Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education
MODULE 1
VISION
A
center
of
human
development committed to the
pursuit of wisdom, truth, justice,
pride, dignity, and local/global
competitiveness via a quality but
affordable education for all qualified
clients.
MISSION
Establish and maintain an
academic environment promoting
the pursuit of excellence and the
total development of its students as
human beings, with fear of God and
love of country and fellowmen.
GOALS
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims
to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual,
social, moral, and creative life of its
client via affordable but quality
tertiary education;
2. provide the clients with reach and
substantial, relevant, wide range of
academic disciplines, expose them
to varied curricular and co-curricular
experiences which nurture and
enhance their personal dedications
and commitments to social, moral,
cultural,
and
economic
transformations.
3. work with the government and the
community and the pursuit of
achieving national developmental
goals; and
I. COURSE CODE / TITLE:
GE 105 / Purposive Communication
II. SUBJECT MATTER: Basic Concepts in Communication: Background and
Rationale
Lesson 1
Basic Concepts in Communication:
Background and Rationale
At the end of the lesson, the students should
be able to:
➢ Describe the nature, elements and
functions of verbal and non-verbal
communication in various and multicultural
contexts
➢ Recall the meaning, nature and
importance of communication
➢ Demonstrate the elements and processes
of communication
➢ Describe the principle and ethics of
communication
III. COURSE OUTCOMES:
Time Allotment
9 hours
When you finish reading this chapter, you should be able to
A.
Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal
communication in various and multicultural contexts
B.
Recall the meaning, nature, and importance of communication
C.
Demonstrate the elements and processes of communication
D.
Describe the principle and ethics of communication.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Read and analyze the following text.
Purposive Communication Process
4. develop deserving and qualified
clients with different skills of life
existence and prepare them for local
and global competitiveness.
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Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education
• Audience – a group of people whose backgrounds, concerns, and interests may shape the way a
message is received
• Context – conditions that shape the contents of the message such as significant period, or the
sender’s background and experiences
• Purpose – a concrete set of objectives or reasons for addressing a specific audience in a given context
This model shows how purposive communication process works wherein a sender needs to consider the context and
purpose in creating the message to be sent to the audience to achieve an expected outcome or action. Thus, there is a need
to think first of the expected outcome or action to guide the sender in creating a message for the audience or the receiver.
Types of communication
Verbal communication includes the use of symbols that have universal meanings and can be classified as spoken or written.
Nonverbal communication is an oversimplification to say that nonverbal communication is communication without words
because written words are perceived as “verbal” but there is a lack of sound element attached to it.
Classification of Verbal Communication
Oral communication consists of all spoken exchanges.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Questions
Comments
Casual conversations
Voicemail
Conference calls
Speeches
Written communications are printed messages.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Memos
Proposals
E-mails
Letters
Training manuals
Operating policies
According to the National Commission on Writing, 67% of salaried employees in large foreign companies and professional
state employees have some writing responsibility. Half of responding companies reported that they take writing into
consideration when hiring employees, and 91% always take writing into account when hiring.
Types of Verbal Communications
1. Emotive - pertains to word choice. Specific diction is used to evoke emotion in the reader. Word choice greatly affects
how writing and speech are received. Different words can be used to cause different reactions in the audience. Any words
that cause an emotional reaction are examples of emotive language. (writingexplained.org)
2. Evasive language is used when someone tries to avoid answering a question or is interrogated about a subject. By verbally
sidestepping the issues and concerns of a problem, someone will have used evasive language that never directly addresses
the questions (www.quora.com).
3. Jargons are special words or expression that are used by a particular profession or group and is difficult for others to
understand (www.dictionary.com).
4. Argot is the jargon or slang of a particular group or class (www.dictionary.com).
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Commission on Higher Education
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KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
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5. Abstract language is the ability to gain meaning from things that are not said, or from things that are said in a different
way. There are many ways to refer to "abstract language:" inferential/figurative/implicit/non-literal language all include the
same higher-order thinking (abschools.org)
6. Overly abstract - The use of equivocal words, relative words, slang, jargon, and overly abstract language causes confusion
and misunderstanding. ... Some euphemisms are pretentious and confusing, while equivocation can be interpreted as
deliberately ambiguous (global.oup.com)
Non-verbal behaviors/Elements of Non-verbal Communication
1. Vocalics/Paralanguage – refers to the use of volume, tone, pitch, and rate of speaking to give additional meaning or
emphasis to what is spoken
2. Proxemics – refers to the use of space to convey an idea or image
3. Chronemics – is an attitude of time which discloses information with others about status and relationship with others. It
is our self-concept.
4. Artifacts – refer to the things a person owns, uses, wears, and even discards convey message about such person.
5. Movement – is one’s posture, gesture, facial expression, and body language
6. Silence – conveys meanings to the spectators that can be seen in a person who is quiet yet busy, a person who is
contemplating, grieving, not to be disturbed, or being in a difficult situation. In a conversation between two individuals, a
silent reply may signify the receiver does not understand or may refuse to answer at all.
7. Touch – in some cultures is a symbol of affection but may not be allowed in certain communities.
8. Clothes and personal appearance – provide a quick personal surveillance of the person’s age, interest, personality, sex,
attitude, social standing, or religious affiliation.
9. Symbols – are general graphical presentation so that people will be guided accordingly such as traffic signs,
ACTIVITY 1
Read the sentences below and choose the following scenario that you can relate to.
•
When my mother ends her message with a smiley face, I know that she is not upset. But when she sends a message
like “Go home” or “Uwi ka na” without a smiley face, I get worried that she might be angry.( Bluebook English,
2018)
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
•
•
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When my classmate acknowledges my answer with an OK and have a happy face, I know that my message was
accepted warmly. But if it is just OK, I wonder why if she understood what I said.(Bluebook English, 2018)
Ending a response with an exclamation mark without a funny face emoticon might be misinterpreted as an angry
tone; the funny face emoticon makes the message sound light and funny. For example, texting NO! Without funny
face emoticon may sound like the sender is angry.(Bluebook English, 2018)
Notice that all these types of support come from personal experiences and observations. It is somehow related to your daily
life bases that may catch your attention to pause for a moment that you might conclude that how funny it is.
Which of the following scenario that you can relate to? And why?
Can you share something related to your daily experiences that you can compare one of those scenario mentioned above
which is the most funniest or embarrassing moment of your life? How do you able to deal with that again if it happens to
you?
Write here on the space provided below about the unforgettable experience you can relate to. And tell something how you
can be able to manage it. mathematical problems, medical, and other fields of specialty (Rasel, 2013).
ACTIVITY 2
A. Direction: Read the following and tell whether it is verbal and non-verbal on the space provided.
1. Her shoulders raised and hunched when her mother asked where she put the coin purse.
2. Saying “Yo!” to John when Zoey sees him.
3. Her eyebrows meet upon seeing Beth.
4. “Don’t worry, Zack is happy wherever he is at now, he can now rest Amy”, says Diane at the
funeral.
5. The applicant sent a resume on the internet jobs offered.
6. The Chinese investor of Metal Trading Company offers a great deal.
7. She folded her arms at her chest to show attention during the conversation.
8. Receiving a text “LOL” from someone you don’t know will gives you a frowning face.
9. She smiled widely upon receiving the news that she got the job online.
10. He calls “wicked” to the old woman who gave birth to him after all the sacrifices and hardships.
B. Direction: Use words from the listed below as well as any others you can think of to describe this picture.
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Region IV – A CALABARZON
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KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education
TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 3
Watch the following link shows video highlighting body language and facial expressions of some world leaders
during APEC summit.
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KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education
1. Write an effective paragraph of 8-10 sentences that illustrates your relevant insights on the space provided below. Be
guided by the following questions to help you develop the main idea of your paragraph. 2. What is your response to what
is shown in the video?
3. What is your view toward body language and facial expressions as non-verbal forms of communication?
4. What does the video raise about the complexity of communication in multicultural setting?
5. As you think about the video, why should we be mindful about how we communicate effectively in a multicultural setting?
6. Write your paragraph here below: (Need extra sheet of paper)
ACTIVITY 4
A. Illustrate the significance of verbal and non-verbal communication through a five-minute act with your family
through video presentation posted on the account of the teacher.
Submitted to:__________________________________________ (instructor’s account)
The following are the rubrics to grade your video presentation.
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Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
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City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Submitted by:
CHARITO S. VELASCO
Instructor
Checked and approved by:
BIBIANA JOCELYN D. CUASAY, EdD, PhD.
Module Editing Chair
Noted by:
AQUILINO D. ARELLANO, EdD.
Dean, College of Teacher Education
Vice President for Academic Affairs
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Captivating knowledge Through Education
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
VISION
A
center
of
human
development committed to the
pursuit of wisdom, truth, justice,
pride, dignity, and local/global
competitiveness via a quality but
affordable education for all qualified
clients.
MODULE 2
I.COURSE CODE / TITLE:
4. develop deserving and qualified
clients with different skills of life
existence and prepare them for local
and global competitiveness.
Lesson 2
Time Allotment
Visualizing the Process of Communication
9 hours
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
➢
Identify the components and key elements of
communication.
➢
Comprehend the effective communication
process.
GOALS
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims
to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual,
social, moral, and creative life of its
client via affordable but quality
tertiary education;
3. work with the government and the
community and the pursuit of
achieving national developmental
goals; and
GE 105 / Purposive Communication
II.SUBJECT MATTER: Visualizing the Process of Communication
MISSION
Establish and maintain an
academic environment promoting
the pursuit of excellence and the
total development of its students as
human beings, with fear of God and
love of country and fellowmen.
2. provide the clients with reach and
substantial, relevant, wide range of
academic disciplines, expose them
to varied curricular and co-curricular
experiences which nurture and
enhance their personal dedications
and commitments to social, moral,
cultural,
and
economic
transformations.
Captivating knowledge Through Education
➢
Explain the internal and external barriers of
communication.
➢
Illustrate the value of effective communication
and its various elements.
➢
Promote effective communication at home and
school
III. COURSE OUTCOMES:
When you finish reading this chapter, you should be able to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Identify the components and key elements of communication.
Comprehend the effective communication process.
Explain the internal and external barriers of communication.
Illustrate the value of effective communication and its various elements.
Promote effective communication at home and school on.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Read and analyze the following text.
Let’s Begin… All animals communicate, but do they have language? Michele Bishop details
the four specific qualities we associate with language and investigates whether or not
certain animals utilize some or all of those qualities to communicate.
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KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
https://ed.ted.com/lessons/do-animals-have-language-michele-bishop
activity. M1. Lecture Notes & Video
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No submission on Canvas is required for this
PART 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k&t=8s
Definition of Language
The world is shrinking rapidly today. Advances in information technology, scientific knowledge and applications have
transformed a sprawling earth into a global village. People of various cultures and nationalities now meet, interact, trade,
and socialize with ease on a daily basis. Making this possible is the use of a common language.
What is Language?
Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of
voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir, 1921, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018). It is a system of communication by sound,
operating through the organs of speech, among members of a given community, and using vocal symbols possessing
arbitrary conventional meaning (Pei, 1966, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018).
Language is the ability to produce and comprehend both spoken and written (and in the case of sign language, signed)
words. Understanding how language works means reaching across many branches of psychology—everything from
basic neurological functioning to high-level cognitive processing.
Language shapes our social interactions and
brings order to our lives. Complex language is one of the defining factors that make us human. Linguists agree that a
language can only be called a language, if it has a system of rules (also known as grammar), a sound system (phonology) and
a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the requirements for identifying a means of communication as a language, therefore it is
an exclusively human condition. Other species definitely do communicate through movements and sounds, but they are
definitely not in the same class as humans.
When people use language, they can understand each other because they belong to the same speech community. They can
interact to each other because in their speech community, people share the same set of rules in the language system. While
growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition,
which is the process of building the ability to understand a language, using it to communicate with others.
The language acquired growing up is known as first language (also called as mother tongue or native language). A first
language is the language a person has learned from birth or within the critical period, or that a person speaks the best
and so is often the basis for sociolinguistic identity. In some countries, the terms native language or mother tongue refer
to the language of one's ethnic group rather than one's first language. Sometimes, there can be more than one mother
tongue, those children are usually called bilingual. By contrast, a second language is a language that a person learns in
addition to his or her first language. It may be learned in a formal or informal way, such as at school or in a family, and
this active process is called language learning. People learn languages as they use them to communicate their
thoughts, feelings, and experiences and establish relationships with family members and friends. For example, a student
may come to school speaking more than one language, or learn another language in school. In their early years, children
develop language informally. Language development is continuous and recursive. Students enhance their language
learning by using what they know in new and more complex contexts.
Finally, language is a tool that enables people to
communicate, express needs and wants, issue directives, create and produce through our own tongue.
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
The term communication comes from the Latin word “communicare” – which means to share something in common, to
unite, to join, or to have things in common. It is a process by which people send messages or exchange ideas or
thoughts with one another in a verbal or non-verbal manner. Speech Communication is a process of transmitting
information, thought or feeling from one person to another through spoken words. Non-verbal Communication is receiving
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and transmitting information, thought or feeling without the use of words. Communication skills are important to
everyone-they are how we give and receive information and convey our ideas and opinions with those around us.
Communication comes in many forms:
-verbal (sounds, language, and tone of voice)
-aural (listening and hearing)
-non-verbal (facial expressions, body language, and posture)
-written (journals, emails, blogs, and text messages)
-visual (signs, symbols, and pictures)
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
The term communication process refers to the exchange of information (a message) between two or more people. For
communication to succeed, both parties must be able to exchange information and understand each other. If the flow of
information is blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then communication fails.
Sender
The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source. The sender has some
kind of information—a command, request, or idea —that he or she wants to share with others. In order for that message
to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it.
Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the information
from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it.
Message
The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. It is relayed between the parties.
Put all three together and you have the communication process as its most basic.
Medium
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are
transmitted through the medium of cell phones.
Feedback
The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully transmitted, received, and
understood. The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such as a
written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response.
Encoding
It is the process of turning thoughts into communication. The encoder uses a ‘medium’ to send the message — a phone call,
email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. The level of conscious thought that goes into
encoding messages may vary. The encoder should also take into account any ‘noise’ that might interfere with his or her
message, such as other messages, distractions, or influences.
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KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Captivating knowledge Through Education
Decoding
It is the process of turning communication into thoughts. For example, you may realize you’re hungry and encode the
following message to send to your roommate: “I’m hungry. Do you want to get pizza tonight?” As your roommate receives
the message, he or she decodes your communication and turns it back into thoughts to make meaning.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The communication process is best described through discussion of different communication models. In simple terms,
model means a systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract process. The common models of communication
that have been utilized over the years are as follows:
1.
LINEAR MODEL
Also called the transmission model, a linear model is based on the assumption that communication is transmitted
in a straightforward manner- from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that communication is a one-way
process.
a. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
This communication model represents communication as an orator to a large audience. The speaker plays an
important role in communication. Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication
process: speaker, speech, and audience as illustrated in the communication flow below:
b. LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
This communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell in 1948. This model
was summed up and can be understood by answering the five questions: Who, Says what, In which channel,
To whom, With what effect.
c. SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver broadly defined communication as “all of the procedures by which one mind
may affect another.” Their communication model consisted of an information source: the source’s message, a
transmitter, and a signal; and a receiver: the receiver’s message, and a destination. This model is specially
designed to improve the technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of communication.
Furthermore, there is also concept of noise included in the model, which goes through the channel and renders
the message more difficult to understand by the receiver.
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
2.
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INTERACTIVE MODEL
This model is in contrast with the linear one, which considers communication flowing only in one direction, from a
sender to a receiver (Gronbeck, 1999, Madrunio and Martin, 2018). In this model, communication is a two-way
process, which involves an exchange or an interaction between the sender and the receiver.
ACTIVITY 1
A. Examine the pictures below. Which of the following best describes your usual family meal time?
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Which of the pictures that best describes your usual family meal time? How does it make sense towards your family
relationships? How it affects the communication between you and your family?
Activity 2
Technology Integration
B.Watch the following link below, it is about the videos of Lucky Me tv commercials that deals about usual family
meal time. Observe closely how the family members communicate with one another and answer the questions
that follows.
Discuss together with your classmates (at school) or (if at home) with your family members about the videos. Which
of the following video commercials that promote effective communication and family bond?why?
Which of the following Tv commercials that is ineffective of promoting family bond? Why?
What do you think is the problem of ineffective communication with one another?
Share your ideas or tips to promote effective communication and would strengthen the family bond.
How important is meal time together for every Filipino families ?
ACTIVITY 3
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Answer the following questions below on a sheet of paper.
1. What are the elements of communication?
2. What are the barriers to communication?
3. Describe the process of communication illustrated above. (Tell each function of the elements)
4. How did the barriers affect the feedback?
5. Give your idea how to achieve the effective process of communication?
Submitted by:
CHARITO S. VELASCO
Instructor
Checked and approved by:
BIBIANA JOCELYN D. CUASAY, EdD, PhD.
Module Editing Chair
Noted by:
AQUILINO D. ARELLANO, EdD.
Dean, College of Teacher Education
Vice President for Academic Affairs
visit us at: www.facebook.com/College-of-Teacher-Education
Captivating knowledge Through Education
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
VISION
A
center
of
human
development committed to the
pursuit of wisdom, truth, justice,
pride, dignity, and local/global
competitiveness via a quality but
affordable education for all qualified
clients.
MISSION
Establish and maintain an
academic environment promoting
the pursuit of excellence and the
total development of its students as
human beings, with fear of God and
love of country and fellowmen.
GOALS
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims
to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual,
social, moral, and creative life of its
client via affordable but quality
tertiary education;
2. provide the clients with reach and
substantial, relevant, wide range of
academic disciplines, expose them
to varied curricular and co-curricular
experiences which nurture and
enhance their personal dedications
and commitments to social, moral,
cultural,
and
economic
transformations.
3. work with the government and the
community and the pursuit of
achieving national developmental
goals; and
4. develop deserving and qualified
clients with different skills of life
existence and prepare them for local
and global competitiveness.
Captivating knowledge Through Education
MODULE 3
I.COURSE CODE / TITLE:
GE 105 / Purposive Communication
II.SUBJECT MATTER: : Understanding the Principles and Ethics of
Communication
Lesson 3
Understanding the
Communication
Time Allotment
Principles
and
Ethics
of
9 hours
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
➢
Comprehend the four basic principles of
interpersonal communication.
➢
Demonstrate
communication.
➢
the
ethics
of
effective
Promote ethical interpersonal communication
III. COURSE OUTCOMES:
When you finish reading this chapter, you should be able to
A.
Comprehend the four basic principles of interpersonal communication.
B.
Demonstrate the ethics of effective communication.
C.
Promote ethical interpersonal communicationIllustrate the value of effective
communication and its various elements.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Read and analyze the following text.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Effective communication is a connection between people that allows for the
exchange of thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and leads to mutual understanding. This
exchange is evidences when a speaker sends a message to which a listener responds. It
seems simple, but it isn’t. People tend to take the communication process for granted. We
generally figure that communication between two or more people is no big deal. It just
works. However, the reality is very different- the process of communication is actually
impressively complex.
It is important that you learn the different principles which serve as guides in the practice
and continuous improvement of your communication skills.
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1.
2.
3.
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Communication is transactional
It is a two-way process which involves an exchange of thoughts and ideas. Every message consists of content
and feeling. The content is what the message is about based on the words used. The feeling connected to
the content is expressed through nonverbal cues—body language/gestures, facial expression, tone of
voice/inflection, and voice volume.
Whenever there are discrepancies between a message’s content and
feeling, confusion is created for the listener—especially if the content and feeling seem to contradict each other.
A classic example of this is when one person tells another “I’m not mad at you” (the content) in a loud angry voice
(the tone of voice/feeling). Such a communication cannot help but results in a certain degree of confusion.
Communication is inevitable
It is impossible to not communicate. All actions—both intentional and unintentional—communicate certain
messages. For example, deliberately ignoring someone is not “not communicating.” Quite the contrary (as
you know if you’ve been on the receiving end), this action sends a strong message. Another is, when the moment
you wake up, you already start communicating by merely thinking of how your day will look like.
Communication is goal-oriented
When you communicate, you have goals in mind. You do not just say something or write a message on a piece of paper
for no reason at all. To persuade; to entertain; to inform; to express one’s feeling, ideas, or emotions; to build and
maintain relationships; and to influence others are some of the purposes of communication.
4.
Communication has various levels
The various levels of communication are:
a. Intrapersonal Communication- It is the knowledge of and communication with oneself (introspectionmental/symbolic processing of information without the benefit of getting the opinion of others).
Focus – ways in which we process stimuli, our ability to make sense out of our experiences, to remember, to
retrieve information from memory and to create messages.
b. Interpersonal Communication- It is the interaction(speaking ang listening/ switching of roles) between two
people or relatively small group. It determines our relationships with the who we are.
2 kinds of Interpersonal Communication:
1. Dyadic – communication between two individuals
2. Small group – interaction of three or more persons which permits the dialogical participation of each
person.
c. Extended Communication- It involves the use of electronic media. The description of extended communication
may be expanded as to include television, audio, or phone conferencing; video-conferencing; Skype calls; other
technological means. Language used may be formal or informal.
d. Organizational Communication- A system of communication should be put in place. A set of rules or standards
for communication protocol should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established.
There are two types of organizational structure:
1.
Formal Structure- It allows the communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between
positions in the organization.
Four (4) approaches
a. downward communication - is the type that flows from upper to lower position.
Examples: president to manager or supervisor a manager to an ordinary staff
b. upward communication – is the type that flows from lower to upper position. Examples: subordinates
to superior students to teacher
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c. horizontal communication- is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same
level but coming from different departments.
d. crosswise communication- is diagonal in nature as employees from different units or departments
working at various levels communicate to each other.
2. Informal Structure- It comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as 'grapevine,'
messages coming from different levels of organization are transmitted. This occurs due to dissatisfaction of
some employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors playing favorites and unfavorable or
unacceptable company rules and regulations.
5. Communication is complex
You may perceive communication as simply sending a text message, talking over the phone, or using hand gestures.
However, communication is so complex that it entails a lot of processes which can occur simultaneously or successively.
6. Communication can be learned
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION (7Cs)
Completeness
Effective communications are complete, i.e., the receiver gets all the information he or she needs to process the message
and take action. A complete message reduces the need for follow-up questions and smoothens the communication process.
Conciseness
Conciseness is about keeping your message to a point. This is more about the content of your message rather than its length.
Even a short memo can include irrelevant or redundant information. Conciseness helps the receiver focus on what’s
important, speeds up the processing of information and caters for improved understanding.
Consideration
Effective communication takes into account the receiver’s background and points of view. If your message hits a
nerve or sounds as disrespectful, the emotional reaction of the receiver might affect the perception of your message. Also,
tailoring your message to your audience – e.g., by using argumentations and examples which are relevant to their experience
– makes it easier for them to process the contents.
Concreteness
A concrete message is specific, tangible, vivid. It’s supported by facts and figures for enhanced credibility. It helps your
audience gain an overview of the broader picture. Concreteness mitigates the risk of misunderstanding, fosters trust and
encourages constructive criticism.
Courtesy
Courtesy and consideration complement each other in effective communications. Courtesy means respecting the
receiver’s culture, values and beliefs – i.e., crafting a message that is genuinely polite and unbiased.
Clarity
The clearer your message, the easier it gets for the receiver to decode it according to your original intent. While this sounds
obvious, most communication pitfalls originate from lack of clarity. Want to deliver an effective message? Start with a
clear communication goal and accurate thoughts. Clear communications build on exact terminology and concrete words,
to reduce ambiguities and confusion in the communication process.
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Correctness
Correct grammar and syntax vouch for increased effectiveness and credibility of your message. Formal errors might affect
the clarity of your message, trigger ambiguity and raise doubts. They might also have a negative impact on the overall
perception of the message, which could be seen as sloppy or negligent.
7. Communication is relational
In any communication setting, aside from sharing meaning, the process how meaning is created also echoes two vital
aspects of relationships of the communicators: immediacy and control. Immediacy is the degree of liking or attractiveness
in a relationship and control, on the other hand, is the degree which one participant shows dominance or power.
8. Communication is guided by culture
Culture maybe defined as system of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. The system includes shared
beliefs, values, symbols and behaviors. How messages are created and processed is greatly influenced by the cultural
background of communicators.
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
Communication is ethical when it is upfront, honest and cooperative. Communication that is intended to conceal the
truth or harm another person cannot be described as ethical. While ethics are not the same as morals, there is a strong
relationship between the two: morals are ideas of what is right and wrong, while ethics are behavioral principles influenced
by moral beliefs. The ethics of communication are therefore strongly influenced by moral principles. Below are
principles associated with the 7Cs and ethical communication. Some of which are the following (Madnelbaum,2019)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Be Honest and Truthful. Being honest means communicating what is known to be true – no more, no less.
Ethical communication is based on accurate, factual information – in other words, do not lie whether the message
is directed downward to employees, upward to management, laterally to other peers and departments, or
externally. Honesty should also prevail when communicating goals, expectations, decisions, feedback, or
judgments to employees.
Refrain from Doing Harm. Whether communicating on a corporate or an individual level, the communication should
make every effort to cause no harm. For instance, tobacco companies are required to communicate that the
practice of consuming their products may lead to physical conditions like emphysema, lung cancer and other
illnesses. A company who is aware of a danger and does not communicate it would be breaking this rule of ethical
communication.
Fairness to all Stakeholders. When communicating internally or externally, the organization should attempt
to be fair to its employees, customers, and community. If a manager were to exert inappropriate control over
employees, stockholders or customers, this would be a violation of this standard. Price fixing, bribery, and insider
training are examples of behaviors and communications that are exerting unfairness to stakeholders.
Be an Active Listener and Strive to Understand. Hearing and listening are two different things. In order for ethical
communication to be effective, the recipient of the message should know that he (as the listener) and the speaker
both have equal responsibilities in the communication process. The listener should not select the message that he
wants to listen to or to hear only parts of the message. The recipient may ask questions for clarification to fully
understand the message. While it is important to be a proactive listener, it is important for listeners to also strive
to fully understand what is being said before responding. While asking for clarification or confirmation of a point is
fine, many times questions that listeners pose have already been answered. Listeners should think about what has
been said before constructing a reply. Reading “in between the lines” is also an important skill that allows
for understanding what isn’t said or implied.
Avoid a Negative Tone. Tone is critical to communication. There are people who are particular to
paralanguage or tone of the voice. Ethical communication assumes that the speaker will avoid rudeness, be
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polite, professional, and tactful. The ethical communicator knows that it is not only important what you say, but
how you say it. One’s voice is always picked up by the receiver, and can alter how the message is received and/or
understood that can lead to unnecessary confrontations that decrease business productivity. Essentially,
keeping the tone positive or neutral is best. It is possible to be completely honest and open with one’s thoughts
and feelings while still remaining polite and respectful.
6. Do Not Interrupt Others. Allowing others to speak is important for civil, effective working environment.
Interrupting others results in misunderstandings, conflicts and problems that hinder workforce and corporate
progress. Interrupting others is not only disrespectful and unethical but does not allow listeners to fully understand
the message that results in wrong assumptions and actions.
7. Refrain from Speaking Judgmentally and Strive to Understand. While it is important to be a proactive listener, it is
important for listeners to also strive to fully understand what is being said before responding. While asking for
clarification or confirmation of a point is fine, many times questions that listeners pose have already been
answered. Listeners should think about what has been said before constructing a reply. Reading “in between the
lines” is also an important skill that allows for understanding what isn’t said, but was implicitly said or implied.
Conflicts usually result from unethical, judgmental, accusatory and overly critical comments that become
catalysts for communication breakdowns.
8. Speak from Your Own Experience. Bringing your personal work experience or best work practices into a dialogue
with business listeners is important, providing backup for your arguments with something more tangible that
paints a complete picture for your audience and helps to prove your points for a better understanding of what is
being discussed; however, manage your own personal boundaries: share only what you are comfortable sharing.
9. Avoid Speaking for Others. Characterizing what others have said without checking your understanding, or by
universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares them is unethical.
10. Consider Appropriate Communication Channel. You risk losing an audience if you use a communication channel
that is not preferred by your intended receiver. To effectively communicate with your listeners, use the most
preferred communication channel, whether that be face-to-face, email, conference call, phone call, messenger
app, etc. Also, when presenting data to a business audience, be aware of the preferred method of presentation for
that business, whether it be graphs, slides, PowerPoint presentations, etc.
11. Consideration for Any Potential Roadblocks. When communicating with another party, truly ethical
communication entails considering any potential factor that may influence how the recipient understands
the information that is being communicated.
These factors or roadblocks maybe:
a. Language Fluency, Language Use and Jargons. It takes into account the level of fluency as well as language spoken for
messages or information to be fully understood. Use a common language that all involved communicators understand.
Every field or industry has its own jargon. When speaking to a non-specialist, it is ethical to speak with simple, easyto-understand words, while avoiding the use of heavy jargon, resulting in portions of the presentation or
communication being incomprehensible to an audience.
b. Accessibility to Technology. In this information and digital age, some take accessibility to advanced technology for
granted. For instance, while smartphones are readily available, and translation apps are abundant, not everyone is
able to access such applications or platforms. If a business wanted to present certain information to an audience while
expecting the audience to translate it into their native language via an application, there may be confusion. Thus, the
ability to access certain technology - and the know-how on how to use certain applications - may be a roadblock when it
comes to ethically communicating to a particular audience.
c. Knowing One’s Audience: Being an effective communicator means knowing your audience in order to communicate
in the way that he/she will understand the best. Know the language, profession, and others so that you can adjust your
presentation or communication to audience.
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d. Choosing the Right Place/Time: Speaking about a particular topic in a business often requires choosing the most
pertinent and appropriate time and place in order for the message to be most effective. This requires knowing the recipients
along with utilizing strategy and planning.
12. Respect Privacy and Confidentiality. Most businesses have code of ethics defining what is appropriate when it comes to
honoring client and employee confidentiality and privacy. This can have a wide range of implications, including
minimizing workplace gossip and conversations about the private lives of clients and/or personnel. Moreover, REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 10173 also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012 has been passed to protect the fundamental human right of
privacy, of communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and growth. The State recognizes
the vital role of information and communications technology in nation-building and its inherent obligation to ensure
that personal information in information and communications systems in the government and in the private sector are
secured and protected (Republic of the Philippines, 2012).
13. Accept Responsibility and Accountability. Words do not only build but also destroy a person or an organization. A
core element within the framework of ethical communication is being responsible and accountable to one’s words and
actions whether it be good or bad. Owning one’s words reinforces the importance of being conscientious about
ethical communication. Sadly, there’s no shortage of examples where organizations making unethical decisions and creating
unethical communications as a result.
ACTIVITY 1
A. From the list of Ten Basics of Ethical Communication choose at least three points which you think are very
important to practice in successful communication. Provide examples or situations to support your answers.
Ethics#1
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Ethics#2
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Ethics#3
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B.
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Examine the pictures below. Tell each what does it illustrates according to the principles of interpersonal
communication you have understood.
Activity 2
Perform a short video blog showing ethics in communication for at least one minute. Think of a scene or situation that
shows the lack of ethics or highlights issues in communication then how to resolve it.
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Rubrics of Video Blogging
Submitted by:
CHARITO S. VELASCO
Instructor
Checked and approved by:
BIBIANA JOCELYN D. CUASAY, EdD, PhD.
Module Editing Chair
Noted by:
AQUILINO D. ARELLANO, EdD.
Dean, College of Teacher Education
Vice President for Academic Affairs
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Commission on Higher Education
Region IV – A CALABARZON
City of Lipa
KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
VISION
A
center
of
human
development committed to the
pursuit of wisdom, truth, justice,
pride, dignity, and local/global
competitiveness via a quality but
affordable education for all qualified
clients.
MISSION
Establish and maintain an
academic environment promoting
the pursuit of excellence and the
total development of its students as
human beings, with fear of God and
love of country and fellowmen.
GOALS
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims
to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual,
social, moral, and creative life of its
client via affordable but quality
tertiary education;
2. provide the clients with reach and
substantial, relevant, wide range of
academic disciplines, expose them
to varied curricular and co-curricular
experiences which nurture and
enhance their personal dedications
and commitments to social, moral,
cultural,
and
economic
transformations.
3. work with the government and the
community and the pursuit of
achieving national developmental
goals; and
4. develop deserving and qualified
clients with different skills of life
existence and prepare them for local
and global competitiveness.
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MODULE 4
I.COURSE CODE / TITLE:
GE 105 / Purposive Communication
II.SUBJECT MATTER: The Local And Global Communication In
Multicultural Setting
Lesson 4
Time Allotment
The Local And Global Communication In
9 hours
Multicultural Setting
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
➢
.Explain how cultural global issues affect
communication;
➢
Appreciate the impact of communication on
society and the world;
➢
Determine culturallyexpressions and images;
appropriate
terms,
➢
Adopt cultural awareness and sensitivity in
communication and ideas.
III. COURSE OUTCOMES:
When you finish reading this chapter, you should be able to
A. Explain how cultural global issues affect communication;
B. Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world;
C. Determine culturally- appropriate terms, expressions and images;
D. Adopt cultural awareness and sensitivity in communication and ideas.
IV. ENGAGEMENT:
Read and analyze the following text.
How is the globalization related to communication? Well let’s know that the term
communication has been in existence since time immemorial, while the globalization is
new to us. Lets us all know what is globalization?
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According to https://www.globalization101.org, globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Globalization is not really
new. The globe has been globalized even before men coined the term globalization. For example, huge corporations have
been buying and selling lands on great distant areas, such as the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected to China
and Europe during Middle Ages.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO COMMUNICATION:
In an article entitled The Impact of Globalization on Communication Skills Development, David Ingram said that
communication skills development has always been an important factor of success in business, but the influence of
globalization and cross-cultural interaction in recent decades has impacted the types of communication skills needed in
dramatic ways. No longer can entrepreneurs afford to simply communicate well within their own homogenous cultures.
1. Virtual Interactions. Globalization has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a major part of academic
and workplace dynamics. We need to understand the strengths and limitations of different communication media, and how
to use each medium to maximum effect. ( https://cdn.essaywriting.expert)
2. Cultural Awareness Speech. The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required skillset of
effective communicators, resulting in the evolution of the communication skills development programs.
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language. Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as important as
nuances of speech. This is why the schools, students are taught to understand acceptable speaking distances, conflict styles,
eye contact, and posture in different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of their own culture are not universally
accepted. Students are also taught how to address these differences to prepare them face–to–face meetings with foreign
suppliers, customers, or team members when they become professionals.
4. Time Differences. The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills the need
to communicate and share information with people across several time zones. When people collaborate with others on the
other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they are themselves are at work. This is why
schools teach students to address the nuances of overcoming this challenge by teaching them to understand the information
needs of their colleagues, according to their communication styles of different countries or cultures. Being able to effectively
share information between shifts can make or break the productivity of a geographically dispersed team, making this an
important issue for many companies. This skill is particularly needed in call centers catering to clients from countries of
different time zones.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
According to Danev (2017), the process of globalization has widely increased the availability of information for people across
the world. By the use of the Internet and advanced mobile services, people are able to discuss business plans and proposals
on an international level as well as the exchange private data securely. Global communication services have also contributed
to the enlightenment and development of the political process in a number of states. Danev (2017) also enumerates the
three major impacts of globalization on global communication and identifies the major problem, as follows:
1. Availability of Information. The availability of information is a major effect of the process of globalization. The World
Health Organization, in its works focused on the cultural dimensions of globalization, has expressed the view that with the
spread of businesses delivering Internet, satellite TV and mobile services, the costs of such information technologies drop.
The decreased price makes it easier for people across the world to make use of the World Wide Web and the resources
available
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2. Business Conduct. Globalization has influenced global communication by implementing new techniques for business
conduct among workers at international corporations. Long-distance travels are no longer necessary for business people
should they require a meeting with a partner overseas. Internet technology makes it possible to exchange business
information and conduct video conferences.
3. Social Awareness. The availability of information, which is a direct effect of the development of global communication
systems, has led to increased social awareness of people across the world. Information technology and networks enable
them to share opinions, views, work on projects and research in different areas. These are among the main reasons why the
process of globalization is creating a sense of a global society. For example, through the use of communication, many
students from developing countries enroll in university degrees in the developed world.
4. The Problem. Despite its quick spread and continuous development, global communication has not reached the majority
of people on all continents. The World Health Organization indicates that at least 70% of all people in Africa will never make
a single phone call or use the Internet. And this points out the need of more extensive application in communication
technologies that has been a part of the globalization process.
ACTIVITY 1
Give at least 5 sentences that come up to your mind in visualizing what the picture is about.
ACTIVITY 2
•
•
Pretend that you just got home from traveling abroad. And you already knew that going abroad is not
simple as you think. It is very crucial as you are preparing to interact with different cultures.
Let’s see how well you know some distinct manners and practices of different cultures. Write TRUE if the statement
expresses truth about the countries’ distinct practices, otherwise, write FALSE.
______________ 1. When greeting people from India hold their hands together in front of their chins in a Prayerlike position.
______________ 2. When greeting, most Middle Easterners, especially Muslims, avoid body contact with the
opposite sex, but men may embrace and kiss one another.
______________ 3. When greeting, most Americans, expect some body contact. Women kiss once on each check
and hug; men shake hands.
______________ 4. Avoid wishing “Merry Christmas” to Middle Easterners like the Muslims.
______________ 5. In Singapore, it is alright to eat on public transport.
______________ 6. In China, it is nice to give a clock and umbrella as a present.
______________ 7. In turkey, you don’t show OK gestures because it’s very offensive.
______________ 8. Waving at our friends is a normal and common gesture, when you are in Greece, is
alright to you have the habit of waving.
______________ 9. In Thailand, if you are picking your nose while talking to other people then it is not
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considered impolite at all but instead this act symbolizes good hygiene.
______________ 10. Do not order cappuccino in Italian restaurants after 11 am.
______________ 11. In Japan, it is not considered as offensive if you make loud slurping sound white eating
noodles.
______________ To avoid emotional upset for Korean children and parents, do not write students’
names in red- this has death connotations.
______________ 13. In Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean, teachers are respected and revered and rarely
challenged.
______________ 14. Those from an educational system outside the United States often consider informal, noisy
classrooms as places of play, not learning.
______________ 15. If an Asian student bows to you, nod your head in response.
Submitted by:
CHARITO S. VELASCO
Instructor
Checked and approved by:
BIBIANA JOCELYN D. CUASAY, EdD, PhD.
Module Editing Chair
Noted by:
AQUILINO D. ARELLANO, EdD.
Dean, College of Teacher Education
Vice President for Academic Affairs
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