CH 4: ● associative relationship- a type of relationship such that when one variable changes the other variable changes ● case studies- a description of a single or novel event; a unique methodology used in qualitative research that may also be considered a design or strategy for data collection ● causal relationship- when one variable determines the presence of change in another variable ● complex hypothesis- a hypothesis describing the relationship among three or more variables ● confounding variables- factors that interfere with the relationship between the independents and dependent variables; extraneous variable; Z variable ● Covary- when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable ● dependent variable- outcome or variable that is influenced by the independent variable; Y variable ● directional hypothesis- statement describing the direction of a relationship among two or more variables ● extraneous variables- factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variable; Z Variable ● Generalize- applying findings from a sample to a wider population ● Hypotheses- formal statements regarding the expected or predicted relationship among two or more variables ● hypothesis testing- the use of statistics to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true; a test for construct validity ● independent variable- variable that influences the dependent variable or outcome; intervention, innovation or treatment that is manipulated by the researcher; X variable ● Mediators- extraneous variables that come between the independent and dependent variables ● Moderators- extraneous variables that affect the relationship among the independent and dependent variables ● nondirectional hypothesis- statement of the relationship among two variables that does not predict the direction of the relationship ● null hypothesis- a hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the variables, the statistical hypothesis ● PICOT model- A model in EBP used to formulate EBP questions; the mnemonic stands for patient population, intervention of interest, comparison of interest, outcome of interest, and time frame used to formulate EBP ● pilot studies- A small study to test a new intervention with a small number of participants before testing with larger samples; adopting an innovation on a trial basis ● problem statement- formal statement describing the problem addressed in the study ● purpose statement- a statement indicating the aim of the study ● quality improvement (QI) projects- structured, continuous activities designed to systematically improve the ways care is delivered to patients ● replication studies- repeated studies to obtain similar results ● research hypothesis- a hypothesis indicating that a relationship among two or more variables exist ● research problem- area of concern when there is a gap in knowledge that require solution ● research question- an interrogatory statement describing the variables and population of the research study ● research topic- a clinical problem of interest ● simple hypothesis- a hypothesis describing the relationship between only 2 variables ● statistical hypothesis- a hypothesis stating that there is no relationship among the variables; null hypothesis ● systematic review- a rigorous and systematic synthesis of research findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies about a cynical problem CH 5: ● bibliographic record- A record organizing and presenting citation information, abstracts, and descriptive terms such as keywords and subject headings for a published source ● Boolean operators- A set of terms that act as commands for connecting parts of a search strategy so that a database combines terms in the proper order ● CINAHL- Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; a bibliographic database indexing journals and other resources focused on nursing and allied health ● citation chasing- using a reference list to identify sources of evidence ● controlled vocabularies- a listing of standardized terms, often arranged from general to specific, used by databases to describe what an article or source is about ● Copyright- a set of legal rights given to a creator of a work providing ability to publish, distribute, reproduce, perform, and make derivatives of the work ● Database- a collection of records for scholarly and non-scholarly sources organized in a searchable interface ● Field- an individual element of information in a database ● interlibrary loan- a service that retrieves or borrows journal articles or other resources from another institution ● Journal- a collection of scholarly articles published together in an issue ● Keyword- common words or phrases used to describe a concept ● Limiter- a field used in a database and presented as a way to quickly sift through results based on particular attributes ● Manuscript- a scholarly paper prior to its publication ● medical subject headings (MeSH)- key topical words used to index articles in PubMed ● Paraphrasing- restating another’s ideas or words in your own words after fully understanding the ideas ● peer review- when experts and editors rigorously evaluate a manuscript submitted for publication ● Plagiarism- using the ideas or words of another person and passing them off as your own ● primary sources- in the sciences and health sciences, original data or reports of results from original research presented by the people who conducted the research ● PubMed- A freely available large biomedical bibliographic database providing access to mainly peer-reviewed journal articles produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine ● scholarly literature- Literature including journals, journal articles, and sometimes other sources such as books and theses that go through a peer review or rigorous editorial review process ● scientific publishing cycle- a model describing how research becomes disseminated in publications ● secondary sources- commentaries, summaries, reviews, or interpretation of primary sources; often written by those not involved in the original work ● subject headings- formal descriptive terms used by databases, including CINAHL, to describe the content of a source ● Truncation- a technique of shortening a word and adding a wildcard symbol to tell a database to add variant endings to the word in a search CH 15: ● active rejection- purposefully deciding not to adopt an innovation ● Adoption- applying an innovation to practice ● change champion- Individuals who continually promote new ideas for change and act as role models; charismatic individuals who can enthusiastically support the innovation by acting as a source of information about the innovation and influencing the perceptions of others ● critical appraisal tools- tools used to guide nurses use when evaluating the quality sos that evidence may be applied to one’s thinking ● evidence hierarchies- predetermined scales that guide decisions for ranking evidence; levels of evidence ● passive rejection- lack of consideration given to adopting an innovation; hence old practices are continued ● Pilot● Rejection- decision not to adopt an innovation ● Uncertainty- degree to which alternatives are perceived relative to the occurrence of an event and the probability of these alternatives
