UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
NAME:
MATAMBO DENSEL D.T
REG NO:
R212872H
PROG:
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
MODULE:
PHARMACOGNOSY
ASSIGNMENT:
4
TITLE:
DICTIONARY
LECTURER:
MRS MUCHEMWA
DUE DATE:
30 MAY 2022
DATE WRITTEN:
28 MAY 2022
Dictionary of Pharmacognosy
1. Abduction- the movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the
body, or from another part.
2. Abiotic- physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.
3. Abiotic- physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.
4. Absorbents- a substance that soaks up liquid easily
5. Absorption- the process by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another.
6. Accumulation- the acquisition or gradual gathering of something
7. Acetic acid- chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds.
8. Acetlcholine- an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of
many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter
9. Acetyl- of or denoting the acyl radical —C(O)CH3, derived from acetic acid.
10. Acne- a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged
with oil and dead skin cells.
11. Actin- a protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of
muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cell.
12. Acute illness- illness that onsets very rapidly and is of short duration.
13. Addiction- is a chronic dysfunction of the brain system that involves reward,
motivation, and memory
14. Adhere- stick fast to (a surface or substance).
15. Administration- the action of dispensing, giving, or applying something.
16. Adulterants- a substance used to adulterate another.
17. Adulteration - a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or wholly
with other similar looking substances.
18. Adverse -a situation where someone experiences harmfuleffects from the
application of a drug
19. Aerosol- a substance enclosed under pressure and released as a fine spray by
means of a propellant gas
20. Aetiology -the cause or origin of a disease orthe study of the causes and
origins of disease
21. Agonist- a substance which initiates a physiological response when combined
with a receptor.
22. Ailments- an illness, typically a minor one.
23. Alcohol -an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group is
bound to a saturated carbon atom.
24. Aldehydes - is an organic compound containing a formyl group. The formyl
group is a functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consisting of
a carbonyl centre (a carbon double bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and
an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain. The group without R is
called the aldehyde group or formyl group.
25. Algae - any of a large group of simple, non-flowering plants containing
chlorophyll but lacking true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue, e.g. the
seaweeds and many single-celled forms.
26. Alkaloid - any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin
which have pronounced physiological actions on humans.
27. Alkaloids- any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin
which have pronounced physiological actions on humans
28. Allergens - a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune
response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat.
29. Allergy- an unusual sensitivity to some substances such as pollen or dust,
which cause a physical reaction such as sneezing or a rash in someone who
comes into contact with them
30. Allergy- Over reaction of the immune system to certain foreign substances
31. Allopathy-a method of treating disease with remedies that produce effects that
are incompatible with the condition to be cured.
32. Aloe vera- a gelatinous substance obtained from a kind of aloe, used in
cosmetics as an emollient.
33. Alterative
34. Amino acid-the smallest building block of a protein
35. Amoxicillin - Semi-synthetic penicillin closely related to ampicillin and with
similar properties.
36. Amoxicillin - Semi-synthetic penicillin closely related to ampicillin and with
similar properties.
37. Amoxicillin- is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
These include middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections,
and urinary tract infections among others
38. Amplification- the process of increasing the volume of sound, especially using
an amplifier.
39. Amyloplast - an organelle in some plant cells that stores starch. Amyloplasts
are found in the cells of such plant structures like tubers and fruits.
40. Anaesthetic -a drug or agent that produces a complete or partial loss of feeling.
41. Analgesic - relating to a reduction of the feeling of pain without loss of
consciousness.
42. Analysis- detailed examination of the elements or structure of something
43. Androgens- a group of sex hormones
44. Angiosperms - seed-bearing vascular plants.
45. Antabolism-the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from
simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
46. Antagonism- active hostility or opposition
47. Antagonism -opposing
48. Antiangial- nti-ischemic agent that alters the late sodium current and reduces
calcium overload in the myocyte.
49. Antibacterial-tending to prevent the growth or spread of bacteria
50. Antibiotic - a type of antimicrobial used specifically against bacteria.
51. Antibiotic - a type of antimicrobial used specifically against bacteria.
52. Antibody- a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a
specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the
body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in
the blood.
53. Anticancer-used in the treatment of cancer.
54. Anticoagulant -a drug that reduces the body’s ability to form clots in the
blood.
55. Anticoagulants- blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce
coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time
56. Antidiabetic-refer to all the different types of medicine involved in the
treatment of diabetes.
57. Antidote- a medicine taken or given to counteract a particular poison.
58. Antifungal- a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent
mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush),
59. Antihaelmates60. Antiheumatics- drugs, which are used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis and those that can modify the course of the disease
61. Antihypertensive-(of a drug) used to lower high blood pressure.
62. Antileprotics- A drug used to treat leprosy.
63. Antileukemia-For body systems to function properly, billions of chemical
processes occur to create hemostasis, which is the state of balance within our
bodies
64. Antimalarial-a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived,
that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria
65. Antimicrobial- active against microbes.
66. Antinuclear67. Antioxidant - a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules.
68. Antioxidant-a substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to
counteract the deterioration of stored food products.
69. Anti-parasitic-against parasites
70. Antiplatelet- a member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decrease platelet
aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation
71. Antiproliferative-of or relating to a substance used to prevent or retard the
spread of cells, especially malignant cells, into surrounding tissues.
72. Antiprotozoa-a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan
infection.
73. Antiprotozoal - a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan
infection.
74. Antipyretics - are substances that reduce fever.
75. Antispasmodic- is a pharmaceutical drug or other agent that suppresses muscle
spasms.
76. Antituberclosis- drugs used to treat tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused
by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
77. Antitumor-inhibiting the growth of a tumour or tumours.
78. Antiviral drug - a drug which is effective against a virus.
79. Antiviral-a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most
antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective
against a wide range of viruses
80. Appendix- , a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at
the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into
which the small intestine empties its contents.
81. Appetizer-a small dish of food or a drink taken before a meal or the main
course of a meal to stimulate one's appetite
82. Aromatic extracts-chemicals obtained with a good smell
83. Aromatic-having a pleasant and distinctive smel
84. Arrhythmic-relating to or affected by cardiac arrhythmia.
85. Aspirate- breathe (something) in; inhale.
86. Aspirin - a common pain-killing drug or a tablet containing this drug. Also
called Acetylsalicylic acid
87. Aspirin - a common pain-killing drug or a tablet containing this drug. Also
called Acetylsalicylic acid
88. Asthma - is a lung condition characterised by narrowing of the bronchial
tubes, in which the muscles go into spasm and the person has difficulty
breathing.
89. Asthma - is a lung condition characterised by narrowing of the bronchial
tubes, in which the muscles go into spasm and the person has difficulty
breathing.
90. Astringent-causing the contraction of skin cells and other body tissues
91. Atherosclerotic-a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of
fatty material on their inner walls
92. Atmospheric-relating to the atmosphere of the earth
93. Atropine - an alkaloid substance derived from the poisonous plant belladonna
and used, among other things, to enlarge the pupil of the eye, to reduce
salivary and bronchial secretions during anaesthesia and as a muscarinic
antagonist
94. Authentic -meansgenuine.
95. Authent-of undisputed origin and not a copy; genuine
96. Autonomic- involuntary or unconscious; relating to the autonomic nervous
system
97. Autotrophic - the ability (of an organism) to manufacture food molecules from
simple basic inorganic molecles
98. Autotrophic- an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances
from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide
99. Auxins-a plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is
involved in regulating plant growth
100. Bioavailability- the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the
circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active
effect.
101. Biomolecule a molecule that is produced by a living organism.102. Bioreceptor- is essentially the biological component that the target analyte
binds to. By interacting with a particular molecule
103. Biosources-the
104. Biotechnology-the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and
other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the
production of antibiotics, hormones
105. Biotransformation- the alteration of a substance, typically a drug, within the
body.
106. Biotransformation- the alteration of a substance, typically a drug, within the
body.
107. Biotranslocation- The movement of chemicals (drugs) into, through, and out
of biological organisms or t the alteration of a substance, typically a drug,
within the body.heir parts
108. Bitter-having a sharp, pungent taste or smell; not sweet
109. Bond linkages- linkages or associations between two or more atoms that
together form molecules of compounds.
110. Botanic - a substance obtained from a plant.
111. Botanical -relating to plants or plant life.
112. Botanical-a substance obtained from a plant and used typically in medicinal
or cosmetic products
113. Branched-having lateral extensions or subdivisions extending from the main
part
114. Bronchodilator-a drug that causes widening of the bronchi, for example any
of those taken by inhalation for the alleviation of asthma
115. Camphor: is a waxy, flammable, white or transparent solid with a
strong aromatic odour.
116. Carbohydrate – a biological molecule consisting of Carbon (C), Hydrogen
(H) & and Oxygen (O) atoms with empirical formula Cx(H2O)y.
117. Carbohydrates-biological compounds made up carbon hydrogen,oxygen and
carbomn
118. Cardiac cells- cardiomyocytes are cells that make up the heart muscle/cardiac
muscle
119. Cardiac glycosides- are a class of organic compounds that increase the output
force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular
sodium-potassium ATPase pump
120. Cardiotonic-is a substance that has a favorable effect upon the action of the
heart
121. Cardiovascular- relating to the heart and blood vessels.
122. Carminative-chiefly of a drug relieving flatulence.
123. Carotenoids-any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble
pigments, including carotene, which give colour to plant parts such as ripe
tomatoes and autumn leaves.
124. Carthatic-providing psychological relief through the open expression of
strong emotions; causing catharsis
125. Castor oil - A powerful laxative
126. Cell- is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane
127. Cell membrane– is a semi-permeable phosphor-lipid bilayer surrounding the
cell underneath the cell wall and is responsible for the selective uptake of
substances by the cell.
128. Cell wall - a thick, rigid membrane made up of intertwined cellulose fibers
surrounding the plant cell and is responsible for conferring support and
structure to the plant cell.
129. Cell wall - a thick, rigid membrane made up of intertwined cellulose fibers
surrounding the plant cell and is responsible for conferring support and
structure to the plant cell.
130. Cellulose-an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell
walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting
of chains of glucose monomers.
131. Channel-passage or pathway
132. Chaulmogric- is a natural product found in Caloncoba echinata
133. Chemical Interactions- interactions that are compelled by electrostatic forces
which can occur both in vitro and in vivo
134. Chemical- relating to chemistry, or the interactions of substances as studied
in chemistry.
135. Chemistry- the branch of science concerned with the substances of which
matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the
use of such reactions to form new substances.
136. Chemotherapeutic- is of, relating to, or used in chemotherapy
137. Chlorophyll - a group of green pigments (flavonoids) found in photosynthetic
organisms.
138. Chlorophyll - a group of green pigments (flavonoids) found in photosynthetic
organisms.
139. Chlorophyll-any of several related green pigments found in the mesosomes
of cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae
140. Chloroplast - an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll.
141. Cholesterol – a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body.
142. Cholesterol- is a waxy substance. It’s not inherently “bad.”. Your body needs
it to build cells and make vitamins and other hormones
143. Cholinergic-relating to or denoting nerve cells in which acetylcholine acts as
a neurotransmitter
144. Chromatographic layer-relates to the layer in chromatography
145. Chromatography - is a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it
in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at
different rate
146. Chromatography-a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in
solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at
different rates
147. Chromic acid- a mixture made by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a
dichromate,
148. Cinchona -a genus of South American trees and shrubs of the madder family.
149. Citric acid - is a weak organic acid with the formula C₆H₈O₇. It is a natural
preservative which is present in citrus fruits. It is also used to add an acidic or
sour taste to foods and drink.
150. Coagulation- the action or process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a
solid or semi-solid state
151. Competitive-involving competition
152. Condiment- is sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular
flavour or to complement the dish. Often pungent in flavour and therefore
added in fairly small quantities, popular condiments include salt, pepper,
ketchup, mustard, olive oil, vinegar and sugar.
153. Congestive-involving or produced by congestion of a part of the body
154. Corticosteroids- any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal
cortex or made synthetically. There are two kinds: glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
155. Cranial nerves- connect your brain to other parts of your face, neck and torso.
Cranial nerves can play a role in sensation, movement or both.
156. Cross-section - a view or drawing that shows what the inside of something
looks like after a cut has been made across it.
157. Crude drug –is a naturally occurring unrefined substance.
158. Crude drugs- plant or animal drugs that contain natural substances
159. Culinary - the art of the preparation, cooking and presentation of food.
160. Cultivation-process of harvesting a product
161. Curare -skeletal muscle relaxant drug belonging to the alkaloid family of
organic compounds.
162. Curare -skeletal muscle relaxant drug belonging to the alkaloid family of
organic compounds.
163. Cytokinins- are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or
cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots
164. Cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the
organelles are located.
165. Cytoskeleton- is a series of intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape,
support, and movement
166. Cytotoxics- compound obtained from plants
167. Depolarisation- reduce or remove the polarization
168. Derivative -chemical substance obtained from a certain source e.g. plants or
animals.
169. Diagnosis-the art or act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.
170. Diaphoteric-(chiefly of a drug) inducing perspiration
171. Dibasic- (of an acid) having two replaceable hydrogen atoms
172. Dicotyledon- isa flowering plant with two embryonic seed leaves or
cotyledons that usually appear at germination.
173. Digitalis purpurea-isa species of flowering plant in genus Digitalis,
well-known as the original source of heart medicine, digoxin.
174. Digitalis-a drug prepared from the dried leaves of foxgloves and containing
substances (notably digoxin and digitoxin) that stimulate the heart muscle
175. Digitoxin- a cardiac glycoside used for the treatment of heart failure and
certain kinds of heart arrhythmia
176. Diluent-(also referred to as a filler, dilutant or thinner) is a diluting agent.
Certain fluids are too viscous to be pumped easily or too dense to flow from
one particular point to the other.
177. Disease-a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant,
especially one that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms,
signs
178. Disintergrant-lose strength or cohesion and gradually fail
179. Diuretics- called 'water pills') are drugs that increase urine production in the
kidneys, promoting the removal of salt and fluid from the body
180. Dosage- the size or frequency of a dose of a medicine or drug.
181. Drug - a substance that can induce what’s called a form of stupefaction
because it stupefies one’s line of thought and state of mental well-being.
182. Drug - a substance that can induce what’s called a form of stupefaction
because it stupefies one’s line of thought and state of mental well-being.
183. Drug design -the inventive process of finding new medications based on the
knowledge of a biological way
184. Drug development -the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a
lead compound has been identified.
185. Drug discovery- a process which aims at identifying a compound
therapeutically useful in curing and treating disease
186. Drugs-pills administered to treat an sickness
187. ED50 -the amount of a drug that is therapeutic in 50% of population exposed
to the drug or a 50% response.
188. EDLIZ - Essential Drug List In Zimbabwe
189. Electrocardiogram- is a test that measures the electrical activity of the
heartbeat
190. EMA - Environmental Management Association.
191. Emetic-a medicine or other substance which causes vomiting.
192. Endocrinology- the study of the endocrine system in the human body
193. Enhancement-an increase or improvement in quality, value, or extent.
194. Enzyme- a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst
to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
195. Enzymology- the branch of biochemistry concerned with enzymes.
196. Essential medicines- are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the
population.
197. Essential oils- are compounds extracted from plants. The oils capture the
plant’s scent and flavor, or “essence.
198. Esterification- is a chemical reaction that occurs between the acid (usually
carboxylic acid) and the alcohol (or compounds containing the hydroxyl
group)
199. Esters:are chemical compounds derived from an acid (organic or inorganic)
in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an
-O-alkyl (alkoxy) group. Usually, esters are derived from a carboxylic
acid and an alcohol.
200. Estrogen- a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and
regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex
characteristics.
201. Ethnobotany- the study of plants in relation to the medicinal significance.
202. Ethnopharmacology-study of behavioural and other effects of drugs through
the use of ethological concepts.
203. Rhubarb-common name for any member of a genus of perennial plants of the
buckwheat family
204. Saponification- is the process of soap making by treating vegetable oils with
and alkaline solution.
205. Scope of pharmacognosy- history of medicines
206. Scurvy- a disease caused by insufficient vitamin C, the symptoms of which
include spongy gums, loosening of the teeth, and bleeding into the skin and
mucous membranes
207. Sedatives- a drug taken for calming /inducing sleep effect
208. SEQAAA - safety effective quality affordable acceptable available
209. Solanaceae- is a family of flowering plants that contains a number of
important agricultural crops as well as many toxic plants.
210. Spasmolytic a drug used to relieve or prevent spasms (especially of the
smooth muscles)
211. Species - is often defined as the largest group of organisms where two
hybrids are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual
reproduction.
212. Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in immune
response, such as vaccines or any antigen.
213. Starch a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits and
tubers
214. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the
IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid a
215. Steroid - a class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms
arranged in four rings, they are lipids and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids,
adrenal and sex hormones and some vitamins.
216. Stimulant - sometimes called “uppers,” temporarily increase alertness and
energy. The most commonly used street drugs that fall into this category are
cocaine and amphetamines.
217. Surgical dressing - therapeutic or protective coverings applied to wounds or
lesions
218. Synergism different compounds have an additive effect
219. Synergistic - various parts working together to produce an enhanced result.
220. Synthetic Drugs drugs manufactured
221. Tannin- common name applied to a group of vegetable products, both
amorphous and crystalline, obtained from various plants, and important
commercially in the tanning of leather.
222. Oleanic acid: a naturally occuring triterpenoid widely distributed in food e.g.
garlic and medicinal plants. It is antitumor, and it also exhibits antiviral
properties.
223. Opium:the latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsule of papaver
somniferum and dried partly by spontaneous evaporation and partly by
artificial heat
224. Papaverine: a toxic white crystalline nonaddictive alkaloid. Source: opium,
derived synthetically. Used as an antispasmodic to treat asthma and colic.
225. Pathogen: a microorganism that is able to cause disease in an animal
226. Pharmacognosy: study of naturally occurring substances with medicinal
action
227. Pharmaceutical use: use of the compound in manufacture of other drugs
where it acts as an excipient
228. Phylloquinone: a fat soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of blood
229. Phytoconstituent: Any constituent of plant origin
230. Quinine:
a bitter alkaloid extracted from cinchona bark ,used in malaria
therapy
231. Quinones: is a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from
aromaticcompounds such as benzene or naphthalene by conversion of an even
number of –CH= groups into –C(=O)– groups with any necessary
rearrangement of double bonds", resulting in "a fully conjugated cyclic dione
structure”. The class includes some heterocyclic compounds
232. Rhubarb: common name for any member of a genus of perennial plants of
the buckwheat family
233. Resins: amorphous mixture of essential oils, oxygenated products of
terpenes and carboxylic acids, obtained as exudates from plants and
considered as end product of metabolism.
234. Sesquiterpenes;
common in higher plants , they are hydrocarbons with
15 carbon atoms naturally occurring alcohols that very rarely exist as volatile
oils
235. Shikimic acid pathway: is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria,
fungi, algae, parasites and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids
(phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
236. Starch: a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits and tubers
237. Strychnine:an alkaloid plant toxin extracted chiefly from the nux vomica
formerly used as a stimulant
238. Taxonomy:a scheme of classification
239. Theobromine: is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical
formula C7H8N4O2. It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other
foods, including the leaves of the tea plant, and the kola (or cola) nut.
240. Theophylline:also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug
used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease(COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names.
241. Thymol: oil found in thyme, used in perfume or preserving biological
specimens or in embalming or medically as a fungicide or antiseptic
242. Turmeric:is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family,
Zingiberaceae. It is native to southwest India.
243. Volatile oil: a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants
244. Vitamin (vitamins): An organic molecule needed in trace amounts for
normal growth and metabolic processes; vitamins usually serve as components
of coenzymes.
245. Vitamin A:
used by the body to keep the mucous membrane supple, to
support the growth of teeth and bones, and is a component of 11-cis retinol vitamin a aldehyde (helps with eyesight by keeping the rods functioning.
246. Vitamin B12:Also called cobalamin. A unique water-soluble vitamin that is
vital to the brain and nervous system, including protecting myelin. Vitamin
B12 is required for proper red blood cell formation, neurological function, and
DNA synthesis. Contains cobalt (cyanocobalamin
247. Vitamin B6:A compound of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Helps
the body extract nutrients and energy from foods, and helps remove
homocysteine from the blood stream (high levels of which are linked to heart
disease).
248. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is a group of steroid vitamins that are naturally
produced by the body, and required to absorb calcium. It is unique both
because it functions as a prohormone and because the body can synthesize it
(as vitamin D3) when sun exposure is adequate.
249. Vitamin E:Vitamin E is used by the body to maintain healthy nerves, heart,
and reproductive system. It is also necessary for muscle and red blood cell
development and normal reproduction. It helps repair tears in the plasma
membranes that protect cells from outside forces and screen what enters and
exits.
250. Vitamin H: A B vitamin that aids in body growth and that is useful in
detecting protein and DNA interaction. Also called coenzyme R.
251. Xenobiotic: relating to or denoting to substances that is foreign to the
body or to an ecological system
252. Tartaric acid Tartaric acid is a white crystalline diprotic acid. This aldaric
acid occurs naturally in many plants, particularly grapes, bananas, and
tamarinds
253. Taxonomy- the science of classifying plants, animals, and microorganisms
into increasingly broader categories based on shared features.
254. Terpenoids-These are hydrocarbons of plant origin and their oxygenated,
hydrogenated and dehydrogenated derivatives having general formula
(C5H8)n. They are colorless compounds, lighter than water with boiling point
150-180 °C.
255. Theobromine formerly known as xantheose is a bitter alkaloid of the
cacao plant, with the chemical formula C7H8N4O2.
256. Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug
used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
.
257. Therapeutics - the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of
disease & the action of remedial agents.
258. Thiamine (vitamin b1)Thiamine pyrophosphate is the active form, a
sulfur/nitrogen compound ensures that your appetite stays active. it is required
by your body to use carboydrates to generate energy.
259. Tonic
A medicinal substance taken to give a feeling of vigour or
well-being. An agent, such as a medication, that is supposed to restore or
improve health or well-being.
260. Toxicity - The degree to which a toxic substance may harm a cell or
organism.
261. Trophorestorative - herb is a herb that is a nutritive restorative.
262. Vermifuge an anthelmintic, a drug that causes the expulsion or death of
intestinal worms, such as tapeworms. Albendazole nitazonide chloroquine.
263. Vernacular- a common name of a plant, animal, or other organism, as distinct
from its scientific name
264. Viscose- a rayon with a soft silky feel, made from a cellulose solution.
265. Vitamins - Any substance which is required in small amounts in the body for
essential metabolic processes other than energy production.
266. Volatile oil - is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants
267. Vulnerary - herb or drug used to heal wounds.
268. Masticatory- medicine made to be chewed in order to increase the
production of saliva.
269. Masticatory-medicine made to be chewed in order to increase the production
of saliva.
270. Mevallonate path-way: the synthetic pathway for most terpenoids of which
mevallonic acid is the common precursors
271. Microspermaceae: a member of the monocotyledon class from which vanilla
is obtained
272. Monosaccharide. The simplest sugar; has the general formula of two
hydrogen atoms per one oxygen atom and one carbon atom
273. Mucilage: plant exudate most used as gum and is generally softer than the
gums
274. Mycobionts: the fungal part of the fungal-algae symbiotic relationship of the
liche
275. Myocardial infarction: A sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function.
It occurs when one of more regions of the heart muscle experience a severe or
prolonged decrease in oxygen supply caused by a blocked blood flow to the
heart muscle, possibly through narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
276. Neoplasm :a growth of abnormal cells that reproduce faster than normal.
277. Niacin (vitamin B3) A B vitamin essential for the normal function of the
nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, it is necessary for
the synthesis of various enzymes and acts to reduce blood cholesterol. Niacin
is actually a pair of nutrients - nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.
278. NSAIDs : Non-Steroidal Antiflammatory Drugs
279. Nylon- polycondensation product of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine
used for clothing
280. Nylon- polycondensation product of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine
used for clothing.
281. Oleanic acid :
a naturally occuring triterpenoid widely distributed in food
e.g garlic and medicinal plants .It is antitumor , and it also exhibits antiviral
properties.
282. Opium: the latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsule of papaver
somniferum and dried partly by spontaneous evaporation and partly by
artificial heat
283. Osteoporosis :abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones
attributable to a lack of calcium
284. Oxalic acid: a toxic colourless crystalline organic acid found in oxalis and
other plants .used as a bleach and rust remover.
285. Paclitexal : plant source from which taxol,an anticancer drug is obtained.
286. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) Another of the vitamin b complexes, is used
by the body in growth, reproduction and daily physiological functions.
Pantothenic acid makes it possible for your body to process carbohydrates and
make hormones. it also helps to regulate your blood sugar, not to mention
protecting nerve, brain.
287. Pantothenic acid: another of the vitamin b complexes ,is used by the body in
growth ,reproduction and daily physiological functions
288. Papava sominiferum: the plant from which the opioids are isolated from its
poppy (the opium plant.
289. Papavarales: order of angiosperms to which belongs many shrub plants
including the opium plant
290. Papaverine- a toxic white crystalline nonaddictive alkaloid. Source: opium,
derived synthetically. Used as an antispasmodic to treat asthma and colic.
291. Pathogen :a microorganism that is able to cause disease in an animal
292. Pectin: intracellular constituents of plants used for their antidiarrheal
properties
293. Phaephyta: the class for the red algae and related algae Pharmacognosy:
study of naturally occurring substances with medicinal action
294. Pharmacophore: synthesis of drug from the natural sources.
295. Phylloquinone - vernacular term used to refer to vitamin K1 and it occurs in
several natural forms. Vitamin K1 is found in many plant sources and has a
C20 side-chain with one unsaturated linkage.
296. Phylloquinone - vernacular term used to refer to vitamin K1 and it occurs in
several natural forms. Vitamin K1 is found in many plant sources and has a
C20 side-chain with one unsaturated linkage.
297. Phylloquinone (vitamin k1) A fat-soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of
blood (antihemorrhagic factor).
298. Phylum: a principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below
kingdom
299. Phytoconstituent: chemicals that you obtain in plants eg volatile oils
300. Phytonutrient:a phytochemical that provides nourishment.
301. Phytopharmaceuticals: drugs originating from animal or plant constituents.
302. Podophylium: a purgative form of a lignin
303. Porcine – to do with pigs.
304. Surgical dressing - therapeutic or protective coverings applied to wounds or
lesions.
305. Sutures - medical device used to hold body tissues together after an injury or
surgery.
306. Symbionts - either of two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another.
307. Synergistic - various parts working together to produce an enhanced result.
308. Synthetic- made by chemical synthesis to imitate a natural product.
309. Tannin - polyphenolic glycosides used in the treatment of leather.
310. Taxonomy - the science of classifying plants, animals, and microorganisms
into increasingly broader categories based on shared features. Traditionally,
organisms were grouped by physical resemblances, but in recent times other
criteria such as genetic matching have also been used.
311. Teprotide - a non-peptide in which glycine is replaced by tryptophan, leucine
and the first proline are missing.
312. Teratogens - an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo.
313. Terminology - study of terms and their use.
314. Terpenoids - compounds containing one or more isoprene.
315. Terrestrial - a ground-dwelling plant or animal.
316. Thallophytes - any of a group of organisms, including the algae, fungi, and
lichens that show no differentiation into stem, root, or leaf.
317. Theobromine: A bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula
C7H8N4O2. It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods,
including the leaves of the tea plant, and the kola (or cola) nut. It is classified
as a xanthine alkaloid, which also include the similar compounds theophylline
and caffeine
318.
319. Therapeutics - the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of
disease & the action of remedial agents.
320. Toxin - a biological poison.
321. Transgenic-relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material
into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.
322. Transgenic plants - plants into which one or more genes from another species
have been introduced into the genome, using genetic engineering processes.
323. Transverse section - a section formed by a plane cutting through an object,
usually at right angles to an axis.
324. Tribasic acid- having three replaceable hydrogen atoms.
325. Tropane alkaloids- a class of alkaloids and secondary metabolites that
contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure.
326. Turmeric: a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family,
Zingiberaceae. It is native to southwest India.
327.
328. Ubiquitous- present, appearing, or found everywhere.
329.
330. Ubiquitous compounds- substances made of two or more atoms and are
omniscience.
331. Unorganized - disorderly.
332.
333. Unorganized drugs- these are extracted not directly from parts of plants and
are prepared by some intermediary physical processes, such as incision, drying
or extraction with water and do not contain cellular tissue
334.
335. Vacuole - a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled
with fluid. Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the
cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell.
336.
337. Vasodilator - widening of blood vessels, usually near the surface of skin,
leading to increased blood flow with flushing or warmth.
338.
339. Vasoconstrictor- the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small
muscles in their walls.
340.
341. Vertigo - a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as
dizziness.
342. Viscose- is a rayon with a soft silky feel, made from a cellulose solution as
well as many toxic plants.
343. Viscosity- the state of being thick, sticky, and semi-fluid in consistency, due
to internal friction.
344.
345. Vitamin - any substance which is required in small amounts in the body for
essential metabolical processes other than energy production or an organic
compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.
346.
347. Volatile-easily evaporated at normal temperatures.
348.
349. Volatile oil - a concentrated hydrophobic liquid contain easily vaporizing
aroma compounds from plants or are oils having the odour or flavour of the
plant from which it comes.