Effects of Corruption
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Effects of Corruption in Kenya
Student’s Name: Isaac Ndungu Gathuru
Institution Affiliation: pwani university
Course: Com science
Instructor:Pbbndhj
Date: gnhdbsmnxj
Effects of Corruption
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Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense undertaken by a person or
an organization entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power
for personal gain. It is persistent in today's society affecting most civilizations. Among the
most known causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional
ethics and morality, and, obviously, habits, tradition, demography, and customs. Corruption
diminishes trust, weakens democracy, tampers economic development, and brings inequality,
poverty, social division, and the environmental crisis.The aim of this report is to elaborate
about corruption, its causes and consequences and its successful resolution (Finocchiaro
Castro et al., 2015) .
Corruption is moral disease that have embedded itself in our todays society.ita has
effect in the political, economic and social development.some of this effects are;
Rising illiberal populism
In general corruption increases inequality decreasing popular accountability and
political responsiveness thereby causing increasing annoyance and difficulties among citizens
who are likely to accept oppressive and unenlightened tactics.The tactics take blame for
economic insecurities and political depreciationonto immigrant or to the minority
groups(Enste et al., 2017) .
Organized crime and terrorism
Judicial officials and politicians corrupt through maybe for gifts ,favours and other
benefits .This cause rise in levels of violence, illegal drugs, prostitution, sexual slavery,
kidnapping and intimidation rise accordingly. Not only does organized crime cause
corruption, but opportunities for corruption left open by a weak, negligent or incapable State
can also lead to organized crime (Šumah, 2018) .
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Impunity and partial justice
When corruption pervades the justice system, people can no longer count on
prosecutors and judges to do their jobs.As the powerful may escape justice, citizens,
especially those with few resources or few powerful allies, may be unfairly accused of crimes,
deprived of due process, and wrongly imprisoned
(Johnston, 1986).
Rigged economic and political systems
The above is actually profitable for corrupt actors.widespread patterns of private and
public corruption construct social systems that are rigged in the private interest.Citizens with
strong ethical principles (and citizens who lack significant funds, connections, favours to
dispense, "hard power" over others such as guns or private enforcers) lose representation,
influence, and power
(Transparency International, 2019).
Diminished state capacity
Even if citizens were to adamantly demand that the problems listed above be
addressed, corruption undermines the power of politics. For example, to the extent that
bribery, trading in influence and state capture are widespread, political systems become
incapable of addressing social problems whose resolution would threaten vested interests.
Naturally, this is never acknowledged as such from within - state incapacity may manifest in
a great many distracting and misleading ways, such as wedge issues, political party
restructuring, the emergence of scandals and overwhelming outside issues that detract from
structural problems, and so on. Under conditions of state capture, political arbitrage can be
expected to occur in a highly strategic fashion. Issues will be played off against each other in
order to frustrate systemic reforms. Moreover, as Della Porta and Vannucci (2005) argue,
corruption compromises the ethos of public service and changes political culture so as to
render meaningful, public-spirited reforms virtually unthinkable.
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Increasing polarization and unrest
When corruption, in particular state capture, becomes the norm, this can lead to
polarization among citizens: those in support of corrupt regimes (because of kickbacks and
handouts) versus those opposed to them. In the presence of diametrically opposed groups in
society, compromise and reasoned discussion diminish. Policy is judged not on the basis of
ideology or a project's inherent merits, but on who the policy proponents are and what
benefits competing networks can reap.
When corruption, in particular state capture, becomes the norm, this can lead to
polarization among citizens: those in support of corrupt regimes (because of kickbacks and
handouts) versus those opposed to them (Transparency International, 2019). In the presence
of diametrically opposed groups in society, compromise and reasoned discussion diminish.
Policy is judged not on the basis of ideology or a project's inherent merits, but on who the
policy proponents are and what benefits competing networks can reap.
Human rights violations
The observation that corrupt rulers tend to view civil liberties as obstacles to the
consolidation of power can be traced back to many historical sources, including the collection
of eighteenth century essays on corruption and tyranny known as Cato's Letters. Most
recently of all, perhaps, the United Nations Office of the High Commission for Human Rights
(OHCHR) has noted significant connections between corruption and human rights violations
(Johnston, 1986). Not only do those who report and oppose corruption end up on the
receiving end of assassinations and human rights violations of many kinds, but also
corruption itself decreases State capacity to address violations of civil and political rights and
to make the necessary provisions to guarantee such rights, including socio-economic rights,
which often require complex initiatives on the part of governments. OHCHR calls corruption
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"a structural obstacle to the enjoyment of human rights" and has detailed many intersections
between these two areas.
Conclusion
From the above, it is clear corruption has negative effect to political, economic and
social organation of a society. The main causes of corruption are Rising illiberal populism,
diminished state, and human rights violation. The solution to it is law enforcement, self
discipline and strict and organised use of funds.
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References
Enste, Dominik, Heldman, & Christina. (2017). The causes and consequences of
corruption. Corruption and Criminal Justice,
34-75. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784715984.00007
Finocchiaro Castro, M., Guccio, C., Pignataro, G., & Rizzo, I. (2015). Is competition able to
mitigate the waste effects of corruption? Empirical findings on Italian public work
contracts. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2708790
Johnston, M. (1986). JSTOR: Access check. Digital Object Identifier
System. https://doi.org/10.2307/421694
Transparency International. (2019, November 10). What is
corruption? Transparency.org. https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption
Šumah, S. (2018, February 21). Corruption, causes and consequences. IntechOpen - Open
Science Open Minds | IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/58969