]How long does the Adenovirus usually last?Usually 30-36 Hours What are the 3 types of infections the Adenovirus is capable of producing?[...]What are the 3 types of infections the Adenovirus is capable of producing?Lytic,latent and transformation How is the Adenovirus usually spread? [...]How is the Adenovirus usually spread? Through Direct contact What are some of the charecteristics of the Herpes Virus? [...]"What are some of the charecteristics of the Herpes Virus? Latent, oncogenic capacity, attacks immunosuppresents  <img src=""paste-80ea418a30cc5fa7418f3da3b95c4912a80f9edb.jpg"">" The Alpha Herpes family includes? [...]The Alpha Herpes family includes? HSV-1, HSV-2, HHV3 The Beta Herpes Family includes? [...]The Beta Herpes Family includes? HSV5,HSV6 & HSV7 Gamma herpese family [...]Gamma herpese family HHV-4 and HHV8 The 2 Infections concerning HHV-1 are? [...]The 2 Infections concerning HHV-1 are? Labialis and gingivostomatis Out of the 2 infections of HSV-1 which is the primary infection?[...]Out of the 2 infections of HSV-1 which is the primary infection?Gingivostomatis What is HHV2 Linked with?[...]What is HHV2 Linked with?Genital Herpes What is HHV3 also Known as?[...]What is HHV3 also Known as?Varicella Zoster Virus What is usually the method of transmission for HHV-3?[...]What is usually the method of transmission for HHV-3? Respiratory droplets and direct contact The Primary infection of HHV-3 is?[...]The Primary infection of HHV-3 is? Chicken Pox The Secondary Infection of HHV-3 is?[...] and what are the clinical signs?[...]The Secondary Infection of HHV-3 is? Shingles and what are the clinical signs? Painful, unilateral rash and bandlike distibution HHV-4 is also known as?[...]HHV-4 is also known as? Epstein-Barr Virus What parts of the body does the Epstein Barr Virus infect?[...]What parts of the body does the Epstein Barr Virus infect?Lymphoid tissue and Salivary glands What is the disease caused by HHV-4 [...]What is the disease caused by HHV-4 EBV which causes Infectious mononucleosis How is HHV4 transmitted? [...]How is HHV4 transmitted? Direct oral and saliva contamination What is HHV5 AKA?[...]What is HHV5 AKA? Cytomegalovirus Who does the Primary infection of HHV-5 affect and what are the symptoms? [...]Who does the Primary infection of HHV-5 affect and what are the symptoms? Pregnant women  and immunocompromised patients and most common cause of mental retardation in children also shows as giant cells with nuclear inclusion How is HHV-6 transmitted? [...]How is HHV-6 transmitted? Close contact and saliva transmission What is the manifestation of HHV6? [...]What is the manifestation of HHV6? Rosela What is Known about HHV-7? [...]What is Known about HHV-7? Not much apart from it is transmitted through saliva What is the disease associated with HHV8? [...]What is the disease associated with HHV8? Kaposki sarcomma What is the route of transmission for the viruses of the picornaviridae family?[...]What is the route of transmission for the viruses of the picornaviridae family? Fecal-Oral Where do the viruses of the picornavidae family usually cause infection in? [...]Where do the viruses of the picornavidae family usually cause infection in? Upper respiratory tract and intestinal infections What is the route of transmission for the Enterovirus?[...]What is the route of transmission for the Enterovirus?Fecal-oral transmission How long does the Enterovirus stay in the pharynx?[...]How long does the Enterovirus stay in the pharynx?1-4 weeks Where is the Enterovirus usually found in?[...]Where is the Enterovirus usually found in? Contaminated food and water reservoir What is the sub virus found with Enterovirus ?[...]What is the sub virus found with Enterovirus ?Coxsackie virus What are the 3 methods of Diagnosis for the Enterovirus? [...]What are the 3 methods of Diagnosis for the Enterovirus? Shell vial, PCR and Cell Culture What is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the coxsackie virus?[...]What is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the coxsackie virus? Aseptic mennigitis What is the transmission method for the paramyoxivirus? [...]What is the transmission method for the paramyoxivirus? Respiratory droplets What are the 3 Genus of the Paramyoxivirus?[...]What are the 3 Genus of the Paramyoxivirus? Paramyoivirus (mumps), Morbilius (Measles) and Pnnemovirus Where are mumps more commonly found?[...]Where are mumps more commonly found?In the submandibular glands and less so the sublingual glands How is mumps usually transmitted? [...]How is mumps usually transmitted? through respiratory aerosols What are the 2 clinical manifestations of mumps?[...]What are the 2 clinical manifestations of mumps? Measles rash and Kopilles spots How is Hepatits A usually transmitted?[...]How is Hepatits A usually transmitted? Fecal-oral direct What is the prophlyaxis of Hepatitis A? [...]What is the prophlyaxis of Hepatitis A? Hygiene and vaccine. Immunoglonin can be given as it can prevent clinical Hep A BUT not infection or virus excretion What are the clinical Signs of Hep A and how can it be detected?[...]What are the clinical Signs of Hep A and how can it be detected?Jaundice and Detected throgh IgM via Anti-HAV serum How is Hep E transmitted? [...]How is Hep E transmitted? Fecal-oral transmission Can vaccines and immunoglobin have an impact on Hep E patients? [...]Can vaccines and immunoglobin have an impact on Hep E patients? NO How is Hep B transmitted? [...]How is Hep B transmitted? Parenteral and Sexual contact What is the prophlyaxis for Hep B? [...]What is the prophlyaxis for Hep B? Vaccine is available and hyper immunnoglobulins can be given to provide immediate passive protection in exposed children How is Hep D transmitted? [...]How is Hep D transmitted? Parenteral Innoculation and sexual contact How is Hep D spread in the Body? [...]How is Hep D spread in the Body? Through HBV like pathways If someone had recieved a coinfection of Hep D what should be done? [...]If someone had recieved a coinfection of Hep D what should be done? Given Hep B vaccine What are the 2 clinical manifestations of mumps?[...]What are the 2 clinical manifestations of mumps? measles spots and kopilles spots How is Hep C transmitted? [...]How is Hep C transmitted? Parenteral  What is the prophylaxis for Hep C? [...]What is the prophylaxis for Hep C? No available vaccine and simply just education and screening  What is HIV a result of? [...]What is HIV a result of? AIDS How does the HIV virus work? [...]How does the HIV virus work? Attacks and destroys leuckocytes (CD4 cells)  What type of infection is HIV? [...]What type of infection is HIV? An oppertunistic infection What enzyme is used in HIV? [...]What enzyme is used in HIV? Reverse Transcriptase What type of Virus is HIV? [...]What type of Virus is HIV? Lymphotophic virus What is the prophylaxis of HIV?[...]What is the prophylaxis of HIV?:No vaccine no treatment just education What are the 3 components of the cell wall of fungi? [...]What are the 3 components of the cell wall of fungi? Glucan chitin, Mannoprotein and Glucans How does filamentous fungi grow? [...]How does filamentous fungi grow? Grows in development of Hyphae Describe Hyphae? [...]Describe Hyphae? Thicked wall and tube like extension How is Yeast usually reproduced by? [...]How is Yeast usually reproduced by? Via budding What 2 conditions can Dimorphic fungi exist in? [...]What 2 conditions can Dimorphic fungi exist in?  As mould (in vitro) and in yeast (in host) What is the purpose of Asexual Reproduction ?[...]What is the purpose of Asexual Reproduction ?Propogation of an organisms which is able to produce identical cultures What are the 2 types of Asexual Reproduction? [...]What are the 2 types of Asexual Reproduction? Hyphae formation and Sporaginosa What are the 3 types of Sexual Reproduction of fungi? [...]What are the 3 types of Sexual Reproduction of fungi? Plamogamy, Kariogamy, Meosis What are Oppertunistic Fungi? P[...]What are Oppertunistic Fungi? PPresent in environment or in human microflora and can cause disease in immunocompromised patients Whata are Systemic Fungi? [...]Whata are Systemic Fungi? Most virulent and cause systemic disease in previous healthy individuals How often does C.Albicans cause disease? [...]How often does C.Albicans cause disease? Rarely cause diseaese What type of infection does C.Albicans cause? [...]What type of infection does C.Albicans cause?  Endogenous Infection What are the clinical manefestation of C.Albicans? [...]What are the clinical manefestation of C.Albicans? Causes superficial invasion of the skin What are some of the Pathogenic fungi and which is not a dimorphic fungi? [...]What are some of the Pathogenic fungi and which is not a dimorphic fungi? Criptococosis can infect the brain "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" What are the 2 roles of Antimicrobial Therapy? [...]What are the 2 roles of Antimicrobial Therapy? Eradicate Bacteria and cause minimal damage to the infected cell What type of mechanisms is shown in Bacteriostatic? [...]What type of mechanisms is shown in Bacteriostatic? Prevents growth of bacteria but does not necesarily kill them  What is the mechanism of Bactericidal? [...]What is the mechanism of Bactericidal? Kills bacteria directly What are the 5 Factors which determine thc choice of Antibiotics? [...]What are the 5 Factors which determine thc choice of Antibiotics? Cost, Combinations, Adverse Reactions, History of Allergies and Bacteriocidal or static What type of bacteria are usually present in Oral infections? [...]What type of bacteria are usually present in Oral infections? Mixed Aerobe and Anaerobe Gram positive and Negative Which type of bacteria predominates in oral infections at around 75%? [...]Which type of bacteria predominates in oral infections at around 75%? Anaerobes What are Beta Lactams effective against? [...]What are Beta Lactams effective against? Gram + infections  What is the mode of action for Beta Lactams? [...]What is the mode of action for Beta Lactams? Bacteriocidal as they inhibit the peptidoglycan layer and this is important for Gram + What are the 2 types of Beta Lactams? [...]What are the 2 types of Beta Lactams? Penicillin and Cephalosporin Out of the 2 Beta Lactams which is the 1st choice for odontogenic infections? [...]Out of the 2 Beta Lactams which is the 1st choice for odontogenic infections? Penicillin Out of the 2 Beta Lactams which is the 2nd choice for odontogenic infections?[...]Out of the 2 Beta Lactams which is the 2nd choice for odontogenic infections?Cephalosporin What is the mechanism of resistance in beta lactams? [...]What is the mechanism of resistance in beta lactams? They produce enzyme Beta Lactamase whch is penicllin resistant and destroys penicillin In what way should aminoglycosides be taken? [...]In what way should aminoglycosides be taken? Via IV or Im NOT given orally When are aminoglycosides usually prescribed? [...]When are aminoglycosides usually prescribed? Serious Gram - infections Which other antibiotic can aminoglycoside be used with to treat infective endocarditis?[...]Which other antibiotic can aminoglycoside be used with to treat infective endocarditis?Penicillin What is the mode of Action of Aminoglycosides and what ribosome does it bind to? [...]What is the mode of Action of Aminoglycosides and what ribosome does it bind to? It binds to the 30s Ribosomal unit What use are Aminoglycosides NOT indictated to be used for? [...]What use are Aminoglycosides NOT indictated to be used for? Routine oral or dental infections What type of inhibitors are Glycopeptide Antibiotics? [...]What type of inhibitors are Glycopeptide Antibiotics? Non beta lactam cell wall inhibtors What is the mode of action for Glycopeptide Antibiotics? [...]What is the mode of action for Glycopeptide Antibiotics? Bactericidal and used for Gram + What are Glycopeptides most commonly used to treat?[...]What are Glycopeptides most commonly used to treat? MRSA infections and enterococcal infections What alternative is used for patients who are Allergic to Beta lactams? [...]What alternative is used for patients who are Allergic to Beta lactams? Glycopeptide Antibiotics What is the Mode of Action of Tetracyclines? [...]What is the Mode of Action of Tetracyclines? Bacteriostatic and bind to 30s ribosomal unit What are some of the Warnings against the use of Tetracyclines and dental uses?- Avoided in children upto 8 yrs - Avoid use to pregnant women as can cause harm to unborn babies - NOT commonly used for treatment of Odontogenic infections Which bacterias are Chloramphenicol effective against?[...]Which bacterias are Chloramphenicol effective against? Anaerobes What is the mode of Action for Chloramphenicols? [...]What is the mode of Action for Chloramphenicols? Bacteriostatic and bind to 5Os ribosomal unit What are some of the Negative effects of Chloramphenicol?[...]What are some of the Negative effects of Chloramphenicol?Can cause Grey baby syndrome What is the relation of Chloramphenicol in relation to Dentistry? [...]What is the relation of Chloramphenicol in relation to Dentistry? Limited to severe odontogenic infections What is the mode of Action for Lincosamides? [...]What is the mode of Action for Lincosamides? Bacteriostatic as they bind to 50s Ribosomal unit What is the relation of Lincosamides and penicillin? [...]What is the relation of Lincosamides and penicillin? Lincosamides are used as an alternative to treat infective endocarditis in penicilllin allergic patients Which Lincosamides are the 1st choice alternative for penicllin allergic patients? [...]Which Lincosamides are the 1st choice alternative for penicllin allergic patients? Clindamycin What is the Mode of Action of Macrolides? [...]What is the Mode of Action of Macrolides? More commonly bacteriostatic What are Macrolides more commonly effective against? [...]What are Macrolides more commonly effective against? Against Penicillin resistant strains What is the most commonly used macrolide? [...]What is the most commonly used macrolide? Erythromycin What is the Mode of Action of Quinolones? [...]What is the Mode of Action of Quinolones? Bacteriocidal What is the mode of action of sulfonamides? [...]What is the mode of action of sulfonamides? Bacteriostatic Why are sulfonamides not commonly used and what infections are they used for? [...]Why are sulfonamides not commonly used and what infections are they used for? Due to developement of resistance and are usually used for urinary infections Which is not an Antiviral Agent? [...]Which is not an Antiviral Agent? DNAse inhibitor What component of the Oral ecosystem is a major initation agent in Dental caries and Periodontal Disease? [...]What component of the Oral ecosystem is a major initation agent in Dental caries and Periodontal Disease? Plaque Subgingival surfaces are more [...] than supragingival surfacesSubgingival surfaces are more anaerobic than supragingival surfaces Which 2 components of the Oral ecosystem are involved in Gingivitis and Periodontal disease? [...]Which 2 components of the Oral ecosystem are involved in Gingivitis and Periodontal disease? Gingival crevice and Crevicular epithelium The Supragingival area is found in? [...]The Supragingival area is found in? Above gingival margin The subgingival area is found in? [...]The subgingival area is found in? Below gingival margin The Plaque of the Supragingival margin preodominates in which Gram bacteria and in which layers are the Aerobes and Anaerobes found in? [...]The Plaque of the Supragingival margin preodominates in which Gram bacteria and in which layers are the Aerobes and Anaerobes found in? Gram + and Aerobes are found in deep layers and anaerobes are found in superficial layers What is the disease caused by plaque of the Supragingival margins? [...]What is the disease caused by plaque of the Supragingival margins? Caries Which Gram bacteria predominates in Subgingival margin? [...]Which Gram bacteria predominates in Subgingival margin? Gram - What are the 2 related diseases to Subgingival plaque? [...]What are the 2 related diseases to Subgingival plaque? Gingivitis and Peirodontal disease When is primary microflora established? [...]When is primary microflora established? 24 hours after birth What are usually the pioneer species of the oral cavity? [...]What are usually the pioneer species of the oral cavity? Streptococci salivarus After the 1st year which bacteria can be detected between the 1st dentition and apppearence of permenant molars? [...]After the 1st year which bacteria can be detected between the 1st dentition and apppearence of permenant molars? S.mutans S.mutans is involved in? [...]S.mutans is involved in? Caries S.Angionus is involved which type of oral infections? [...]S.Angionus is involved which type of oral infections? Infectious process outside the oral cavity S.salivarious is found in regards to the oral cavity? [...]S.salivarious is found in regards to the oral cavity? Commensal of oral cavity in the dorsum of the tounge and is Non Caryogenic What is Veilonella associated with? [...]What is Veilonella associated with? Anticaries effect What is Eikonella associated with? [...]What is Eikonella associated with? Periodontitis What type of pathogen is Aggregibacter? [...]What type of pathogen is Aggregibacter? Primary periodontopathogen Where does Oral bacteria initially attach to? [...]"Where does Oral bacteria initially attach to? The pellicle not directly to the enamel <img src=""paste-ea06102d2764815b691b5e1be916144fc5a44175.jpg"">" What are the forces found in the initial adhesion stage of dental plaque formation? [...]What are the forces found in the initial adhesion stage of dental plaque formation? Van der waals and is reversible What are the 1st colonisers involved in the Attachment stage of dental plaque? [...]What are the 1st colonisers involved in the Attachment stage of dental plaque? Sanguis,mitis,oralis,actinomyces At what time scale does plaque reach maturation? [...]At what time scale does plaque reach maturation? 2-3 Weeks What is calculus a result of? [...]What is calculus a result of? Calcified dental plaque Which microorganisms can calculus act as a reservoir for? [...]Which microorganisms can calculus act as a reservoir for? Bacteria "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" Where in the mouth is the area of highest risk for oral infections? [...]Where in the mouth is the area of highest risk for oral infections? Junction between gums and tooth The Defence Mechanisms of the mouth include?"<img src=""paste-3a7d568a910bc84e40d28ce67e8424db65a38689.jpg"">" Which immunoglobin is found in saliva? [...]Which immunoglobin is found in saliva? secretory IgA Which 2 immunoglobins are found in the Gingival sulcus? [...]Which 2 immunoglobins are found in the Gingival sulcus? IgG and IgM The 7 Functions of Saliva include"<img src=""paste-fc1effbf34bb13242657261c12dd3ee348affb78.jpg"">" Extra- What are the Clotting Factors found in Saliva? [...]Extra- What are the Clotting Factors found in Saliva? VII,IX,X,XII What are the 4 antibacterial factors found in Saliva? [...]What are the 4 antibacterial factors found in Saliva? Glycoproteins. Lysozyme.Lactoferrin and Lactoperoxidase Which of the 4 Antibacterial factors of saliva has an antibacterial effect of H2O2+SCN-> OSCN-? [...]Which of the 4 Antibacterial factors of saliva has an antibacterial effect of H2O2+SCN-> OSCN-? Lactoperoxidase Which of the 4 Antibacterial Factors is a powerful antibacterial agent against G+ bacteria? [...]Which of the 4 Antibacterial Factors is a powerful antibacterial agent against G+ bacteria? Lysozyme Which of the 4 Antibacterial Factors of Saliva have bacteriostatic propetries? [...]Which of the 4 Antibacterial Factors of Saliva have bacteriostatic propetries? Lactoferrin Extra- Glycoproteins are part of the Antibacterial factors of saliva, How do they function? [...]Extra- Glycoproteins are part of the Antibacterial factors of saliva, How do they function? Contain histatins which inhibit yeast formation and also contains cystatin which inhibit periodontopathogens What is the function of Dental enamel? [...]What is the function of Dental enamel? Protects the tooth against harmful influcences and from wear and tear What is found in Dental Pulp? [...]What is found in Dental Pulp? Cells,Blood Vessels and Nerve fibres Give the most accurate definition of Dental Caries? [...]Give the most accurate definition of Dental Caries? A chronic endogenous infection causesd by microbial agents Which area of the Lesion has the area of Greatest Demineralisation? [...]Which area of the Lesion has the area of Greatest Demineralisation? Body of the lesion How is the Dark Zone formed? [...]How is the Dark Zone formed? Through Demineralisation What are the earliest clinical signs of Dental Caries and can it be reversed? [...]What are the earliest clinical signs of Dental Caries and can it be reversed? White Spots and can be reversed if sugar intake is reduced and fluoride therapy What does the peripheral of the Lesion show? [...]What does the peripheral of the Lesion show? Dark zone of Remineralisation How are periapical abscess formed? [...]How are periapical abscess formed? Once the enamel is lost and the infection progresses through the dentin and reaches the pulp What are the 3 aetiology factors of Dental caries? [...]What are the 3 aetiology factors of Dental caries? Suceptible Host, Caryigogenic host(Supragingival Host) and adequate substrate When does a Cavity occur? [...]When does a Cavity occur? When demineralisation wins over Remineralisation The secretion of mixed or whole saliva consists of secretion from which Glands and fluid ? [...]The secretion of mixed or whole saliva consists of secretion from which Glands and fluid ? Major and minor and some inputs of the Gingival Crevicular Fluid Which Immunoglobins act as antimicrobial factors found in Saliva?[...]Which Immunoglobins act as antimicrobial factors found in Saliva?IgA What is the most caryogenic sugar and why? [...]What is the most caryogenic sugar and why? Sucrose as it is highly soluble substrate and diffuses easily into dental plaque What are other caryogenic sugars? [...]What are other caryogenic sugars? Glucose and Fructose Which microorganism is the most aciduric and acidogenic organism in plaque? [...]Which microorganism is the most aciduric and acidogenic organism in plaque? S.mutans  What does S.mutans produce in plaque? [...]What does S.mutans produce in plaque? Produces water insoluble glucans from sucrose What Does the Specific Plaque Hypothesis state? [...]What Does the Specific Plaque Hypothesis state? Out of all oral cavity bacteria only a specific species are responsible for dental disease What is the Non-Specific Plaque? [...]What is the Non-Specific Plaque? Plaque and Caries are caused by activity of ALL plaque bacteria as it is quantity rather than quality What are some of the methods of prevention ? [...]What are some of the methods of prevention ? Fluoride, Fissure sealents, Dietary Changes, toothbrushing and antimicrobial agents What does the Periodontum consist of? [...]What does the Periodontum consist of? Gingiva, Periodontal Ligament, Cementum and Alveolar Bone  Which 3 components of the Periodontum supports the teeth? [...]Which 3 components of the Periodontum supports the teeth? Periodontal Ligaments, Cementum and Alveolar Bone Which of the components of the Periodontum protects the teeth? [...]Which of the components of the Periodontum protects the teeth? Gingiva Which dental disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in patients over 35? [...]Which dental disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in patients over 35? Periodontitis Define Gingivitis? [...]Define Gingivitis? Inflammation of the soft tissue surrounding the tooth Define periodontitis [...]Define periodontitis Inflammatory pathology which destroys support tissue of periodontum XCEPT gingiva What are the 4 risk factors associated with Periodontal disease? [...]What are the 4 risk factors associated with Periodontal disease? Smoking,Diabetes, Hormonal Changes, Medication What is the cause of Gingivitis? [...]What is the cause of Gingivitis? Due to the long term effect of dental plaque on the surface of the tooth Which 2 substances cause irritation and inflammation of the gums? [...]Which 2 substances cause irritation and inflammation of the gums? Plaque and tartar Stage I of Gingivitis has 3 main points what are they? [...]Stage I of Gingivitis has 3 main points what are they? Develope in 4 days, Not Clinically visible and Gram Positive bacteria Dominate Stage II of Gingivitis has 3 components what are they? [...]Stage II of Gingivitis has 3 components what are they? Happens after7 Days of plaque accumulation, Gingiva infiltrated dominated by Lymphocytes and macrophages and lower oxygen tension Stage III Gingivitis has 3 components what are they? [...]Stage III Gingivitis has 3 components what are they? Usually 2-3 weeks, predominates of plasma cells and B cells and forms periodontal pockets What 2 factors are determinants for bacterial accumulation for onset Periodontitis? [...]What 2 factors are determinants for bacterial accumulation for onset Periodontitis? Exogenous and Endogenous Which 2 Bacteria are most commonly involved in Periodontitis? [...]Which 2 Bacteria are most commonly involved in Periodontitis? Porphromonas Gingivalis and Prevotella Intermedia Periodontitis happens when the periodontal pocket is [...] which can harbour [...]which find on Inflammatory SpoilsPeriodontitis happens when the periodontal pocket is > 4mm which can harbour 108 -1010 Bacteria  which find on Inflammatory Spoils What type of community is induced by periodontitis? [...]What type of community is induced by periodontitis? Polymicrobial What are the 3 observations of early periodontitis? [...]What are the 3 observations of early periodontitis? Start of insertion loss, Loss of bone crest, slight bone loss Which out of the periodontal and gingival pocket is the true pocket and which is the false pocket? [...]Which out of the periodontal and gingival pocket is the true pocket and which is the false pocket? Periodontal pocket is true and gingival pocket is false What are the 3 Observations with moderate periodontitis? [...]What are the 3 Observations with moderate periodontitis? Deepening of Pockets, Moderate insertion and Bone loss What are the 3 obervations found in severe periodontitis? [...]What are the 3 obervations found in severe periodontitis? Pockets deepen severly, Advance insertion loss and teeth become very loose Which Immunoglobulin enhances phagocytosis, opsonisation of bacteria? [...]Which Immunoglobulin enhances phagocytosis, opsonisation of bacteria? IgG Which immunoglobulin decreases Bacterial Adherence? [...]Which immunoglobulin decreases Bacterial Adherence? IgA What are the 3 complications/diseases are  associated with Periodontitis? [...]What are the 3 complications/diseases are  associated with Periodontitis? Pulpitis, Root Caries and Periodontal Abscess Periodontal Abscess formw where? [...]"Periodontal Abscess formw where? Forms in deepest areas of the periodontal pockets <img src=""tooth-abscess-types-600x400.jpg"">" When does pulpitis develope? [...]When does pulpitis develope? When the damage produce in  the periodontum reaches the pulp What are the 3 treatment options for treating periodontal disease? [...]What are the 3 treatment options for treating periodontal disease? Scalling. Root planning, Laser Treatment Define Dentoalveolar Infections? [...]Define Dentoalveolar Infections? Pus produced infections associated with teeth and surrounding tissue  What are the source of microorganisms for dentoalveolar infection? [...]What are the source of microorganisms for dentoalveolar infection? Endogenous oral commensals What is Pulpitis? [...]What is Pulpitis? Painful Inflammation of the dental pulp What bacteria types predominate in Pulpitis? [...]What bacteria types predominate in Pulpitis? Gram + (Lactobacillus and streptococci) What are some of the ways pulpitis can occur? [...]What are some of the ways pulpitis can occur? Through an exposed pulp or apical foramen Define Dentoalveolar abscess? [...]Define Dentoalveolar abscess? Inflammation of bacteria which spreads to pulp via dentinal tubules What type of infection is Dentoalveolar abscess? [...]What type of infection is Dentoalveolar abscess? Usually polymicrobial endogenous infections How common is monomicrobial infections for Dentoalveolar absecess? [...]How common is monomicrobial infections for Dentoalveolar absecess? Usually very rare What is the oxygen requirement bacteria is found in dentoalveolar abscess and which is 2nd most common? [...]What is the oxygen requirement bacteria is found in dentoalveolar abscess and which is 2nd most common? Obligate Anaerobe and faculatative anaerobe What 3 Bacteria are found in Dentoalveolar abscess? [...]What 3 Bacteria are found in Dentoalveolar abscess? Prevotella,Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium What are the treatments for Dentoalveolar abscess and are Antimicrobial agents needed? [...]What are the treatments for Dentoalveolar abscess and are Antimicrobial agents needed? Drainage of Pus and they are NOT required Which dental structures can Periodontal Abscess cause damage to? [...]Which dental structures can Periodontal Abscess cause damage to? Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bones What 2 processes cause periodontal abscess? [...]What 2 processes cause periodontal abscess? Acute and Chronic process What are the 3 types of Abscesses? [...]What are the 3 types of Abscesses? Gingival, Periapical and Periodontal abscess Which of the 3 types of Abscess causes infection to the pulp?[...]Which of the 3 types of Abscess causes infection to the pulp?Periapical Which of the 3 types of abscess is due to infection of surface of Gum tissue? [...]Which of the 3 types of abscess is due to infection of surface of Gum tissue? Gingivall Which of the 3 Dental Abscess caused by the infection which has moved deeper into the gum and can cause gum boil? [...]Which of the 3 Dental Abscess caused by the infection which has moved deeper into the gum and can cause gum boil? Periodontal What is the Source of microorganisms for Periodontal abscess? [...]What is the Source of microorganisms for Periodontal abscess? Endogenous Subgingival plaque Define Ludwigs Angina? [...]Define Ludwigs Angina? A spreading bilateral infection of the sublingual and submandibular space What % of Ludwig angina cases are caused by Dental or Post extraction infection? [...]What % of Ludwig angina cases are caused by Dental or Post extraction infection? 90% What Bacteria are commonly involved in Ludwigs angina? [...]What Bacteria are commonly involved in Ludwigs angina? Gram - Rods and (Poryphromonas and Prevotella) What type of infection is Ludwigs Angina? [...]What type of infection is Ludwigs Angina? Mixed Endogenous Infection What are some of the prophhylaxis for Ludwigs Angina?- Uncommon with high mortality  - Urgent treatment and early diagnosis and high doses of antibiotics needed  Which Bacteria is the most common agent for Osetonyelitis? [...]Which Bacteria is the most common agent for Osetonyelitis? Staphylococcus aureus mainly in the long bones Where in the Oral area is more commonly affected by Osteomyelitis? [...]Where in the Oral area is more commonly affected by Osteomyelitis? Mandible What are the 3 Paired Salivary Glands? [...]What are the 3 Paired Salivary Glands? Parotid,Submandibular and Sublingual Out of the 3 Salivary Gland which is the largest and more commonly infected? [...]Out of the 3 Salivary Gland which is the largest and more commonly infected? Parotid Define Sialdentitis? [...]Define Sialdentitis? Inflammation of the Salivary Gland What are the 2 ways in which Sialdentitis occur? [...]What are the 2 ways in which Sialdentitis occur? Viral or Bacterial What are the viral diseases which can cause Sialdentits? [...]What are the viral diseases which can cause Sialdentits? HIV and Mumps and is majority cause What are some of the bacterial infections which can cause sialdentitis? [...]What are some of the bacterial infections which can cause sialdentitis? Acute Bacterial Parotitis, Chronic Bacterial Parotitis and Recurrent Parotitis Define Sjorgen Syndrome? [...]Define Sjorgen Syndrome? Is a Long term autoimmune disease in which moisture producing glands of Body are affected  What can Sjorgen Syndrome lead to? [...]What can Sjorgen Syndrome lead to? Lead to dry mouth and eyes What are the 3 Structual elements found in normal skin flora? [...]What are the 3 Structual elements found in normal skin flora? Acid pH, Limited amount of moisture and Excreted chemicals ie sebum What 2 Bacteria are found in transient flora? [...]What 2 Bacteria are found in transient flora? Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteria How can S.aurues be carried in the skin? [...]How can S.aurues be carried in the skin? Can be carried asymptomatically through the nerves etc What are the 3 General modes of Infecton? [...]What are the 3 General modes of Infecton? break on skin, Skin manefestation of sytemic infection. Toxin mediated skin damage What are the 4 Bacteria which are involved in Bacterial Skin infections of the skin? [...]What are the 4 Bacteria which are involved in Bacterial Skin infections of the skin? Aureus,Pyogenes,Aureginosa and C.Tetani Which bacteria is involved in staphylococcus infection? [...]Which bacteria is involved in staphylococcus infection? S.Aureus What are the 4 types of Bacterial Infections caused by Aureus? [...]What are the 4 types of Bacterial Infections caused by Aureus? Boils,Impetigo,Folliculitis, Toxin shock syndrome  "What bacteria is involved in streptococcal Skin infections? [...]""What bacteria is involved in streptococcal Skin infections? Pyogenes " What are the 4 Infections caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes? [...]What are the 4 Infections caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes? Impetigo,Necrotising fasiculitis,Erysipela and cellulitis Which bacteria is commonly associated with Burns and what effect can it have? [...]Which bacteria is commonly associated with Burns and what effect can it have? Pseudomonas Aureginosa and can have a high mortality rate if left untreated What is Gas gangrene a result of? [...]What is Gas gangrene a result of? Accidental trauma or surgery Which Bacteria is involved in Gas gangrene? [...]Which Bacteria is involved in Gas gangrene? Clostridium  perifringens What can Gas Gangrene result in? [...]What can Gas Gangrene result in? Edema which is lack of circulation around the body Which Bacteria causes Tetanus? [...]Which Bacteria causes Tetanus? Clostridium Tetani What is the effect of Tetanus on the human body? [...]What is the effect of Tetanus on the human body? Can cause violent spasms due to excessive activity of motor neurons What are the 2 exotoxins produced by tetanus? [...]What are the 2 exotoxins produced by tetanus? Tetanospasmin and Tetanolysin Which yeast pathogen is the most important cause of superficial candiadosis? [...]Which yeast pathogen is the most important cause of superficial candiadosis? C.Albicans What are some of the clinical signs of Superficial Candiadosis? [...]What are some of the clinical signs of Superficial Candiadosis? Lesions in the mouth,scalp trunk etc Which fungal infection requires Keratin for growth? [...]Which fungal infection requires Keratin for growth? Dermatophytes How is Dermatophytes spread? [...]How is Dermatophytes spread? Direct Contact What are the 2 types of mucuotaneous Infections? [...]What are the 2 types of mucuotaneous Infections? Localised and systemic Localised viral infections is [...] such as [...]Localised viral infections is when the virus remains localised at infection site such as papilomavirus Sytemic viral infection is when [...] and this includes [...]Sytemic viral infection is when it causes mucuotaneuos infections after a sytemic spread and this includes HSV-1,HSV-2 What are the 3 connective tissue membrane found in the brain? [...]What are the 3 connective tissue membrane found in the brain? Piamater, Duramater and Arachnoid mater Which of the 3 Connective tissue layers is the outer layer? [...]Which of the 3 Connective tissue layers is the outer layer? Dura mater "Which of the 3 Connective tissue layers is the middle layer?  [...] ""Which of the 3 Connective tissue layers is the middle layer?  Arachnoid mater " Which of the 3 Connective tissue layers is the inner layer? [...]Which of the 3 Connective tissue layers is the inner layer? Pia mater What is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater? [...]What is found between the dura mater and arachnoid mater? Subdural space What is found between the pia mater and arachnoid mater?  [...]What is found between the pia mater and arachnoid mater?  Cerebrospinal fluid Define Acute menningitis? [...]Define Acute menningitis? Inflammation of the menninges How can menningitis be identified? [...]How can menningitis be identified? Abnormal Number of white blood cells in the CSF fluid What are the 2 types of Acute menningitis? [...]What are the 2 types of Acute menningitis? Viral (Acute) and Bacterial Give some examples of Viral mennigitis viruses? [...]Give some examples of Viral mennigitis viruses? Enterovirus, Herpes virus,Mumps Which of the examples of viral meningitis is the leading recognisable cause of mennigitis and the main age group affected is ? [...]Which of the examples of viral meningitis is the leading recognisable cause of mennigitis and the main age group affected is ? Enterovirus and affects children Which of the 2 types of Aspetic mennigitis is the most severe? [...]Which of the 2 types of Aspetic mennigitis is the most severe? Bacterial menningitis is more severe What is the common virulence factor of Bacterial Mennigitis? [...]What is the common virulence factor of Bacterial Mennigitis? Outer polysaccharide capsule resistant to phagocytosis Give some examples of microorganisms that cause Bacterial menningitis? [...]Give some examples of microorganisms that cause Bacterial menningitis? N.Menningtitis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Hameophilus Influanzae  Which bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial menningitis? [...]Which bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial menningitis? N.menningitis Which bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial mennigitis in neonates/newborns? [...]Which bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial mennigitis in neonates/newborns? S.Agalactiae What is the virulence factor found in S.Pneumoniae for bacterial menningitis? [...]What is the virulence factor found in S.Pneumoniae for bacterial menningitis? Polysacharide capsule resistant to phagocytosis What is a professional invader? [...]What is a professional invader? Infect Healthy cells ie S.pyogenes What is a secondary invader? [...]What is a secondary invader? Infect when host defence is weakend ie.AIDS patients How is Pharyngitis presented? [...]How is Pharyngitis presented? As plaque of pus in the tonsils What is the type of cause for pharyngitis ie virus,bacteria fungi? [...]What is the type of cause for pharyngitis ie virus,bacteria fungi? Is usually virus and bacteria although 70% of cases cased by virus Which bacteria is the most common cause of pharyngitis? [...]Which bacteria is the most common cause of pharyngitis? S.pyogenes  What are the 2 most frequent complications of Pharyngitis? [...]What are the 2 most frequent complications of Pharyngitis? Acute Rheumatic fever Acute Glomerulaphalitis  Which virus is involved in the common cold?[...]Which virus is involved in the common cold?Rhinovirus How is the Common cold usually transmitted? [...]How is the Common cold usually transmitted? Aerosols Which bacteria causes Diptheria? [...]Which bacteria causes Diptheria? Cornybacterium Diptheria What areas are colonised by diptheria bacteria? [...]What areas are colonised by diptheria bacteria? Pharynx,Larynx and Nose What is a common feature of diptheria? [...]What is a common feature of diptheria? A secrotic exudate such as a false membrane What is the acute infection of the middle ear due to? [...]What is the acute infection of the middle ear due to? Secondary bacterial infection of which 50% is due to viral origin What are the causes of maxillary sinusitis?[...]What are the causes of maxillary sinusitis?After dental extractions, Dento & Alveolar trauma Periapical abscess What disease can lower respiratory tract infections be limited to? [...]What disease can lower respiratory tract infections be limited to? Bronchial tree, Lung alveoli What are the 4 Non-specific mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract? [...]What are the 4 Non-specific mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract? Cough Response. Anatomical barriers, Muco-cillary tree, Mechanical washing mechanism What is the effect of pneumonia on the lung? [...]What is the effect of pneumonia on the lung? The lung alveolar spaces are filled with odema fluid Community accquired pneumonaie is from which bacteria? [...]Community accquired pneumonaie is from which bacteria? S.pneumoniae Hospital accquired pneumonaie is from which bacteria? [...]Hospital accquired pneumonaie is from which bacteria? S.Aureus What are the 3 types of Pneumoniae? [...]What are the 3 types of Pneumoniae? Lobar,Acute and Atypical Which Gram bacteria causes Legionella pneumoinae and what type of pneumoniae does it cause? [...]Which Gram bacteria causes Legionella pneumoinae and what type of pneumoniae does it cause? Gram - and it causes Atypical pneumoniae How are sexual infectious disease transmitted? [...]How are sexual infectious disease transmitted? Through Sexual intercourse Is the primary lesion always present and if so where? [...]Is the primary lesion always present and if so where? Is usually but NOT always present and is usually found on the Genitalia  What bacterium/causitative agents causes syphillis? [...]What bacterium/causitative agents causes syphillis? T.Pallidium What type of pathogenicity is associated with Syphillis? [...]What type of pathogenicity is associated with Syphillis? Complex What are the 3 facts associated with the Primary stage of syphillis?  [...]What are the 3 facts associated with the Primary stage of syphillis?  -Long Incubation period (2-10 weeks) Formation of chancre Highly contagious What are the 3 Facts associated with the Secondary stage of Syphilis?  [...]What are the 3 Facts associated with the Secondary stage of Syphilis?  - 1-3 Months after initial chancre appearence  Most contagious out of all stages Greyish-white glistening patches What are the 2 Facts associated with the Tertiary Stage of syphillis?  [...]What are the 2 Facts associated with the Tertiary Stage of syphillis?  - Formation of Gumma from necrosis of the hard palate Apperars 3-10 years after intial infection What are the 3 facts related to Latent Syphillis and Pregnancy? [...]What are the 3 facts related to Latent Syphillis and Pregnancy? - Not infectious except in pregnant women After Rash person may have period of no symptoms Can still cause infection to internal organ even if latent What bacteria causes Congenital Syphillis? [...]What bacteria causes Congenital Syphillis? T.pallidium What dental sign is associated with Congenital syphillis? [...]What dental sign is associated with Congenital syphillis? Mulberry Molars When is the transmission of Congenital syphillis more common in? [...]When is the transmission of Congenital syphillis more common in? First 3 Months of Pregnancy  What other dental Abnormalities are associated with Congenital Syphillis? [...]What other dental Abnormalities are associated with Congenital Syphillis? Hutchinson Teeth What culture is used to test for Gonorohea? [...]What culture is used to test for Gonorohea? Thayer Martin Agar How is gonorohea transmitted? [...]How is gonorohea transmitted? Through Sexual Contact What is the reservior for N.Gonorohea? [...]What is the reservior for N.Gonorohea? Asymptomatic infected individual  Is a co-infection of Gonorohea and Chlamidiya common? [...]Is a co-infection of Gonorohea and Chlamidiya common? Yes The Oral lesion of Gonnorohea is associated with the? [...]The Oral lesion of Gonnorohea is associated with the? Primary Infection of the Mouth What are the specific signs of Gonorohea if any ? [...]What are the specific signs of Gonorohea if any ? There are No specific signs but things to look for is Generalised Erythema and Multiple Ulcerations What Type of Parasite is found in Chlamidiya? [...]What Type of Parasite is found in Chlamidiya? Obligate Intracellular Parasite Which STD is the most commonly transmitted bacterial infection? [...]Which STD is the most commonly transmitted bacterial infection? Chlamidiya What are the 2 types of bodies associated with Chlamidiya? [...]  Breifly Describe these 2 Bodies? [...]What are the 2 types of bodies associated with Chlamidiya? Elementary and Reticulate  Breifly Describe these 2 Bodies? Elementary is for extracellular survival and Reticulate is for metabolically active replicating form of chlamidiya What are the Clinical Features of Chlamidiya in MEN? [...]What are the Clinical Features of Chlamidiya in MEN? Urethral discharge and dysuria  What are the Clinical Features of Chlamidiya in WOMEN?  [...]What are the Clinical Features of Chlamidiya in WOMEN?  Lower Abdominal Pain and Vaginal Discharge  What are the 2 types of Genital Herpes? (Type 1 Type 2..) [...]What are the 2 types of Genital Herpes? (Type 1 Type 2..) Type 1 oropharyngeal and Type 2 Genital lesions Which Virus is associated with Genital Herpes? [...]Which Virus is associated with Genital Herpes? HSV-2 What is the 1st Sign of Infection for Genital Herpes? [...]What is the 1st Sign of Infection for Genital Herpes? Is erythema followed by genital lesions How Long does recovery take for Gential Herpes? [...]How Long does recovery take for Gential Herpes? May take 2-4 weeks as the virus infects sensory neurons What is the usual treatment for Genital Herpes? [...]What is the usual treatment for Genital Herpes? Nucleoside Analogues What is the Principal route of infection for Papilomavirus? [...]What is the Principal route of infection for Papilomavirus? Sexual Contact What 2 areas does the Papillomavirus infect? [...]What 2 areas does the Papillomavirus infect? Infects squamous epithelia and mucous membrane What are some of the clinical signs associated with papillomavirus infection? [...]What are some of the clinical signs associated with papillomavirus infection? Small-finger like projections which results in a lesion with a rough or cauliflower verroucous surface What is the 1st Line of defence for the papilomavirus infection? ? [...]What is the 1st Line of defence for the papilomavirus infection? ? Dental surgery What type of Infection is Candidosis? [...]What type of Infection is Candidosis? Endogenous What are the treatements for Candidosis? [...]What are the treatements for Candidosis? Miconazoles or Clotrimazoles What are the 5 measures and tools used to prevent contamination in a microbiological lab?- Bunsen Burner - Sterile disinfectant for surfaces - Use of Gloves - Autoclave to sterelise equipment  -Clean Innoculation loops  The Culture medium used to count Lactobacillus is?The Rogosa Agar would be used as an ideal culture media because it has a pH of 5.5 which only allows the growth of Acidophillic Microorganisms such as Lactobacillus. It also contains a High Acetate and Low pH which supresses other bacteria which allows Lactobacillus to flourish  What is the standard method used to count Lactobacillus and is this method feasible in the Dental Clinic?Firstly the Selective media used is the Rogosa Agar. Then the stimulated saliva is serially diluted and after innoculation and subsequent incubation a count can be performed being reported as no. of colonies/ml of saliva. No this is not feasible in the Dental Clinic What is the Classical way to carry out the salivary counts of Streptococci Mutans? (Include the culture media)  the stimulated saliva is serially diluted and after innoculation and subsequent incubation a count can be performed being reported as no. of colonies/ml of saliva. The selective media is the Mitis Salivarius Agar which is supplemented with sucrose and bacitracin What type of streaking method will you use to perform a bacterial colony count with a liquid sample?The Spread Plate method is used as a serially diluted specimen containing 2 or more bacteria (Mixed Culture) is spread over the agar media via a L shape glass rod. You would then need to calculate the colony forming units and then multiply by the appropriate dilution factor to determine the number of CFU/mL in the original sample . What is the Direct method for Bacterial Counting?- The Total Population Count and this can be done manually during direct observation or through electronically with a machine which registers each bacteria. What are the 5 Drawbacks for the Total Population count of the direct method?- Bacteria are too small and hard to see even with phase contact - Bacteria often clump or string together - Actual numbers can be higher than what is being reported as clumped bacteria are counted as one - Count all bacteria dead or alive - Counts are quickly done  Explain the Indirect Method for Bacterial Counting aswell as the quantitative way and qualitative method?Turbidity measurements are used and can be done quantitatively with a spectrophotometer or qualitative method McFarlands. This is used to standardise the bacterial innoculum for antimicrobial sensitivity testing. You have been given a Gram Positive infection (S.aureus) what culture medium would you use to identify this?A selective media culture media such as the Mannitol salt agar would be an ideal choice as it contains a high concentration of NaCl which inhibits growth of most organisms but permits staphylococci to grow. What are the 5 uses of a bunsen burner- Used to sterelise innoculation loops - Creates a updraft to avoid bacteria from settling in a open petri dish - Used to flame a freshly opened bottle of sterile culture - Heat fix in Gram Staining procedure - Reduce contamination chance If you suspect a Gram Negative Infection what culture medium would you use?The Maconkey Agar would be used as it can differentiate between lactose fermenting and Non Lactose fermenting Bacteria. It coontains a pH indicator so that bacteria which ferment lactose take a pink/red colour due to the production of the acid and when the pH medium falls below 6.8 What is the streak plate method and what is the draw back regarding biochemical testing?The streak plate method is designed to isolate pure cultures of bacteria from a mixed culture through simple mechanical separation.Tis is useful for when we need to separate organisms in a mixed culture in order to identify and isolate a particular strain or contaminant. It can also be used to study the colony morphology of an organism. If an organism needs to be identified, biochemical tests can only be done on pure cultures What type of culture medium would you choose to assess the hemolysin production capacity of microorganismsI would choose a Blood Agar which is an example of a differential culture. It contains RBC & undergoes complete, partial or no lysis dependig on the heamolytic production of the microorganism "What is this test and explain the biochemical test? <img src=""paste-8ca8997d002325096b87c429ad4b73687f64b1cc.jpg"">"This is a Catalase test and this shows a positive test.The most accumulation of peroxide is very toxic and so most faculatative aerobic and anearobic bacteria except streptococcus. These bacteria produced an enzyme called catalase which breaks down H202 to Water and Oxygen. A positive test gives a rapid evolution of oxygen.  What Biochemical test is used to differentiate between Streptococcus and Staphylococcus? The catalase test would be an ideal choice. The Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide bacterial colony. A positive test shows a rapid evolution of bubbles and is staphylococcus and if it is a negative test there is No reaction and is streptococcus "<img src=""paste-971c9fbf74e025a9ff30892493d221c596cc4dee.jpg"">What test is this and what is the biochemical test?"The oxidase test relies on cytochrome which are part of some electron transporter chains. Determining the abscence or prescence of these proteins will yield useful bacterial classification. It is based on the abillity of the dye tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamonium  of oxidising by yielding electrons to cytrochrome c. In its reduced state it can rapidly oxidase in the prescence of a cytrochrome giving a blue colour. It must be performed on 5% Blood Shape agar w/o a fermentable agar. Which substance is used as a mordant?Iodine is used as it forms a complex with the crystal violt dye that is insoluble in water and is large enough to ensure the dye remains trapped within the bacterial cell What is the spread plate method and what is its process?The Spread plate method is used to plate a liquid sample which contains bacteria so that they are easy to count and isolate. It requires a swab transfer to transfer 100 microlitre of sample and spread through half of the surface. The plate spreader known as the Hockey stick and placed in ethanal then dried over the bunsen burner. Then repeat. Then calcute CFU and then multiply by appropriate dilution factors  What Objective lens is used to observe bacterial staining & morphology?x100 oil immersion objective lens using a matching refractive index oil "<img src=""paste-7b263192590122c62dd1c2d6c565e6119723d04b.jpg""> What type of haemolysis is shown in this picture?"An indistinct zone of partial destruction of red blood cells which appears around the colony which is iften accomponied by a greenish to brownish discoloration of the medium. An example of this is S.Pneumoniae and many oral streptococci  "<img src=""paste-32612d9028c325e662d483869b3f72c14c682659.jpg""> What type of Haemolysis is shown in this picture?"A clear, colourless zone appears around the colonies in which RBC have undergoes complete lysis. An example of this is S.Pyogenes and S.Aureus  "<img src=""paste-3e75b4067c147e1e54fc382d4eba0334050d54c1.jpg""> What type of Haemolysis is Shown?"No apparent hemolytic activity or discolouration is produced Explain the 6 steps of the Gram Staining procedure?1. Place slide with heat fix smear 2. Add crystal violet and stay for 1 min 3. Pour off stain & rinse gently with water 4. Add iodine for 1 min & pour and rinse with water 5. Then add alcohol for 10-15 seconds 6. Then add counterstain safranin for 1 min What method is used to test for the sensitivity for antibiotics?Due to convenience and cost, the disk diffusion method is used. A growth medium Known as Mueller-Hinton agar is first evenly seeded throughout the plate with isolate which has been diluted at a standard conc. Commercially prepared disc which are pre impregnated with antibiotics are lightly pressed on the agar. If the test isolate is susceptible to a particular antibiotic, a clear area of “no growth” will be observed around that particular disk. "<img src=""paste-76df5ad6f4bb9fb5139654c01a694167c0ba8e9e.jpg""> Explain the morphology and the outcome of this test"Gram Positive Cocci "<img src=""paste-1bbfa7b55d6268cc8802b964032e1426abf24de1.jpg""> Explain the morphology and the outcome of this test"Gram negative Pink Rods  Explain the role of oil in visualising bacteria under the microscope?Some microscopes use an oil-immersion or water-immersion lens, which can have magnification greater than 100. These objectives are specially designed for use with refractive index matching oil or water, which must fill the gap between the front element and the object. These lenses give greater resolution at high magnification and also allows light to just enter the objective lens and not be dispersed "<div>No cloze 2 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 2 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" "<div>No cloze 2 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 2 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" Fusobacterium is NOT a periodontopathogen and has a role in interbacterial aggregation  Involved in adult periodontitis Where is prevotella found?SUB-gingival plaque  Where is A.israllei found?Dental Plaque, Gingival sulcus Which bacteria is isolated from dental plaque and containd intracellular hydroxyapatite crystals?corynbacterium and is also involved in tartar formation Which 2 viruses can be found in oral cavity?EBV and HHV-6 Which 3 microorgansims cause Plaque and out of the 3 which is the most aciduric and which is involved in its progression ONLY?S.mutans - Most aciduric Actinomyces  lactobacillus -progression Which microorganism is not involved in the intial caries initiation BUT the progression of caries?Lactobacillus Which bacteria is involved in the intial stages of demineralisation?Actinomyces  Which bacteria has an anticaries effect?Veinoella (Protective effect against caries) What is the main predisposing factor in salivary gland infection?Sialthosis and sjorgen syndrome What type of infection is acute suparative parotitis?Monomicrobial and polymiccrobial "<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool. <a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>" Name 30S ribosome inhibitors?Tetracycline, Aminoglycosides Name 3 50S RibosomesMacrolides, Chloramphenicol , Clindamycin(Lincosamides) Which antimicrobial agent interfere with folic acid which stops the growth of bacteria?Sulfonamides  What are the 3 factors that should be considered as antiviralBlock viral entry into the cell.  ◼ Block viral exit from the cell. ◼ Be active inside the host cell. Name 3 nucleoside analogoue?Acyclovir, ganciclovir, famciclovir What are the indications for neuramindase inhibitors?Influenza A & B Name 2 superifical fungal  infectionsDermatophyosis and candidasis What are azoles used for and what is there mechanism of action?They are used for systemic and antifungal medication and they inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol Which 2 antifungals combined can cause ANTAGONISM?Itraconazole + Amphorectin B and not recommended for patients less than 15 yrs of age When would the cary-blair medium be used?To transport speciemens that cannot be cultured soon after collection what does bronchopneumoniae cause?partly pneumonic consolidation which bacteria causes Lobar pneumoniae?S.pneumoniae Atypical pnuemmnoiae is caused by?M.pneumnoiae and chlamidya pniemoniae and affects interstitial space Define a colony?macroscopically visible collection of millions of bacteria originating from a single bacterial cell. What is the purpose of streaking?To produce isolated colonies of an organism (mostly bacteria) on an agar plate. This is useful when we need to separate organisms in a mixed culture (to purify/isolate particular strain from contaminants) or when we need to study the colony morphology of an organism To identify the organism: biochemical tests to identify bacteria are only valid when performed on pure cultures What are the limitations to the streak plate method<ul><li>Only aerobic or facultative aerobic bacterial isolates could be grown.</li><li>The primary suspension should contain the viable (living) bacterium</li></ul> What are some of the passive factors which can cause N.Menningitis?Smoking and abscence of spleen H.Influenzae is commmon with which age group?Children under 5 S.Pneumoniae is commonly found in which types of patients?Those who have a compund skull fracture with CSF leaks Which bacteria is asscoiated with animal exposureL. Monocytogenes  "<img src=""paste-1b87e1d49767cadf52a0cbb03bd62f51851c1936.jpg"">" Name a gram negative primary periodontopathogen?Aggregibacter Actinomyces  What is the treatment for syphillis?Penicillin Acute pseudomembraenous candidasis is?Found in infants and antibiotic users and is easily wiped away  Atropic candidiasis?Occurs in dorsum of the tounge  Corticosteriod users and antibiotics  Red raw looking lesions  Loss of smooth area of the tounge Hyperplastic candidiasis?Persistant white plaque that does not rub off found in comminseral region of the oral mucosa Is peptidoglycan usually present in Eukaroyes No  Can peptidoglycan be found in Prokaryotes?Yes, it is normally present  What is the antibiotic action of prokaryotes?Targets prokaryote specific structures What is the antibiotic action of Eukaryotes?Largely inactive  Who came up with the endosymbiotic theory?Lynn Margulis  What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest? How host cells can cells can be independant with one another for survivial What are some of the similarities of Mitochondira and Chloroplasts?- Have their own DNA  - Produce many protiens and enzymes - Have a double membrane  - Also reproduce bacteria  What shape is a vibro shape?"coma <img src=""paste-40a0300d134f52135e9c2f8b847929ceaaa30345.jpg"">" What shape is a spiillum?"Spiral structure<img src=""paste-a09a6c660a0ad3ff9b3293ece3169f298582064a.jpg"">" Which external structures are used for motillity?Flagella and axial filaments Which structures are used for attachment or to exchange genetic info?Fimbrae and pilli What is the chemical stimuli used by bacteria to move?Chemotaxis and it can be positive or negative  Axial filaments are present in which spieces?T.Pallidium  What is the purpose of pilli?- Attachment purpose - In Gram Negative - Invovled in the conjugation process What is the purpose of Fimbriae?- In bothe Gram - & + - Colonisation   - Form clusters  If a glycocalyx is made up of proteins it is?Capsule If a glycocalyx is made up of Polysaccharide layer?Slime 4 main factors of the Capsule?- Virulence Factor   - Adhesion  - Can be source of nutrients and energy - Prevent cell from dehydration loss and nutrient loss  - Toxcity  - May protect cells from bacteriophages  "<img src=""paste-14985f1c12aebc7d4443b35dca44fd04d4fcae50.jpg"">what does this show"Obligate anaerobe "<img src=""paste-47d9378dc69a09c6e3a7daa312db3fde90353cbb.jpg"">what does this show?"Faculatative anaerobe "<img src=""paste-6f15c168272fea42fe92995382f4f06b4a2e54a8.jpg"">what does this show?"Obligate Aerobe What is Lethal dose 50?Number of pathogens that will Kill 50% of experimental group of host What is infective dose 50?- Number of pathogens that will infect 50 of experimental group host  What are the 3 ways transmission can occur?Inhalation, Ingestion, Inoculation  Adherence is which step of infection?It is the first step of infection Define Biofilm?aggregate of interactive bacteria attached to a solid surface or to each other Enterotoxins include?Infectious diarrhea & Food Poisoning What are pyrogenic exotoxins?Stimulates production of inflammatory cytokines which can result in fever, skin rash. (S.aureus & S.Pyogenes) What effect do endotoxins have?They can cause cytotoxic effects mesophiles areGrow between 25-40 and are the most medically important bacteria Thermophiles are?Grow between 55-80 and used in PCR Pyschrophiles are?Grow below 20 What is phage typing?It determines the susecptibillity of specific bacteriophages and used in epidemiology Catalase is used for Stap + and strep - Hemolysis is used for?Streptococcus alpha, beta etc Coagulase is used for S.Aureus + and other staphylococci Oxidase is used forPseudomonadaceae +  and entero - "<img src=""paste-3dfeed178f755ecca4ec5a9eb7c575b056d07556.jpg"">What type of virus is this?"Helical "<img src=""paste-5e629b56aa01668ac4490dd723b953c6d1ad688f.jpg"">What type of virus is this?"Icosahedral "<img src=""paste-7ce9b730e60dc8342cd2bd83678e32b916e3cc1b.jpg"">What type of virus is this?"Complex What are 3 things found with pox virus?- Oval brick shaped - Lack typical capsid - Dense layers of lipoprotein Which complex virus has 2 icosahedral heads joint together?Gemini virus Lancfield grouping is?Serological method to classify streptococci into one of 20 groups via a letter A-H and K-V Group A lancfield-Streptococcus pyogenes Group B lancfield Streptococcus agalactiae Group D Lancfield Enterococcus faecalis  S.agalactiae is involved inNeonatal Menningtis and sepsis  Salivarius group is what type of microorganism Part of viridans and found in commensal of oral cavity, NON-Caryogenic  The mitis group areOppertunistic pathogens  The angiossus group is?Infectious diseases outside the oral cavity What are some of the factors related to the cariogenicity of S.Mutans?- Adherence abillity to smooth surfaces  - Initiate and maintain microbial growth in low pH sites  Can S,pneumoniae cause otitis media and sinusitis in children?Yes Can S.Pneumoniae cause co-infection with COVID-19Yes What role does teichoic acid play in Staphylococcus?Adherence to mucosal surface and colonisation What are the secondary infections of S.Aureus?Osteomyelitis, Arthirits, Endocarditis  Anaerobe Gram + COCCIPeprococcus and Peptostreptococcus Normal microbiota What is associated with C.Perifringens?Most common bacterial agent for gas gangrene Where can C.difficle be found?Human GI tract and causes hemorragic diorrhea Rothia dentocariosa is?Part of the normal community of microbes in the mouth Where is Rothia dentocariosa isoalted from?Dental caries and is largely benign and rarely causes disease Aggregibacter actinomycetemcomitans are ?Have strains that are invovled in destructive periodontal disease Which bacteria predominates in periodontal pockets?Porphyromonas gingivalis Is a nuclear membrane and mitochondria present in Fungi?Yes and has several chromosomes and mitochondria  Plamogamy is?Cytoplasm of two cells fuse without nuclei (n) Kariogamy?Haploid fuse to form diploid zygote (2n) Name 3 Filamentous fungi?Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus What are some predisposing factors of Oppertunistic fungi?Altered immune response Prolonged use of Antibiotics What are some of the clinical appearences of oral Candidiasis?- Acute pseudomembraneous candidiasis - Atropic  Angular chellitis Hyperplastic  Chronic mucocutaneous  Acute pseudomembraneous is?- Taking antibiotics or immunosuppressants and can easily be wiped away Ertyhematous (Atropic candidiasis) is?Occurs on the dorsum of the tounge and caused by use of long term corticosteriods and antibiotics appears as a red raw looking lesion on the dorsum of tounge. Loss of lingual papillae Hyperplastic Candidiasis?Perisistant white plaque WHICH DOES NOT come off What is the fungal morphology of Mucormycosis?Yeast and treated with Amforectin B What is the pathogenesis of Histoplasmosis?A primary pathogen opposed to a oppertunistic  What is the purpose of existence of the immune system?Maintain integrity of body Define Tolerance?Avoid reacting against all normal components of the body Adaptive/Accquired immuity isResponds in a antigen specific manner and neutralize threat. It also retains memory of threat Which is the first line of defence in innate immuity?External- Mechanical,physical, chemical Which is the second line of defence in innate immunity?Internal defence Name some physical barriers of the innate immunity?Peristalsis-  Flow rate through GI tract. Greater flow less chance of colonisation  - Microvilli - Flow of body fluids- Ie. urine and prevents urinary tract infections  Name some chemical barriers?Enzymes  Gastric acid Bile  Sweat Interferons are produced by?Lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblast What is the effect of the complement system?Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis and contributes to inflammation Iron-binding proteins are?Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing iron  Natural Killer cells are found in which line of defenceWhen microbes breach the skin and pass through antimicrobials of the blood  Where are NK cells present in?Spleen,lymph nodes and red bone marrow When can activation of NK cells occur?When there is NO inactivation signal  What is the effect when NK cells bind to target cells Release granules which contain toxic substances such as perforin and granzymes  Fixed Macrophages are Stand guard in specifc tissues ie, Histocytes in CT  What are the 5 phases in Phagocytosis? IN ORDER1. Chemotaxis - Directional  2.Adherence 3.Ingestion - Requires PSEUDOPODS that engulf microbes  4.Digestion 5.Killing  What type of response is inflammation?Non-specifc defensive response  What are the 3 Basic stages of Inflammation- Vasodilation - Emigration- Diapdesis (Outwatd passage_ - Tissue repair When does fever commonly occur?During infection and inflammation Pro-Inflammatory cytokines  is?Produced by activated macrophages and involved in up regulation of inflammatory reactions Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines is?Control Pro-Inflammatory response  Name 3 Lymphoid cells that are myeloid cells?T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and NK cells  "<img src=""paste-781e4b82cbf028edd9cee3e597bd76caeb3086fc.jpg"">Name these 2 cells"1.Eosinophiles 2.Basophiles Name 2 Agranulocytes?Lymphocytes and macrophages Describe LymphocyteRound and Large nucleus and bluish cytoplasm What are B Cells responsible for?Produces Antibodies and immunoglobulins What type of immunity is involved in B cells Humoral T cells function in which immune responses?- Both innate and adaptive immune response  found in CELLULAR immunity Humoral Immunity is involved in?Fighting pathogens in EXTRAcellular space Cellular immunity is involved in?Targets INTRAcellular pathogens and eliminates them Cellular immunity is?Cytotoxic T cells directly attack  Humoral immunity acts?B cells transform into plasma cells and they synthesis to secrete antibodies  Which structure is the least antigenic and can only become antigenic when combined with other molecules?Lipids Haptens are?Molecules that are too small to be antigenic by themselves Immunoglobulins are produced by?Activated B cells and plasma cells  The Fab region displays?High degree of variabillity between antibodies  2 types of opsins are?C3b and antibodies  "IgG<img src=""paste-c14c6f8130f660d524ed61a101800cdb23e2ebc9.jpg"">"- Most abundant - Penetrates efficiently into tissue and can cross placental barrier  - Most versatile  "<img src=""paste-44cf8255df63450e7a9c8904faca395618a70ddb.jpg"">IgA"- Most commonly found in mucus secretions  - Found in Breast,milk.tears and saliva - Has dimeric form - Traps pathogens  "<img src=""paste-71fc1417f69899ceb4273191a7cd8bb8dec4f929.jpg"">IgD"NOT secreted by B cells Found on surface of B Cells  Antigen Binding receptor  "<img src=""paste-482b89e0d20d9a70eb20451bb00877858b89c433.jpg"">IgE"- Least Abundant  - Anti-parasitic defences  - Fc Regions bind to basophiles and mast cells - Releases potent pro-inflammatory mediators - Central to allergic reactions Which antibody is the most efficient for agglutination?IgM Which cells are the only cells that DO NOT express MHC on their surface?Mature red blood cells  MHC I is?All nucleated cells and present on normal self antigens in cellular immunity and present INSIDE cell  - CD8 + Cells  - Checks to see if cell is normal MHC II?- Present outside cell  - Macrophage dendritic cells and B cells (In antigen presenting cells) - CD4 + cells  Macrophages and dendritic cells?Are APC  Involved in phagocytosis  Non-specifc receptors B Cells?- Production and secretion of antibodies  - Antigen specific  APC Central tolerance involves?- Negative selection of self reactive T cells  Peripheral tolerance? Involves anergy and regulatory T cells anf prevents self-reactive immune responses T Cells are formed in?Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells and differentiate into lymphocytes Immature T Lymphocytes in thymus are called?Thymocytes  Thymic selection involves?- Development of functional T-cell receptor - Positive selection - Occurs int Thymus CORTEX - Negative selection- Occurs in Thymus MEDULLA                                 - Removes self reacting thymocytes                                  - Is also called Central Tolerance  Helper and Regulatory T cells are charecterised by?Expression of CD4 on surface Cytotoxic T cells charecterised by?Expression of CD8 The primary role of regulatory T cells is?Prevent undesirable and potentially damaging immune response "<img src=""paste-548d382cf9e7c2c628b556aae5b42e8fee533674.jpg"">" TH2 cells are subtypes of T cell and is involved in?Stimulate B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells  What do cytotoxic T cells release?Perforin and granzyme that destroy infected cell Which cell are considered antibody factories as they secrete large amounts of antibodies?Plasma cells Linked recognition is?Coordination between B cells and Helper T cells that are specifc to same antigen What is different about the antibodies produced in the secondary response?They are more effective and bind with higher affinity to targeted epitopes and they live longer  Risk Factors for periodontal disease?Smoking,Hormonal changes, DIabetes "<img src=""paste-123442a681882c880b58e510d167c80411d3b832.jpg"">what does this show?"Microaerophiles

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