TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(S.I.W.E.S)CONDUCTED
AT
KADUNA ELECTRIC (KAEDCO),RIGASA AREA OFFICE,TORITSEJU HOUSE,
NNAMDI AZIKIWE ROAD,
KADUNA STATE
BY
HENRY ADETUNJI ODUNSI
KPT/COE/19/47828
THIS REPORT IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, KADUNA POLYTECHNIC IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL
DIPLOMA INELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC KADUNA.
FROM AUG TO DEC,2021
i
APPROVAL PAGE
This report is designed to cover the experience I had acquire through the course of my four
months compulsory student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) Indeed, it is a good
and viable program that increase student knowledge both in the theortical and practical aspect
respective field of discipline.The codes of conduct and safety measures in an electrical
department where emphasized.I was also introduced to the identification and used of some
electrical equipment used for testing transformer. This technical report is a completion of my
four months student industrial work experience scheme.
_
DEPT.SUPERVISOR
DEPT.SIWESOFFICER
ENG.ZAINAB ISMA’IL
ENG.AHMED BELLO
ii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this technical report was exclusively written by me as a requirement for
the completing the student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) which was carried out
in Kaduna electric (KAEDCO), Rigasa Area Office, Toritseju House, Nnamdi Azikiwe Road.
HENRY ADETUNJI ODUNSI
AUG 2021
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DEDICATION
This technical report is dedicated to Almighty God for showing mercy through all my stay
and to my parents for their support, Also to my amiable brothers and sisters, my colleagues
both at work and school, those whom I did not mentioned their names in which they have
contributed immensely in my life. May God protect and guide us all.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
May you start by acknowledging almighty God who has made this programme a success to
the end. My profound and heart felt appreciation goes to MR SANYA ODUNSI and MRS
TOYIN ODUNSI who are well responsible for my education and commitment for excellent.
May God reward them bountifully and of grant that they reap a fruit of their whole hearted
labor.
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ABSTRACT
This technical report is about the student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) carried
out Kaduna Electric (KAEDCO) Rigasa Area Office by me who is in partial fulfillment of
there acquirement for the award of National Diploma in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering (KadunaPolytechnic). The scope and details of this report is made up of my
industrial experience and observation during the four months of my industrial training with
(KAEDCO) (16 August 2021- 3 December 2021). The report comprises of actual work done
during the industrial training procedures and working principle. Lastly, I hope that the
experience accounted would make this report comprehensive and interesting.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
COVER PAGE ........................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................................................. i
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION....................................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER ONE
1
1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Historical Background ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Importance of SIWES ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of SIWES ......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of Technical Report ............................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO
5
2.0 Brief History of Kaduna Electric (KAEDCO) ................................................................................. 5
2.1 Organization chart
6
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ 7
3.0 Safety
7
3.1Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Main Duty of Operation and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 8
3.3 Conductors ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Commonly Used Conductors Materials .............................................................................................. 9
Copper:.............................................................................................................................................. 10
Aluminum: ........................................................................................................................................ 10
3.4 Insulators ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Properties of insulators ..................................................................................................................... 10
Types of Insulators ............................................................................................................................ 11
Stay andInsulator: ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.5 Feeders ............................................................................................................................................ 12
3.6 Distributor:...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.7 Service Mains: ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.8 Transformers:.................................................................................................................................. 14
Power Transformer ........................................................................................................................... 14
Current Transformer ......................................................................................................................... 14
Voltage Transformer ......................................................................................................................... 15
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Part of Transformer: .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.9 ControlRoom: ................................................................................................................................. 16
33kv Injection Substation ................................................................................................................. 16
Electricity Effect Communication .................................................................................................... 17
Circuit Breaker .................................................................................................................................. 17
Control Panels ................................................................................................................................... 17
Incomer Panel ................................................................................................................................... 18
Outgoing Panel.................................................................................................................................. 18
Bus Panel .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Equipment in ControlRoom .............................................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER FOUR.
4.1 Conclusion.
4.2 Recommendation/Suggestions
19
19
19
4.3 Summary
19
Reference
20
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
There is a need to actualize what is theoretically learnt in the institution with the reality that happens
in the field/industry, the concept of training as a continuous process at all stages of a workers active
life and at all occupational levels for improved performance, is a key factor in enhancing free
mobility of the labor force. Based on the above, the effective development of human resources is one
of the best ways of achieving economic growth and development. Human resource development has
been variously defined by many authors; however, in most of the definition, the emphasis tends to be
on manpower planning, training, retraining, productivity and employee motivation.
Human resources development can also be said to embrace all the diverse processes which aim at
transforming people to enable them contribute more effectively to social and economic development.
A nation’s human resource can thus be improved through purposeful and result- oriented education
and training.
From the general introduction above, the student work experience programme which basically
prepares students for the world of practical work has become an innovative phenomenon in the
process of manpower development and training in Nigeria, Hence, the introduction of the Students
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) into the educational system and training. SIWES has
reached wide dimensions in recent times and all industrial and commercial establishments had made
it operational by providing specific skills in the form of experience. There is hardly any sizeable
industrial and commercial establishment that is not involved in the scheme. The SIWES was
introduced in Nigeria by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) 30 years ago, but was then limited to
students of technical schools. Today, it covers many disciplines and has become a necessary
precondition for the award of diploma and degree certificates in specific disciplines in most
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institutions of higher learning in the country. The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) is a skill training programmed, designed to expose and prepare students of universities,
polytechnics/colleges of technology and colleges of education to real life work/ situation after
graduation.
1.1 Historical Background
The fund in its policy statement No. 1 published in 1973, inserted a clause dealing with the issue of
practical skills among locally trained professionals. Section 15 of the policy statement states interalia, that “Great emphasis will be placed on assisting certain products of post-secondary school
system to adopt or orientate easily to their possible post graduate job environment. The scheme
exposes students to industry based skills necessary for as moothtransition from classroom to the
world of work. It affords student oftertiary institutions mtheopportunityofbeing familiarized to the
needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are not available in the educational
institute.
1.2 Importance of SIWES
SIWES have a lot of importance attached to it which includes;

It helps to improve the quality of skilled manpower of thestudents.

The scheme provides a forum for industries to evaluate prospective employers and gives feedback to
institutions.

The scheme gives students practical knowledge of course ofstudy.

SIWES programme exposes students to real life situation,thus supplementing the theoreticallesson.

SIWES programme establish a close collaboration between institutions andindustries, a factor which
is essential for preparing people for theworkforce.
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1.3 Aim and Objectives of SIWES
Specifically, the objectives of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)are:
To provide an avenue for students in institution of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and
experience in their course ofstudy.
To provide students opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work (situation thereby bridging the
gap between college work and actual practice).
To expose students to methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery, that may not be
available in educationalinstitutions.
To prepare students for real working situations aftergraduation.
1.4 Scope of Technical Report
The technical report is designed primarily as a detailed examination of the major experience and
analysis recorded in any log book. The experiment in the technical report is being divided into units
each of which is given a title.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Brief History of Kaduna Electric(KAEDCO)
The power holding company of Nigeria (abbreviated PHCN), formally the NATIONAL ELECTRIC
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POWER AUTHORITY (abbreviated NEPA) wasan organization governing the use of electricity in
Nigeria. The company runs a football team, NEPA Lagos it represent Nigeria in the West African
PowerPool.
The history of electricity development in Nigeria can be traced back to the end of 19 th century when
the first generating power plant was installed the city of Lagos in 1898. From then until 1950, the
pattern of electricity development was in the form of individual electricity power undertaking were
federal government bodies under the public works dept. some by the native authorities and others by
the municipal authorities.
As of September, 30/2013 power holding company of Nigeria (PHCN) plc went out of business.
Power holding company of Nigeria (PHCN) plc through its subsidiaries produces and distributes
power the company’s subsidiaries include generation companies subsidiaries, produces and distribute
power the company’s subsidiaries include generation companies (GENCO) , transmission and
systems operation companies(TRANSYCO) and distribution companies(DISCO) its services include
construction and engineering of power generation unit, maintenance and servicing of power grids ;
dams operation and of load control equipment , protections and communications, maintenance
scheduling; and security, post and contingence.
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3.2 Operation and Maintenance
3.2 Main Duty of Operation and Maintenance
Operation and maintenance is the heart of lines and equipment maintenance in Kaduna Electric Zonal
Head Quarter the department base on plan maintenance, routine maintenance power transformers,
indoor and outdoor circuit breakers, system isolators, voltage transformer (VT), current transformer
(CT).
The operation and maintenance department also inspect and monitor loading of both 33kv lines and
equipment, and also keep record of fault recorded and render monthly report.
Department which are:
Linesmen
Electrical filters
Control room
Cable jointer
Protection control & maintenance (Pc &m)
Lines Men: Lines men are the backbone of operation and maintenance which major objectives is to
plan and construction both injection substation and 33/11kv feederlines.
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Lines men also carry out all forms of maintenance work on injection substation, 33/11kv feeder’s
such as replacement of shattered insulators, replacement of wooden cross arm and bended tie strap
and replacement of broken high tension poles.
3.3 Conductors
Conductor is a material that allows electricity to pass through them. The conductor is one of the
important items of the electric system therefore;Proper choice of material and size of conductor is of
considerable importance.
The conductor materials used for transmission and distribution of electric power should have the
following properties
High electricalconductivity
High tensile strength in order to with stand mechanicalstresses.
Low cost so that it can be used for longdistance
Low specific gravity so that weight per unit volume issmall
Commonly Used Conductors Materials
The commonly used conductor’s materials for overhead and underground lines are copper and
aluminum.
Copper:
Copper is an idea material for overhead and underground lines owing to its high owing to its high
electrical conductivity and greater tensile strength. Copper is an ideal material for transmission and
distribution of electric power.
Aluminum:
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Aluminum is also used for transmission and distribution of electric power. Aluminum is cheap and
light as compared to copper but it has much smaller conductivity and tensile strength and its sizes
ranges from 150mm, 70mm, 35mm.
3.4 Insulators
Insulators are materials that do not allow the flow of current through them. Overhead line conductors
should be supported on the poles in such a way that currents from conductors do not flow to earth
through supports that is line conductors must be properly insulated from supports. This is achieved by
securing line conductors to support with the help of insulators .the insulators provide necessary
insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current from
conductors to earth.
Properties of insulators
High mechanical strength in to withstand load, windload.
High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage current toearth
High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength ishigh.
The insulator material should be non-porous; free from impurities and cracks otherwise the
permittivity will belowered.
High ratio of puncture strength toflashover
Types of Insulators
The most commonly used material for insulators for overhead lines is porcelain but glass, steatite and
special composition materials are also used to a limited extend. The successful operation of an
overhead line depends to a considerable extend upon the proper selection of insulators. The most
commonly used types of insulators are: pin type, disc or suspension, stay and shackleinsulator.
Pin Type Insulator: the pin type insulator is secured to cross arm in pole. There is groove on the
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upper end of insulator for housing the conductor. Pin type electric powered up to33kv/.
Disc or Suspension Type Insulator: suspension type isolators are used for high voltage above 33kv.
They consist of a number of porcelain disk connected in series by metal links in the form Of astrong.
The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross arm
Shackle insulators are frequently used for voltage distribution, Either in horizontal or in vertical
position. They can be fixed directly to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.
Stay andInsulator:
This is used to tension between the stay wire rods. It main function is to prevent any leakage current
from conductor to earth.
3.5 Feeders
Feeders are conductors which connect the source (the substationOr localized generating station) to
the distributors serving a particular area. Current loading on a feeder is the same throughout its entire
length as no tapping are taken from the feeder as shown in appendix A.A feeder is designed on the
basis of its current carrying capacity.
3.6 Distributor:
A distributor is a conductor that receives power directly from the feeder. It’s a conductor from which
tapping are taken for supply to the consumers. It has distributed loading which gives rise to variation
of current along entire length. A distributor is designed from the point of view of the voltage drop in
it.
3.7 Service Mains:
Service mains are the connecting wires or connecting link between the distributors and the consumers
terminals are the service mains.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.8 Transformers:
Is a static device which converts one alternating voltage or current to another alternating voltage or
current at the same frequency by mutual inductance. It is a vital in a power system which has made
possible the power generated at lower voltage(11kv) to be transmitted over long distances at higher
voltages(330kv,132kv)etc.
Fig.4
Power Transformer
Power transformer are used for stepping up the voltage for transmission at generating station and
stepping down voltage for further distribution at main step down transformer substation.
Current Transformer
Current transformer is an instrument transformers that are connected in AC power circuit feed the
current coils of indicating and metering meters and protection relays
Voltage Transformer
The voltage transformer are employed for voltage that are used to feed the potential coils of
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indicating and metering instrument (volt meters, watt meters , hour meters) and relay, this
transformer makes the ordinary low voltage instrument suitable for measurement of high voltage and
isolate them from high voltage.
Part of Transformer:
The following are parts of transformer:
Tap Changer: a major auxiliary on the transformer used to raise or lower the secondary output
voltage of thetransformer.
Cooling Fins: to cool circulating oil by natural conventionalflow.
Transformer Oil: it is used as a cool and insulate the winding ofa transformer
Conservator Tank: to preserve the remaining oil and allows contraction and expansion and theoil
Bushing: it used to measure electrical quantities and protect themain transformer.
Electrical Fan: it is used to accelerate the natural cooling of theoil.
3.9 ControlRoom:
An electrical injection substation control room is a room or a space created for electrical equipment.
Its size is usually proportional to the size of the building. Large building may have a main electrical
room is usually for power distribution.
Substation Equipment
The shot listed substation equipment is power transformer (Pt), current transformer (ct), voltage
transformer (vt), circuit breaker (cb).
33kv Injection Substation
The 33kv injection substation is step down to 11kv which will be feed to the consumer in distribution
transformer.
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Electricity Effect Communication
The electricity cannot be generated transmission and distribution without effective communication
from one station to another in regards to this in the most power holding company of Nigeria are not
dependent Intel, so they developed their own system, which will be stated below:
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is a mechanical device designed to close or open contact members, this closing or
opening an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal condition.
Fig.5
Control Panels
They are panels were voltage comes from the power transformer of a switch yard to the income from
the incomer to outgoing panel to distribute the supply. there are three types of panel in the control
room
Incomer Panel
The incomer receive power from power transformer of 11kva it has three phase which are Red,
yellow, and Blue it indicate the amount of power in each phases
Outgoing Panel
This panel distribute/restored supply to any feeder installed in it. The outgoing panel is basically used
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to restored or switch off the power for any feeder.
Bus Panel
This is a standby panel is used to unite two outgoing panel feeders together if there is a fault at the
feeders.
Equipment in ControlRoom
Transformers, circuit breakers, electricity meters, backup batteries in control panel, switch yards.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion
My 4 months industrial attachment as an engineer at Kaduna Electric (KAEDCO) was a huge success
and a great time of acquisition of knowledge as skilled.
Through my training I was able to blend the theoretical knowledge acquired from school with the
practical on that application of knowledge gained to perform very important tasks to contribute in a
way to my productivity in the company. It also gives me the opportunity to have a fact of what it will
be like after graduation when I start working.
4.2 Recommendation/Suggestions
I recommend that the ITF should make the payment of allowances to be monthly in order to prevent
student from financial problems.
4.3 Summary
At the end of this program, I was able to know the important of SIWES and the installation and
maintenance of transformers. Both testing and replacement of some broken power cables.
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Reference
www.google.com
Kaduna electric:rigasa area office
Kaduna electric:Kabala service center
Engr.Yusuf Ibrahim (ex-student)
Engr.Ismail Abbas (technical supervisor)
Diagrams
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