YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
”Dfreumjsg scigjjh Yctcs Ngiuhb Ichbjh Qjt J`tgd Fxyectjzfmghc”
Igsusuh fmcn 1
@cmfepf` :
Hjej Ejnjsgswj
Hge
JIGHIJ [C\YG
D.:7.??:
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_uag syu`ur `jeg pjhajt`jh `cnjigrjt Jmmjn \RY. Jtjs mgepjnjh rjnejt ijh
`jruhgjhyj
`jruh
gjhyj scnghbbj
scnghbbj ijpjt echycmcsjg`jh
echycmcsjg`jh scmurun
scmurun `cbgjtjh
`cbgjtjh prj`tg`ue
prj`tg`ue mjpfrjh
mjpfrjh
mchb`jp. Mjpfrjh ghg igsusuh sckjbjg sjmjn sjtu syjrjt uhtu` echbg`utg uagjh
_rj`tg`ue Yc`hfmfbg\cigjjh\tcrgm.
Mjpfrjh ghg tcrsusuh jtjs ejtcrg tcfrg ijh prj`tg`ue Yc`hfmfbg \cigjjh
\tcrgm yjhb igmj`sjhj`jh. Ygij` mupj pchumgs echbuljp`jh tcrgej`jsgn `cpjij
@cpjmj Mjkfrjtfrgue Djrejsg Ycrpjiu aubj scmj`u ifsch _cekgekghb GG Gku Jpt.
Chy Hurng`
Hurng`ejn
ejn,, \.\g.,
\.\g., E._.N
E._.N yjhb
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Mjkfrjtfrgue ijh ifsch _cekgekghb G Jpt. Hgrwjtg[usmg, E.\l, scrtj Jsgstch
Mjkfrjtftgue @j` Ghbbgt \uryjhghbsgn, Jei.Djre yjhb tcmjn kjhyj` ecmujhb`jh
wj`t
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ecekjhtu ijmje pchyusuhjh mjpfrjh ghg.
_chumgs echyjijrg mjpfrjh yjhb igkujt ejsgn ajun ijrg `jtj scepurhj
scng
scnghb
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bj sj
sjrj
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\cefbj mjpfrjh ghg ecekcr
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ejhdjj
pgnj`, tcrutjej kjbg ejnjsgswj
ejnjsgswj-ejnjs
-ejnjsgswj
gswj Kghj Nusjij
Nusjij
@chijrg.
@chijrg, ;; Ajhujrg ;?;:
_chumgs
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc g
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
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K. IC\@[G_\G SESE QJY J@YGD.........................................................
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L. ICDGHG\G KCHYS@ \CIGJJH............................................................<
I. JMJ\JH _CEGMGNJH KCHYS@ \CIGJJH .....................................9
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C. JMJ\JH _CEGMGNJH KJNJH....................................
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D. _CHBCEKJHBJH DF[ESMJ...........................................................
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3. _crngtuhbjh Kjnjh......................................
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4. _rfsciur @craj.............................................
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2. Cvjmujsg \cigjjh........................................
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MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
J. _CHI
_CHIJNSM
JNSMSJH
SJH
\jmjn sjtu kchtu` scigjjh stcrgm jijmjn tctcs ngiuhb. Yctcs ngiuhb kgjsj
aubjigsckut sprjy jtju lfmmuhjrgj, ecrupj`jh mjrutjh kcrjgr jtju kcreghyj`
yjhbigej`sui`jh uhtu` pchbbuhjjh tfpg`jm jtju ijcrjn hjsfdjrghb igbuhj`jh
ichbjh
ich
bjhljrj
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echctcs`j
s`jh
h fkjt
fkjt `c ijmje
ijmje rfhbbj
rfhbbj ngiuhb
ngiuhb,, ijpjt
ijpjt echbjh
echbjhiuh
iuhb
b
zjt pchsuspchsg, pchbjwct, pchijpjr, fkjt-fkjt vjsf`fhstrg`sg ijh jhtgscptg`.
Fkjt-fkjt
Fkjt-f
kjt yjhb pjmghb
pjmghb kjhyj`
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igbuhj`jh pjij dfreumjsg
dfreumjsg tctcs ngiuhb,
ecmgpu
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tg jhtgkg
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ftg`,
`, ijh sumdfh
sumdfhjeg
jegij.
ij. \ujtu
\ujtu tct
tctcs
cs ngiuhb
ngiuhb njrus
njrus ecechu
ecechung
ng
pcrsyjrjtjh jhtjrj mjgh njrus stcrgm, gsftfhgs, pN, Tgs`fsgtjs, ijh `jpjsgtjs
ijpjr.
\cigjjh tctcs ngiuhb jijmjn ljgrjh, scegsfmgi jtju scigjjh pjijt yjhb
igbuhj`jh pjij rfhbbj ngiuhb uhtu` ecepcrfmcn sujtu cdc` sgstceg` jtju
mf`jm. Kcrgsg sjtu jtju mckgn kjnjh j`tgd. \cigjjh ngiuhb sckgsj euhb`gh tgij`
echbgrgtjsg ijh tgij` ecekcrg pchbjrun yjhb hcbjtgd pjij duhbsg eu`fsj
ngiuhb ijh lgmgjhyj. \cigjjh ngiuhb echbjhiuhb jgr pjij ueuehyj gsftfhg`
ijh euhb`gh kcrgsg cxlgpgchts, sckjbjg lfhtfn, uhtu` ecmj`u`jh pchycsujgjh
sgdjt ecrc`jt uhtu` scigjjh, uhtu` ecmj`u`jh pchycsujgjh jtju stjkgmgsjsg pN,
uhtu` echghb`jt`jh `cmjrutjh kjnjh j`tgd, jtju `cstjkgmjh scigjjh gtu.
Ngiuhb ecepuhyjg tubjs echyjrghb uijrj ijrg scbjmj ejlje icku yjhb
ejsu` `c ijmje ecmjmug ngiuhb. Yjhpj pchyjrghbjh ghg euhb`gh icku ghg
ijpjt echljpjg pjru-pjru. Kjbgjh icpjh ijrg rfhbbj ngiuhb tcrijpjt rjekut
ngiuhb yjhb kcrduhbsg echjnjh kutgrjh icku `jsjr. \cijhb`jh icku njmus ijh
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc :
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
kj`tcrg echcepcm pjij eu`fsj ngiuhb. Ijmje rfhbbj ngiuhb uijrj
ignjhbjt`jh scnghbbj tcrajig `cmcekjkjh tcrtchtu.
Kgmj `cighbghjh
`cighbghjh pN mchigr ngiuhb
ngiuhb j`jh lchicruhb hjg`,
hjg`, sckjmg`hyj
sckjmg`hyj kgmj
`c
`cpj
pjhj
hjsjh
sjh lchic
lchicru
ruhb
hb pN echu
echuru
ruh.
h. _j
_jij
ij wj`t
wj`tu
u pg
pgmc`
mc` pN mc
mchi
higr
gr jm
jm`j
`jmg
mgss
scnghb
scn
ghbbj
bj tcfrg
tcfrg sckchj
sckchjrhy
rhyjj ijpjt
ijpjt igscek
igscekun`
un`jh
jh ichbjh
ichbjh euijn
euijn ichbjh
ichbjh ljrj
ljrj
echuruh`jh pNhyj yjgtu `cjrjn jsje. Ajig pcekcrgjh fkjt ichbjh tuaujh
echbcekjmg`jh `fhigsg hfrejm ijrg rfhbbj ngiuhb j`jh echfmfhb.
Fkjt ngiuhb kgjsjhyj igkcrg`jh ichbjh cepjt ljrj 1
:. Wjh
Wjhb
b pjmghb
pjmghb ueue jijmjn
jijmjn ichbjh
ichbjh echctcs`
echctcs`jh
jh pjij
pjij kjbgjh
kjbgjh tgjp mukjhb
mukjhb
ngiuhb ichbjh echbbuhj`jh pgpct tctcs.
;. Ichbjh
Ichbjh ljrj igsceprft`jh.
igsceprft`jh. Jmjthyj
Jmjthyj jij yjhb achgs uhtu`
uhtu` echijpjt`jh
echijpjt`jh njsgm
sceprf
sce
prftjh
tjh kcrukj
kcrukj `jkut
`jkut (jtfegz
(jtfegzcr)
cr) jij aubj
aubj yjhb
yjhb jbj`
jbj` njmus
njmus (hcumg
(hcumgzcr)
zcr)
jrtghyj mckgn njmus ijrg jtfegzcr.
<. Ichbjh
Ichbjh ljrj echlulg`jh
echlulg`jh ichbjh
ichbjh jmjt
jmjt ”hjsjm ifulnc―
ifulnc―
9. Ijpjt aubj
aubj ichbjh
ichbjh ljrj―ghncmcr―.
ljrj―ghncmcr―. Igngrup
Igngrup-ngru
-ngrup
p
Fkjt
Fk
jt yjhb
yjhb igbu
igbuhj
hj`j
`jh
h pjij
pjij df
dfre
reum
umjs
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ghgg ji
jijm
jmjn
jn Fxye
Fxyect
ctjz
jzfm
fmgh
ghc.
c.
Fxyectjz
jzf
fmgh
mghc jijmjn
fkjt
ic`fhbcstj
stjh
yjhb
igbuhj`
j`jjh
uhtu`
ecrcij`jhngiuhb tcrsuekjt yjhb igsckjk`jh fmcn pgmc`, sghusgtgs, ijh jmcrbg.
Fxyectjzfmg
Fxye
ctjzfmghc
hc kc`craj
kc`craj ichbjh
ichbjh ljrj echbclgm`j
echbclgm`jh
h pcekumun
pcekumun ijrjn scnghbbj
scnghbbj
echburjhbg pcekchb`j`jh ijh pchyuekjtjh.
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc ;
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
K. IC\@
IC\@[G_\
[G_\GG SESE QJY J@YGD
J@YGD
Fxyectjzfmghc jijmjn ic`fhbcstjh tfpg`jm, ichbjh hjej ijbjhb Jdrgh,
F`u`mgr igbuhj`jh ijmje kchtu` fxyectjzfmghc nyirflnmfrgic. Fxyectjzfmghc
Ghg ig`cekjhb`jh ijrg xymfectjzfmghc ig C. Ecrl` Ijrestjit fmcn Drunstfrdcr
pjij tjnuh :74:.Fxyectjzfmghc
:74:.Fxyectjzfmghc ueuehyj tcrscigj sckjbjg sceprftjh ngiuhb.
Fxyectjzfmghc tcrscigj tjhpj rcscp sckjbjg ic`fhbcstjh tfpg`jm ijmje kchtu`
fxyectjzfmghc nyirflnmfrgic ijmje sceprftjh ngiuhb scpcrtg Ftrgvgh, Jdrgh,
Fpcrgm,, Irgstjh,
Fpcrgm
Irgstjh, Igectjpp,
Igectjpp, Fxysprjy,
Fxysprjy, Djlgegh, Hjsgvgh,
Hjsgvgh, Hfstrgmmj,
Hfstrgmmj, Stjkfh,
Stjkfh,
\uijdci FE, Tgl`s \ghcx , Qglje , \ghuDrgh, Irgxfrjm ijh Eulghcx @c`ujtjh
_chun.
Ecrc` fxyectjzfmghc Jdrgh pcrtjej `jmg igaujm sckjbjg fkjt rcscp pjij
tjnuh :744. \ctcmjn echceu`jh `ckcrnjsgmjh jwjm yjhb sukstjhsgjm sckjbjg
fkjt rcscp, fkjt ghg tcrscigj sckjbjg fkjt kckjs pjij tjnuh :723.
Fxyectjzfmghc jijmjn fkjt yjhb igbuhj`jh uhtu` pchjhbjhjh scechtjrj
`fhbcstg hjsjm jtju ngiuhb tcrsuekjt, scrtj echbjtjsg ruje j`gkjt rfsjlcj.
L. ICDGHG\G KCHYS@ \CIGJJH
Fkjt tctcs ngiuhb jijmjn mjrutjh ijmje jgr jtju ijmje pcekjwj eghyj`
yjhb igbuhj`jh ichbjh ljrj hchctcs`jhhyj jtju echyceprft`jhhyj `cijmje
mukj
mukjhb
hb
ngiu
ngiuhb
hb
pjij
pjij
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ijcrjn
jn
hjsf
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pnjr
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jm
ij
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pjtt
echb
echbjh
jhiu
iuhb
hb
zj
zjtt
pchsuspchsg, pchijpjr ijh pchbjwct ( DG ci GGG :727
:727 njm.:?).
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
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MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
Echurut Krgtgsn _njrej`fpc ;??:, tctcs ngiuhb jtju mjrutjh sprjy ngiuhb
jijmjn mjrutjh, suspchsg jtju ceumsg yjhb igbuhj`jh uhtu` igsceprft`jh jtju
igtctcs`jh `c rfhbbj ngiuhb.
I. JMJ\JH _C
_CECMGNJH
ECMGNJH KCHYS@
KCHYS@ \CIGJJH
\CIGJJH
\cigjjh
\ci
gjjh tctcs
tctcs ngiuhb
ngiuhb igpgmg
igpgmgn
n `jrchj
`jrchj ijpjt
ijpjt igbuhj
igbuhj`jh
`jh sctgjp
sctgjp njrg
njrg uhtu`
uhtu`
ecekcrsgn`jh ijh ecmcbj`jh ngiuhb tcrsuekjt, ecmcekjk`jh ngiuhb yjhb
`crghb
`cr
ghb ijh kcr`cr
kcr`crj`,
j`, scrtj
scrtj sckjbj
sckjbjgg pcekcr
pcekcrsgn
sgn ngiuhb
ngiuhb sckcmu
sckcmue
e pcekcr
pcekcrgjh
gjh
fkjtichbjh ljrj yjhb mckgn jejh.
Yctcs ngiuhb igghbgh`jh
igghbgh`jh jksfrpsghyj
jksfrpsghyj njhyj pjij rfhbbj
rfhbbj ngiuhb,
ngiuhb, tgij`
uhtu`sjepjg `c sjmurjh pcrhjdjsjh scpcrtg pjij ghnjmcr, ej`j igkujtmjn ijmje
kchtu`scigjjh tctcs ngiuhb.
C. JMJ\
JMJ\JH
JH _CEGMGNJH
_CEGMGNJH KJNJH
KJNJH
:. Qjt
Qjt j`
j`tg
tgdd
j. Fxye
Fxyect
ctjz
jzfm
fmgh
ghcc
Fxyectjzfmg
Fxye
ctjzfmghc
hc igpgmgn
igpgmgn sckjbjg
sckjbjg zjt j`tgd ijmje dfreumjsg
dfreumjsg tctcs ngiuhb
ghg jijmjn `jrchj ecrupj`jh bfmfhbjh fkjt ic`fhbcstjh yjhb igbuhj`jh
uhtu` ecrcij`jh ngiuhb tcrsuekjt yjhb igsckjk`jh fmcn pgmc`, sghusgtgs,
ijh jmcrbg.Fxye
jmcrbg.Fxyectjzfmg
ctjzfmghc
hc kc`craj
kc`craj ichbjh
ichbjh ljrj echbclgm`jh
echbclgm`jh pcekumun
pcekumun
ijrjn scnghbbj echburjhbg pcekchb`j`jh ijh pchyuekjtjh. Kcrg`ut
ecrupj`jh ghdfrejsg fkjt Fxyectjzfmghc ijmje ku`u G\F Tfmuec 94;?::-;?:;. G\\H ?>39-997; njmjejh1 3;2 ijh EGE\
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
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MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
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:) Gh
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`jrchj dmu), sghusgtgs, njy dcvcr jtju jmcrbg scm hjdjs kjbgjh jtjs
mjghhyj.
;) Ifsgs
Ifsgs / _ct
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uhau
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sjmurjh pcrhjpjsjh jtjs, iceje, dmu kgjsj, sghusgtgs, ijh ftgtgs ecigj1
\ckjbjg tctcs ngiuhb ?,?3% 1 Ifsgs kgjsj1 Yctcs`jh ;-< tctcs `c
sctgjp mukjhb ngiuhb ;-< `jmg scnjrg. Iurjsg pchbfkjtjh ej`sgejm1
3-2 njrg kcrturut-turut.
Jhj`1
\ckjbjg ?,?:% tctcs ngiuhb1 ≩9 eghbbu Yctcs`jh:
Yctcs`jh: tctcs `c sctgjp
mukjhb ngiuhb ;-< `jmg scnjrg0 3 eghbbu sjepjg : tjnuh Yctcs`jh :-;
tctcs
tct
cs `c sctg
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pchbfk
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ej`sgejm1 3-2 njrg kcrturut-turut. \ckjbjg tctcs ngiuhb ?,?;3%1 :-4
tjnuh Ifsgs kgjsj1 Yctcs`jh :-; tctcs `c sctgjp mukjhb ngiuhb ;-<
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YCYC\ NGISHB
@fhtrj
rjgghig`jsg
_chyj`gt `frfhcr j`ut, jsej ajhtuhb, bmju`fej suiut tcrtutup,
rghgtg
rgh
gtgss sgllj,
sgllj, rjijhb
rjijhb jtju mcsg
mcsg `u
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mgt ig sc`gtjr
sc`gtjr mukjhb
mukjhb ngiuhb
ngiuhb jtju
eu`fsj
eu`f
sj ngiuhb,
ngiuhb, dcf`rfefsgtf
dcf`rfefsgtfej,
ej, ngpfdgsc`t
ngpfdgsc`tfeg
feg trjhs-spnchfg
trjhs-spnchfgijm
ijm
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kchz
hzjm
jm`f
`fhg
hgue
ue ic
ichb
hbjh
jh HjLm
HjLm,, mj
mjmu
mu
tjekjn`jh sgsj jqujicst(Mjrutjh :)
b. Igtjekjn`j
Igtjekjn`jh
h ijpjr dfsdjt
dfsdjt `cijmje mjrutjh
mjrutjh :, mjmu ig lc` pNhyj
pNhyj ichbjh
ichbjh
pN ectcr (pN54,3)
n. Igejsu``jh
Igejsu``jh ijmje
ijmje wjijn
wjijn tctcs
tctcs ngiuhb
ngiuhb
g. Ji `j
`jh
h vfmuechyj
vfmuechyj sckjhyj`
sckjhyj` :? eM ichbjh
ichbjh jquj
jquj prf ghac`sg
ghac`sg
a. Ig uag cvjmujsg
2. CTJ
CTJMSJ
MSJ\G
\G \CI
\CIGJJ
GJJH
H
j. Cvjm
Cvjmuj
ujsg
sg fr
frbj
bjhf
hfmc
mcpt
ptgs
gs
Sag frbjhfmcptgs tcrnjijp scigjjh igmj`u`jh ichbjh pchghajujh ijrg
scbg, wjrhj ijh kju yjhb igtgekum`jh fmcn ljgrjh tctcs ngiuhb
k. pN
_chctjpjh pN igmj`u`jh
igmj`u`jh ichbjh echbbuhj`jh pN ectcr jtju `crtjs
ghigljtfr uhgvcrsjm. MjmuJejtg pcrukjnjh pN pjij `crtjs pN ectcr
uhgvcrsjm jtju hgmjg pN yjhb tcrtcrj pjij pN ectcr.
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc :4
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
Fxyectjzfmc ecegmg`g pN jhtjrj 9,? - 4,3 (@cechtcrgjh @cscnjtjh
[G, ;?:9).
l. Sag
Sag `cacr
cacrh
hgnjh
gnjh
Sag `cacrhgnjh tcrnjijp scigjjh igmj`u`jh ichbjh echchtu`jh wjijn
scigjjh yjhb kcrgsg ljgrjh tctcs ngiuhb igijmje `ftj` ichbjh tctcs
ngtje
ngt
je ijh putgn
putgn yjhb
yjhb igijmje
igijmjehyj
hyj tcrijp
tcrijpjt
jt mjepu
mjepu yjhb
yjhb echygh
echyghjrg
jrg
wjijn ijrg jrjn sjepghb, pcrtjej wjijn igic`jt`jh pjij tctcs putgn
ichbjh
ichbj
h echbjejtg
echbjejtg `cacrhgnjh
`cacrhgnjh ljgrjh ichbjh
ichbjh ecmgnjt
ecmgnjt jij tgij`hyj
`ftfrjh kcrwjrhj bcmjp, scmjhauthyj wjijn igic`jt`jh pjij mjepu
pjij sgsg ichbjh tctcs ngtje, jejtg `cacrhgnjh `cekjmg ichbjh ecmgnjt
jij jtju tgij`hyj
tgij`hyj `ftfrjh
`ftfrjh yjhb kcrwjrhj, `ceuigjh igkjhighb`jh
igkjhighb`jh
ichbjh pjrmj`ujh pcrtjej pjij tctcs putgn.
i. Sag
Sag `
`csc
cscrj
rjbj
bjej
ejh
h vfm
vfmue
uecc
Ecrupj`
Ecru
pj`jh
jh uag yjhb
yjhb igmj`u
igmj`u`jh
`jh uhtu`
uhtu` echbcl
echbclc`
c` vfmuec
vfmuec scigjjh
scigjjh,,
igmj`u`jh ichbjh ljrj mjrutjh tctcs ngiuhb ig tujhb `c bcmjs u`ur ijh
igmgnjt jpj`jn vfmuec scigjjh tcpjt :? eM.
c. Sag `
`cckflfrjh
Sag `ckflf
`ckflfrjh
rjh igmj`u
igmj`u`jh
`jh ichbjh
ichbjh ecekjm
ecekjmg``
g``jh
jh kftfm
kftfm scigjj
scigjjh
h tct
tctcs
cs
ngiu
ngiuhb
hb ic
ichb
hbjh
jh eumu
eumutt kf
kftf
tfmm echb
echbnj
njij
ijp
p `c
`ckj
kjwj
wjn.
n. Ig
Igje
jejt
jtgg ji
jijj
tgij`hyj tctcsjh ljgrjh yjhb `cmujr ijrg kftfm.
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc :2
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
B. NJ\GM IJH _CEKJNJ\JH
:. Njsgm _chbje
_chbjejtjh
jtjh Cv
Cvjmuj
jmujsg
sg \cig
\cigjjh
jjh
j. Sag
Sag Fr
Frbj
bjhf
hfmc
mcpt
ptg`
g`
Hf
\cigjjh
:.
Fxyectjzfmghc
Frbjhfmcptg`
Rjrhj
Kchghb
Kju
Ygij`
Yc`stur
Ljgr
kcrkju
k . Sa g p N
Hf
\cigjjh
pN
:.
Fxyectjzfmghc
4
l. Sa
Sagg @c
@cac
acrh
rhgn
gnjjh
Hf
\cigjjh
:.
Fxyectjzfmghc
@cacrhgnjh
Acrhgn
@crun
∑
-
i. Sa
Sagg @
@ck
ckfflfrj
lfrjhh
Hf \cigjjh
:.
Fxyectjzfmghc
@ckflfrjh
Kflfr Ygij` kflfr
∑
c. Sag Tf
Tfmu
muec
ec _crp
_crpgh
ghij
ijnj
njhh
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc :>
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
Hf
:.
\cigjjh
Fxyectjzfmghc
YCYC\ NGISHB
Tfmuec pcrpghijnjh
:?,3eM
;. _cek
_cekjn
jnjs
jsjh
jh
_jij prj`tg`ue `jmg ghg igkujt scigjjh tctcs ngiuhb ichbjh zjt j`tgd
fxyectjzfm
fxye
ctjzfmghc.
ghc. \ckjbjgejh
\ckjbjgejhjj yjhb tcmjn ig`ctjnug
ig`ctjnug icdghgsg
icdghgsg tctcs ngiuhb
jijmjn fkjt tctcs yjhb igbuhj`jh uhtu` ngiuhb ichbjh ljrj echctcs`jh
fk
fkjt
jt `c
`cij
ijmje
mje rf
rfhb
hbbj
bj ngiu
ngiuhb
hb,, ij
ijpj
pjtt echb
echbjh
jhiu
iuhb
hb zjt pc
pchs
hsus
uspc
pchs
hsg,
g,
pchijpjr, ijh pchbjwct.
Ijmje pcekujtjh tctcs ngiuhb njrus igpcrnjtg`jh `nusus. _jij
pcekujtjh scigjjh tctcs ngiuhb sceuj njrus igmj`u`jh scjscptg`
euhb`g
euh
b`gh
h eumjg
eumjg ijrg
ijrg jmjt nghbbj
nghbbj tcepjt
tcepjt njrus
njrus stcrgm.
stcrgm. Fxyect
Fxyectjzf
jzfmgh
mghcc
igpg
igpgmg
mgn
n sc
sckj
kjbj
bjgg zj
zjtt j`
j`tg
tgdd ij
ijmj
mje
e df
dfre
reum
umjsg
jsg tc
tctc
tcss ng
ngiu
iuhb
hb gh
ghgg `j
`jrch
rchjj
ecrupj`jh bfmfhbjh fkjt ic`fhbcstjh yjhb igbuhj`jh uhtu` ecrcij`jh
ngiuhb tcrsuekjt yjhb igsckjk`jh fmcn pgmc`, sghusgtgs, ijh jmcrbg.
Kjnjh
Kjn
jh pcekuj
pcekujtjh
tjh tct
tctcs
cs ngiuhb
ngiuhb njrus
njrus echbjh
echbjhiuh
iuhb
b kjnjh
kjnjh yjhb
yjhb
scsujg uhtu` echlcbjn pcrtuekunjh jtju eceushjn`jh eg`rfkj yjhb
ejsu
ej
su`
` `jij
`jijmj
mje
e sc
sclj
ljrj
rj tgij
tgij`
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schb
hbja
jajj kg
kgmj
mj wjij
wjijn
n ig
igku
ku`j
`j uh
uhtu
tu`
`
pchbbuhjjh jtju ig`jtj`jh kcrsgdjt kj`tcrgfstjtg`.
_cekuj
_ce
kujtjh
tjh scigjjh
scigjjh tct
tctcs
cs ngiuhb
ngiuhb fxyect
fxyectjzfm
jzfmghc
ghc igkujt
igkujt ichbjh
ichbjh
echbbu
ech
bbuhj`
hj`jh
jh pcmjru
pcmjrutt jgr. _cekjw
_cekjwjj jgr yjhb
yjhb igbuhj
igbuhj`jh
`jh jijmjn
jijmjn J._.G
J._.G
( Jquj
Jquj _r
_rf
f Gh
Ghac
ac`s
`sg)
g).. _j
_jij
ij df
dfre
reum
umjs
jsgg ig
igtj
tjek
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jn`j
`jh
h zj
zjtt tj
tjek
ekjn
jnjh
jh
HjLmsckjbjg zjt pchbgsftfhgs. \ceuj jmjt-jmjt njrus igstcrgm`jh jbjr
echijpjt`jh
mjr
jru
utjh
yjhb
st
stccrgm,
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
kckjs
pjrtg`cm
jsghb
ijh
_jbc :7
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
eg`r
eg
`rff
ffrb
rbjh
jhgs
gsec
ec.. Jbjr
Jbjr fk
fkjt
jt tctcs
tctcs ng
ngiu
iuhb
hb hy
hyje
jejh
jh ij
ijh
h tgij
tgij`
` pc
pcrg
rgn
n
igngiuhb sjjt igbuhj`jh ej`j njrus igkujt gsftfhgs ichbjh pchjekjnjh
HjLm.
\cmjgh gtu igtjekjn`jh
igtjekjn`jh kjnjh mjgh scpcrtg kchzjm`fhg
kchzjm`fhgue
ue `mfrgij
`mfrgij
sckjbjg pchbjwct yjhb echlcbjn pcrtuekunjh eg`rfkj pjij scigjjh
tctcs ngiuhb.
Igmj`u`jh
Igmj`
u`jh cvjmujsg j`ngr pjij scigjjh
scigjjh tctcs ngiuhb igejhj pjij
uag frbjhfmcptg` igpcrfmcn njsgm yjgtu, wjrhj scigjjh kchghb, tgij` kcrkju
ijh ichbjh tc`stur yjhb ljgr. pN yjhb igpcrfmcn yjgtu 4 yjhb ecechung
syjrjt pN kcr`gsjr 3,3 “ 4,3 gsftfhgs. Gsftfhgs sujtu `cjijjh igejhj
tc`jhjh fseftgs mjrutjh fkjt yjhb sjej ichbjh tc`jhjh fseftgs ljgrjh
tu
tuk
kun.\
n.\cigj
cigjjh
jh
tgi
tgij`
ech
chbj
bjmj
mje
eg
`ck
ckf
flf
lfrj
rjh
h
ich
chbj
bjh
h
vf
vfmu
mue
ec
tcrpghijn`jhhyj :?,3 em.
N. @csge
@csgepumjh
pumjh
Yctcs ngiuhb jijmjn fkjt tctcs yjhb igbuhj`jh uhtu` ngiuhb ichbjh ljrj
echctcs`jh fkjt `cijmje rfhbbj ngiuhb, ijpjt echbjhiuhb zjt pchsuspchsg,
pchijpjr, ijh pchbjwct.Fxyectjzfmghc igpgmgn sckjbjg zjt j`tgd ijmje
dfreumjsg tctcs ngiuhb ghg `jrchj ecrupj`jh bfmfhbjh fkjt ic`fhbcstjh yjhb
igbuhj`jh
igbu
hj`jh uhtu` ecrcij`jh
ecrcij`jh ngiuhb
ngiuhb tcrsuekjt
tcrsuekjt yjhb igsckjk`jh
igsckjk`jh fmcn pgmc`,
sghusgtgs, ijh jmcrbg.
_ji
_jij cv
cvjm
jmuj
ujsg
sg j`
j`n
ngr pjij
jij scig
scigjj
jjh
h tc
tctc
tcss ngi
giu
uhb ig
ige
ejh
jhjj pji
jijj uag
frbjhfmcptg` igpcrfmcn njsgm yjgtu, wjrhj scigjjh kchghb, tgij` kcrkju ijh
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc ;?
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
ichbjh
ichbj
h tc`stur
tc`stur yjhb ljgr. pN yjhb igpcrfmcn
igpcrfmcn yjgtu. \cigjjh
\cigjjh tgij` echbjmjeg
echbjmjeg
`ckflfrjh ichbjh vfmuec tcrpghijn`jhhyj :?,3 em.
G. \jrjh
\jrjh
\jr
jh yjhb
yjhb ijpjt
ijpjt igkcrg`
igkcrg`jh
jh pjij
pjij pchcmg
pchcmgtgj
tgjh
h ghg jijmjn
jijmjn pcrmu
pcrmu igmj`u
igmj`u`jh
`jh
pcekujtjh tctcs ngiuhb Fxyectjzfmghc yjhb stcrgm ijh scjscptg` euhb`gh,
scrtj igmj`u`jh pchbcekjbjh dfreumjsg tctcs ngiuhb fxyectjzfmghc.
IJDYJ[ _S\YJ@J
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc ;:
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
Jecrg
crglj
\flgcty
fd
Ncjmtn-\y
-\yst
stcce
_njrej
rejlgst.
st.
YCYC\ NGISHB
;??>.
JND\
Irubs
Ghdfrejtgfh. Jecrg`j 1 J\N\ Nfspgtjm Dfreumjry \crvglc..
Icpjrt
Icp
jrtcec
cech
h @cscnj
@cscnjtjh
tjh [cpuk
[cpukmg`
mg` Ghifhc
Ghifhcsgj
sgj.. :773.
:773. Djrej`fpc Ghifhcsgj GT.
Aj`jrtj 1 Icpjrtcech @cscnjtjh [cpukmg` Ghifhcsgj.
[fwc
[f
wc,, [jye
[jyefh
fhi
i L, _jum
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\ncs`c
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Ejrgjh
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Zughh.
h. ;?
;??4
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_njrejlcutgljm Cxlgpgchts 4tn cigtgfh
cigtgfh.. S@ 1 _njrejlcutgljm _rcss. Njm
<?>, 4<3
\wcc
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ccte
tejh
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\cjh L. ;?
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cigtgfh.. S@ 1 _njrejlcutgljm _rcss. Njm <:?, <::.
cigtgfh
MJE_G[JH
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc ;;
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
Mjepgrjh : 1 Ctg`ct
F^WHS\®
YCYC\ NGISHB F^WECYJQFMGHC
@fepfsgsg
1 Ygjp :? eM echbjhiuhb
Fxjectjzfmghc :%
Ghig`jsg
1 Shtu` pchbfkjtjh pjij
ngiuhb
Jturjh pj`jg
1 Yctcs`jh pjij ngiuhb :-;
tctcs ; `jmg scnjrg.
NJ[S\ ICHBJH [C\C_ IF@YC[
Mjepgrjh ;1@cejsjh
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
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MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
Mjepgrjh < 1 krfsur
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc ;9
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
YCYC\ NGISHB
F^WHS\®
Fxycectjzfmghc :%
@FE_F\G\G
Ygjp :? eM echbjhiuhb 1
Fxycectjzfmghc
:%
Kchzjm`fhgue`mfrgij?,: %
HjN;_F9.N;F
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: Kftfm Yctcs Ngiuhb :? eM
LJ[J _CHWGE_JHJH
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NJ[S\ ICHBJH [C\C_ IF@YC[
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Mjepgrjh 9 1 If`uechtjsg prj`tg`ue
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
_jbc ;3
MJ_F[JH _[J@YG@SE YC@HFMFBG \CIGJJH \YC[GM
_FMGYC@HG@ KGHJ NS\JIJ @CHIJ[G ;?;?
YCYC\ NGISHB
_jbc ;4