Governance
Hazel C. Ranario
Educational Management Policies
- a set of ideas or plans that is used
as a basis for making decisions,
especially in politics, economics, or
business.
- the principles and government
policy-making in educational
sphere, as well as the collection of
laws and rules that govern the
operation of education systems.
K-12 Implementation
o K-12 extends compulsory schooling to grades 11 and 12,
adding two years to secondary school, and makes secondary
education compulsory.
o The EBEA also mandated kindergarten as the start of
compulsory formal education, while the Kindergarten Act of
2012 made pre-school free.
o In August 2016, 1.5m Filipino children attended 11th grade, with
senior school students choosing between four tracks through
the system: academic, technical-vocational, sports or the arts.
Increased spending on basic education – including an expanded
Alternative Learning System (ALS) – is a centrepiece of the new
president’s 10-point socio-economic agenda. President Duterte
insists that the development of the Philippines’ human capital is a
priority of his administration. Building on existing programmes, the
education secretary, Leonor Briones, said that the Duterte
administration’s education policy intends to ensure that the country
provides a quality education that is accessible to all and relevant to
the needs of the nation. Filipinos should also find education “truly
liberating” through the development of critical thinking skills and an
appreciation of culture and the arts.
Educational Policies
o Making every Grade 3 pupil an effective reader
o Implementation of bilingual policy (Filipino and English)
o Alternative delivery modes to suit the needs of specific group
of learners
o Implementation of multi-grade system of education (far-flung,
rural areas)
o Use of distance education
o Education of indigenous people
o Use of ICT to enhance actual delivery of basic education
Establishment and Operation of
Educational Institutions
An educational institution refers to an
administrative unit with a principal or other
head, which has teachers and other
personnel in its service (role of employers),
and which is liable to keep books and
compile other documentation, in which
students are registered, whose activities are
regulated by a legal act or decree, which
follows a national curriculum, and which is
financed and controlled by a public
authority.
CHAPTER 3
Establishment of Schools
Section 25.
Establishment of Schools - All schools shall be
established in accordance with law. The establishment of new national
schools and the conversion of existing schools from elementary to
national secondary or tertiary schools shall be by law: Provided, That
any private school proposed to be established must incorporate as an
non-stock educational corporation in accordance with the provisions
of the Corporation Code of the Philippines. This requirement to
incorporate may be waived in the case of family-administered preschool institutions.
Government assistance to such schools for educational programs shall
be used exclusively for that purpose.
Section 26. Definition of Terms - The terms used in this
Chapter are defined as follows:
1. "Schools" are duly established institutions of
learning or educational institutions.
2. "Public Schools" are educational institutions
established and administered by the government.
3. "Private Schools" are educational institutions
maintained and administered by private individuals or
groups.
Section 27. Recognition of Schools - The educational
operations of schools shall be subject to their prior authorization
of the government, and shall be affected by recognition. In the
case of government operated schools, whether local, regional,
or national, recognition of educational programs and/or
operations shall be deemed granted simultaneously with
establishment.
In all other case the rules and regulations governing recognition
shall be prescribed and enforced by the Ministry of Education,
Culture and Sports defining therein who are qualified to apply,
providing for a permit system, stating the conditions for the
grant of recognition and for its cancellation and withdrawal,
and providing for related matters.
Section 28. Effects of Recognition; Punishable Violations - The issuance of a certificate of
recognition to a school shall have the following effects:
1. It transforms the temporary permit to a permanent authority to operate;
2. It entitled the school or college to give the students who have completed the course
for which recognition is granted, a certificate, title or diploma; and
3. It shall entitle the students who have graduated from said recognized course or
courses to all the benefits and privileges enjoyed by graduates in similar courses of
studies in all schools recognized by the government.
Operation of schools and educational programs without authorization, and/or operation
thereof in violation of the terms of recognition, are hereby declared punishable
violations subject to the penalties provided in this Act.
Section 29. Voluntary Accreditation - The Ministry shall encourage programs of
voluntary accreditation for institution which desire to meet standards of quality over and
above minimum required for State recognition.
School Administration and Supervision
Administration
• Is a universal process which
characterizes all group
efforts-public or private,
large and small scale
• The organization, direction
and coordination and
control of human and
material resources to
achieved the desired
ends.
Supervision
All efforts designated
school officials directed
toward providing
leadership for teachers
and other educational
workers in the
improvement of
instruction.
OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Major Functions of Supervision
• Studying the teacher-learner
situation
• Improving the teacher-learner
situation
• Evaluating the means, methods
and outcomes of supervision
Mc. Nelly have identified four types of supervision:
1. Laissez-faire supervision – This type is an inspectional
supervisory methods in which the class was observed, but
nothing was done to help the teacher improves the job.
2. Coercive supervision - this concept was based in 3
assumptions:
first, that there is a well defined body of knowledge which
desirable for all pupils to learn;
second, that it is possible for desirable to establish for all
children to learn it; and
third there is a best methods are and the best way to make
teachers teach prescribed curriculum is to use coercive
methods.
Mc. Nelly have identified four types of supervision:
3. Supervision as training and guidance-under this concept due
recognition was given to the fact that education should be
the process of guiding growth. (teaching-training institutions)
4. Supervision as democratic professional leadership-this is the
emerging philosophy of supervision. Combination of four
factors formula:
factor 1 - deeper understanding of functional meaning of
democracy
factor 2 - contributions of research to fund knowledge
concerning learning process
factor 3 - centered on human relationships
factor 4 – group work
A summary of the contrast between old and modern concepts of
administration and supervision made by Dr.Hollis P. Allen, professor at the
College of Education, University of the Philippines.
5 Phases
Of
Clinical
Supervision
Administration is a process with
six elements:
1. Decision making implies the analysis of the alternatives
particularly the consequences in the future.
2. Planning is concerned with the setting of goals an
organization, preparation of programs or course action
designed to accomplish goals to plot the operation of
the program.
3. Organizing has to do with arrangements of functions of
offices and personnel so as to reciprocal relations.
4. Without communication in an organization, it is impossible
for an organization to get things done effectively.
5. Coordinating aims to insure smooth operation
of performance of all sectors of the
organization. The administrators problems is
how to make the people accept assignments
willingly and to adjust their behavior to that of
the group.
6. Evaluating pervades all the elements of the
administration process.—It aims to determine
whether goals-long range or short range are
implemented.
Administration and Supervision
in the Philippine Setting
o Administration-consider as service organization to
bring together under favorable circumstances
possible, competent teachers, educative materials
and equipment and effective teaching
o In our system, the division superintendent and
district supervisor---administration
o Division and subject supervisor—supervision
o Principal-attends both supervision and
administration
Administration and Supervision
in the Philippine Setting
o Swanson Committee- which made a survey of public schools in
the Philippines found out that principal-teacher ratio has
increased from 20 to 47 in 1958.
o It can be seen then that the administrative and supervisory
responsibilities of the principal expanded.
o Problems arise out of the dynamics of the social, political and
cultural framework of the Philippine society.
o Leadership patterns: social position denoted by relative wealth
and ritual (compadre system or tayo-tayo) kin appointments
,respect for conformity to values and tradition (hiya at utang
na loob) and socially personality traits (pakikisama).
Administration and Supervision
in the Philippine Setting
o Some characteristics of Filipino leadership
patterns are(1) tendency for a ningas kugon
pattern (2)tendency towards personalism (3) a
tendency to concentrate leadership functions
in few people, which is possibly due to the lack
of leaders to go around or refusal to assume
responsibilities.
o Results to poor supervision and administration
therefore poor education
Monitoring ,
Evaluation, Record
and Report
Management
What is Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)?
Monitoring is the collection and analysis of
information about a project or programme,
undertaken while the project/programme is
ongoing.
Evaluation is the periodic, retrospective
assessment of an organization, project or
programme that might be conducted
internally or by external independent
evaluators.
Records Management
Records management (RM) is the supervision
and administration of digital or paper
records, regardless of format.
Records management activities include the
creation, receipt, maintenance, use and
disposal of records. In this context, a record
is content that documents a business
transaction.
Report Management
Report management refers to the
process of providing important
information to the managers at an
enterprise that empowers them while
making business
decisions.
Monitoring , Evaluation, Record
and Report Management
• This ensures the effectiveness and
efficiency of its operations.
• Monitoring and Evaluation activities
are vital in ensuring that program
implementation adheres to the
standards for the system’s inputs,
processes, outputs and outcomes.
DepEd databases
1. Enhanced basic education
information system (EBEIS)
- An online database of basic
education information, including the
number of enrollees by year level, the
number of schools, and the number of
teachers.
2. Learner information system (LIS)
-It uses a unique identifier to store
information particular to a learner, including
name, date of birth, guardian, and sex. The
intention is to expand the data to include
school enrollment, achievement results, and
other information.
- This system will need to be expanded
to include non-DepEd students and will be
an essential component of the SHS voucher
program’s implementation and monitoring.
3. Project management information
system (PMIS)
- Monitors performance indicators
of education programs and projects.
4. Human resource management
information system (HRIS)
- is a database of personnel records for
teaching and non-teaching DepEd staff
and includes information on salary,
qualifications, and years of service.
5. National achievement test
- The National Educational Testing and Research
Center (NETRC) conducts sample NATs and publishes an
annual report of NAT results.
6. Physical facilities management system
maintained by the physical facilities and schools
engineering division (PFSED) of DepEd and covers all
physical facility activities undertaken by DepEd and the
Department of Public Works and Highways.
The current system focuses on contract monitoring and
information collection, analysis, and field verification to
determine the progress of new construction and the
repair of classrooms, workshops, and water and
sanitation facilities.
School Monitoring
and Evaluation
Adjustment
Legal Mandates
An order from an appellate
court directing a lower court
to take a specified action.
Laws Related to School Organization and Control
1. The Philippine Constitution – The most important legal basis of the administration
and supervision is found in certain provision of the Philippine Constitution. Section
8 of Article XV state that “all educational institutions shall be under the supervision
of and subject regulation by the states”.
2. Act No. 74 of the Philippine Commission – The administration of the Philippine
Government during the early part of the American occupation was in the hands of
the Philippine commission whose members were appointed by the President of the
United States. The commission on January 21, 1901, passed Act No. 74, Section 1
of which established a Department of Public Instruction, which has executive
control and general supervision of all schools already established by the Military
authorities
3. Commonwealth Act No. 180 – This Act is the present basic law governing private
education in this country. It amended act No. 2706 which provided for the
government regulation and suprvision of private schools, colleges and universities.
Laws Related to School Organization and Control
4. Commonwealth Act No. 586 – This Act is known as the Educational Act of 1940
which provides the legal basis of the present six-year elementary course, the
double single session, the school entrance ages, and national support of
elementary education.
5. Republic Act No. 896 – This Act is known as the Elementary School Act of
1953. This new law restore Grade 7 VII which was abolished by the Education
Act 1940.
6. Executive Order No. 94 – (Based on upon the Reorganization Act of 1947). This
law gives the Secretary of Education executive supervision over the Bureau of
Public School and the Bureau of Private Schools, the Bureau of Public libraries,
the Institute of national language, and the Philippine Historical Committee.
7. Republic Act No. 1124 – This Act created by the Board of Education, According
to this law, the Board of the National Education is a policy making body.
Laws Related to School Organization and Control
8. Republic Act No. 4272 – This Act reduced the number of members of the Board
under Republic Act No. 1124 from 15 members to 8 members. The old Board of
National Education of 15 members has been inoperative for several years. It
was only July 1967 that the new board of eight members under the new law
(R.A 4572) was reconstituted.
9. Republic Act No. 5447 – This law is otherwise known as Special Education
Fund Act. This law provides an annual additional tax of one percent of the
assessed value of real property tax.
10. Presidential Decree No. 1 – This decree made a thorough going revamp of the
executive branch of the government.
11. Presidential Decree No. 176 – This control and administration of all
educational institutions already established or here after to be established in the
Philippines shall be vested in the citizens of the Philippines. Membership in
governing bodies or boards of such educational institutions shall be vested in
the citizens of the Philippines.