Ch 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3f7rbo catastrophism, gradualism Catastrophism and gradualism are both terms to describe how natural disasters have shaped the earth, whether quick or over a long period of time. population, variation. The variations that exist in every population are the basis for natural selection. adaptation, evolution Adaptations lead to evolution in populations in a species. vestigial structure, analogous structure. Vestigial and analogous structures are not a result of a common ancestor. Paleontology, Fossils Paleontology is the study of fossils. The term homologous comes from the Homologous structures are structures Greek word homos, which means "the that are similar in how they are arranged same". Explain how this meaning relates in comparison to other organisms. to homologous structures. The term vestigial come from the Latin Vestigial structures are tracks or footword vestigium, which means "track or prints of organs or structures that had a footprint". Explain how this meaning refunction in an early ancestor. lates to vestigial structures. Before he published his theory of natDescribe one idea about evolution that ural selection he proposed that all orwas proposed before Darwin published ganisms come from a common ancestor and less-complex organisms arose to his theory of natural selection. more-complex organisms. Charles Lyell influenced Darwin's idea Briefly explain how the geologist Charles of evolution by producing the theory Lyell influenced Darwin's ideas about of uniformitarianism. It affected Darwin how evolution works and was the favored theory of geologic change. Darwin saw from the tortoises that orWhat insights did Darwin gain from ob- ganisms can adapt to their environserving island organisms such as the ments. He learned from the finches that Galapagos tortoises and finches? there is variation among a species in different environments. 1/5 Ch 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3f7rbo On his voyage, Darwin observed fossils of extinct organisms that resembled living organisms. He also found shells of marine organisms high up in the mountains. How did these observations provide evidence that Earth is very old? These observations showed that living organisms are related to the fossilized organisms and fossils take an extremely long amount of time, which shows that the Earth is very old. Thomas Malthus was an economist who proposed that resources such as food, water, and shelter are natural limits to human population growth. Explain how Darwin extended this idea in his theory of natural selection In Darwin's theory of natural selection, he says if resources are limited and organisms have more offspring than can survive, only some individuals survive. This is called variation. Heritability is important for natural and Why is heritability important for both natartificial selection because a trait must ural and artificial selection? be heritable for them to take place. Variations that exist in every population are the basis for natural selection. The differences in organisms come from different genetic material. Overproduction is basically the definition of natural selecNatural selection is based on four tion. Overproduction raises chances of main principles: variation, overproducsurviving, but offspring may fight. More tion, adaptation, and descent with modsuccessful individuals are "naturally seification. Briefly explain how each of lected" to live longer and produce more these principles is necessary for natural offspring that have adaptations for their selection to occur. environment. Descent with modification means that over time, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are suited well for survival and reproduction in their environment. Natural selection can only act on existing Explain what is meant by the sentence traits because the trait has to be heri"Natural selection can only act on existtable. If the trait does not exist, it is not ing traits." heritable. Fossils show how modern-day organisms are related to extinct organisms and how the animals have adapted. Geog2/5 Ch 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3f7rbo Evidence of evolution comes from diverse sources, such as fossils, geography, embryology, and anatomy. Briefly describe one example of evidence for evolution from each of these sources raphy shows how certain species have different traits for different geographies. Embryology showed that crabs and barnacle larvae look alike and have a relationship. Anatomy provided evidence of homologous structures. An ostrich wing is an example of a vesGive an example of a vestigial structure tigial structure. They are features that and explain how vestigial structures are were once used a long time ago that significant to evolution are no longer needed, so it shows how evolution works. Paleontology is important to evolutionary biology because fossils that are relatPaleontology is the study of fossils or ed to modern-day organisms can show extinct organisms. Explain how this field what adaptations and variations have is important to evolutionary biology. happened since that organism became extinct. Genes and proteins are similar to homologous structures because to determine How are genes and proteins similar relationships among species biologists to homologous structures when determay look at similar genes and proteins. mining evolutionary relationships among They may have the same proteins or species genes but different uses like homologous structures. Explain what the following quote by Theodosius Dobzhansky means: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. This quote means that all of biology is linked together by evolution. Without evolution there are just strange facts and the theory of evolution ties them all together. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that changes in an environment led to an organism's greater or lesser use of a body part. Although his hypothesis was wrong, what ideas of evolution did Lamarck and Charles Darwin share? Lamarck and Darwin shared the idea that changes in physical characteristics could be inherited and were driven by environmental changes over time. Both birds and crocodiles build nests, These behaviors are homologous becare for their young, and "sing" to defend cause they are the same within two territory and attract mates. They inherit3/5 Ch 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3f7rbo ed these behaviors from a common an- species and come from a common ancestor. Are these homologous or analo- cestor. Analogous are not similar in origous behaviors? Explain gin. The turkey vulture and the California condor both feed upon dead animals, known as carrion. Neither species of bird has feathers on its head. Explain how natural selection may have played a role in the featherless heads of these carrion eaters If these animals had feathers on their heads, they could get disease from collecting carrion parts in their feathers. Natural selection made the gene for unfeathered heads more favorable than the feathered heads until the gene was fully eliminated. The Labrador retriever, a breed of dog, has been artificially selected for certain traits. However, these dogs are also prone to having weak hips. Use concepts from this chapter and your knowledge of genetics to explain how this situation may have arisen Selection for certain traits leads to inbreeding, which leads to the reduction of genetic diversity. This causes many problems and in this case, weak hips. Traits of the wild mustard plant have been emphasized by artificial selection to produce different vegetables. In some varieties, it is the leaves or the stems that are to be eaten. Which traits were emphasized to produce cauliflower? cabbage? The traits of the leaves or stems were emphasized to produce cauliflower. The traits of the flower heads were emphasized to produce cabbage. What would a protein comparison of A protein comparison of the three plants broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower conwould say that each one of them has a firm about their relationships to each othcommon ancestor with each other. er? What does the graph show about Over a 20-year period, both seabird seabird casualties and the mouse pop- casualties and mouse population have ulation over a 20-year period? gone up significantly (millions). The seabird casualties would go down over the next 20 years because they Imagine that some seabirds began deare defending their offspring from getting fending their nests from mice, and that killed. The mouse population would not this behavior is heritable. What changes be as growthful as it was the previous 20 years because if the seabirds start to 4/5 Ch 10 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_3f7rbo might a graph show over the next 20 years? Explain. defend they will kill the mice which will lower the population. Imagine a way in which seabirds could adapt to the mouse population and avoid predation of their chicks. Then consider how, after many generations, the mouse population could counter this defense and again limit the seabird population. What are possible adaptations that could lead to this co-evolution of mice and seabirds? A possible adaptation for the seabirds would be to defend their nests and try to kill the mice that come up into the nest. A possible effect adaptation would be to sneak into the nests when the mother or father bird is out to get food for the offspring. Both of these could lead to the evolution of mice and seabirds. Look again at the picture of the star-nosed mole. Its claws are well adapted for breaking through soil. How could natural selection have played a role in this trait becoming common among star-nosed moles? The star-nosed mole eats worms and insects in the ground. The claws help it get the food it needs to survive and reproduce. This trait was passed on because it was the best fit for the organism. 5/5
