Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and
Technology (Engineering College)
A presentation on
Application of Superconductors
Presentation by:-Randhir kumar
My roll number:-T20EJRAB007
Branch:-Robotic & Automation
1year(II-semester,G2)
General
Introduction
 Definition & Basic Characteristics
 Superconductor: is an element, inter-metallic alloy, or compound
that conducts electricity without resistance below a certain
temperature, magnetic field, and applied current.
Observed in 1911 by H.K. Onnes in leqiud helium
at temperature 4K.
 In 1933 Meissner and Ochsenfeld discovered that
a superconducting material repels a magnetic
field.
This phenomenon is referred as Meissner effect.
 In superconductor, the electronic fluid cannot be resolved
into individual electrons as in normal conductor.
 Instead, it consists of bound pairs of electrons known as
Cooper pairs.
 In 1957, the BCS theory of superconductors was
proposed.
 The theory describes superconductivity as a microscopic
effect caused by a condensation of Cooper pairs into a
boson-like state.
Applications of Superconducting Materials
 Science
 In magnet application:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, due to
advantages:
 high current density
 high magnetic field
 20 T LTS/HTS hybrid magnets are using in Future Circular Collider
(FCC) to deliver a 100 TeV protons.
 Nb resonators are used in transmitting high microwave power to
electrons, protons and ion beams in an accelerators used in
huge particle colliders, because of their:
 ultra-high quality factors
 excellent power-handling capability
 Energy &
Transportation
 Transmission cables
 first generation HTS (1GHTS), basing on Bi-HTS.
 second generation HTS (2GHTS), basing on YBCO-HTS.
 Transformers:- mainly offer oil-free
operation reduced ac losses, size and
weight.
 Current limiters: fault current limiter (FCL).
 Generators: e.g. for wind power generators.
 Maglev trains.
(Dimensions: 406 x 818 x 1080 mm3)
Electronics
 wirelesscommunications: based on superconducting thin films
embedded in multi-layer structures.
 Filter systems mostly made of 123-HTS, offering: improved
coverage in rural areas
 Better usage of limited transmission bandwidths in densely
populated areas.
 Josephson Junctions (JJs)
 Single junction devices are used as microwave frequency-mixers
in radio astronomy.
 JJs have also been used for sensors with exceptional
performance;
 e.g. X-ray detectors or far-infrared sensors in THz spectroscopy
and scanners, particularly in space applications area, to detect
very faint signals.




Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDS);
capable of detecting extremely small magnetic fields.
been in use for materials characterization and evaluation,
scientific instrumentation (e.g. scanning SQUID
microscopes).
in special applications such as geophysical exploration
and archeology.
 Medical
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI);
 widely used as standarddiagnostic tool routinely in hospitals and
surgeries.
 operating at magnetic fields up to 1.5 Tesla, but the number of 3
Tesla systems is increasing.
 Magnetocardiography (MCG) and
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
systems based on SQUIDs are working
on clinical research on heart and brain.
 New applications include Positron
Emission Tomography and cancer
treatment using proton therapy.
 Cryogenics
 The broader implementation of superconductive components
requires cryogenic packaging.
 Reliable supply of liquid cryogens
like
Helium
(LHe,
4.2K), Hydrogen (LH2, 20K), Neon (LNe, 27K) and Nitrogen
(LN2, 77K) or,
alternatively, reliable operation of cryocoolers
adequate for these specific applications.
 Thousands of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
systems have been operated reliably over many
years,
demonstrating that cryogenics can be made
invisible, efficient & reliable.
Research Development in Superconductivity
 The initially expectations which ignored the complex nature of the
new SC materials and so it took time to surmount the grain
boundary problem of these ceramics; is now solved through
manufacturing technologies leading to superior devices.
 Since then the discovery of novel superconductors continues, and
an unrested progress in understanding the unique properties of
HTS has been registered.
 A superconductor which is between LTS and HTS is MgB2. It was
discovered in 2001. Another class, the Iron Picnitides, which have
slightly higher Tc than MgB2, came up in 2008. Recently, the barrier
of 200K as Tc was crossed in H2S under high pressure.
Thank you
Presentation by:-Randhir kumar