Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Steam Turbine
Power Plant using Bagasse as fuel
Student
Abdul Mannan Mazhar
Supervisor
Dr. Muhammad Usman
Registration No
2020-MS-RES-501
Date of Registration
02-09-2020
Subjects Passed
08
Date of Completion
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Problem Statement
• In the modern era, effective energy management is of primary concern as the
demand for energy consumption has been increased exponentially.
• Contrary to the trend of increasing demand, the energy supply is limited as a
consequence of depreciation in fossil resources.
• About 80% of the world’s power demand is fulfilled by power plants and
most of them utilize fossil fuels as the source [1].
• We have learned about energy and exergy analysis but how to implement it
practically.
• How to deal with constraints such as internal properties of the working fluid
at different inlet and outlet points?
• How entropy factor is impacting the actual performance of the power plant?
Does load variation will be effecting the power plant?
• What are the components providing high and low efficiency?
• The research is conducted to answer all the above mentioned queries.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Objectives
• Inspection of efficiency of the plant when bagasse is used as fuel
• Determine the exergy destruction of different components of a steam turbine
power plant
• Analyze the components that are offering higher energy and exergy losses.
• Calculation of energy and exergy efficiency of different components.
• Analyzing the effect of mass flow rate of steam with variation in load.
• Analyzing the efficiency of different components with variation in load
• Determine the cycle energy and exergy efficiency along with their variation
with respect to load.
• Determine the exergy loss ratio and relative exergy destruction of different
components.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Methodology
Understanding the
process
Determination of
Intensive Properties
Developing Equations
for Exergy Analysis
Calculation of Exergy
Efficiencies of different
components
Calculation of exergy
loss ratio
Developing Equations
for Energy Analysis
Calculation of Relative
Exergy Destruction
Calculation of Energy
Efficiency
Graphical
Interpretation
Discussion and
Conclusion
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Cycle of Chanar energy steam power plant
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Boiler
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Turbine
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Condenser
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
8
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Deaerator
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
9
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Literature Review
In Pakistan, energy crisis has badly affected the lives of people. Our country
mainly relies on fossil fuels to produce energy which are depleting and causing
environmental deterioration and concerns.
Exergy analysis is an excellent method for investigating the performance of the
components of the system. It involves examining the exergy at many points
especially close to the energy conversion components. This information is
relevant to evaluate the efficiencies and determine the components offering high
exergy loss [2].
Analysis that is based on combination of exergy and energy, prove to be well
suited for power plants optimization. Exergy is defined in term of maximum
work that is obtained by system as it comes to equilibrium with specified
reference environment [3]. Thermodynamic imperfections can be described as
exergy losses.
Degradation of energy can be understood as irretrievable energy losses. Energy
analysis is based on law of conservation of energy, first law of thermodynamics.
While, exergy balance is based on statement of degradation of energy [4].
Exergetic life cycle assessment involves exergy analysis of complete life cycle.
It helps in quantifying environment problems due to decreasing natural resources
[5, 6]
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
10
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Literature Review
Nemati et al. developed model for analysis of thermoelectric heat pump.
Optimization was based on multi-objective genetic algorithm. On basis of
exergy efficiency and cost, optimal values of design variables were found [7].
AMK Vandani et al. analyzed the effect of adding feed-water heaters in steam
power plant using exergy and economic analysis. They used optimization
algorithm to study different configuration of heaters. Adding heaters, improved
the exergy efficiency up to 0.33% [8].
[9] conducted energy, exergy-economics and environmental 4E analysis for
optimizing steam power plant. Optimum operating conditions were estimated
and exergy efficiency was increased by 16.8%. Clety conducted exergy analysis
on Olkaria I power plant in Kenia to determine second law efficiency and
exergetic losses [10].
In order to locate losses and optimize the power generation, many researchers
have provided fundamental foundation. The work of C Birnie et al. evaluated the
location of losses in 60 MW power plant [11]. A. Keller used entropy balance
diagram to evaluate losses in steam power plant [12].
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
11
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Literature Review
H.Y Kwak used thermo-economic and exergy analyses for 500 MW combined
cycle plant. Each component was analyzed with energy and mass conservation
laws [13]. J. Zueco et al. performed exergy analysis of steam turbine power
generation using different fuels. Boiler was found to be main contributor of the
exergy loss. Fuel having simple molecular structure with oxygen molecules
reduced the exergy loss [14].
M Elhelw et al. simulated the thermal power plant at full and half operational
load to find sources of exergy destruction and concluded that most of the exergy
destruction occurred in boilers, followed by turbines and then condensers [15]. P.
Regulagadda et al. developed energy and exergy formulations for 32 Mega-Watt
coal based plant and suggested boiler to be major location of irreversibility due
to combustion and flue gases [16].
[17] applied the concept of 2nd law of thermodynamics to account for
irreversibility in the boiler and heat exchanger by changing rate of combustion
air and temperature of stack-gas.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
12
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Literature Review
Proper co-ordination, analysis and planning should be done to implement
effective energy management system for Power Plants. One way is to conduct
analysis of the power plant and then various methods including lean techniques
are used to eliminate or minimize the energy losses. In this regard the first and
second law of thermodynamics hold great importance which direct towards
exergy and energy analysis.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
13
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
References
[1] Kaushik, S. C., Reddy, V. S., and Tyagi, S. K., 2011, "Energy and exergy
analyses of thermal power plants: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 15(4), pp. 1857-1872.
[2] Rosen, M. A., and Dincer, I. J. I. J. o. T. S., 2004, "Effect of varying deadstate properties on energy and exergy analyses of thermal systems," 43(2), pp.
121-133.
[3] Dincer, I., and Cengel, Y. A. J. E., 2001, "Energy, entropy and exergy
concepts and their roles in thermal engineering," 3(3), pp. 116-149.
[4] Kotas, T. J., 2013, The exergy method of thermal plant analysis, Elsevier.
[5] Cornelissen, R. L., 1999, "Thermodynamics and sustainable development:
The use of exergy analysis and the reduction of irreversibility."
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
14
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
References
[6] Dincer, I., Rosen, M. A. J. R., and Reviews, S. E., 2005, "Thermodynamic
aspects of renewables and sustainable development," 9(2), pp. 169-189.
[7] Nemati, A., Nami, H., Yari, M., Ranjbar, F., Kolvir, H. R. J. E. C., and
Management, 2016, "Development of an exergoeconomic model for analysis and
multi-objective optimization of a thermoelectric heat pump," 130, pp. 1-13.
[8] Vandani, A. M. K., Joda, F., Ahmadi, F., Ahmadi, M. H. J. M., and Industry,
2017, "Exergoeconomic effect of adding a new feedwater heater to a steam
power plant," 18(2), p. 224.
[9] Ameri, M., Mokhtari, H., Bahrami, M. J. I. J. o. S., and Technology, T. o. M.
E., 2016, "Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and environmental (4E) optimization
of a large steam power plant: a case study," 40(1), pp. 11-20.
[10] Kwambai, C. B., 2005, Energy analysis of Olkaria I power plant, Kenya,
United Nations University.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
15
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
References
[11] Birnie, C., and Obert, E., "Evaluation and location of losses in a 60 MW
power station," Proc. Proc. Midwest Power Conf, pp. 187-193.
[12] Keller, A. J. T. A., 1950, "The Evaluation of Steam-Power-Plant Losses by
Means of the Entropy-Balance Diagram," 72, pp. 949-953.
[13] Kwak, H.-Y., Kim, D.-J., and Jeon, J.-S. J. E., 2003, "Exergetic and
thermoeconomic analyses of power plants," 28(4), pp. 343-360.
[14] Zueco, J., López-Asensio, D., Fernández, F., and López-González, L. M. J.
A. T. E., 2020, "Exergy analysis of a steam-turbine power plant using
thermocombustion," 180, p. 115812.
[15] Elhelw, M., and Al Dahma, K. S. J. A. T. E., 2019, "Utilizing exergy
analysis in studying the performance of steam power plant at two different
operation mode," 150, pp. 285-293.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
16
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
References
[16] Regulagadda, P., Dincer, I., and Naterer, G. J. A. T. E., 2010, "Exergy
analysis of a thermal power plant with measured boiler and turbine losses," 30(89), pp. 970-976.
[17] Amir, V., "Improving steam power plant efficiency through exergy analysis:
ambient temperature," Proc. 2nd international Conference on Mechanical,
Production and Automobile Engineering (ICMPAE) Singapore, Citeseer, pp.
209-212.
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Usman
17
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Thank You
Registration No: 2020-MS-RES-501
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Asim
18